sup003-001 fe sector carbon footprint report january 2015 doc

8/18/2019 SUP003-001 FE Sector Carbon Footprint Report January 2015 Doc

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Scottish Colleges Carbon Footprint Report

January 2015


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Contents

Executive Summary 1

1 Introduction 2

1.1 General 2

1.2 Background to the Organisations 2

1.3 Report Structure 3

2 Methodology 5

2.1 Reporting Principles 5

2.2 Scope 6

2.3 Data Sources 8

2.4 Boundaries 8

2.5 Emissions sources 8

2.6 Emission factors 8

3 Footprint Results 10

3.1 Carbon emissions equivalent baseline 10

4 Tracking emissions over time 14

5 Analysis and Observations 14

6 Assumptions and Limitations 14

7 Summary 15

Appendix A 16

Appendix B 41

Appendix C 42


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Executive Summary

In partnership with the Scottish Funding Council (SFC), Zero Waste Scotland (ZWS) has

developed a carbon emissions (tCO2e1) footprint baseline (‘footprint’) for colleges in

Scotland to assist with the monitoring of progress to reduce emissions in the Further

Education (FE) sector. As part of this process all Scottish colleges in the FE sector werecontacted to request energy, waste, water and transport fuel use data which was used to

calculate the carbon baseline of Scotland’s FE sector. The carbon baseline has been

calculated based on the Green House Gas (GHG) Protocol2 methodology.

Colleges were requested to provide primary data where possible. Where incomplete data

sets were provided, extrapolations and historical data where publically available, were used.

Extrapolations have been based on complete data sets received from the other colleges.

The SFC and the Environmental Association for Universities and Colleges (EAUC) also

provided data which has been used in producing this carbon footprint.

The footprint has been broken down by emission source, scope and individual college. The

overall carbon footprint of the FE sector in Scotland for 2013/14 is 59,542 tCO2e.

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1 Introduction

1.1 General

With an uptake of 400,000 students per year from across Scotland, the Further Education

(FE) sector plays an important role in the agenda of the Scottish Government. The ClimateChange (Scotland) Act, 2009, emphasises that “reducing greenhouse gas emissions and

transitioning to a low carbon economy will help create a more successful country, with

opportunities for all of Scotland to flourish, through increasing sustainable economic

growth” . Part 4 of the Act places climate change duties on Scottish public bodies, which

includes the FE sector.

In partnership with the Scottish Funding Council (SFC), Zero Waste Scotland (ZWS) has

developed a carbon emissions (tCO2e) footprint baseline (‘footprint’) for colleges in Scotland

to assist with the monitoring of progress to reduce emissions in the FE sector.

As part of this process, all Scottish colleges in the FE Sector were requested to provide

energy, waste, water and transport fuel use data. The received data was used to calculate

the footprint of Scotland’s FE sector based on the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocolmethodology3. This report presents the calculated carbon emissions baseline.

Following a reorganisation of the FE sector, the number of colleges in Scotland was reduced

from 46 to 254 with just under a third of these being considered new colleges. These new

colleges have changed in terms of estate, procurement and size. Some colleges are now of

a size to potentially be eligible for the Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) Energy

Efficiency Scheme5, and all fall under the Universities & Colleges Climate Change

Commitment for Scotland (UCCCfS) – a copy of which is given in Appendix B.

Subsequently, all of Scotland's colleges have signed the UCCCfS, which requires thepreparation and publication of a five-year Climate Change Action Plan. The Action Plansmust include targets and timescales to achieve a significant reduction in emissions from all

our activities, including:• Energy consumption and source;

• Waste reduction, recycling and responsible disposal;

• Sustainable estate development;

• Sustainable travel planning; and

• Responsible procurement of goods and services.

The Commitment requires colleges to report their carbon emissions annually.

1.2 Background to the Organisations

The data for this carbon emissions baseline has been collated through two parallel

processes.

Nine6 of the recently amalgamated colleges are participating in ZWS’s Carbon Management

Programme, the aim of which is to develop a carbon management plan for each college. To

assist in developing the plans, each college has produced a baseline carbon footprint.

Colleges not participating in the ZWS carbon management programme were requested to

provide data on energy, water waste and transport use. This data was subsequently

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converted to carbon emissions and combined with the data from colleges participating in the

Carbon Management Programme, to produce a carbon baseline of the Further Education

sector.

