superconducting linear accelerator programme in india

T S Datta

Inter- University Accelerator CentreNew Delhi. India

ASIAN ACCELERATOR SCHOOL AT BEIJING IN Dec. 1999

Organised by KEK, JSPS , IHEP & CAS

Many Students ( 12 countries) from that School are contributing today on

Accelerator Development programme in Asia

2ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017

Outline of my Talk

1. Basics on Cryogenics & Superconductivity

2. Role of Superconductivity ( SC) for

Accelerator

3. Asian programme Present & Future

4. Conclusion

Realization of High Power Accelerator ( LHC. ILC)

is possible because of Superconductivity

1. Compact Size

2. Low Power Consumption


1908 : Heike Kamerling Onnes

Succeeded in Liquefying Helium2008 : Centenary Year for Liquid helium

2011 : Centenary Year of Discovery of

Superconductivity

The physics laboratory in Leiden became the "coldest place on earth”

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926)

LH2

LN2

LHe

Cascade Helium

Liquefier

FAMOUS R-T PLOT


Future: ILC ( Asia/Japan)

PAST : AT FERMI LAB PRESENT : LHC @ Switzerland

4.25 km

Total Length : 31 km.

7 TeV

500 GeV

1 TeV

Su

pe

rco

nd

ucti

ng

Mag

net

Superconducting Cavity

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY FOR ACCELERATOR

USA

EUROPE


Cryogenics + Nuclear Science

Breakthroughs.

1. ULT through nuclear adiabatic demagnetisation.

2. Polarised targets for nuclear experiments. ( Bubble

Chamber)

3. High field magnets for Particle Accelerators.

4. Cryogenic detectors for high precision spectroscopy.

5. Superconducting Cavities for Particle Accelerators.

6. Cryopumping for better vacuum in Beam line pipe


1908 - Kamerlingh Onnes Liquefied Helium (4.2 K)

1911 - Superconductivity is Born !! 1960 _ Bubble Chamber with Liquid hydrogen

1980 - Tevatron , First Accelerator Using SC Magnet ( 70 Yrs) !!!!

1986 - High Temp Superconductors ( > 77 K )

1988 - Tristan, Japan Accelerator with SC Cavity

2005- 2017 : ECR and Spectrometer HTS Magnet with Cryocooler

2011 - Commissioning of LHC ( Largest Cryogenics) 2025 – 30 - International Linear Collider (ILC)/ CepC


MAIN COMPONENTS OF A CIRCULAR ACCELERATOR

1. CAVITIES : ENERGY

2. MAGNETS : GUIDES

& FOCUSS THE BEAM

3. DETECTOR : DETECTS

NEW PARTICLE

Cavities are the Engine and Magnets are the Steering


Bubble Chamber Filled with Liquid Hydrogen ( 1956- 1985)

( First Application of Cryogenics in Major Accelerator programmer)

Bubble chamber : Tracks of charged particles by means of a visible string

of bubbles that are left by the particles as they fly through a Liquid

Hydrogen ( Purest Target) at a temperature 24 to 29 K with pressure from

40 Psig to 70 Psig)

BEBC project ( 1966) giant cryogenic bubble

chamber surrounded by a 3.5 T superconducting

solenoid magnet that operated at CERN Super

Proton Synchrotron (SPS) until 1984

developments in electronics

and new wire chamber

detectors, brought an end to

the bubble-chamber

Remains of the BEBC at

CERN Science Museum


High Energy Physics are the biggest promoter of Superconducting Magnet

through Powerful Accelerator ( Next to MRI)

High Energy ( E) means (High Velocity (v) )

Needs high Magnetic Field (B) to bend the ion beam

B is proportional to Ampere Turns ( nI)

I ( Current) is limited in normal Conductor ( Cu, Al)

because of Joule Heating ( I2R) Power Loss. To compensate

we can Increase no of layers ( Size !! )

or we can have efficient cooling system/ very high heat

Transfer coefficient and surface Area ( LN2 Cooling ????)

