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As Mikael Adolphson, Associate Professor, Harvard Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations,guided his group of 18 undergraduates around the Edo Tokyo Museum earlier this summer, he was pleasedto overhear two students planning a second pass through the exhibit of haniwa (Kofun-period funerary clayfigures) to determine whether they were pre- or post-400 artifacts. Recalling that moment, he observed thatalthough he had taught about the Kofun age for over ten years, “I had never witnessed such excitement overclay figurines. What was most impressive was that the students were not even aware of the level of knowledgethey had obtained or that they were performing an on-the-spot analysis that most Japanese would have been unable to do.”

The 2007 Harvard Summer School/Japan (HSSJ) Program (June 18 to July 20) took students to a wide variety of sites outside the classroom in Tokyo and elsewhere. Not only did students become deeply immersedin Japanese culture and history, they earned Harvard credit for two courses, one of them a Core course, fortheir effort. Based at Waseda University, the newly-launched program gave students an additional way to experience Japan: a home stay for the entire 5-week period.

After making their way to campus each day via Tokyo’s state-of-the-art public transportation system, the students took two courses: “Constructing the Samurai,” a Core course taught by Adolphson; and “Tokyo:Exploring Urban Ethnography,” offered by Waseda anthropologist Stephen Nussbaum. Twelve HSS studentsand 6 Waseda undergraduates were enrolled in the courses. Both instructors made extensive use of field trips.Waseda students acted as cultural guides on the excursions, and both Japanese and Americans benefited from the chance to get to know each other better outside the classroom.

EDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES

HARVARD UNIVERSITY R E pO R T S

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Field Trips an Integral Part of

Harvard Summer School in Tokyo

Did you know...

• RI funded or facilitated the travel toJapan of 76 Harvard College students,from 29 concentrations, in 2006-07 and Summer 2007.

• Of them, 32 held Summer Internships infields from finance to baking, from brainscience to anime. On a 5-point scale, the interns gave their overall summerexperience in Japan a 4.7.

• Of the undergrads who went to Japan,47% were concentrators in math, the sciences, engineering, or economics. Ofthese, 5 conducted laboratory researchat RIKEN Brain Science Institute.

• 18 students launched Harvard SummerSchool/Japan at Waseda University.Harvard students gave the program raves and rated their home stay experience a 4.6.

• Last year RI gave 55 awards to Harvardgraduate students for dissertation completion, summer language study,research in Japan, conference travel andclassroom study tours. It also supportedstudent-organized conferences and dissertation writers groups.

• Harvard has 34 Japanese studies faculty,making it one of the largest Japanesestudies centers in the world. There areover 70 courses on Japan or with major content on Japan.

• RI funds 6 professorships.

• Last year RI organized and/or supportedover 75 seminars, collaborative studyprojects, workshops, conferences, symposia, films and research projects.

• RI has 177 scholars and experts onJapan in the greater New England community as RI Associates in Research.

The 2007 Harvard Summer School Program on an excursion to Kamakura. Photo: Beier Ko ‘09, Anthropology

Dear Friends,The start of the academic year brings a busy summer to a close. Last academic year, the Reischauer

Institute mounted a full-scale effort to give Harvard College students an opportunity to experience

Japan. Over Summer 2007, some 55 Harvard undergraduates traveled to Tokyo, Okayama,

Okinawa, and elsewhere in Japan to conduct research, hold internships, study Japanese, and take

courses in Harvard Summer School/Japan, launched this past June on the campus of Waseda

University. Harvard students could be found baking in the kitchen of the Grand Hyatt in Tokyo;

conducting laboratory research at RIKEN, a leading mind-brain-behavior institute; helping

candidates in this summer’s House of Councillors electoral campaign; teaching in a summer English

camp for high school students; looking for solutions to regional environmental problems; and

digitizing images for an animated film production company. Their living arrangements varied

widely. Harvard Summer School students had homestays; typically, interns lived in company dorms.

What stands out in the evaluations that the students filled out at the end of their stay is the great

variety among their experiences, but also their high level of satisfaction with their time in Japan.

When we combine these Harvard Summer 2007 students with other undergraduates who traveled

to Japan over academic year 2006-07 for study abroad, to take part in exchanges, and for other

purposes, over 75 Harvard College students experienced Japan this past year. Facilitating the travel

of so many students has required a major commitment of Reischauer Institute energies and resources,

and I am grateful to the Institute’s faculty and staff, Harvard alums, and the Institute’s many friends

in Japan for creating these opportunities and for making the initiative such a success.

