super final-report
TRANSCRIPT
ICT(CS-161) 2016
Topic:
LAN Network
Subject:
Information to Communication and Technology
Submitted To:
Ma’am Maryam Ehsan
Submitted By:
S.r # Name Roll No1 Hafiz Abdullah 15091519-0202 Khawaja Umair 15091519-0023 Javeria Abid 15091519-0304 Roshaan Arshad 15091519-0595 Saniya Ansar 15091519-0696 Tahir Khan 15091519-133 BS (Hons) Computer Science
1st Semester
CONTENTS:1
Project Report
ICT(CS-161) 2016
NETWORK
Central Connecting Devices
Data Transferring
Types of NETWORK
NETWORK Topology
STAR Topology
How Data is Transferred using STAR
Cross Cable
How Data is Transferred using Cross Cable
Troubleshooting
Acknowledgement
References
Local Area Networks
Network:-
2
ICT(CS-161) 2016
“A network is two devices connected to each other with a physical medium, such as wire or radio signals.’’
Networks allow many users to access shared data and programs almost instantly. When data and Programs are stored on a network and are shared, individual users can substantially reduce the need for programs on their own computers .Networks open up new ways to communicate, such as e-mail and instant messaging .By allowing users to share expensive hardware resources such as printers, networks reduce the cost of running an organization.
Host:-
A host can be any device that has an IP address.
Address:-
An address is used to send and receive data in network.
IP address:-
3
ICT(CS-161) 2016
It helps to identify devices and the networks where they are located.
Central Connecting Device:-
Hub, switches, routers act as central connecting device.
Central connecting devices are responsible for connecting host and transmitting data.
Hub Function:-
Hosts send data to a hub. The hub broadcasts that data to all other connected hosts on the network.
Switch Function:-
Hosts send data to a switch. The switches transmit data to its destination. Switches can send and receive data simultaneously. Switches are most commonly used for networks.
4
ICT(CS-161) 2016
Router Function:-
Routers are at the edge of the LANs. They act as gateway to other networks. It allows communication between hosts on different networks. It connects internal networks to the internet.
Connection of devices:-
Computers have network adapters called as Network interface card (NICs). It allows the computers to connect to network. It connects node to the media. It often has an antenna.
A Hub or switch connects several devices in a network together. It provides central point for cables in network. A Router connects multiple computers or other routers together and transmits data to its correct destination on a network.
Data Transferring:-
Before data transferred, it has to go through the following processes:
Large chunks of data broken into segments. Addressing is added to each segment, to making it a packet. Packets then travel to the network adapter, where a little more information is added and
they become Ethernet Frames. Each frame is then broken into a data stream of bits-0s and 1s- that travel on physical
media.
Data Transfer on LANs:-
It transfer one bit at a time. In LANs, data can travel in a single stream in both directions. A data transfer rate is the maximum bits per second (bps) that can be transmitted over a network.
Types of Networks:-
Wired LANs (WLANs)
5
ICT(CS-161) 2016
Wireless LANs (WLANs) Virtual LANs (VLANs)
Wired LANs (WLANs):-
Hosts such as PCs or laptops are connected to central connecting devices by copper based and
twisted pair cabling. Control and security, reliability and speed are the primary benefits of using
physical connections. It is also relatively cost-effective, as the price of cabling. One great
advantage of having a Wired LAN is the control it provides.
Wireless LANs (WLANs):-
Hosts connected to networks through WAPs. To connect to WAPs, a device must have a wireless
network adapter. In larger WLANs, the WAP has to connect to a wired switch.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are the same as the traditional LAN but they have a
wireless interface. WLANs provide high speed data communication in small areas such as a
building or an office. It allows users to move around in a confined area while they are still
connected to the network. Examples of wireless LAN that are available today are NCR's wave
LAN and Motorola's ALTAIR.
Virtual LANs :-
VLANs allow a network manager to logically segment a LAN into different broadcast.
