summer 2015: economic competitiveness

8/21/2019 Summer 2015: Economic Competitiveness

1/68

@hfefolh

Hfop`tltlv`e`ss

fe hfoofe arfuemT@KC]FTX® & Xokrt Arfwtb

XPOO@T 4>;0

Qb`r` Kr` tb` E`w Ifds Aflea6

Hr`ktlea Qkcjkdc` ]fwes

Wldrkehy fg tb` Xokcc`r O`trfpfcls`s


2/684 FE HFOOFE ATFPEM XPOO@T 4>;0

Gfr ofr` legfroktlfe fe EKT kem sokrt arfwtb, vlslt www.r`kctfr.fra/sokrtarfwtb.

Fe Hfoofe Arfuem ls pudclsb`m twlh` k y`kr dy tb` Hfoouelty kem ^fcltlhkcKggklrs mlvlslfe fg tb` EK]LFEKC KXXFHLK]LFE FG T@KC]FTX® (EKT),kem ls mlstrldut`m gr`` fg hbkra`. ]b` pudclhktlfe pr`sèts k wlm` rkea` fgvl`ws fe sokrt arfwtb lssu`s, wltb tb` afkc fg èhfurkalea k mlkcfau` kofeaT@KC]FTX®, `c`ht`m fghlkcs kem ftb`r let`r`st`m hltlzès. ]b` fplelfes`xpr`ss`m le Fe Hfoofe Arfuem kr` tbfs` fg tb` kutbfrs kem mf efte`h`sskrlcy r``ht tb` fplelfes fr pfclhy fg tb` EK]LFEKC KXXFHLK]LFE

FG T@KC]FTX®, lts oòd`rs fr kgclkt` frakelzktlfes.

@mltfr

Ifs`pb T. OfclekrfOkekalea Mlr`htfr, Hfooueltykem ^fcltlhkc Kggklrs

iofclekrfNr`kctfrs.fra

Ksslstket @mltfr

Buab OfrrlsOkeka`r, Xokrt Arfwtb ^rfarkobofrrlsNr`kctfrs.fra

EK]LFEKC KXXFHLK]LFE FG T@KC]FTX® 0>> E`w I`rs`y Kvèu`, EQQksbleatfe, MH 4>>>;

Mlstrldutlfe

]f frm`r kmmltlfekc hfpl`s fg Fe Hfoofe Arfuem,pc`ks` ̀ -oklc us kt FHANr`kctfrs.fra.

Fe Hfoofe Arfuem ls kcsf kvklckdc̀ fecle ̀kt9www.r`kctfr.fra/pudclhktlfes/fe-hfoofe-arfuem

©4>;0 EK]LFEKC KXXFHLK]LFE FG T@KC]FTX®

Ks tb` P.X. hfetleu`s lts r`hfv`ry grfo tb` 4>>1-4>><

r`h`sslfe, lt ls d`hfolea hc`kr tbkt tb` e`w ifds krè“t

fhhurrlea le tb` sko` pckh`s le wblhb tb` ifds w`r` cfst.

Ofr` tbke `v`r, ifd hr`ktlfe ls tkjlea pckh` le tb` okifr

o`trfpfcltke kr`ks, kem hèt`r hltl`s kr` mflea d`tt`r le

hfop`tlea wltb tb` sudurds gfr ifds. Qkcjkdc` urdke pckh`s kr`

d`hfolea ofr` vltkc tf kttrkhtlea yfuea tkcèt, ètr`prèùrs

kem stkrt-up dusle`ss`s. ^ckh`s tbkt prfvlm` trkespfrtktlfe

fptlfes, kem k wkcjkdc` olx fg r`slmèh`s, fgh`s, sbfps kem

r`stkurkets kr` fut-hfop`tlea sudurdke dusle`ss pkrjs kem

gkr-uea sudurds gfr ifds.

]bls e`w wfrcm fg `hfefolh hfop`tltlvè`ss ls hbkccèalea

fcm eftlfes fg –`hfefolh m`v`cfpoèt,‟ wblhb le tff okey

pckh`s stlcc r`cl`s fe prfvlmlea lehètlv`s fg hksb, tkx hr`mlts

kem hb`kp ckem. ]b`s` fcm o`tbfms kr` d`hfolea c`ss `gg`htlv`

le k tlo` wbè ̀ opcfy`rs kr` cffjlea gfr ke ̀ evlrfeoèt tbktkttrkhts e`w yfuea tkcèt. Ofr` tbke `v`r, pckh` oktt`rs.

]f hfop`t`, okey hfooueltl`s kr` lopcòètlea tb` g`ktur`s

fg wkcjkdc` urdke pckh`s. Xkg`r p`m`strlke kem dlhyhc` rfut`s

kem pudclh trkespfrtktlfe kccfw p`fpc` tf clv` wltbfut d`lea

t`tb`r`m tf k hkr. E`labdfrbffms tbkt hfodle` fgh`s, sbfps,

r`stkurkets, r`slmèh`s kem futmffr aktb`rlea spkh`s kr`

hkpturlea k blab`r p`rhètka` fg e`w arfwtb. Xokcc`r o`trf

kr`ks kem sokcc tfwes hke dulcm fe tb`lr kmvketka`s fg ofr`

kggfrmkdc` bfuslea, c`ss trkgh, kem `ksl`r khh`ss tf ektur`

kem r`hr`ktlfe dy kmmlea p`m`strlke-gfhus`m e`labdfrbffms

wltb sfo` str``t vltkclty. Hkr-m`pèmèt sudurds hke tkj`

k e`w cffj kt tb` m`v`cfpoèt pktt`res r`qulr`m dy tb`lr

zfelea hfm`s. Xokcc blstfrlh tfwes hke gfhus tb`lr è`ral`s

fe okjlea tb`lr fcm okle str``ts ke kss`t gfr p`fpc` le

surrfuemlea kr`ks. ]b` `hfefoy ls sblgtlea tfwkrm wkcjkdc`

urdke pckh`s, kem hfooueltl`s tbkt wlsb tf d` hfop`tltlv` le

tbls e`w `hfefoy kr` pkylea kttètlfe.