A complete data set was not available for all colleges and therefore extrapolations were

used where data was missing; this applied to 10 colleges. In addition, historic data was

used for Moray College UHI (University of Highlands and Islands) from their published2008/09 footprint. Extrapolation methods are discussed in the Methodology section. A

summary of data used in the carbon emissions baseline is outlined in Table 1:

Table 1: Summary of data used by type by college

College Data SubmittedEstimation/Extrapolation

Historicalsecondarydata

Ayrshire College

Borders College

City of Glasgow College

Dumfries & Galloway College Dundee and Angus College

Edinburgh College

Fife College

Forth Valley College

Glasgow Clyde College

Glasgow Kelvin College

Inverness College UHI

Lews Castle College UHI

Moray College UHI

New College Lanarkshire

Newbattle Abbey College

North East Scotland College

North Highland College UHI

Orkney College UHI

Perth College UHI

Sabhal Mor Ostaig UHI

South Lanarkshire College

West College Scotland

West Highland College UHI

West Lothian College

1.3 Report Structure

This report presents the results of the FE Sector footprint and details the scope, boundary,

assumptions and methodology used in its creation.

The methodology used for the footprint calculations is covered in Section 2, including the

reporting principles that the methodology is based on and how the baseline is broken down

into different emission scopes for reporting.

Sources of data and boundaries for data gathering are summarised in Sections 2.3 and 2.4

respectively, and in detail for each college in Appendix A. Sources of emissions and emission

factors are also provided in Section 2.5 and 2.6 respectively.


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The footprint results are presented in Section 3, with results by emission scope, by college

and by emission source.

This report discusses the findings from the footprint in Section 3.1. Suggestions for

improving future footprinting exercises are presented in Section 4.


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2 Methodology

This section sets out the methodology employed to produce the FE Sector footprint.

2.1 Reporting Principles

The following key principles are central to the development of the footprint and are applied

throughout the calculation for the baseline year and should be considered for any

subsequent annual calculations.

2.1.1 Relevance

All identified sources of carbon emissions considered likely to make a material (greater than

1%) contribution to the sector footprint were included in the data collection exercise.

No sources are knowingly excluded without initial quantification and assessment of its

contribution to the overall footprint.

2.1.2

Completeness

To identify all relevant sources of carbon emissions and water use, a process map (figure 1)

was developed for an example college estate.

Figure 1: Typical college carbon emission sources

Extrapolations were required where data was not available for all individual colleges, or for

parts of the individual college footprints. Where extrapolation was required, this has been

applied on a conservative basis, the aim being to over-estimate (rather than under-

estimate) the carbon footprint. Additionally, material over-estimation has been considered

and avoided as far as possible.

Extrapolations have been used to fill gaps in data where a college provided an incomplete

data set (for example, provided energy data but not water or waste). Extrapolations based

on Gross Internal Area (GIA) in terms of meters squared (m2) have been used where no

energy, water, waste or transport data was provided. Details of these extrapolations are

provided in the college summaries in Appendix A.

2.1.3 Consistency

The scope, boundaries, data sources, calculation methodologies, assumptions and

extrapolations used have been documented in this report so they can be consistentlyapplied year on year to allow meaningful comparison of the footprint in future.


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This footprint is aligned to the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol, adding to the credibility and

consistency of the scope and approach.

2.1.4 Transparency

To assist the colleges communicate the footprint to stakeholders and third parties,

information on the scope, boundaries and overall outputs is provided in this report.

Throughout the development of the footprint, detailed records of each college’s data,

methods of calculation, assumptions and extrapolations have been made, with the objective

of retaining a transparent and comparable audit trail for the assessment. A summary of

each college footprint is provided in Appendix A.

2.1.5 Accuracy

In all aspects of the footprint, uncertainty has been reduced as far as is practicable by the

use of primary data relating to the specific colleges. Where this was unavailable, historical

data, where publically available, and extrapolation based on data from other colleges has

been used.

2.2 Scope

Data is presented by scope. The GHG Protocol7 categorises GHG emissions as scope 1, 2 or

3 emissions, as defined below and shown in Figure 2.

