superconducting magnetic energy storage - access · superconducting magnetic energy storage a....
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Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
A. Morandi, M. Breschi, P. L. Ribani, M Fabbri
LIMSA Laboratory of Magnet Engineering and Applied Superconductivity
DEI Dep. of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering
University of Bologna, Italy
SUPERCAPACITORS: ON THE PULSE OF A REVOLUTION
OCEM Power ElectronicsBologna, May 23 2017
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• Superconductors
• SMES technology
Concepts
Power conditioning system
State of the art
• Applications
• SMES actvities at the University of Bologna
Outline
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Cri
tica
l su
rfac
e
Current density, J
Magnetic Induction, B
Temperature, T
Bc
Jc
Superconductors
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, 1911
J < Jc (B,T)
Superconductivity only occurs below the critical surface in the J-B-T space
• Superconducting properties (Jc,Bc,Tc) of pure elements are too week.
• Practical superconductors are made of compounds or alloys
Resistance disappears at low temperature. “Superconducting” state is entered.
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• MetalsNb 9.25 K Tc 7.80 K V 5.40 KNbTi 9.8 K
• Intemetallics (A15)Nb3Ge 23.2 K Nb3Si 19 K Nb3Sn 18.1 K Nb3Al 18 K V3Si 17.1 K Ta3Pb 17 K V3Ga 16.8 K Nb3Ga 14.5 K
• “Unusual”Cs3C60 40 K Highest-Tc fulleride
MgB2 39 KBa0.6K0.4BiO3 30 KHoNi2B2C 7.5 K Borocarbides
GdMo6Se8 5.6 K Chevrel Phases
CoLa3 4.28 K
(Some) known superconducting materials
• Cuprates - Ln-SuperconductorsGdBa2Cu3O7 94 K YBa2Cu3O7-d 93 KY2Ba4Cu7O15 93 K
• Cuprates - Bi-SuperconductorsBi1.6Pb0.6Sr2Ca2Sb0.1Cu3Ox 115 KBi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 110 K Bi2Sr2CaCu2O9 110 K
BSC limit
Low
Tc
Hig
h T
c
Fusi
on
an
d a
ccel
era
tors
, MR
I, S
MES
MR
I, S
MES
?
Cab
les,
FC
L, r
ota
t. m
ach
ines
, SM
ES, M
RI
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Stability and AC Loss – Superconducting composites
2 m Ag
20m Cu
20m Cu
50m Hastelloy substrate
1 m HTS
~ 30 nm LMO
~ 30 nm Homo-epi MgO
~ 10 nm IBAD MgO
2 m Ag
20m Cu
20m Cu
50m Hastelloy substrate
1 m HTS
~ 30 nm LMO
~ 30 nm Homo-epi MgO
~ 10 nm IBAD MgO
Composite LTS wireComposite HTS Tape
Quench• Localized transition to normal state can occur triggered by different causes
(mechanical relaxation, non uniformity, .... ).
• A superconductor needs to operate in combination with a normal material which provides a bypass path to current and allows quick diffusion of heat
AC loss• A superconductor is truly lossless only in DC condition.
• Electromagnetic loss occurs during transients or AC operation due to diffusion of magnetic field and induced currents in the normal conducting material.
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PCS
Control and protection system
Cooling system
Superconducting coil
grid
Current leads
vacuum + MLI
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SMES – Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
2
0
2
0
2
2
1
22ILd
Bd
BE
coil
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Advantages
• High deliverable power
• Infinite number of charge discharge cycles
• High efficiency of the charge and discharge phase (round trip)
• Fast response time from stand-by to full power
• No safety hazard
Critical aspects
• Low storage capacity
• Need for high auxiliary power (cooling)
• Idling losses
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Total heat load• Electromagnetic loss • Heat invasion of supports• Radiation• Heat invasion and Joule
loss of current leads
Cooling
cold
coldhot
T
TTCOP
Carnot
removedheat ofWatt
powerinput ofWatt COP
3.01.0
CarnotReal
COPCOP
Tcold Thot
Pinput
Pcooling
Tc COP
(ideal)
COP
(real)
4.2 K 70.43 200 - 7000
20 K 14.00 40 - 140
77 K 2.90 9 - 30
Th = 300 K
Cooling methods• Cryogen bath + vapor recondensation
[email protected] K, LH2@20 K, LNe @ 26 K, 2. LN2@63 K
• Conduction cooling“any” temperature
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PCS - Power Conditioning System
L
C
Vdc
ISMES
• A controlled power is transferred from the DC bus to the grid by means of the inverter
• The voltage of the DC bus is kept constant by the SMES by means of the two quadrant chopper
Voltage source converter (VSC)
DC/AC –Bidirectional inverter
DC/DC –Two quandrant chopper
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L
C
Vdc
ISMES
P = 0
If no power is delivered/absorbed the SMES current free-wheels in the chopper
Von IGBT = 0.5 1.5 V
Von DIODE = 0.5 1 V
Losses are produced during the idling phase
PIGBT = ISMES Von IGBT
PDIODE = ISMES Von DIODE
Pidling = 1 10 kW / kA
Idling Loss
• Time constants of RL circuit of typical SMES (1-5 MJ) during the standby phases are in the order of hundreds of seconds, at most