Mòkem gfr Qkcjkdc` Prdkelso Mrlvlea tb` @hfefoy

Hfurt`sy fg Gfr`st Hlty, Qksb.


3/68

Qb`r` Kr` tb` E`w Ifds Aflea6 = dy Drkm Drfd`ra

Okae`ts gfr ]kcèt]f mrkw olccèelkcs, òpcfy`rs hbffs`vldrket, wkcjkdc` hèt`rs 1 dy Mkvlm Afcmd`ra

Kct`rektlv` ]rkespfrtktlfe

Xpurs M`v`cfpoèt ;4

dy Ifke Offe`y

T`muhlea @v`rymky Hfsts gfrKggfrmkdc` E`labdfrbffms ;2 dy A.O. Glclsjf

]b` Okj`r Ofvòèt 4= dy ]rkh`y H . W`ct

Hf-Qfrjlea Xpkh`s O``tHbkealea E``ms 42dy Drlke @. Hckrj

Xbkrlea tb` Cfv` fg Gffm …kem tb` Xpkh` kem HfstJlthbè lehudktfrs b`cp ètr`prèùrs 8=

dy Ifbe Wke Al`sfe

Hr`ktlea Qkcjkdc` ]fwes

Xokcc hfooueltl`s us` sokrt arfwtb tffcs tf akle ke `hfefolh `ma` =4 dy Drkm Drfd`ra

Wldrkehy fg tb` Xokcc`r O`trfpfcls s̀Xokcc`r hltl`s kr` tbrlvlea dy

prfvlmlea urdke koèltl`s =2

dy Drlke @. Hckrj

Hktkcytlh Xpkh`s Xtlouckt`

@hfefolh M`v`cfpoèt 0=

dy Hbrlstle` Ifrmke X`xtfe

Gfst`rlea ke @etr`prèùrlkc Huctur` 7>dy Hbrlstle` Ifrmke X`xtfe

EKT Hfoouelty Futr`khb Kwkrms 7=

T@KC]FTX® ]kj` Khtlfe Okjlea sokrt arfwtb bkppè 77

Xuoo`r 4>;0

Fe Hfoofe Arfuem tbkejs tb` gfccfwlea hfetrldutfrs kem frakelzktlfes gfr pbftfarkpbs, lccustrktlfeskem krtlst rèm`rleas r`prlet`m le tbls lssu 9̀ Oktt Ketbfey, Hlehleektl Okm :̀ Kokemk Dcffm, Mfol Wètur`s:

Mfe Hbke`y, Hlty fg Tlgc ,̀ Hfcf.: Kc`xkemrk G`rausfe: Jkrck Akcvke, Mfol Wètur`s: Kmko Bkè, G@@M Jlthb`

Arà B`cc`r, Ko`rlhke Hfooueltl`s ]rust: Drlke Lskkhsfe, Xkdfr`s m`c Xur: Kemr`w Jlodkcc, Lemustry Hlty:

Ektbke Clemqulst, Hlty fg Tlgc ,̀ Hfcf.: Mke O`coke, Hkpltfc Tlv`rgrfet Dusle`ss Loprfvòèt Mlstrlht:

Aè` Oucc`r, Gcylea Glsb Dr`w`ry: ]fdlks Frlwfc, Oy Olhrf E\: Aleey ^f`bclea, Cks Wàks E`ws Dur`ku:

Lckek ^rùss, T`hkst Hlty CCH: Qlcc Tfbm ,̀ Yla`r/Xe`km Krhblt`hts: Clsk X`rdkel`wlhz, ]b` Okrlef Frakelzktlfe

]fo Xt`vèsfe, Hlty fg Xkclsdury, Om.: Xhftt ]ure`r, Tlv`rslm` Bfo`s: kem Xkrkb Q`chb, Wlslt Mèv`r.

Fe Hfoofe Arfuem

Hfurt`sy fg Wlslt Frckemf


4/68= FE HFOOFE ATFPEM XPOO@T 4>;0

K

y`kr bks pkss`m sleh` tb` P.X. Dur`ku

fg Ckdfr Xtktlstlhs keefueh`m tbkt

tb` `hfefoy bkm ekccy r`hfv`r`m

kcc 2.1 olcclfe ifds cfst murlea tb`

4>>1-4>>< r`h`sslfe.

Xleh` tbkt e`ws ckst Iue`, tb` òpcfy-

oèt plhtur` bks hfetleu`m tf drlabtè. ]` ektlfe kmm`m

4.1 olcclfe ofr` ifds d`tw`è Oky 4>;= kem Okrhb

4>;0 kem ueòpcfyoèt g`cc tf 0.0 p`rhèt grfo 7.8

p`rhèt ” k mrkoktlh loprfvòèt fv`r tb` p`kj ifd-

c`ss rkt` fg ;> p`rhèt le Fhtfd`r 4>>;=,

khhfrmlea tf k stumy dy tb` Drffjleas Lestltutlfe,

wblhb us`s ifd arfwtb kem arfss mfo`stlh prfmuht

arfwtb ks lemlhktfrs.