( Possible for High Field Pulsed Magnet)

Superconductor (R=0) : No Joule

Heating ( Except at Joint and

Current lead)


Superconductivity - Thephenomenon of losingresistivity whensufficiently cooled to avery low temperature(below a certain criticaltemperature).

➢

Re

sis

tan

ce

4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Temperature (K)

0.15

Ω0.10

0.0Tc

TC

Hg: TC= 4.2 K

R=0

Superconductivity Destroyed If any Parameter

Exceeds its critical value: And they are Interlinked

T> Tc, I >IC, H>Hc

IC increases from 110 A to 450 A if

Temperature Decreases from 77 to 50K

SC Zone

2

( ) (0) 1c c

c

TH T H

T


Another Property of Superconductor

( Meissner Effect) : Perfect Diamagnetism

Expulsion of Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Levitation Train

T > TC T < TC

We all are waiting for Superconducting Maglev train Between

Tokyo & Nagoya ( 2027) 600 Km/hr.

Longest Network of Superconductivity & Cryogenics after

LHC ( CERN) Project

Tokyo- Nagoya : 300 Km

Travel time : 40 MinutesShanghai Mag Lev Train : 434 km/hr


HISTORY ON SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

LIQUID NITROGEN

LIQUID HELIUM

YBaCuOBiSr CaCuO

MgB2

MRI With Cryo Cooler

Power Application

1911 & 1986


Practical Superconductor Today

Material Tc ( K) Hc ( T Application

Pb 7.2 .08T Cavity

Nb 9.2 0.2 Cavity

Nb-Ti 10 15(T) Magnet

Nb3Sn 18 24.3 Magnet

Nb3Ge 23 38 Magnet

YBCO 93 >100 Magnet & power

application

BSSCO 110 >100 Magnet & power

application

MgB2 39 Promising for

MRI

Type 2

Typ

e 1

Pure Metal , Clean surface,

Easy fabricationNot high HC

High Hc, Tc

Ductile

High Tc, Jc,

High Cost,Brittle

Now based on Tc, we need different cooling medium that is the criteria

To distinguish LTS and HTS

VERY GOOD ELECTRICAL

CONDUCTORS ARE NOT

SUPERCONDUCTOR

(Cu, Ag, Au)


SUPER CONDUCTING MATERIALS

Common Materials

Tc ( K) Application

Hg 4.2

Pb 7.2 Accelerator

Nb 9.2 Accelerator

NbTi 10 K Magnet

Nb3Sn 18K Magnet

High Temp Superconductor

MgB2 39K Promising

YBCO 90 Power

BSSCO 110 K Power

LTS NEEDLIQUID HELIUM

LIQUID NITROGEN

CRYO COOLER

VERY GOOD ELECTRICAL

CONDUCTORS ARE NOT

SUPERCONDUCTOR

(Cu, Ag, Au)


APPLICATION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

CRYOGEN

Superconductor

SC MAGNETSC Wire

Accelerator

MRIMag Levitation

Train

Power Transmission

Current Lead

SC CAVITY

Liquid Nitrogen ( 77 K)

Liquid Helium 4.2 K ( 2 K)

Used to cool the SC below Critical Temperature

Present Focus

in this School


Sun6000K

SO2 -liquid

Ice

Room Temp

Water Boils

NH3- liquid

373K

300K

263K

273K

240K

4.2K

111K

90K

77K

20K

LN2 -liquid Nitrogen

LOX -liquid Oxygen

CH4 –liquid ( LNG)

LH2 -liquid Hydrogen

LHe -liquid Helium

0 K - Absolute Zero

Cryogenic Temperature

range

120K Cryogenicsboundary

Temperature Scale

Why?

Superfluid Helium2.1K


T(boil) T(critical) P(critical)

SO2 263K 432K 79 Bar

NH3 240K 405K 115 Bar

H2 ( LH2) 20K 33K 13Bar

N2 (LN2) 78K 126K 34Bar

O2(LOX) 90K 155K 50 Bar

He(LHe) 4.2K 5.2K 2.2 Bar

Tc [SO2/CO2] > 300K (room temp)gas

liquid

Pressure

Tc [N2/He] < 300K (room temp)

gas

Whatever

Pressure ?