Presenting the footprint by scopes allows understanding of the key emission sources in the

sector footprint. It gives potential for programmes in future years to target improvements in

data collection to areas where data has been identified to be less robust in this footprint.

This footprint is measured in tCO2e (carbon dioxide equivalents, used to enable comparison

of different greenhouse gases in one unit of measurement).

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Figure 2: Emissions Scopes8

Scope 1 Emissions: Direct emissions occur from sources that are owned or controlled by

the organisation, for example, emissions from combustion in owned or controlled boilers,

furnaces, vehicles, etc.; emissions from chemical production in owned or controlled process

equipment.

Scope 2 Emissions: Electricity - indirect emissions arising from the generation of

purchased electricity consumed by the organisation. Emissions from electricity generated

on-site are also classed as Scope 2.

Scope 3 Emissions: An optional reporting category that allows for the treatment of allother indirect emissions. Scope 3 emissions are a consequence of the activities of the

organisation, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company. Examples of

scope 3 activities are extraction and production of purchased materials; transportation of

purchased fuels, including electricity; and use of sold products and services. Scope 3 also

includes the Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses for purchased electricity supplied

through the grid.

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CO2 SF6 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs


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2.3 Data Sources

To establish a footprint of the Scottish FE sector a Carbon Baseline Tool was developed. This

required information from each college, covering annual energy, waste, water and transport

data.

The 9 colleges participating in the ZWS Carbon Management Programme were presentedwith the Carbon Baseline Tool and advised by their Programme Advisor on the collection and

collation of data and the input of data into the Carbon Baseline Tool. This data was reviewed

by the Programme Advisor and checked for irregularities or errors.

Non ZWS Programme participant colleges were issued a data request to complete and

return. Data collection was undertaken by email and non-responding institutions were

contacted by telephone. As data was received it was inserted into the Carbon Baseline Tool.

As spreadsheets from different colleges were returned and inserted into the tool, data was

reviewed to check the accuracy, and to identify areas where clarification was needed.

In some instances, the data supplied was not sufficient enough to complete a footprint of

that college, and in other cases no data was available for entire colleges. In these

circumstances historical data was then requested. Historical data was available for MorayCollege UHI from their 2008/09 footprint. Where no historical data was available for a

college, its emissions were estimated and extrapolated based on data from the other

colleges.

2.4 Boundaries

Carbon footprints are generally defined in relation to two boundaries: the organisational

boundary and the operational boundary.

Financial control is a common approach used for the organisational boundary. An

organisation has financial control over an operation or asset if it directly or indirectly has the

ability to direct the financial and operating policies of the operation with a view to managingthe economic impacts or benefits from the its activities. In the university and colleges

context, the organisations are largely responsible for the financial performance (and risks)

of the operation and its assets; thus financial control was chosen ahead of operational

control (the alternative approach) as operational control is less relevant.

The operational boundary includes all Scope 1 and 2 emissions relevant to the operation of

the colleges, as detailed in Section 2.5.

2.5 Emissions sources

Emissions arising from the following categories were included, where reported, in the

footprint:

• Buildings (e.g. electricity, gas, fuel oil);

• Transport (e.g. staff mileage, school fleet transport);

• Waste (e.g. food waste, recyclables, WEEE9); and

• Water (e.g. potable water supply and treatment).

All other sources not included within these four categories were excluded from this

footprint.

2.6 Emission factors

Data on energy use, travel and transport, water supply, wastewater treatment and waste to

landfill were converted into carbon emissions (tCO2e) using recognised GHG Protocol

9 E E E (EEE).


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consistent emission factors provided in Defra’s10 /DECC11’s Greenhouse Gas Guidelines and

Conversion Factors for Company Reporting (2014)12. These are presented in Appendix C.

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3 Footprint Results

This section details the results of the Scottish FE Sector footprinting project. The overall

footprint of the FE sector in Scotland is 59,542 tCO2e.

3.1

Carbon emissions equivalent baselineColleges provided data for either 2012/2013 or 2013/2014, depending on data availability

and any current reporting cycles.

Figure 3 shows the total footprint in tCO2e broken down by emissions scope, as defined in

section 2.2 of this report. This shows that scope 2 emissions (associated with electricity

use) contribute the most to the total baseline. Scope 1 emissions (associated with fuel

combustion) are the next largest contributor. Figure 4 provides further details on emission

sources within scopes. The category ‘unknown’ scope includes sources of transport where it

is unknown whether these are vehicles owned by the colleges, or whether they are rented

or staff-owned. The use of ‘unknown’ was reduced as far as possible from the data received

through clarification with the colleges.