]kt mf`se“t o`ke tb` `hfefoy bkse“t okm` b`kmwky,

dut lt mf`s o`ke b`kmwlems hfetleu` tf dcfw, hr`kt-

lea k tguc r`hfv`ry le wblhb tb` myekolhs fg `hfefolh

hfop`tltlvè`ss kr` hbkealea.

Le tfmky“s ̀ evlrfeoèt, tb` kssfhlktlfe d`tw`è ifd arfwtb

kem sokrt arfwtb ls hfolea ofr` kem ofr` letf gfhus.

Qb`r` yfu em tb` g`ktur`s fg sokrt arfwtb ” wkcjkdlc-

lty, khh`ss tf trkeslt, k olx fg us`s, hfopkht m`v`cfpoèt” yfu fgtè em ifd arfwtb. ]` fppfslt` ls kcsf tru`.

Bfw hfooueltl`s r`spfem tf tb` hbflh`s kem fppfrtuel-

tl`s hr`kt`m dy tbls myekolh hke okj` k dla ml`rèh` le

tb`lr kdlclty tf hfop`t` le k e`w kem hbkccèalea `hfefoy.

Okey bkccokrjs fg sokrt arfwtb kr` gfuem ekturkccy le hlty

hèt`rs ” kem efw sf ls ifd arfwtb. K stumy pudclsb`m ̀ kr-

cl`r tbls y`kr dy Hlty Fds`rvktfry gfuem tbkt kgt`r m`hkm`sfg ckaalea tb` sudurds le ifd arfwtb, tb` hlty hèt`rs fg

=; fg tb` ektlfe“s ckra`st o`trfpfcltke kr`ks `xp`rlèh`m

gkst`r ifd arfwtb grfo 4>>1 tf 4>;; tbke tb` kr`ks sur-

rfuemlea hlty hèt`rs.

]` stumy, –Xuralea Hlty Hèt`r Ifd Arfwtb,‟ wks lesplr`m

dy tb` pkrkm` fg hfopkel`s tbkt bkv` keefueh`m tb`y

kr` ofvlea tf hlty hèt`rs fr `xpkemlea fp`rktlfes

wltble tbò. If` Hfrtrlabt, mlr`htfr fg Hlty Fds`rvk-

tfry kem kutbfr fg tb` stumy, kekcyz`m Hèsus Dur`ku

mktk tf c`kre wb`tb`r tbfs` ke`hmftkc `xkopc`s r`pr`-

sèt guemkoètkc hbkea` le òpcfyoèt pktt`res fr kr`

iust spcksby b`kmcle`s.

Dy Drkm Drfd`ra

QB@T@ KT@ ]B@ E@Q IFDX AFLEA6

^bftfs hfurt`sy fg Wlslt Olcwkuj``


5/68

Hfrtrlabt gfuem tbkt kaaràkt` òpcfyoèt le tb`

hlty hèt`rs (tb` kr`ks wltble tbr`` olc`s fg `khb o`trf

kr`k“s hètrkc dusle`ss mlstrlht) ar`w kt ke keeukc rkt` fg

>.0 p`rhèt d`tw`è 4>>1-4>;; wblc` kaaràkt` ̀ opcfy-

oèt le tb` surrfuemlea kr`ks m`hcle`m dy ke keeukc rkt`

fg >.; p`rhèt.

–L mfe“t jefw lg tb` r`sucts kr` k surprls`, dut tb`y kr` k

hferoktlfe tbkt tb` ke`hmft`s w`r` khtukccy c`kmlea tf

sfo`tblea,‟ Hfrtrlabt sklm.

]` Hèsus Dur`ku mktk Hfrtrlabt dks`m bls stumy fe wks

fecy kvklckdc` tbrfuab 4>;; ” k turducèt p`rlfm tbkt

spkee`m tb` r`h`sslfe kem tb` dàleelea fg tb` r`hfv`ry.

B` pckes tf gfccfw up ks e`w mktk ls r`c`ks`m tf hfero

tb` p`rslstèh` fg tb` trèm uem`r ofr` stkdc` hfemltlfes.

–Q` r`kccy hfucm us` k hfupc` fg ofr` y`krs fg mktk tf

jefw wbkt“s aflea fe (le tb` cfea rue),‟ b` sklm.

]` sura` le hlty hèt`r ifd arfwtb d`tw`è 4>>1-4>;;

r`v`rs`m m`hkm`s fg m`hètrkclzktlfe ” k.j.k. ifd sprkwc

” le wblhb òpcfyoèt gfccfw`m tb` pfpucktlfe ks

p`fpc` str`ko`m kwky grfo hlty hèt`rs tf tb` sudurds.

Ks r`hètcy ks 4>>4-4>>1, ifd arfwtb le surrfuemlea

kr`ks wks ouhb gkst`r (;.4 p`rhèt keeukccy) tbke le hlty

hèt`rs (>.; p`rhèt keeukccy), khhfrmlea tf tb` stumy.

Okj` ef olstkj`. ]` vkst okifrlty fg ifds ròkle fut-

slm` tb` hlty hèt`r kem hlty hèt`r ifd arfwtb wks eft

suralea le ̀ v`ry o`trf kr`k Hfrtrlabt stuml`m. Bfw`v`r,

tb` pèmucuo ls swlealea lewkrm ks ofr` kem ofr` hlty

hèt`rs kr` futp`rgfrolea tb`lr futcylea kr`ks (`ltb`r kmm-

lea ifds gkst`r fr cfslea tbò ofr` scfwcy).