In addition to this effort, the Institute continues to carry on a dynamic program of activities to

advance research on Japan and train the next generation of scholars on Japan. From Fall 2006

through Summer 2007, the Institute gave nearly 60 awards to Harvard graduate students to support

their research and professional development. Last year, the Institute organized and sponsored over 75

seminars, colloquia, workshops, collaborative research ventures, and other activities relating to Japan.

We look forward to continued activities in the year ahead.

SUSAN J. PHARR, DIRECTOR

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EDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES

Center for Government & International StudiesSouth BuildingHarvard University1730 Cambridge StreetCambridge, Massachusetts 02138

P 617.495.3220 F 617.496.8083

rijs@fas.harvard.eduwww.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs

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The Peabody Museum with the ReischauerInstitute of Japanese Studies presents exqui-site images from the museum’s photographicarchives of over 1,300 Japanese prints from theMeiji era (1868-1912). While the subjects ofthe photographs – hand-tinted scenes of cherryblossoms, kimono-clad geisha, and samuraiwarriors – ostensibly defined them as touristimages, they have also been valued as “typephotographs” for anthropological research.

At the opening reception on October 25 (5-7 p.m.), Visiting Curator David R. Odo willintroduce the exhibition in a gallery talk.

A lecture series on topics highlighted by theexhibition will take place on select Thursdaysat 5:30 p.m. at the Geological Lecture Hall.On November 29, Elizabeth Edwards ofUniversity of the Arts, London, will speak on “Trade Routes: Collecting Photographs,Making Anthropology.” Eleanor M. Hight ofthe University of New Hampshire will present“Reality and Illusion: Japanese Photographsfor the Foreign Market” on February 21, 2008,and on April 10, Deborah Poole of JohnsHopkins University will deliver the final lecture of the series.

Further information is available atwww.peabody.harvard.edu.

Upcoming Exhibition

“A Good Type:” Tourism and Sciencein Early Japanese PhotographsOctober 25, 2007 – April 30, 2008

Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University

Raja AdalHistoryArt Education in Egyptian andJapanese Government Schools, 1870-1950

Mikael BauerEALCJapanese and Chinese Buddhism and Japanese Pre-modern History

Heather BlairReligionPeak of Gold: Place and Religion in Heian Japan

Hyojin KimAnthropologyKyomachiya and the ChangingNature of Kyoto’s Regional Identity

Regan MurphyReligionBuddhism and Kokugaku during the Edo Period

Jiyeoun SongGovernmentLabor Market Deregulation in Japan and Korea

Kristin WilliamsEALCChildren’s Literature of the Edo Period

rNew FacultyThe Reischauer Institute welcomes one new faculty member in Japanese Studies.

Ian Jared Miller (History Department) holds a Ph.D. from Columbia University(2005), where he also spent a year as a postdoctoral fellow at the WeatherheadEast Asian Institute. He is a historian of modern Japan and his research is primarilyconcerned with imperialism and the cultural dimensions of scientific, medical andenvironmental change. His dissertation was titled, “The Nature of the Beast: TheUeno Zoological Gardens and Imperial Modernity in Japan, 1882-1982.” He waspreviously Assistant Professor of History at Arizona State University.

2007-08 Reischauer InstituteVisiting Scholars

Kenneth GrossbergWaseda UniversityResearch project: Evolution of customerservice in Japan and the U.S.

Kenji InayamaMeiji Gakuin UniversityResearch project: Organizational Process of Japanese Innovation

Purnendra JainUniversity of AdelaideResearch project: Japan’s Foreign PolicyOptions in an Era of China and India Rising

Shoichi KidanaWaseda UniversityResearch project: Intellectual Property Law

Tadashi KobayashiGakushuin UniversityResearch project: Painting during the Edo Period

Akiko NakajimaFukuoka UniversityResearch project: Technical Progress and Income Transfer in Japan, 1951-2000

Isao OkadaMainichi NewspaperResearch project: Sports Administration in the U.S.

Eiko SiniawerWilliams CollegeResearch project: The Violent Politics of Modern Japan, 1860-1960

Tamon SuzukiTokyo UniversityResearch project: Japan’s WartimeDiplomacy and Postwar Politics

Sumiko TakaokaSeikei UniversityResearch project: The Economic Role ofAlternative Dispute Resolution Systems in Japan and the U.S.