No liquid

Hence they are called

Ar, N2, O2, Air, Ne, H2 and He

LNG

&

LPG ??

CH4 112 191K 46 Bar

Why 120 K ??


To Transfer Heat from Source to Sink if Source Temp

is less than Sink

PUMP

Sink (Th)

Source (Tc)

REFRIGERATOR

Qc

W

Qc + W

Refrigerator is analogues to

Water Pump to transfer Heat

( Water) from Lower Temp (

Lower level) to Higher Temp

( Higher Level)

Power required or pump

size depends on water

capacity ( Ref. Load in Watt )

and the difference of level (

Diff on Temp)

Transfer Amount of Heat energy is different between Source and Sink unlike pump. That embodies the concept the “ Quality” of Thermal energy

W

m

m


TC=200 K , W = 0.5 W

LN2 : Tc = 78 K , W = 1.68 W

LHe : Tc = 4.2 K, W = 70 W

Tc = 0.01 W= 30k W0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1 4K K 80 k

These are Theoretical Power. We have to multiply first with efficiency of the Cycle and

then multiply with mechanical efficiency of all Components ( Compressor, Heat

Exchanger, Expander of refrigerator

Actual work = Wc/( ηCycle * ηComp)

Required Plug Power for 1 W

refrigeration at 4. 2 K = 500- 225 W


Total efficiency may be 10 to 30 % at 4.2 K

STANDARD HELIUM LIQUEFIER/ REFRIGERATOR

CYCLE

Major Components : 1. Compressor 2. Heat Exchanger 3. Expander 4. JT Valve

Standard 1 kW at 4.3 K Helium Refrigerator

needs a Compressor with capacity 100g/s and

discharge pressure at 13 bar (g)

Isothermal Operation : Work required

2 1ln 148W mRT p p kW

Actual Plug Power ; 300 kW

Compressor Efficiency : 49%

Inverse COP = 300 W/ W


Ref : B. Ziegler, Ring, “ Advances in Cryogenic Engineering,

Losses from Helium Refrigerator through its

components

Present ( Maximum) : 225 W/ 1 W Ref at 4.2 K

Compressor Efficiency has to be improved !!!!!


Strobridge Survey (Efficiency) 1974

GM Cryocooler ; 6kW for 1.5W ( 4kW

for 1W) refrigeration at 4.2 K

Laboratory Scale Helium Refrigerator

( ~ 100 W) : 700 W for 1 W

Medium Range 1kW Class ( 300 W for

1W Range)

Large Helium Refrigerator ( 18 kW for

CERN : 225 W for 1 W

Whether we have reached peak value of 225 W ??


Liquefaction Vs. Refrigeration

Same Thermo dynamical Cycle as Liquefaction Cycle. Difference in way of operation

HOW?

300K

4.2K

Cold Box

LHe Load

Cold Box

L O A D

Load may be the

S.C. magnets

& Cavities

Cold

vapourCold

vapour

warm

gas

Refrigerator ModeLiquefaction Mode

Warm Gas

Thumb Rule: 1L/hr ~ 3-4 W

100 L/hr = 3.33 g/sec = 3.33 x 20j/g = 66.6 W<< 300W

Why ???

1. Cold Enthalpy

4.2- 300 K is

used

2. JT Temp will

be lower and

hence yield


78 K

4.2 K

2 K

Must for Present

& Future High

Power

Accelerator

Super-fluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid

with zero viscosity which therefore flows without loss of

kinetic energy ( no Pressure drop)

Transition from He I to He II ( Superfluid)


Liquid He I

GA

S

Superfluid

He II

SOLID

1. Super-fluid Helium can easily flow through SC strand /Cable

2. Small temperature rise with a heat input ( specific heat )

3. Large Conductivity maintain equal temperature. SC Magnet is stable

TRANSITION TO A SUPER-FLUID PHASE BELOW THE λ-point (2.17K)

1. Low Viscosity

2. High Conductivity

3. High Specific Heat

Advantages


4.5 2 4.5 603 0.1K K KQ Q Q Q

NEW 2K REF

OLD

R

EF.