D`tw`è 4>>4-4>>1, fecy s`vè fg tb` =; hlty hèt`rs

Hfrtrlabt stuml`m futp`rgfro`m tb`lr futcylea kr`ks, dut

d`tw`è 4>>1-4>;;, b` gfuem tbkt 4; futp`rgfro`m tb`lr

futcylea kr`ks.

Hlty hèt`rs fw` sfo` fg tb`lr r`cktlv` strèatb tf tb`

r`hèt `hfefolh hyhc` le wblhb lemustrl`s tbkt tèm tf

hcust`r le hlty hèt`rs (prfg`sslfekc, t`hbelhkc kem hr`ktlv`

s`rvlh`s) w`ktb`r`m tb` r`h`sslfe d`tt`r tbke lemus-

trl`s tbkt kr` typlhkccy m`hètrkclz`m (okeugkhturlea,hfestruhtlfe, wkr`bfuslea).

Bfw`v`r, wbè Hfrtrlabt kmiust`m gfr tbkt ``ht,

b` gfuem tbkt hlty hèt`rs stlcc loprfv`m tb`lr hfop`tl-

tlv` pfsltlfe r`cktlv` tf futcylea kr`ks dks`m fe tb`lr

okrj`t sbkr` fg o`trf-wlm` ̀ opcfyoèt. Fecy gfur hlt-

l`s lehr`ks`m tb`lr okrj`t sbkr` fg o`trf òpcfyoèt

d`tw`è 4>>4-4>>1, dut ;= lehr`ks`m tb`lr sbkr` d`tw`è

4>>1-4>;; kem 82 r`muh`m tb`lr rkt` fg cfss.

–Lt“s eft iust tb` usukc susp`hts ... tb` Xke Grkehlshfs kem

E`w \frjs,‟ Hfrtrlabt skys. –Lt“s k mlv`rs` krrky fg hltl`s

krfuem tb` hfuetry wb`r` yfu“r` s``lea tb`s` pktt`res.‟

Olcwkuj`` ls k affm ̀ xkopc`. D`tw`è 4>>4-4>>1, ̀ opcfy -

oèt le tb` hlty hèt`r ar`w dy iust >.4 p`rhèt k y`kr

hfopkr`m tf >.2 p`rhèt le tb` surrfuemlea kr`ks. ]ètb` euod`rs ffllp-fflfpp`m.

Hlty hèt`r òpcfyoèt ar`w dy ;.= p`rhèt d`tw`è

4>>1-4>;; wblc` òpcfyoèt le tb` surrfuemlea kr`ks

sbrkej dy ;.8 p`rhèt. ]kt prfp`cc`m tb` hlty hèt`r grfo k

=.1 p`rhèt cfss fg okrj`t sbkr` tf k 7.4 p`rhèt akle.

–]`r` wks k cfea p`rlfm fg tlo` wb`r` yfu stkrt`m wfrrylea

kdfut tb` mfwetfwe (dut) w` kr` mèlt`cy s``lea k bua`

sura` le dusle`ss le tb` hlty efw,‟ skys kokrk Okmmèt`,

`x`hutlv` vlh` pr`slmèt fg Glrst Q`d`r Arfup, k Qlshfe-

sle r`kc ̀ stkt` s`rvlh`s hfopkey.

]` dla e`ws le Olcwkuj`` tb`s` mkys ls tbkt tb` hlty“s dks-

j`tdkcc t`ko, tb` Duhjs, hbfs` k hlty hèt`r slt` gfr tb`lr

e`w krèk wltb pckes tf surrfuem lt wltb fh`, r`tklc kem

r`slmètlkc m`v`cfpoèt.

Le kmmltlfe, Efrtbw`st`re Outukc Lesurkeh` dàke hfe-

struhtlfe fe k 84-stfry tfw`r tbkt wlcc r`pckh` k sokcc`r

`xlstlea fh` dulcmlea, j``plea ;,>>> ifds le tb` hlty hè-

t`r kem kmmlea ;,> e`w fe`s, khhfrmlea tf tb` hfopkey.

]` ifd arfwtb hfolea tf tb` hlty hèt`r fg Olcwkuj`` ls

eft ueclj` wbkt“s bkppèlea le okey hltl`s, Okmmèt` skys.

Olccèelkcs ” –tb` aè`rktlfe fg wkcjkdc`s kem Pd`rs‟” stkrt`m ofvlea tf tb` hlty hèt`r gfr tb` clv`/wfrj/pcky

clg`styc` kem òpcfy`rs `vètukccy gfccfw`m, sb` sklm.

Hfurt`sy fg Wlslt Olcwkuj``



–]` dusle`ss hfoouelty ekccy bkm tf tkj` k affm cffj

krfuem kem sky lg p`fpc` kr` ofvlea mfwetfwe, wby krè“t

w` kb`km fg tbkt hurv`6‟ Okmmèt` skys.

Kokemk Duss clv`s le Mèv`r kem d`cfeas tf tb` aè`rktlfe

Okmmèt` sf hfcfrguccy m`shrld`m. –Ofst p`fpc` L jefw

wbf kr` oy ka` hbffs` tf clv` le (tb` hlty hèt`r fg) Mè- v`r, hcfs` tf sfhlkc khtlvltl`s,‟ skys Duss, 40.

Qblc` Mèv`r wks eft fe` fg tb` o`trf kr`ks wb`r`

òpcfyoèt ar`w gkst`r le tb` hlty hèt`r tbke tb` futcy-

lea kr`ks grfo 4>>1-4>;;, lt mlm r`muh` lts rkt` fg okrj`t

sbkr` cfss tf 8.< p`rhèt, mfwe grfo 7.= p`rhèt d`tw`è

4>>4-4>>1.