Hae-Lee YunIndependent ScholarResearch project: Japanese and KoreanFishing Industry

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2007-08 Reischauer InstituteGraduate Student Associates

For many students, the study trips to Tsukiji Fish Market, Saizenji Temple, Kamakura, and Nikkowere among the high points of their time in Japan. They even chanced upon a Shinto wedding ceremony in Nikko, an unexpected bonus.

For most of the Harvard students, taking part in HSSJ gave them their first exposure to Japan. The program was designed by the Reischauer Institute, in cooperation with HSS, to introduce Japanthrough an intellectually challenging, culturally rich experience. All the students enrolled in anoptional, non-credit “survival Japanese” language course to help them cope with daily life in Tokyo.

An account from Seth Herbst (’08, English & American Literature and Language/Music) of anencounter with a Japanese reporter on a train from Ise to Tokyo reflects the students’ enthusiasm fortheir experience in Japan. Upon learning that the journalist was working on a supplement on highereducation, Herbst soon found himself in a discussion with her, “first about Harvard and Americanhigher education – and then about the samurai! We discussed Japanese history and the samurai ideology/image for much of the way. It was a very exciting reminder that the image of the samurai –and its attendant images, like the sword! – remain highly relevant (even to the press!) today.”The program will be offered in the summer of 2008. r

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Field Trips an Integral Part of

Harvard Summer School in Tokyo

This past spring, Mikael Adolphson publishedThe Teeth and Claws of the Buddha: MonasticWarriors and Sohei in Japanese History (Hawaii,2007). With Stacie Matsumoto and EdwardKamens, he coedited Heian Japan, Centers andPeripheries (Hawaii, 2007).

Mary C. Brinton completed a book-writinggrant from the Center for Global Partnershipfor “Out of School, Out of Work: Youth,Jobs, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan.”

John Doyle spent last year in Kyoto andBerlin researching ultracold molecules andatoms. At Harvard he has launched the Japan-U.S. Undergraduate ResearchExperience Program (JUREP), with the goal of placing Harvard College physicsmajors in Japanese labs.

Andrew Gordon is completing a book on Daisuke Matsuzaka’s first year with theBoston Red Sox, to be published in Japanese by Asahi Shinsho.

Wesley Jacobsen is completing his final yearas President of the Association of Teachers ofJapanese. In Summer 2007, he presented lec-tures in Hakodate and in Canberra, Australia.

Adam Kern published Manga from theFloating World: Comicbook Culture and theKibyoshi of Edo Japan (Harvard East AsianMonographs, 2006).

Yukio Lippit co-curated “Awakenings: Zen Figure Painting in Medieval Japan,” an exhibition marking the centennial anniversary of the Japan Society of New York.He coauthored the catalogue and organizedan international symposium in conjunction with the exhibition.

Susan J. Pharr has been appointed to theJapan-United States Friendship Commission.

J. Mark Ramseyer and Yoshiro Miwareceived the 2007 Masahiro Ohira MemorialPrize for The Fable of the Keiretsu(Chicago, 2006).

Karen Thornber won twovery distinguished awardsthis year - the 2007 CharlesBernheimer Prize for the bestdissertation in NorthAmerica in the field ofComparative Literature, and the InternationalConvention of Asia Scholars Book Prize for the Best Dissertation in Asian Studies in the world (2005-2007). Her dissertationexamines the intertwining of the Japanese,Chinese, Korean, and Taiwanese early twentieth-century literary worlds.

Hwansoo Kim, Ph.D. Harvard University, 2007Dr. Hwansoo Kim received his Ph.D. in the Study ofReligion from Harvard University in 2007, his M.T.S.from Harvard University Divinity School in 2002, and his B.A. from Dongguk University in Seoul, Korea in 1996.

Dr. Kim’s dissertation, “Towards a New History of Japanese and Korean Buddhist Relations (1877-1912),” explores the distinctive relationship betweenJapanese and Korean Buddhism. He offers a complexanalysis of the dynamic interaction between the twoBuddhisms, marked by both collaboration and contes-tation, convergence and divergence, as they weredriven by the contemporary transformations of state, religion, and culture.

Federico Marcon, Ph.D.Columbia University, 2007Dr. Federico Marcon, began studying Japanese language and culture at the Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia in Italy, graduating in 1998. In 2001 hecommenced his graduate studies at ColumbiaUniversity, where he earned his M.A. and, in May2007, his Ph.D. in the History – East Asia program.