CO

NV

ER

TED

Small capacity 2 K system High Capacity 2 K system

2 K Helium Refrigerator


An Efficient Heat Exchanger ( 4.2 -2K) improves the yield from 62% to 89 %

Example : 100 l/hr He I liquefier ( 400W at 4. 2 K)

can have

1 . 50- 55 L/hr ( 38 W) He II without HX

2. 80-82 L/hr ( 56 W) He II with HX

Simple 2 K System


Superconducting

Elements

Cryomodule CRYO LINE

Helium Refrigerator 2K System

RF Generator/ High Current Power Supply

Drive Coupler / Current Lead

4.2/ 2 K

Components for Superconducting Accelerator


MAIN COMPONENTS OF A CIRCULAR ACCELERATOR

1. CAVITIES : ENERGY

2. MAGNETS : GUIDES

& FOCUSS THE BEAM

3. DETECTOR : DETECTS

NEW PARTICLE

Cavities are the Engine and Magnets are the Steering


Comparison for CERN LHC

ENERGY : 7 TeV

DESCRIPTION SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET

NORMAL MAGNET

Field 8.3 Tesla 2.1 Tesla

Total Length 27 km 108 km

No of Magnets 1500 6000

Ref. Power 144 kW @ 4.2 K

Power at Room Temperature

144 x 225

33MW3300 MW

0.3beam dipoleE B R


Accelerator Energy Field Length Year(TeV) ( Tesla) (Km.)

Tevatron 0.9 4 6.3 1984( USA. P P-)

HERA 0.92 5.3 6.3 1989( Germany, P e)

SSC 20 6.8 87 cancel(USA P P)

LHC 7 8.3 27 2011( Switzerland) P P


Momentum Resolution ( Sagitta) ~ 2 / 8s qBL p

Resolution better with high field ( B) and longer length (L)

Before Collision, we need strong focusing ( Achieved by Quadrupole

magnet High Field gradient ( T/ M) h to have higher Luminosity

Detector with Superconducting magnet

ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) is Particle Detector at LHC, CERN

The magnet system on the ATLAS detector

includes eight huge SC magnets

arranged in a torus and a central SC

Solenoid around the LHC beam pipe

46 m long, 25 m high and 25 m wide, the

7000-tonne detector is the largest volume

particle detector ever constructed.


CAVITY

RF POWER FEED TO THE CAVITY ( LC CIRCUIT), ELECTRIC FIELD ( MV/m)

GENERATES ( Max at IRIS where Beam Passes)

SURFACE CURRENT ON CONDUCTOR,

HEAT ( Loss) ON WALL BECAUSE OF SURFACE RESISTANCE : COOLING

BY WATER / LIQUID HELIUM

HIGHER SURFACE RESISTANCEMORE HEAT : MORE LOSS


Why Superconducting Cavity?

Unlike DC superconductor, there are resistive power loss in RF superconductor because of Surface Resistance

Resonant cavities have Quality factors, Q, whose value depend on resistive losses.

High Q , Low Loss

Q is inversely Proportional to Surface Resistance.

0

s

GQ

R

2

0

0

accd

U EP

Q

Surface Resistance

(Rs) Copper/ Rs (Noibium) = 105


2 3 4 50.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

RBCS

BC

S R

esis

tan

ce (

no

hm

)

Temperature ( K)

97 MHz

1.3 GHz)

R res

RBCS RBCS= 400 nohm

10 100 1000

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

BC

S S

urf

ac

e r

es

ista

nc

e (

na

no

Oh

m)

Frequency ( MHz)

4.2 K

1.8 K

Rres

SURFACE RESISTANCE WITH TEMPERATURE (T) & RF FREQUENCY ( f)

Nb

: T

c=

9.2

KFor High Frequency Cavity:

2 K is Choice

For High Field Magnet :

NbTi at 2 K or Nb3Sn at 4.2 K

2 17.67/4

92 10

1.5 10

T

BCS

f eR x

x T


Power Comparison in Cavity

Description Normal ( Cu) Cavity

Superconducting( Niobium)