Figure 3: Total Footprint by emissions scope


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Total Footprint Breakdown by Emissions Source

Figure 4 shows the total footprint in tCO2e by emissions source: buildings, transport, waste

and water. This shows that buildings’ emissions (associated with scope 2 energy use)

contribute the most to the total footprint; therefore electricity and fuel use in buildings is

the key contribution to the colleges’ carbon footprints.

The emissions arising from buildings account for 94% of the total colleges’ footprint, waste

contributes 3%, transport contributes 2% and emissions from water are just 1% of the total

footprint.

Figure 4: Total footprint by emissions source


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Total Footprint by College

Figure 5 shows the total footprint in tonnes of CO2e by college. This shows the absolute

footprint, and does not take into account that some colleges are much larger than others

and so may have larger absolute footprints. Individual college footprints are given in

Appendix A.

Figure 5: Total footprint by college


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Footprint breakdown of tCO2e by m2 for each college

Figure 6 shows tonnes of CO2e per m2 floor areas for each college presented as tCO2e per

m2 where m2 is the gross internal area (GIA) of the college. The emissions by GIA range

between colleges from 0.01 to 0.12 tCO2e per m2.

Figure 6: Carbon emissions (tCO2e) footprint by college per m2


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4 Tracking emissions over time

It is not known at this time how the Scottish FE Sector footprint will be used to monitor

emissions reduction progress, or at what intervals the process of calculating the Sector

footprint is likely to be repeated. However, the method, scope and boundaries used to

calculate this footprint have been clearly set out in this document allowing the process to be

repeated at a future time and for a credible comparison to be made.

The footprint exercise is valuable for colleges beyond the creation of a baseline number. The

completed Carbon Management Plan (for colleges participating in the ZWS Carbon

Management Programme) and baseline tool will be valuable tools for tracking emissions

over time. This will enable colleges to understand the impact emissions savings projects are

having/will have in reducing their total footprint.

5 Analysis and Observations

The key contribution to the footprint is energy used in buildings, in particular scope 2

electricity use. Transport emissions are the second highest after buildings’ use, and a high

proportion of these relate to scope 3, which relates to staff travel on public transport or intheir own, or rented vehicles.

Recommendations for improving and completing future footprints include:

• Individual colleges should be advised of the importance of establishing and

maintaining systems/processes for the collation of energy, water, waste and

transport data on a regular basis (minimum six monthly). This will help colleges and

the SFC better collect the data and prepare for the implementation (date not known)

of mandatory public sector carbon emission reporting in Scotland;

• Minimise changes to the data collection spreadsheets, as year on year, colleges will

become more familiar with data return thus making it easier for them to complete it;

• Provide colleges with advance warning of when the data will be required and allow

sufficient time for the colleges to complete the data return; and• Provide support to the colleges with completing the data return.

6 Assumptions and Limitations

Gathering data from colleges was a key limitation in this project. Compilation of the

footprint relied upon receiving accurate data from each college; however in some cases this

data was not available for all or part of the college.

This limitation was overcome by the use of extrapolations. Extrapolations were applied

where data was not available for all individual colleges, or for parts of the individual college

footprint.

Extrapolations based on GIA in terms of meters squared (m2) were used where no energy,

water, waste or transport data was provided. Details of extrapolations are provided on a

college by college basis in Appendix A. Where no data was available for a college, the

average of all of the other colleges was used, based on the average tCO2e per m2 GIA.

Further assumptions are discussed in the college summaries in Appendix A.


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7 Summary

The overall footprint of the FE sector in Scotland is 59,542 tCO2e. The footprint has been

based on primary, secondary and extrapolated data for 24 colleges in Scotland. Of the 25

SFC funded colleges, one did not provide data through the data collection exercise. The

emissions arising from buildings (scope 1 and 2) account for 94% of the total footprint,

while waste contributes 3%, transport contributes 2% and emissions from water are just1% of the total footprint. To further improve the robustness of future footprints

consideration should be given to supporting colleges to implement, maintain and improve

systems for collecting data and minimise changes to the process for collecting the data.