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• The whole energy of the SMES is lost in the power electronics within a few minutes
• Continuous recharge/compensation is needed
SMES
Courtesy of D. Cardwell, University of Cambridge
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L C
Vdc
ISMES
P = 0
The use of a Thermal Actuated Superconducting Switch is
• Possible in principle
• Unfeasible in practice since it lowers the response time of the chopper
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cs
tP
tP
Efficiency of the SMES System
P, deliverable power t , duration of delivery tcycle , duration of the cycle tidle, duration of idling phases , intrinsic efficiency of the storage device c , efficiency of the convertersPaux , power required for auxiliary services Pidle , power loss (if any) during idling
cycle
idle
power
energy
idleidle
cs
tPtP
tP
cycleauxidleidle
cs
tPtPtP
tP
• SMES is unsuitable for
long term storage
• SMES is well suited for continuous charge / discharge (but AC loss needs to be considered)
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The state of the art of SMES technology
Japan
Germany
EM Laucher
Japan
USA
Japan
Italy
France
Germany
Power modulatorFlicker
Grid compensation
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The Kameyama SMES
10 MW – 1 s SMES system
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• Superconductors
• SMES technology
Concepts
Power conditioning system
State of the art
• Applications
• SMES actvities at the University of Bologna
Outline
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• Cost of battery scales with power and is roughly independent on the energy
• Cost of SMES scales with energy and is roughly independent on the power
SMES based power intensive systems
If large power is required for a limited time SMES can represent a cost effective storage technology
Possible applications
• Pulsed loads (e.g. high energy physics, fusion, … )
• Increase transient peak capacity of Battery based energy storage
• ….
• Frequency regulation
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DA/AC
load
battery
1. Hybrid SMES - Battery systems
SMES can be conveniently used in combination with battery due to the complementary characteristics
• Battery provides long term base power – hence energy
• SMES provides peak power and fast cycling
DC/DC SMESDC/DC
Low pass control
High pass control
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Power vs time
tota
lb
atte
rySM
ES
Advantages:
• Reduced power rating of batteries
• Reduced wear and tear of batteries (no minor cycling)
• Reduced energy rating of SMES
Cost effective solution
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1 MW – 5 s SMES system
2. Protection of sensitive equipment
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Auxiliary network services provided by PCS of SMES
• Harmonic compensation
• Power factor correction
Iload
Igrid
Ifilter
ISMES
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3. Power modulation by SMES
Ismes
PloadPgrid
Iload
IgridPlo
ad
• No battery can be used for this application due to the prohibitive number of cycles
• Advantages brought by SMES can be significant also for moderate size systems
Pgrid Pload
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4. Hybrid SMES - Liquid Hydrogen (or liquid Air) system
• Liquid Hydrogen is used as energy intensive storage
• Free cooling power is available for SMES due to the presence of LH2 at 20 K
• SMES is used as power intensive storage
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• Superconductors
• SMES technology
Concepts
Power conditioning system
State of the art
• Applications
• SMES actvities at the University of Bologna
Outline
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1. A 200 kJ Nb-Ti µSMES ( 2004 – 2007 )
Cold test in 2004 (and 2013 at ENEA)
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2. Conduction cooled MgB2 SMES demonstrator (2014 – 2016)
• 3 kJ MgB2 Magnet• 40 KW Mosfet Based PCS
Cold test in progressFull test at 1-10 kW to come shortly
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3. Conduction cooled MgB2 SMES Prototype (2017 – 2020)
Project funded
Budget: 2.7 M€Duration: 2017-2020
300 kJ – 100 kW prototype Full system
MISE - Italian Ministry of Economic DevelopmentCompetitive call: research project for electric power grid
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• SMES is an established power intensive storage technology.
• Improvements on SMES technology can be obtained by means of new generations superconductors compatible with cryogen free cooling.
• Cooling and idling losses needs to be carefully considered when evaluating the viability of SMES systems.
• SMES and Supercapacitors have very similar characteristics. Careful investigation needs to be done in order to choose the most suitable solution.
Conclusion