Eacc ( MV/m) 1 1

G, f 17, 97 MHz 17, 97 MHz

Rs 3 milli-ohm 10 nano- ohm

Q0= G/Rs 6.5 x 103 2.1 x 10 9

Power Loss 9000 W @ 300K 0.5 W at 4.2 K

Plug Power 9000 W 150-200 W

Estimated Refrigeration Load for ILC: 210 KWTotal AC Power Consumption : 50MW : Cu Cavity : 500- 1000 MW

Saving

2 Standard Nuclear Power Plant : 235 MW


Lab year f Active Gradient(MHz) Length

KEK 1988 508 48m 4.5 MV/mDESY 1991 500 20 2CEBAF 1996 1497 169 5

CERN 1997 352 462m 6

ILC Future 1300 22 km 31.5

TESLA COLLABORATION : Field Improved to 20 MV/m ( 2000 – 2008)

AND NOW : 30 – 40 MV/m


Parallel there is also improvement on

efficiency of Helium Refrigerator

Power consumption reduced from 600 W

to 225 W to take care of 1 W loss at 4.2 K

( Higher Capacity : Efficiency High)

Realization of ILC : Less Power Consumption by Refrigerator

and Improvement of field gradient ( > 30 MV/m) : Power and Size

ILC : KITAKAMI, Japan

TARGET FOR ILC

ACHIEVED

2012 : 60%, 2013 :75%


MAJOR ACCELERATOR PROGRAMME(with cryogenics and superconductivity)

1. Superconducting Cyclotron : RIKEN ( JAPAN) , VECC ( INDIA),

JINR ( Russia) : Nuclotron : SC Magnet

2. Synchrotron Radiation : SSRF ( China), NSRRC ( Taiwan),

PAL (Korea) : SC Cavity

3. Superconducting Heavy ion Booster : JAERI ( Japan),

IBS ( RAON, Korea), IUAC, TIFR ( INDIA),, : SC Cavity

4. Proton Accelerator / ADS Programme : J- PARC (Japan)

IHEP, IMP ( China), KOMAC ( Korea), RRCAT/ BARC/VECC ( India) : Cavity

5. Collider : ( TRISTON, KEK-B, Super KEK B) Japan , BEPC II ( China),

Future Big Programme : ILC at Japan and CEPC at China

6. Other Important Programmes : ILC- STF ( Japan), ERL ( Japan),

BOOSTER for RIB at VECC ( India), FEL @ PKU ( China) : Cavity41ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017

Superconducting Cyclotron

18 m Dia, 9 m Height, K= 2500, Weight ; 8000Tons

WORLD’S LARGEST SC CYCLOTRON IN RIKEN. JAPAN ( 2006- 2007)

2

2

2

eK Br

m

The K value of Cyclotron indirectly tells about the energy of

the proton beam. Higher K value means higher Energy and

that can be achieved either by increasing field ( B) or by

increasing diameter (2r)

World First Superconducting Cyclotron ( K -500 ) at NSCL, MSU. USA in 1981

Beam energy : 440 MeV/ nucleon for Carbon

SC magnet : Main Coil : 6 Nos

SC Material : Nb- TiType : Ratherford

Max Sector Field : 3.8 T at 5 kA

Operating Temperature : 4.5 K Jacket Material : Aluminum alloy

Stored Energy : 235 MJ


The Super KEK-B project: a electron-positron collider

To achieve 40 times higher Luminosity ( 2.1 x1034 to 8 x 10 35) by upgrading

KEK-B Accelerator & Belle Detector

QCS-L&R Cryostat with 4 SC Quadrupole, I SC Solenoid and

20 SC Corrector Magnets after testing Installed in the Beam line

QCS-L

JAPAN

1. Super KEK-B 2. STF ( ILC) 3. J- PARC ( Proton Accelerator

Quadrupole MagnetSC Solenoid

Courtesy : Prof. Hirotaka Nakai 43ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017

STF is a project at KEK to build and

operate a test linac with high-gradient

superconducting cavities, as a prototype

of the main linac systems for ILC.