Duss hfoout`s tf Dfucm`r gfr b`r ifd ks k ekehlkc s`rvlh`s

okeka`r kt tb` Pelv`rslty fg Hfcfrkmf dut ls kcsf pursu-

lea ke ODK kt tb` Pelv`rslty fg Hfcfrkmf Mèv`r, wblhb

ls wltble wkcjlea mlstkeh` fg b`r mfwetfwe kpkrtoèt.Duss clv`m le Dfucm`r gfr k y`kr, dut `vètukccy –gfccfw`m

oy grlèm dks`‟ tf Mèv`r. –]ls ls tb` tlo` tf clv` mfwe-

tfwe le tb` bustc` kem dustc` wblc` w` bkv` tb` è`ray

gfr lt,‟ sb` skys.

]` ektur` fg r`hèt r`h`sslfes bks d`è tbkt slz` mf`se“t

kcwkys oktt`r wbè lt hfo`s tf r`hfv`rlea ifds. Qltb tb`

`xh`ptlfe fg tb` ckt` ;;8 tbke sokcc`r o`trfs kem `sp`hlkccy efe-

o`trf kr`ks, khhfrmlea tf ke kekcysls fg DCX mktk dy

Ifsbuk C`be`r, ke `hfefolst wltb tb` Fràfe Fh` fg

@hfefolh Kekcysls.

wf clj`cy hkus`s9 ckra` o`trfs dè`t grfo mlv`rs` ̀ opcfy-

oèt dks`s wblc` sokcc`r o`trfs kem efe-o`trfs tèm tf

r`cy mlsprfpfrtlfekt`cy fe tb` bfuslea kem afv`reoèt

s`htfrs, wblhb bkv` d`è scfw tf r`hfv`r tbls tlo` krfuem.

@opcfyoèt arfwtb le ckra` o`trf kr`ks ” `sp`hlkccy

le hlty hèt`rs ” mrlv`s bfo` tb` e``m tf kmm kfrmkdc`

bfuslea e`kr ifds kem trkeslt tbrfuab lehr`ks`m mèslty

rktb`r tbke hfetleu`m sprkwc. –]kt kcc ts le wltb tb`

sokrt arfwtb ekrrktlv`,‟ C`be`r skys.

Drkm Drfd`ra ls k X`kttc`-dks`m gr``ckeh` wrlt`r

sp`hlkclzlea le dusle`ss kem m`v`cfpoèt lssu`s.

Bls wfrj kpp`krs ràuckrcy le tb` ûa`t Xfuem

Dusle`ss Ifurekc kem tb` X`kttc` Mklcy Ifurekc

fg Hfoo`rh`.

^bftfs hfurt`sy fg Wlslt Olcwkuj``


7/68

Dy Mkvlm Afcmd`ra

Lt“s effe fe ke Kprlc Grlmky, k clabt mrlzzc` ls ture-

lea tf k ofr` leslstèt sbfw`r, dut stlcc tb` cle`s kt

tb` gffm truhjs arfw cfea`r dy tb` oleut`9 Cuehb-

tlo` le X`kttc`“s Xfutb Ckj` Pelfe, tb` blab-t`hb

Drlakmffe tbkt bks spruea up krfuem Kokzfe sleh`

tb` d`bòftb fecle` r`tklc`r drfuabt lts dura`felea

wfrjgfrh` tf ke kr`k feh` hbkrkht`rlz`m dy wkr̀ bfus`s

kem hkr cfts.

]` 4>- kem `krcy 8>-sfo`tbleas (ef fe` cffjs fv`r

80) le tb`s` cle`s kr` tb` r`ksfe Kokzfe kem k rkplmcyarfwlea euod`r fg ftb`r t`hb hfopkel`s kr` khhr`tlea

le tb` hlty“s mès`st e`labdfrbffms. ]`s` olccèelkcs

” dfre d`tw`è ;>8 ” cfv` d`lea le k

blv` fg khtlvlty. –Gfr o`, d`lea le ke urdke kr`k ls ofr`

kpp`kclea,‟ sklm Drlke F“Xb`k, wbf wks tkjlea k dr`kj

grfo k t`hb trklelea prfarko tf arkd Kslke gffm grfo

tb` Miuea truhj. –L o`ke, bfw ouhb tlo` mf L bkv`6

L clj` d`lea le ke kr`k wb`r` L hke wkcj tf r`stkurkets,

tb` arfh`ry, tf k ofvl`. Lg yfu bkv` tf af gkrtb`r, trke-

slt khh`ss ls `ksy, fr yfu hke arkd k hb`kp Pd`r. L mfe“t

jefw lg lt“s k aè`rktlfekc tblea, dut L jefw k cft fg

p`fpc` oy ka` wbf mfe“t wket tf clv` fut sfo`wb`r`

kem bkv` k cfea hfoout` le. ]`y wket tf d` sfo`-

pckh` clj` tbls.‟–Q` hfucm bkv` dulct k sudurdke hkopus. L tblej lt

wfucm bkv` d`è tb` wrfea m`hlslfe,‟ sklm Kokzfe

H@F I` D`zfs kt tb` hfopkey“s keeukc sbkr`bfcm-

`rs“ o``tlea ckst Oky. ]` tkcèt`m yfuea wfrj`rs

Olccèelkcs clj` d`lea le ke kr`k wb`r` tb`y hke

wkcj tf r`stkurkets, tb` arfh`ry stfr` fr k ofvl`.