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Appendix A

College summariesSummary for each college including the college footprint split by scope, sources of data

received, specific assumptions/limitations and extrapolations is given below.

This Appendix is available on request from Deanne Holden, Policy/Analysis Officer,Capital and Climate Change, Scottish Funding Council: [email protected]


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Appendix B

Universities and Colleges Climate Commitment for Scotland


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Appendix C

tCO2e Emission Factors Used

The following emission factors from Defra’s Guidelines to Defra/DECC’s Greenhouse Gas Conversion Facto

applied in the modeling of the 2012, 2013 and 2014 footprint. Beyond 2014, future years are the same a

baseline tool should update the factors when latest DEFRA/DECC figures are published.

Table 1: Defra emission factors used in the calculation of the 2012-2014 carbon footprint, with reference

Buildings andWater

EmissionType

Units 2012 2013 2014

Scope

(whereknown)

Activity

Grid Electricityuse

Electricity(kWh)

kg CO2e/kWh 0.4600 0.4455 0.4943 2 Generation

Gas use Gas (kWh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.1852 0.1840 0.1850 1 Gross

Gas oil use Gas Oil (kWh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.2778 0.2718 0.2721 1 Gross

Fuel Oil use Fuel Oil (kWh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.2683 0.2688 0.2695 1 Gross

Potable Water Potable Water- Supply (m3)

kg CO2e/m3 0.3441 0.3441 0.3441 3 Potable WatSupply

Potable Water

Potable Water

- Treatment(m3)

kg CO2e/m3 0.7085 0.7085 0.7085 3Potable WatTreatment

Diesel use Diesel (litres) kg CO2e/litre 2.5835 2.6008 2.6024 1 Average bio


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Buildings andWater

EmissionType

Units 2012 2013 2014Scope(whereknown)

Activity

blend

RenewableEnergy

Exported (kWh)

PhotovoltaicExport (kWh)

kg CO2e/kWh -0.4600 -0.4455 -0.4943 2 Exporting ofelectricity to

grid

RenewableEnergyExported (kWh)

Wind Export

(kWh)kg CO2e/kWh -0.4600 -0.4455 -0.4943 2

Exporting ofelectricity togrid

Renewable

EnergyConsumed(kWh)

PhotovoltaicUsed (kWh)

kg CO2e/kWh 0 0 0 2

RenewableEnergyConsumed(kWh)

Wind Used(kWh)

kg CO2e/kWh 0 0 0 2

Biomass (kWh)Wood pellets(kWh)

kg CO2e/kWh 0.0118 0.0118 0.0118 1

As per Defraguidance thonly includinN2O and CH

CO2 is notincluded

Biomass (kWh)Wood chips

(kWh)kg CO2e/kWh 0.0118 0.0118 0.0118 1

As per Defraguidance thonly includin

N2O and CHCO2 is notincluded

Petrol use Petrol (litres) kg CO2e/litre 2.2423 2.2144 2.1914 1 Average bioblend

LPG LPG (kWh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.2146 0.2145 0.2145 1 Gross

Kerosene Burning Oil kg CO2e/kWh 0.0511 0.2456 0.2467 1 Gross


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Buildings andWater

EmissionType

Units 2012 2013 2014Scope(whereknown)

Activity

(kWh)

BiodieselBiodiesel

(litres)kg CO2e/litre 0.0175 0.0187 0.0195 1

Biogas Biogas (kWh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.2460 0.2460 0.2460Outsideof scope

Heat and Steam Steam (kWh) kg CO2e/kWh 0.2199 0.2164 0.2441 1

OtherOther - Water(t CO2e)

t CO2e 1000 1000 1000

OtherOther -Buildings (tCO2e)

t CO2e 1000 1000 1000Other activitbuildings


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Waste Waste Type Units 2012 2013 2014Scope(whereknown)

Waste frac

General WasteGeneral Waste- Landfill(tonnes)

kg CO2e/tonne 289.8350 289.8350 289.8350 3Municipal wato landfill

General WasteGeneral Waste- AD (tonnes)

kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3Municipal wato anaerobicdigestion

PaperPaper(tonnes)

kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3Paper and BPaper (Recyclosed loop)

CardboardCardboard(tonnes)

kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3

Paper and BCardboard(Recycled -closed loop)