Dr. Marcon’s dissertation, “The Names of Nature: The Development of Natural History in Japan, 1600-1900,” reconstructs the establishment of honzogaku, or natural history, as a flourishing fieldof professional study and practice in the social and cultural context of Tokugawa Japan. He examines the fervor of honzogaku specialists

at this point in history by comparing their texts andpractices with those developed simultaneously andindependently by natural history scholars of Europe.

Matthew Marr, Ph.D.University of California, Los Angeles, 2007Dr. Matthew Marr received his Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of California, Los Angeles, in June2007, his M.A. in Sociology with a focus on UrbanSociology from Howard University in 1997, and hisB.A. in Government and Japanese, with a minor inEast Asian Studies from the University of Notre Dame in 1993.

Dr. Marr’s dissertation, “Better Must Come: EscapingHomelessness in Two Global Cities – Los Angeles and Tokyo,” examines the persistence of mass urbanhomelessness in leading cities of the global economy,and he lays out the experiences and outcomes of theefforts to exit homelessness by people in Tokyo andLos Angeles. He examines how forces at multiple levels of analysis, from global to the individual, impactthe homeless condition.

Samuel Perry, Ph.D.University of Chicago, 2007Dr. Samuel Perry specializes in Japanese and Koreanmodern literatures, and he is a joint post-doctoral fellow of the Reischauer Institute and the KoreaInstitute. He completed his B.A. in East Asian Studiesat Brown University, and earned both his M.A. (2000)and his Ph.D. (2007) in East Asian Languages andCivilizations from the University of Chicago.

His dissertation, entitled “Aesthetics for Justice:Proletarian Literature in Japan and Colonial Korea,”explores the Japanese and Korean literary works,authors, and institutions that comprised the prole-tarian cultural movement of the late 1920s and early1930s. He examines popular literary genres as well as revolutionary works of social criticism.

Gavin Whitelaw, Ph.D.Yale University, 2007Dr. Gavin Whitelaw received his B.A. from WesleyanUniversity in Russian and Soviet Studies in 1993, followed by his A.M. in Regional Studies – East Asiaat Harvard University in 2001. At Yale University, heearned his M. Phil. (2004) and Ph.D. (2007), both inSociocultural Anthropology.

Dr. Whitelaw’s dissertation, “Convenience Stores inContemporary Japan: An Ethnography of ModernService, Local Familiarity, and Global Transformation,”reveals the creative, local diversity in this apparentlystandardized store format. Further, he focuses on theconvenience store as the epitome of how the servicesector of late modern economies is “a motor for anda mirror of economic and social change.”

2007-08 Reischauer Institute Postdoctoral Fellows

R E I S C hA U E RR E pO R T S4

FACULTYNEWS

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“What would your dream internship look like? How can we help you realize that dream?” Harvard

College students interested in going to Japan were presented with these questions last fall at

information sessions organized by the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. When the summer

started, 32 Harvard summer interns departed for Japan to undertake a variety of internship

opportunities. Harvard had never sent so many summer interns to Japan in a single year. Nineteen

students did summer internships in 1990 and 1992, but the number of interns declined steadily

following the bursting of Japan’s bubble economy.

In an effort to revitalize the Harvard Japan Summer Internship Program and make it more appealing to students, the Japanese Language Program, the Program on U.S.-Japan Relations, andthe Reischauer Institute collaborated to restructure the program. Two types of internships wereoffered for the summer of 2007: 1) the “standard” internship, in which the Harvard side contactedpotential hosts, secured commitments to accept students over the summer, and then placed studentsbased on stated interests and skills; and 2) the “student-organized” internship, in which studentssecured their own positions for the summer and then applied to the Reischauer Institute for fundingsupport. The second option is the “dream internship” component of the program.

The diversity of “student-organized” internships suggests that Harvard undergradu-ates have interesting dreams. The following internships offer a glimpse of studentinterests in Japan:

• Eike Exner (Literature, 2008) interned in the German East Asiatic Society (in Tokyo) to learn more about German-Japanese relations;

• Edward Jou (Applied Math, 2008) interned in the kitchens of the Grand HyattHotel to pursue his passion for baking;

• Keyman Dennie Kim (Biology, 2007) interned at Muryokoin Temple inWakayama to deepen his knowledge of Buddhism;

• David Rice (VES, 2010) interned at Manuera, a small digital animation firm to learn more about film production;

• Christina Ward (EAS, 2009) interned at JETRO, where she pursued her interestin fashion and trade by working on a major international fashion show in Tokyo.