Okae`ts gfr ]kcèt

]F MTKQ OLCC@EELKCX, @O^CF\@TX HBFFX@ WLDTKE], QKCJKDC@ H@E]@TX

Gclhjr pbftf dy E l h f c kHfurt`sy fg A`fralk M`pkrtoèt

fg @hfefolh M`v`cfpoèt


8/682 FE HFOOFE ATFPEM

Kokzfe r`hrults –kppr`hlkt` tb` è`ray kem myekolso

fg ke urdke èvlrfeoèt,‟ b` kmm`m. ]` m`hlslfe tf

m`pkrt grfo tb` fh` pkrj s`ttlea wb`r` tb` hfo-

pkey dàke, kcfeaslm` rst-wkv` t`hb hfopkel`s clj`

Olhrfsfgt, struhj sfo` ks efv`c kem dfcm, dut tfmky

suhb ofv`s kr` d`hfolea hfoofepckh`. Le Kprlc, gfr`xkopc`, @xp`mlk keefueh`m lt wfucm ofv` lts b`km-

qukrt`rs kem ke `vètukc =,0>> wfrj`rs grfo sudurdke

D`cc`vu` ” wb`r` hlty c`km`rs kr` tbòs`cv`s wfrjlea

tf okj` tb` mfwetfwe ofr` vldrket kem wkcjkdc` ”

tf k slt` tbr`` olc`s grfo X`kttc`“s hètrkc wkt`rgrfet.

Kt k e`ws hfeg`r̀ eh` wltb X k̀ttc` Okyfr @m Ourrky,

H@F Mkrk Jbfsrfwsbkbl sklm tb` cfhktlfe –wlcc d` k

okae`t gfr tfp tkcèt.‟

Kem efw ftb`r lemustrl̀ s futslm` fg t h̀befcfay hfopk-

el`s kr` dàleelea tf gfccfw sult. Ckst Kuaust, fhlkcs

kt Q`ỳ rbkùs`r ” k acfdkc gfr`st prfmuhts hfopkey

kem r`kc ̀ stkt` trust ” keefueh`m lts letètlfe tf r`cf-

hkt` grfo k =8>-khr` hkopus le sudurdke G`m`rkc Qky

tf mfwetfwe X`kttc`. –Ofvlea fur b`kmqukrt`rs tf

X`kttc` wlcc alv` us khh`ss tf k ckra`r tkcèt pffc tf

o``t gutur` r`hrultlea e``ms, eft iust le tbls ràlfe,

Ofvlea fur b`kmqukrt`rs tf

mfwetfwe wlcc alv` us khh`ss

tf k ckra`r tkcèt pffc.

Kokzfe B`kmqukrt`rs dulcmlea uem`r

hfestruhtlfe le mfwetfwe X`kttc`.

Gclhjr pbftf dy ]r`vfr MyjstrkHfurt`sy fg XMF] ^bftf dy Frke Wlrlylehy

^bftf dy Mkvlm Afcmd`ra

]̀ hb òpcfy``s tkj` kmvketka` fg X`kttc`“s mlv`rs` gffm truhjs kt cuehbtlo`.


9/68XPOO@T 4>;0

dut grfo khrfss tb` hfuetry,‟ H@F Mfyc` T. Xlofes

sklm le k stktòèt. Qblc` tbls trèm ls dclemleacy fdvlfus le X`kttc`, lt kcsf

ls plhjlea up st`ko le o`trf kr`ks khrfss tb` hfuetry.

Ktcketk, tb` ;


10/68> FE HFOOFE ATFPEM

k prfg`ssfr fg pckeelea kem `hfefolh m`v`cfpoèt kt tb`

Pelv`rslty fg Efrtb Hkrfclek kt Hbkp`c Blcc. ]`y hke

tkj` tb` gfro fg e`wcy hr`kt`m olx`m-us` m`v`cfpoèts,

fr ofr` fgtè tbke eft, tb` r`mlshfv`ry kem r`vltkclzktlfe

fg pr`-`xlstlea Okle Xtr``ts le tb` sokcc tfwes fe tb`

futsjlrts fg ckra`r hltl`s. Okclzlk mfhuoèt`m tb` trèm

le k r`hèt stumy gfr EKLF ,̂ tb` Hfoo`rhlkc T`kc @stkt`

M`v`cfpoèt Kssfhlktlfe, le wblhb b` `xkole`m dftb

tb` cfhktlfe pr`g`rèh`s fg òpcfy`rs kem tb` hfopkrk-

tlv` p`rgfrokeh` fg fh` prfp`rtl`s le sleac`-us` kem

–vldrket hèt`r‟ s`ttleas.

–Gfr oy r`s`krhb L surv`y`m ;8> hfoo`rhlkc r`kc `stkt`

drfj`rs grfo ckra` ros, suhb ks Husboke & Qkj``cm,‟

Okclzlk sklm. –Ofr` tbke 2> p`rhèt sklm tbkt, kofea tb`

hclèts tb`y“v` wfrj`m wltb le tb` ckst tbr`` y`krs, tb`s`

vldrket pckh`s w`r` ofr` m`slrkdc` tf tèkets. Q` kcsf

gfuem tb`y bkv` blab`r rèts, cfw`r vkhkehl`s kem blab`rkdsfrptlfe rkt`s.‟

Ks b` hfetleu`s tf trkhj tb` trèm, b` sklm, lt kpp`krs tf

d` arfwlea ̀ vè strfea`r. –Qbkt L bkv` c`kre`m grfo tb`

let`rvl`ws ls tb`r` ls k v`ry strfea kssuoptlfe ” kem lt

ls dkhj`m up dy r`s`krhb grfo ^`w kem ftb`rs ” tbkt

`muhkt`m yfuea wfrj`rs pr`g`r urdke s`ttleas. Kem hfo-

pkel`s kr` a`ttlea tbkt o`sska`.‟

Alvè tbkt fv`r 10 p`rhèt fg tb` ektlfe“s fh` levètfry

ls le hfevètlfekc sudurdke s`ttleas, kem tbkt tb` olc-

cèelkcs kr` tb` ckra`st aè`rktlfe le P.X. blstfry, tb`s`

trèms hfucm d` wfrcm hbkealea gfr tb` hfoo`rhlkc r`kc

`stkt` s`htfr, b` kmm`m.