Workstations do not have to be physically located together in VALNs. Users on different floors
of the same building, or even in different buildings can now belong to the same LAN.VLANs
also allow broadcasts to be defined without using routers. Bridging software is used instead to
define which workstations are to be included in the broadcast. Routers would only have to be
used to communicate between two VLANs.
Network Topology :-
6
ICT(CS-161) 2016
“The logical layout of the cables and devices that connect the nodes of the network”
Logical topology :-
In Logical topology, there is actual transfer of the data in the network as per its design
plan.
Physical topology:-
In Physical topology, the physical design of a network which consists of location,
devices and the cable installation is referred.
Packets :-
Data moves through the network in a structure called Packets.
Packet Header :-
The heard identifies the nodes that sent the packet and provides the address of the node
that will receive the packet. It also holds control data that helps the receiving node resemble a
message’s packet in the right order.
Packet Payload :-
The Payload is the actual data that is being transmitted between the two nodes.
Importance of Topology:-
A correctly designed network will move data packets as efficiently as possible.
Network topology plays a role in preventing collision.
Star Topology:-
7
ICT(CS-161) 2016
The Star Topology is the most common topology. In a star network, all nodes are connected to a
device called a Hub and communicate through it. Data packets travel through the Hub and are
sent to the attached nodes. After reaching to their destinations, some intelligent Hubs can
monitor traffic and help prevent the collisions.
In Star Topology, a broken connection between a Node and the Hub does not affect the
rest of the network. If the Hub is lost, all nodes connected to that Hub are unable to communicate
How Data is Transferred using Star :-
Equipment :-
PTCL A-DSL + Wi-Fi Modem (As HUB)
Ethernet Cables (As Connecting Wires)
Laptops (As Nodes)
Procedure :-
So, for Connecting Computers in form of Star Topology. Firstly we have to change the
Settings of our Computers using following steps.
Connect Computers with the HUB.
Open Network and Sharing Center.
8
ICT(CS-161) 2016
Click on “Change Advance Sharing Option”.
9
ICT(CS-161) 2016
Change the Setting As shown in pictures by checking these Check Boxes.
10
ICT(CS-161) 2016
After doing all these open “Networks”. Then you are able to see the connected Computers.
Open the Computer you want to access.
11
ICT(CS-161) 2016
Firstly you can only see those Folder which are shared by the other computer. In start only Public folder is Assessable.
You can give access to any folder by following ways.
12
ICT(CS-161) 2016
By doing this we can share this folder also.
You can also access the data of that folder.
For Troubleshooting.
13
ICT(CS-161) 2016
Cross Cable:-
An Ethernet Crossover Cable is a type of Ethernet Cable which is use to connect two computing devices together directly. It is most often used to connect two devices of same type: e.g. two computers (via Network Interface Controller) or two switches to each other.
14
ICT(CS-161) 2016
How Cross Cable is different to Ethernet:-
Only the arrangement in the both end are different.
How Data is Transferred using Cross Cable :-
Troubleshooting:-
One of the main problems with the BUS TOPOLOGY is that it is not very fault tolerant, a break or defect in the bus would affect the whole network. In STAR TOPOLOGY, as each computer is connected to a central device (Hub) the location of the Hub must be made as central as possible, so as to reduce cable lengths. The drawback to this type of topology is if a central device was to fail then all computers connected to that device would not be able to see the network.
Acknowledgement:-
In performing our project, we had to take the help and guideline of some respected persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this assignment gives us much Pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude Ma’am Maryam Ehsan, Course Instructor, University
15
ICT(CS-161) 2016
Of Gujrat for giving us a good guideline for project throughout numerous consultations. We would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us in writing this assignment.Many people, especially our classmates and team members itself, have made valuable comment suggestions on this proposal which gave us an inspiration to improve our project. We thank all the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete our assignment.
References:-
Web Reference http://en.wikipedia.org http://en.google http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Topology http://en.Computerline.com
Books Networking topologies-E.Balguruswamy A text book of computers-Andrew Symonds
16