These internships reflect some of the aspects of Japan that draw the attention ofHarvard students these days. Of course, not all students know precisely what theywant to do in Japan. Students with less narrowly defined interests were placed in avariety of internships. Banks and financial services firms are still popular internshipoptions, and policy research institutes were also hot destinations this summer.Reflecting Japan’s pop culture influence, students also interned at a major musicrecording company, a global animation studio, and a large purveyor of processedseafood products.

Living arrangements varied. Some students stayed in company housing, while others lived in apartments provided by their host organization. A few studentslived in single-sex student dormitories throughout metropolitan Tokyo. All theinterns cited excellent accommodations as a reason they enjoyed their summerinternship experience.

Making sure that 32 internships (most in Tokyo) went smoothly was not feasiblefrom the RI offices in Cambridge, so the Reischauer Institute hired JeffreyKurashige (College ’00; Ph.D. candidate, EALC) to serve as an intern coordinatorin Tokyo. Jeff ’s knowledge of Harvard, excellent language skills, and previous workexperience at Lehman Brothers in Tokyo made him a great fit for the job. He metarriving interns at the airport, made sure they were settled in their housing andwork arrangements, and was on call in case of emergencies. Most important, Jefforganized regular seminars and social outings for the interns throughout the sum-mer. Students gathered regularly to hear and meet policy makers, academics, andbusiness people in Tokyo. They also went out for dinner, attended summer festi-vals, and climbed Mt. Fuji together. Jeff connected the Harvard interns withstudents at Waseda University to provide an additional social network.

The Reischauer Institute looks forward to coordinating the Harvard JapanSummer Internship Program in 2008. r

Summer Internships in Japan 2007

“When the summer started,32 Harvard Summer

Interns departed for Japanto undertake a variety ofinternship opportunities.

Harvard had never sent so many summer interns

in a single year.”

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Palmer Rampell ‘10, James Alexander ‘10, and Dimitar Milenkov ‘09

Edward Jou ‘08

Dimitar Milenkov ‘09 (center)

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Academic Year

Colleen Carlston ’08Biology, Kyoto, JLP Yamamuro Trust

Margaret Klein ’08EAS, Sophia, Fall 2006

May Luo ’08EAS/Economics, Sophia, Spring 2007

Nitipat Pholchai ’07Engineering Sciences, Kyoto, Fall 2006

Regina Bediako ’08EAS, Sophia, Spring 2007

Keone Nakoa ’08Economics, Sophia, Spring 2007

Summer 2007Study/Research Grants

Sakura Christmas ’08History, RI Rosovsky GrantJapanese Colonial Policy towardsRussian Refugees and IndigenousPeoples in Manchuria (1900-1945)

Estelle Eonnet ’08Visual and EnvironmentalStudies/Anthropology, HSS Japan

Philip Hafferty ’08EAS, RI Summer Travel/Research GrantThe Cause and Effect of ModernCitizen Protests of American MilitaryBases in Okinawa

Seth Herbst ’08English and American Lit. andLanguage/Music, HSS Japan

Beier Ko ’09Anthropology, HSS Japan

Wright Hunter McDonald ’08EAS, RI Summer Travel/Research GrantJapan’s “Livedoor Shock” of 2006: Proper Penalization or Backlashagainst Market Capitalism

Quynh Trang Nguyen ’10Undecided, HSS Japan

Daniel Oshima ’10Undecided, HSS Japan

Manuel Rincon-Cruz ’09Philosophy, HSS Japan

Tsering Sherpa ’10Undecided, HSS Japan

Cameron Spickert ’10Undecided, HSS Japan

Katerina Stavreva ’10Economics, HSS Japan

Summer 2007 Language

Ning Ai ’09Economics, Princeton in IshikawaProgram

Shinn Chen ’09Economics, Hokkaido Intl. Program

May Luo ’08EAS/Economics, Sophia

Jiachen Sun ’09Economics/EAS, Princeton in Ishikawa Program

Stephen Wolff ’08Mathematics, Hokkaido Intl. Program

Allison Hsiang ’08Chemistry, Freeman FoundationHokkaido Intl. Program

Summer 2007 Internship

James Alexander ’10Social Studies, JLP NakashimaPropeller

Jihoon Paul Baek ’08Psychology, BMG Japan

David Biery ’09Economics/Applied Mathematics,Research Institute for Economy, Trade, and Industry

Stephanie Brinton ’10Undecided, Showa Women’s Univ.