]kt r`kclzktlfe ls eft cfst fe Bèry D`rest`le, wbf

gfhus`s fe emlea spkh` gfr t`hb hfopkel`s ks sèlfr

vlh` pr`slmèt fg Xhb``r k̂rte`rs le Tfhjvlcc`, Om., kgt`r

okey y`krs ks ke `hfefolh m`v`cfpoèt fhlkc le Ofet-

afo`ry Hfuety, Om., k sudurd fg Qksbleatfe, M.H. –Oy

sfe ls k typlhkc 40-y`kr-fcm, wfrjlea gfr k t`hb hfopkey.

Fe` mky b` c`gt bls hkr le oy mrlv`wky kem ksj`m o` tf

a`t rlm fg lt gfr blo,‟ D`rest`le sklm. B` spèms k cft fg

tlo` tblejlea kdfut bfw sudurdke hfooueltl`s hke hfo-p`t` le tb` sblgtlea okrj`tpckh`. Fe` tblea b` ls sur` ls

eft tb` kesw`r9 –Hclealea tf yfur sleac`-us` zfelea grfo

tb` ;s wlcc iust stlffl` wbkt prlvkt` m`v`cfp`rs kr` r`kmy

kem kdc` tf mf tf dulcm tb` clv`-wfrj-pcky e`labdfrbffms

tbkt wlcc j``p yfu le dusle`ss.‟

–Eft `v`ry pckh` hke bkv` blab-hkpkhlty trkeslt,‟

b` khjefwc`ma`s, wblc` leslstlea tbkt sudurdke

@muhkt`m yfuea wfrj`rs

pr`g`r urdke s`ttleas.

Ktcketk, Ak., pbftfs hfurt`sy fg A`fralk M`pkrtoèt fg @hfefolh M`v`cfpoèt


11/68XPOO@T 4>;0

iurlsmlhtlfes tbkt mf em tbòs`cv`s tbus dc`ss`m kr`

–leske`‟ eft tf hkpltkclz` fe lt dy èhfurkalea olx`m-

us` mlstrlhts. –Dut yfu hke bkv` `xldc` zfelea kem

m`v`cfpoèt ràucktlfes.‟

B` pflets tf Mfwetfwe Hrfwe le Akltb`rsdura, Om.,

ks k suhh`ssguc sudurdke m`v`cfpoèt tbkt hr`kt`m ke

urdke zfe` efw pfpuckr wltb 4>- kem 8>-sfo`tbleas.

]` m`v`cfpoèt“s fecle` okrj`tlea plthb h`rtklecy bks

tb` cleaf mfwe9 –Mfwetfwe Hrfwe ls vldrket kem ouctl-

gkh`t`m. ]ls hlty-lesplr`m e`labdfrbffm f`rs pckh`s tf

sbfp, mle` kem aktb`r ks k hfoouelty, ks w`cc ks pckh`s

tf hkcc bfo`. Qkcj tf tb` 4=-bfur okrj`t, blt tb` ayo,

drfws` sbfps kem èify k vkrl`ty fg r`stkurkets.‟

–]` bfp`guc slm` fg tbls wfrj ls tbkt tb` okrj`t s`òs

tf d` r`wkrmlea wbkt p`fpc` bkv` m`hlm`m ls affm urdke

prkhtlh`,‟ Okclzlk sklm. Gfr tbkt r`ksfe kem ftb`rs,

b` kmm`m, tb` trèm olabt bkv` stkylea pfw`r `vè ks

olccèelkcs ka`.

Le tb` o`ketlo`, tb` yfutb-mrlvè myekolh stlcc bks

pcèty fg rffo tf arfw. –Gfrty p`rhèt fg olccèelkcs

kr` r`hèt arkms clvlea wltb tb`lr pkrèts le tb` sudurds

rlabt efw, dut okey fg tbò wket urdke. ]` r`ksfe lt ls

k r`kc vlkdc` hbflh`, kem olabt eft af kwky ks tb`y okrryf, ks tbls aè`rktlfe vkcu`s khh`ss ofr` tbke pfss`sslfe.

Lg yfu“r` letf pfss`sslfe, yfu e``m k dla bfus` tf stfr` kcc

yfur stu. Prdke alv`s yfu khh`ss.‟ Qkltlea gfr bls cuehb kofea tb` gffm-truhj tbrfea le