STF was built within an existing

building on KEK Tsukuba campus.

which had been used by the J-PARC

JAPAN :

Courtsey : Prof. Akira Yamamoto S.C. Magnet Refrigerator

Neutrino Superconducting Beam

Line

SC Spectrometer

The J-PARC complex consists of

3 accelerators

Special Combined SC magnet for

Neutrino beam line

Japan Proton Accelerator :


Helium Gas Pumping System/Gas Bag

3000 L Liquefied HeliumStorage Vessel

Helium Liquefier/RefrigeratorCold Box

Connection Box

End Box

Multi-channelTransfer Line

2K RefirigeratorCold Box

Main Linac Cryomodule

Injector Linac Cryomodule

HeliumPurifier

2K RefirigeratorCold Box

Radiation Shield Concrete Blocks

Scale (m)

0 10 20 30 40

End Box

C – ERL Completed in 2014 ( 30 MeV) and are in operation

Cryogenics : 80 W at 2 K (500 W @4.2 K

Injector Cryomodule

( 2 -cell x 3 cavity)

Achieved :14.5 & 13.5 MV each cavity

Main Linac Module

2 x 9- Cell cavity

Planning to Add

Another Refrigerator


LEBT MEBT1RFQ

162.5MHzECR

SC-HWR

SC-CH

162.5MHz

LEBT MEBT1RFQ

325.0MHzECR

Spoke

325MHz

Spoke021

325MHz

28 cavities

Spoke040

325MHz

72 cavities

Elliptical 063

650MHz

28 cavities

Elliptical 082

650 MHz

85 cavities

Injector II

Injector I

MEBT2 10MeV

34 MeV 178 MeV 367 MeV 1500 MeV

2.1 MeV

3.2 MeV

35 keV

35 keV

TargetHEBT

Chinese ADS proton linear has two 0~10MeV injectors and one 10~1500MeV SC linac.

CHINA ADS PROGRAMME

IHEP

IMP

Present Focus

CHINA

Courtesy : Prof. Shaopeng Li

Required 2 kW @20 K By Helium Refrigerator & He- H2 Heat exchanger

Target Commissioning : 2018 Dongguan, Guangdong


Both Cryomodule ( 7 Cavities + 7 Solenoid) Installed &Tested at 2 K

Achieved 10.7 mA Pulsed Proton beam at 10.7 MeV energy.( July 2016) 2.7 mA / 10 MeV with CW Proton Beam ( January 2017)

CHINA ADS Programme ( INJECTOR)

Courtsy : Prof. Shaopeng Li

IMP

IHEP

By End 2016, with two cryomodules ( Each 6 HWR)Achieved beam current (CW) : 1. mA at 10.06 MeV

Target : July 2017 : 10 mA at 25 MeV with 4 cryomodules


IHEP ( China) - ILC Cavity Collaboration with KEK

GROWTH IS SIGNIFICANT IN CHINA ALONG WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL

lINDUSTRIES

2011- 2013

Courtsey : Prof. Gao Jie, IHEP. China


RAON SCL is designed to accelerate

high intensity heavy ion beams

Optimized geometric beta of SC

cavities (0.047, 0.12, 0.30, 0.51).

Prototyping of SC cavities and cryomodules

is under way at present.

QWR

81 MHz

HWR

162

SR

325

Daejeon

Courtesy : Dr Dong-o Jean, IBS

Required Refrigeration Capacity : 18 kW ;

( May be the largest in Asia)


RAON Accelerator Prototyping

QWR Cavity & Cryomodule

28GHz ECR ion source

High Tc SC magnet

SSR Cavity & CryomoduleHWR Cavity & Cryomodule

Courtesy :

: Dr Jongwon Kim,

Hyong Jin Kim

With 7 Cryo cooler)

50

ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017

1. SRF TEST Facility Completed;

2. Prototype HWR Tested

3. Cryomodules Delivered

4. Helium Refrigerator Capacity

( 4.2 + 12 kW)