Debbie Chiang ’09EAS, Toei Animation

Mathieu Desruisseaux ’07Government, Deutsche Bank Group

Daniel Disario ’08English, Temple Univ., Tokyo

Jennifer Esch ’09Molecular Cellular Biology, RIKEN

Eike Exner ’08Literature, German East Asiatic Society

Kyle Hecht ’10Economics/Visual and EnvironmentalStudies, JLP Tokyo Gas

Bartholomew Horn ’07Physics/Mathematics, Univ. of Tokyo Physics Lab

Marcus Janke ’08EAS, Democratic Party of Japan

Andrew Jing ’08Government/EAS, Shinsei Bank, Ltd.

Edward Jou ’08Applied Mathematics, Grand Hyatt Hotel, Tokyo

Keyman Dennie Kim ’07Biology, Muryokoin Temple, Wakayama

Michael Kohen ’09Biomedical Engineering, Institute forGlobal Environmental Strategies

Jimmy Li ’09Neurobiology, RIKEN

Dimitar Milenkov ’09Economics, JLP Chugoku Bank

Yohsuke Miyamoto ’09Physics, Univ. of Tokyo Physics Lab

David Mou ’08Neurobiology, RIKEN

Palmer Rampell ’10Undecided, JLP Okayama Science Univ.

David Rice ’10Visual and Environmental Studies,Manual of Errors Artists, Inc.(Manuera)

John Selig ’09EAS, Waseda Univ.

Hasan Siddiqi ’09Neurobiology, RIKEN

Rachel Staum ’09EAS, Kanazawa Education Ctr.

Alice Thieu ’09EAS, Nikko Citigroup, Ltd., Tokyo

Sara Trowbridge ’09Neurobiology, RIKEN

Timothy Turner ’09Economics, Maruha Group, Inc.

Christina Ward ’09EAS, Japan External TradeOrganization

Sarah Weisberg ’08Linguistics, Univ. of Tokyo Sakai Research Lab

Liang Yin ’09Computer Science, JyukankyoResearch Institute

Betty Zhang ’10EAS/Economics, Showa Women’s Univ.

Study Travel

Kousha Bautista-Saeyan ’08Social Studies, HCAP

In-Kyung Chae ’09History, HCAP

Sandra Di Capua ’07Romance Languages and Literatures,Kawamura

Tiffany Finch ’09History, HCAP

Hayley Fink ’08Earth Planetary Sciences, HCAP

Anqi Huang ’07Computer Science, Kawamura

Yao Huang ’08Economics, HCAP

Marcus Janke ’08EAS, HCAP

Adam Jasienski ’08History of Art Architecture, HCAP

Takuya Kitagawa ’08Physics/Mathematics, HCAP

Nadira Lalji ’09Government, HCAP

Ivy Lee ’09Economics, HCAP

Lin Ting Li ’08Social Studies, HCAP

Madeline Lissner ’09Economics, HCAP

Matt Naunheim ’07History of Science, Kawamura

Laura Northrop ’09Social Studies, HCAP

Tracy Nowski ’07Women and Gender Studies,Kawamura

Hai Pham ’09Economics, HCAP

Barbara Sabat ’07Government, HCAP

Nancy Xu Yang ’09EAS, JASC

UNDERGRADUATE JAPAN EXPERIENCE 2006-07

KeyEALC: East Asian Languages & Civilizations

EAS: East Asian Studies

GSD: Graduate School of Design

HAA: History of Art & Architecture

HCAP: Harvard College in Asia Program

HSS: Harvard Summer School

JASC: Japan-America Student Conference

JLP: Japanese Language Program, Harvard

Kawamura: Foundation Travel Study

RIKEN: RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan

RSEA: Regional Studies - East Asia

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Academic YearDissertation Completion/Supplementary Research Grants

Fabian DrixlerHistoryDemographic Discourses in Japan, 1650-1900

Hwansoo KimReligionJapanese and Korean Buddhism during the Colonial Period, 1910-1945

Hyojin KimAnthropologyRevitalization Movements ofTraditional Kyoto-Style Townhousesand changes of Kyoto’s RegionalIdentity

Phillip LipscyGovernmentPolicy Area Effects on InternationalOrganizations

Fumitaka WakamatsuAnthropologyScientific Whaling in Japan: Ecology,Science, and Nationalism

Sukhee LeeEALCElites and the State in 12th-14th Century Ningbo

Matthew MoscaEALCQing Dynasty Perspectives on theExpansion of British India

Summer 2007Travel/Research Grants

Ethan BushelleRSEABuddhist Discourse on Language

Christopher CallahanReligionNarrative, Ritual and Material Practice in Medieval Shin Buddhism

