PowerPoint Presentation

BUILDING SERVICES 2 (DDPQ2043)

Tutorial 2Passive Fire Fighting Installation

Name: Hani Idayu Bt HasanI/C No: 930514-14-6236Lecturer: Pn Raja Marzyani Bt Raja MazlanDefinitionPassive fire protection are made to slow down a fire and attempt to restrict the damage to a smaller space. Limiting or slowing down the spread of flames and smoke helps to give people more time to evacuate the building safely. It can also limit physical or structural damage to a building.Passive fire fighting installation in terms of main areas:

Structural fire protection - Structural steel

Compartmentation- Fire partitions (Party wall/Fire-rated wall)- Fire barriers ( Fire-rated floors and ceilings)

Opening protection- Fire doors- Fire-rated glass- Fire dampers

Firestopping materials- Fireproofing materials- Concrete blocks

Structural Fire Protection

Guards essential structural components from the effects of fire.When the structural fire protection is designed and applied properly, the buildings structural integrity should be maintained when its exposed to fire.

TypeStructural Steel Variety of heavy steel shapes (such as the H-beams, I-beams, and T-beams) used as load bearing members of a structural frame. Steel loses strength when heated sufficiently. The critical temperature of a steel member is the temperature at which it cannot safely support its load. However, heat transfer to the steel can be slowed by the use offireproofing materials, thus limiting steel temperature.

Figure 1.0 Various structural steel shapes

Figure 1.1 Metal deck and open web steel joist receiving spray fireproofing plaster, made of polystyrene leavened gypsum.

CompartmentationThese barriers are used to limit the spread of fire in a building and allow safe egress. Walls extend from a fire-rated floor to the fire-rated ceiling above, and continue into concealed spaces for full protection.

TypeFirewall (Party wall)Dividing partition between two adjoining buildings (or units) that is shared by thetenantsof each residence or business.Non-structural but designed to meet established criteria for sound and/or fire protection between residential units.Made of non-combustible material.

Two type of Party wallType AA wall that stands astride the boundary of land belonging to two (or more) different owners. Examples include walls separating terraced or semi-detached houses or walls that form the boundary between two gardens, known as a party fence wall

Figure 2.0 Party wall type A

Type BA wall that stands wholly on one owners land, but is used by two (or more) owners to separate their buildings. Examples include where one neighbour has a structure that leans against a wall that is owned by the other neighbour. Only the part of the wall that is enclosed by the lean-to is a Party Wall.

Figure 2.1 Party wall type B

Figure 2.2 Fire-Rated Floor assembly

Figure 2.4 Fire-Rated Ceiling Systems(Zoom in for clearer view)

Opening ProtectionInstalled in an opening of a fire barrier to maintain its fire resistance.

TypeFire DoorDesignated as capable of resisting the passage of flame and smoke, and providing insulation as defined in under the prescribed conditions of test appropriate to such construction in accordance with the current British Standard 476.FD30 doors generally should not be less than 44mm in thickness.FD60 doors generally should not be less than 54mm in thickness.All Fire-resisting doors should be;Close fitting to the frame with a maximum gap of 5 mm, but 3mm is the accepted working gap and hung by a minimum of 1 pairs of all metal hinges with a melting point of not less than 800C (both nylon and nylon bushed hinges are unacceptable)Figure 3.1 Properties of Fire Door

Fire-rated glass Glass that uses multi-layer intumescent technology or wire mesh embedded within the glass.May be used in the fabrication of fire-resistance rated windows in walls or fire doors.

Figure 3.2 Principal of Operational of Fire-rated Glass

Fire DampersUsed in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts to prevent the spread of fire inside the ductwork through fire-resistance rated walls and floors. Fire/Smoke dampers are similar to Fire Dampers in fire resistance rating, and also prevent the spread of smoke inside the ducts. When a rise in temperature occurs, the fire damper closes, usually activated by a thermal element which melts at temperatures higher than ambient but low enough to indicate the presence of a fire, allowing springs to close the damper blades. Fire dampers can also close following receipt of an electrical signal from a fire alarm system utilizing detectors remote from the damper, indicating the sensing of heat or smoke in the building occupied spaces or in the HVAC duct system.

Figure 3.3 Fire Dampers

Firestopping MaterialsThese materials are used to limit fire spread through penetrations in a fire barrier.

TypeFireproofing materialsIntumescent - any material that expands when exposed to heat.- delaying the spread of fire by as long as one hour.- swells several times its original size when exposed to heat over 300F, thus blocking the spread of fire and smoke.- Many intumescent contain chemically bound water and are endothermic. In this case, when exposed to fire, the intumescent will release water. This will help cool the surrounding areas.Figure 4.1 Char Foam (Intumescent)

Fireproofing- refers to the act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire, or to those materials themselves, or the act of applying such materials. - Applying a certification listed fireproofing system to certain structures allows these to have a fire-resistance rating.Applications:- Structural steel to keep below critical temperature ca. 540 C- Electrical circuits to keep critical electrical circuits below 140 C so they stay operational- Liquified petroleum gas containers to prevent a BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion)- Vessel skirts and pipe bridges in an oil refinery or chemical plant to keep the structural steel below critical temperature ca. 540- Concrete linings of traffic tunnelsFigure 4.2 Fireproofing

Concrete BlockFire resistant materials are those that will not burn and can withstand high temperatures. Walls and floors made with concrete block are considered passive fire protection since concrete does not burn. Steel, on the other hand, can lose its integrity when exposed to high temperatures and collapse in the event of a fire.Concrete maintains its structural integrity under high heat.Figure 4.3 Example of Concrete Blocks

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