51

CVB4

TL5: 26.9-m

CVB3 TL4: 25.4-m

TL2: 30.3-m

DVB

CVB2

TL3: 27.1-mCVB1

SRF cavity 2Spare

SRF cavity 1

Spare

7000-L main Dewar

New Helium Cryogenic

System

TL7: 6.9-m

TL6: 7.4-mCommissioned with two SRF module

and LHe Distribution Line

Courtesy : Dr Feng – Zone Hsia 51ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta),

11.12.2017

TPS WITH TWO SRF MODULES COMMISSIONED

Congratulation

• Technology transfer from KEK; Cryostat Manufactured by MHI;

• Surface treatments and high-power RF test, vertical test at KEK;

• Final clean room assembly at NSRRC;

• System integration and high-power (horizontal) test at TPS storage ring.


INDIA

1. Superconducting LINAC at IUAC : Completed

2. SC Dipole and Quadrupole Magnet for FARE Project at VECC. Kolkata ;

3. ADS Programme and FERMI Lab Collaboration

4. RIB LINAC AT VECC

Proton LINAC Based Spallation Neutron Source

Cavity Surface Preparation Lab and Testing Facility Completed at RRCAT

1 kW Class Helium Refrigerator is Commissioned

5- Cell cavity Developed and Tested

Courtesy : S C . Joshi, 53ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017

Single Cell LB 650 Cavity Developed at

VECC/ IUAC and Tested at Fermi Lab

Max E acc ~ 34.5 MV/m at 2 K

Two Spoke Cavities developed at IUAC for PIP

project ,Tested and Performance is as good as

Fermi lab Spoke cavity

VECC Injector Cryomodule with one 9 Cell cavity

Installed in the beam line of TRIUMF and Tested in

2016. Achieved Energy : 10 MeV

INDIA

RIB LINAC AT VECC

Courtesy : Dr. Som, Dr Prakash & Dr V Naik54ASSCA, KEK( Japan) ( T S Datta), 11.12.2017

SC MAGNET

Approx. 2000 Corrector

Magnets Developed at RRCAT

and Supplied to CERN : Indian

Industry

1930 mm

11

68

ID 1473 mm

Largest SC Solenoid Magnet was Developed

at VECC and is operating for more than 5 Years

FIRST HTSC MAGNET at IUAC FOR ECR SOURCE

JOINTLY DEVELOPED WITH PAN-TECHNIQUE,France (2006)

Large Number Super Ferric Dipole and Quadrupole Magnets

For FAIR Project : Under Development at VECC. Kolkata

Largest & Most Complicated SC Magnet at IPR

2011


FUTURE


LARGE HADRON COLLIDER ( LHC) AT CERN

1. Worlds Largest Particle Accelerator2. 27 km Circumference at Swiss- France

Border. 3. Proton - proton Collider with collision

energy 14 TeV

4. Largest Cryogenics and SC network

as on Today5. Total 6000 Superconducting Nb-Ti

Magnets ( 1200 Dipole + 400 Quadrupole magnet+ Rest Corrector Magnets

6. Total Refrigeration Capacity 144 (

18x8) kW at 4.2 K

Nb- Ti SC magnet generates a field

8.3 Tesla and operates at 1.9 K

LHC HL-LHC VLHC

First Collision at 3.5 TeV Beam Energy in 2010

Collision at Design Beam Energy (7 TeV) in 2015


LHC HL-LHC VLHC

High luminosity 5 x 1034 cm-2s-1

100 High Field Nb3 Sn Magnet

( 12 T ) in 100 magnets before

and After ATLAS/ CMS

Detector

Operating Temp : 4.5 K

Using of Superconducting Crab

Cavity

Total length Replacement ~ 1

km????????