MixedRecyclables

MixedRecyclables

(tonnes)

kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3 Municipal wa(Recycled -

loop)

WEEEWEEE(tonnes)

kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3WEEE – mix(Recycled - loop)

FoodFood - Landfill

(tonnes)kg CO2e/tonne 570 570 570 3

Organic wasFood and DrWaste to lan

FoodFood - AD

(tonnes)kg CO2e/tonne 21 21 21 3

Organic wasFood and Dr

Waste to aedigestion

OtherOther - Waste(t CO2e)

t CO2e 1000 1000 1000 3Other activitwaste


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Transport Transport Units 2012 2013 2014Scope(whereknown)

Activity

Flights

Flights -Domesticaverage

(passengerkm)

kgCO2e/passenger

km

0.3439 0.3266 0.2932 3Domestic w(average

passenger)

Flights

Flights - Shorthaul average(passengerkm)

kgCO2e/passengerkm

0.1963 0.1925 0.1663 3Short haul wRF (averagepassenger)

Flights

Flights - Longhaul average

(passengerkm)

kgCO2e/passengerkm

0.2246 0.2265 0.2102 3Long haul wRF (averagepassenger)

RailRail(passengerkm)

kgCO2e/passengerkm

0.0582 0.0490 0.0474 3National Rai(averagepassenger)

Fuel Diesel (litres) kg CO2e/litre 2.5835 2.6008 2.6024Diesel (averbiofuel blend

Fuel Petrol (litres) kg CO2e/litre 2.2423 2.2144 2.1914Petrol (averbiofuel blend

Car (diesel)Car - AverageDiesel (km)

kg CO2e/km 0.1870 0.1832 0.1855Average DieCar

Car (petrol) Car - AveragePetrol (km)

kg CO2e/km 0.2019 0.1981 0.1939 Average PetCar

Car (diesel)

Car - Small(up to 1.7litre) Diesel(km)

kg CO2e/km 0.1430 0.1405 0.1470 Small Diese

Car (petrol) Car - Small kg CO2e/km 0.1652 0.1619 0.1606 Small Petro


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Activity

(up to 1.4litre) Petrol(km)

Car (diesel)Car - Medium(1.7 – 2 litre)Diesel (km)

kg CO2e/km 0.1776 0.1748 0.1772Medium Die

Car

Car (petrol)Car - Medium(1.4 – 2 litre)Petrol (km)

kg CO2e/km 0.2077 0.2049 0.2009Medium PetCar

Car (diesel)Car - Large (2litre plus)

Diesel (km)

kg CO2e/km 0.2356 0.2294 0.2305 Large Diese

Car (petrol)

Car - Large (2

litre plus)Petrol (km) kg CO2e/km 0.2979 0.2968 0.2901 Large Petrol

Van (diesel)Van (diesel)Class I (km)

kg CO2e/km 0.1532 0.1535 0.1535Class I (up t1.305 tonne

Van (diesel)Van (diesel)Class II (km)

kg CO2e/km 0.2260 0.2270 0.2270Class II (1.31.74 tonnes

Van (diesel)Van (diesel)Class III (km)

kg CO2e/km 0.2664 0.2688 0.2688Class III (1.3.5 tonnes)

Van (diesel)Van (diesel)Average (km)

kg CO2e/km 0.2490 0.2509 0.2509Average (up3.5 tonnes)

CoachCoach(passengerkm)

kgCO2e/passengerkm

0.0287 0.0293 0.0293 3 Average coa

Mini busMini bus(passengerkm)

kgCO2e/passengerkm

0.0287 0.0293 0.0293 3 Average coa

Bus Bus, average kg 0.1120 0.1116 0.1016 Average loc


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Activity

local bus(passengerkm)

CO2e/passengerkm

FerryFerry(passengerkm)

kgCO2e/passengerkm

0.1161 0.1161 0.1161 3 Ferry

TaxiRegular taxi(passengerkm)

kgCO2e/passengerkm

0.1476 0.1443 0.1776 Regular Tax

Subway/MetroUnderground(passenger

km)

kgCO2e/passenger

km

0.0719 0.0636 0.0631 Undergroun

OtherOther -Transport (t

CO2e)

t CO2e 1,000 1,000 1,000Other activit

transport


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