Amy CatalinacGovernmentJapan’s 1994 Electoral Reforms

William FlemingEALCRangaku-Gesaku Circles of the late 18th Century

Regan MurphyReligionChanging Intellectual Climate of the Edo Period

Yongwook RyuGovernmentSurvey of the Japanese Political Elites

Jonathon SchlesingerEALCManchuria’s Inner Asian Frontier, 1760-1911

Jiyeoun SongGovernmentPolitics of Labor Adjustment in Japanand Korea

Fumitaka WakamatsuAnthropologyScientific Whaling in Japan

Summer 2007 LanguageStudy Grants

Alex BuenoGSDPrinceton in Ishikawa Program

Ellie ChoiEALCNaganuma School, Tokyo

Nathan HillSanskrit and Indian StudiesMiddlebury

Sarah KashaniAnthropologySogang Univ.

Martin KroherEALCPrinceton in Ishikawa Program

Konrad LawsonHistorySeoul National Univ.

Ren-Yuan LiEALCHokkaido Intl. Program

Di Yin LuHistoryHarvard Summer School

Eun Mi MunSociologyIUC Yokohama

Andrea MurrayAnthropologyIUC Yokohama

Jeremy YellenHistoryHarvard Summer School Beijing

Alan YeungHAAPrinceton in Ishikawa Program

Dissertation ProductionGrants

Rustin GatesEALCUchida Yasuya and Japanese ForeignPolicy, 1865–1936

Hoi-eun KimHistoryGerman Physicians in Meiji Japan and Japanese Medical Students inImperial Germany, 1868-1914

Liang LuoEALCTian Han (1898-1968) and the Cultural Politics of Performance in Modern China

Izumi NakayamaEALCMenstruation Leave in Modern Japan

Conference Travel Grants

Heather BlairReligionAcademy of Religion Annual Meeting,Washington, DC, November 2006

Amy CatalinacGovernmentHawaii International Conference on the Social Sciences, May 2007

Ellie ChoiEALCGakushuin University, Tokyo, January 2007

Rustin GatesEALCNew York Conference on AsianStudies at St. Lawrence University,October 2006

Mujeeb KhanRSEAJapanese Studies Conference atPrinceton University, May 2007

Hwansoo KimReligionAmerican Academy of Religion Annual Meeting, Washington, DC,November 2006

Jeffrey Kurashige EALCJapanese Ministry of Education, Tokyo,June 2007

Yongwook RyuGovernmentJapanese Studies Association inSoutheast Asia, National University of Singapore, October 2006

Glynne WalleyEALCAssociation for Asian Studies AnnualMeeting, Boston, March 2007

Alan YeungHAA33rd Annual Cleveland Art HistorySymposium, March 2007

Study Travel

Graduate School of Design Study Tour to Japan, March 22-30

Kosuke Bando ’08Thomas DelSordo ’07Ping-Sh Han ’08Mohammed Hossain ’07Yunseok Kang ’08Yusun Kwon ’08Powei Lai ’07Ka Ying Betty Ng ’08Saran Oki ’08Narin Paranulaksa ’08 Hyong Kyun Rah ’08Naomi Sakamoto ’08Gia Wolff ’08

GRADUATE RESEARCH AND TRAINING2006-07

From Fall 2006 through Summer 2007 the Reischauer Institute funded or facilitated the travel of 76 Harvard College students from 29 concentrations. The Reischauer Institute also gave 55 awardsto Harvard graduate students in support of numerous aspects of their research and training.

R E I S C hA U E RvBY AMY L. CATALINAC, Ph.D. candidate, Department ofGovernment and Graduate StudentAssociate, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.

apan’s security policy continues to represent an anomaly for students of international relations. During the Cold War the puzzlewas Japan’s extreme dependence on the United States for itsnational security and its decision to forgo the acquisition of

military capabilities appropriate to its status as a growing great power.Embracing a constitution that was drafted under the direction of the AlliedOccupation, conservative policymakers constructed a “grand strategy” suit-ed to both the constraints posed by Article Nine – in which Japan foreverrenounced war and the maintenance of any kind of armed force – and theunstable international situation in which Japan found itself. The YoshidaDoctrine, as it came to be called, recommended that Japan concentrate onsecuring overseas markets and resources for economic development, avoidovert involvement in international politics, and eschew the development of an autonomous military capability. Instead, Japan was to rely almost completely on the provision of security provided them by the 1951 U.S.-Japan Security Treaty.