16 Tesla magnets for 100 TeV pp

in 100 km


Max. Center-of-mass energy 500 GeV

Peak Luminosity ~2x1034 1/cm2s

Beam Current 9.0 mA

Average accelerating gradient 31.5 MV/m

Beam pulse length 0.95 ms

Total Site Length 31 km

Total AC Power Consumption ~230 MW

INTERNATIONAL LINEAR COLLIDER ( ILC)

Electron – Positron Collider :

Proposed Site at KITAKAMI, Japan


ILC Superconducting Cavity

10MW

L band

klystron

9 cell cavity,~ 1m long

ILC needs : 16000 9- cell

cavities and more than 1000

Cryomodules with each length of

approx 12 m)

Total Estimated Refrigeration Capacity at 4.2

K ~ 210 kW ( Remember CERN 144 kW)

Test : > 35 MV/m, Q = 0.8 x 10 10, With Beam > 31.5 MV/m


The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) circumference of

50 – 70 km at Quinghuada, China ( 2021-27)

Estimated Project Cost ~ $6 billion

Booster ring: 256, 1.3 GHz 9-cell SC cavities

Collider ring: 480, 650 MHz 2-cell SC cavities


Required Refrigeration Capacity for CepC

96 kW at 4.5 K ( 8 Plants)

Required Electrical power : 22 MW

Cryogenics and SC Cavity for CepC


Foreign India Total

Total 218 329 547

A. Participants Details

Country China France Germany Japan Korea Switzer USA Nether Others

No 31 24 29 18 9 29 32 8 38

C. Papers Presented

Foreign

India Total

Total 168 171 339

B: Foreign Participants Distribution

Important Here : There about 120

papers from Accelerator Lab ( CERN,

KEK, IHEP, Fermi, Jefferson, ESS,

TRIUMF, DESY, RRCAT VECC, IUAC)


Technical Challenges in this Subject

1. Superconducting Magnet : High Field (15 – 20 Tesla)

2. Superconducting Cavity : Gradient 30 MV/m :

1. 2 K/4 K Cryomodule with low heat leak : Coupler /

Current lead thermal Interception

2. 2K System : Modification of old Refrigerator (4.5 K)

with 2K system

3. High Performance Multichannel Liquid Helium

Transfer Line ( KEK DESIGN)

4. Cryogenic System : Improvement of COP ( Plug

power vs. Refrigeration Load)

5. With advancement of 2G HTS wire , Feasibility of

Beam line HTS Magnet ( LN2 Cooled/ CryoCooler)


Challenges/ Comments

1. Shortage of Helium Gas supply : Price rise ( doubled from 2011)

Federal Helium Programme, USA ; Supplies Crude Helium 50 %

( They can stop any time : Earlier Deadline was Oct, 2013 Extended by Senate)

Total requirement : 200 MM3

Helium Recovery from Users has to be improved : Loss to

be minimized

2 . COP ( plug power for 1 W refrigeration) of Helium Refrigerator

During 1980 it was 400-500 (Tevatron) , 1998 ( LHC) improved ; 225 ( 30 % of

Carnot) : No further improvement . ( Hope for ITER System) : 170 ( 40%)

Refrigeration capacity for ILC : 210 kW. Power Saving : 10 MW

3. Limited Niobium Supplier : Demand growth in current five years will be high

4. Limited Man Power in ASIA


Acknowledgements

1. Dr. Philippe Lebrun, CERN2. Prof. Akira Yamamoto, ILC3. Prof Hosoyama & Prof Hirotaka Nakai , KEK4. Prof Gao Jie and Dr Shaopeng Li from IHEP, China5. Dr Jongwon Kim from RISP, Korea6. Colleagues from Accelerator Lab of India ( RRCAT,

VECC, IUAC)


IUAC SC LINAC

SC

CA

VIT

Y


➢Japan : Super KEK- B, ILC STF, JPARC➢Korea : RAON project, PLS-II, KOMAC, SSRC➢CHINA : ADS PROGRAMME (IHEP/ IMP), CEPC ,ILC – China➢Taiwan : TPS ( Commissioned) ➢India : ADS by DAE , RIB Linac, IUAC Linac

Major on- going ASIAN Accelerator Programme with

Cryogenics & Superconductivity


So for very High Field ( above 8T) magnet and for High Eacc and high

frequency ( GHz) Cavity : 2.0 K is better Choice than 4.2 K

4.5 2 4.5 603 0.1K K KQ Q Q Q

NEW 2K REF

OLD

R

EF.

CO

NV

ER

TED


superconducting linear accelerator programme in india

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