This strategy bred a strong aversion to the use of force that came to exercise an unusually powerful constraint on the development of Japan’snational security policy. Short of providing bases for American troops stationed in Japan, Japanese policymakers spent most of the Cold War studiously avoiding any and all military contributions to the alliance.While they did decide in 1954 that Japan could have a Self Defense Force(SDF), they used the same legislation to ban the possibility of overseasdispatch, participation in collective security operations, and its acquisitionof offensive and power-projection capabilities. They developed a militarydoctrine called “exclusively defensive self defense” (senshu boei), whichprohibited the SDF from taking action to prevent the materialization ofthreats and authorized it to act only in the event of an unprovoked act ofaggression against Japan. Successive conservative administrations addedto these restrictions: in 1967 the Sato Cabinet banned all arms exportsand the transfer of technology that could be used for military purposes,and adopted the three non-nuclear principles, which rejected Japan’s rightto maintain, introduce, or develop nuclear weapons. A decade later, theMiki Cabinet declared that Japan would never spend more than one percent of its GDP on defense.

Given the situation in which Japanese decision makers found themselvesat the end of the Second World War, the choice of this strategy may notsound particularly puzzling. It may sound rather reasonable. By giving upsome degree of autonomy vis-à-vis its alliance partner, Japan was able toreap many benefits, the biggest of which were decades of extraordinarilyhigh levels of economic growth and a (largely) successful reintegrationinto the international community. In spite of these benefits, however, thefact that Japan was still clinging to these restrictions in the 1980s, when

it was confronted by a growing Soviet threat, perceptions of a weakeningU.S. commitment, and its own rapid economic development is puzzling.

Eventually, Japanese policymakers did decide that their strategy was due for an overhaul. In the post-Cold War period, faced with a new and unpre-dictable threat environment, Japanese policymakers have begun to relaxand renegotiate some of these constraints. They have allowed the SDF tobe sent overseas as part of peacekeeping operations, to provide logisticsupport for the U.S. in its war against terror, and to administer humanitarianreconstruction assistance in Iraq. They have renewed their commitment tothe U.S.-Japan alliance, publicly conceding that it is, in fact, an alliance.They have decided to cooperate with the U.S. in developing ballistic missiledefense technology and have signaled their intention to amend their paci-fist Constitution. But in other areas – namely, defense spending – Japan’sdefense policy has remained unchanged. The new puzzle is not only whyJapanese policymakers have taken so long to make these changes, but alsowhy change in some areas but not others?

My current research focuses on trying to understand how rising nationalismin post-Cold War Japan could be causing some of these changes. I postu-late that both the content and level of “nationalism” – and I have not yetchosen an appropriate Japanese word for this – have undergone majorchanges in recent years. During the Cold War, the Japanese governmentconcentrated on economic growth and downplayed issues of nationhood.Politicians were extremely wary of using the words “nation” or “nationalinterest” in public debates. While the nihonjinron literature of the 1980sshowed that a form of cultural nationalism was alive and well, it wasdecidedly de-linked to politics and stemmed from a genuine eagerness torelate to the world and establish an understanding of Japan in it.

Nowadays, however, nationalism in Japan is different. It has become lesspositive and confident, and more xenophobic. Society has seen the rise of right-wing intellectual associations such as the “Liberal View of HistoryStudy Group,” which seek to advance a “correct” view of history thatexonerates Japan from war responsibility. The popularity of manga pub-lished by these organizations (like Kobayashi Yoshinori’s “On War”) hasbeen astounding. This has started to be reflected at the official level. Thelate 1990s and early 2000s have seen the ruling Liberal Democratic Partypass legislation to reinstate the Kimigayo and Hinomaru as Japan’s offi-cial national anthem and flag, respectively; authorize textbooks thatwhitewash Japan’s wartime behavior; engage in high-profile visits toYasukuni Shrine, which enshrines twelve class-A war criminals; constructthe Showa Hall, a museum that Japan’s neighbors believe glorifiesJapan’s role in World War Two; revise the Fundamental Law on Educationto require that “patriotism” be a goal of education in Japan, and, mostimportantly, initiate steps to revise Japan’s pacifist Constitution.

While it might be intuitive that nationalism of this kind would influencethe formation of government policies, the role of “nationalism” in international relations has been vastly under-theorized. “Nationalism” as a political force in contemporary Japan has similarly been under-studied.I contend that it matters, and is part of the solution to my puzzle. r

“Explaining Recent Changes in Japan’s SecurityPosture: A Role for Nationalism?”

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