X`kttc`“s Kokzfelk, Hbrls Lv`rsfe, 8;, f`r`m k ofr` prkh-

tlhkc r`ksfe gfr stkylea hcfs` tf urdke ifd hèt`rs. –Gfr k

cft fg ml`rèt r`ksfes, p`fpc` tèm tf hbkea` ifds ofr`

gr`quètcy tb`s` mkys,‟ b` sklm. –\fu wket tf d` le k pckh`

wb`r` tb`r` kr` ftb`r fptlfes lg tb` fe` yfu bkv` ̀ ems fr

mf`se“t wfrj fut: fr sfo`tblea d`tt`r hfo`s kcfea. ]`

mèslty alv`s p`fpc` k hfogfrt c`v`c tbkt tb`y hke em

sfo`tblea `cs` wltbfut ofvlea kwky.‟

Ks gfr wbkt bls aè`rktlfe wlcc mf le tb` gutur`6 –L mfe“tjefw wb`tb`r lt wlcc ckst. Oy pkrèts ofv`m tf tb` sud-

urds d`hkus` `v`ryfe` `cs` wks mflea lt. Qlcc w` mf tb`

sko` tblea6 L h`rtklecy mfe“t tblej `v`ryfe` wlcc. Dut tbè

L hfucme“t sky gfr sur`.‟

Mkvlm K. Afcmd`ra ls tb` hfoouelhktlfes mlr`htfr

gfr ]rkespfrtktlfe gfr Ko`rlhk, k ektlfewlm` hfkcl-

tlfe dks`m le Qksbleatfe, M.H., tbkt kmvfhkt`s gfr

trkespfrtktlfe pfclhy r`gfro. Le 4>>4, Or. Afcmd`ra

wks kwkrm`m k Cf`d G`ccfwsblp kt Bkrvkrm Pelv`r-slty, wb`r` b` stuml`m urdke pfclhy.

]b` okrj`t s`òs tf d` r`wkrmlea wbkt p`fpc`

bkv` m`hlm`m ls affm urdke prkhtlh`.

^bftf dy Mke T``m

^bftf dy Mke T``m

^bftf dy Mke T``m

Akltb`rsdura, Om.



Dy Ifke Offe`y

Eft cfea kaf, Frckemf wks jefwe ks k

sprkwclea sfutb`re hlty. Gfr vlsltfrs,aflea grfo bft`cs tf Mlse`y Qfrcm tf

mfwetfwe r`qulr`m cfea mrlv`s. ]`r`

wkse“t ouhb ftb`r wky tf a`t krfuem

d`slm`s hkrs. Dlhyhclea Okakzle` rkej`m

Frckemf ks tb` s`hfem wfrst hlty gfr dlhyhclea le lts ;


13/68

Ektlfewlm`, olccèelkcs kr` c`ss clj`cy tf fwe k hkr tbkedkdy dffo`rs w`r` kt tbkt ka`. Okey mfe“t `vè dftb`r

wltb k mrlv`r“s clhès`. ]` rkt` fg arkmuktlea blab shbffc

sèlfrs wltb k clhès` mrfpp`m grfo 20 p`rhèt tf 18

p`rhèt d`tw`è ;, khhfrmlea tf tb` KKK

Gfuemktlfe gfr Blabwky Xkg`ty. Okey r`ksfes bkv` d`è

hlt`m gfr tb` mlolelsb`m let`r`st le hkr fwe`rsblp9 tb`

blab rkt` fg ueòpcfyoèt gfr yfuea p`fpc`: tb` pr`ss-

lea durmè fg stumèt cfke m`dt: olccèelkcs“ pr`g`rèh` gfr

clvlea le hltl`s, wb`r` pkrjlea ls fgtè `xpèslv` kem bkrm

tf em: kem tb`lr m`cky le a`ttlea okrrl`m kem bkvlea jlms.

Kutf wrlt`r Mr`w Qlet`r hkcc`m tb` sltuktlfe –tb` kutflemustry“s `xlstètlkc tbr`kt.‟

Hkrs krè“t clj`cy tf mlskpp`kr keytlo` sffe. Dut okey hlt-

l`s tbkt kr` `ka`r tf arfw kem tf kttrkht yfuea tkcèt kr`

cffjlea tf mlv`rslgy tb`lr trkespfrtktlfe fptlfes. T`hèt

surv`ys sbfw tbkt“s k sokrt strktày.

Le k 4>;= surv`y hfoolsslfe`m dy rkespfrtktlfe gfr

Ko`rlhk kem hfemuht`m dy Acfdkc Xtrkt ày Arfup, ofr`

tbke 2> p`rhèt fg olccèelkcs sklm lt ls lopfrtket gfr tb`lr

hlty tf f`r fppfrtueltl`s tf clv` kem wfrj wltbfut r`cylea

fe k hkr. Ofr` tbke bkcg wfucm hfeslm`r ofvlea tf keftb`rhlty lg lt f`r`m k wlm`r, d`tt`r rkea` fg trkespfrtktlfe

fptlfes. Kem twf-tblrms sklm khh`ss tf affm trkespfrtk-

tlfe ls fe` fg tb`lr tfp tbr`` hrlt`rlk wbè hbffslea k

pckh` tf clv`.

Frckemf9 ]rkeslt k hb`kp`r wky tf arfw

Gfr Frckemf, gfhuslea fe trkeslt okj`s `hfefolh sès`

d`hkus` tb` hfst tf `xpkem rfkmwkys ls sf blab. ‟Q` hke

drlea le dus rkplm trkeslt ZDT_ fr mf k prfi`ht clj` Xue-

Tklc Ztb` hlty“s hfoout`r rklc trkeslt prfi`ht_ gkr hb`kp`r

tbke kmmlea k blabwky,‟ sklm Dfee`tt. Lg tb` hlty wkets tfkmm hkpkhlty fe lts DT cle`s, dus`s iust bkv` tf rue ̀ v`ry

;> oleut`s lest`km fg `v`ry ;0, kmm`m tb` hlty“s m`puty

mlr`htfr fg ̀ hfefolh m`v`cfpoèt G.I. Gcyee. ]kt“s ouhb

`ksl`r tbke trylea tf `xpkem ke let`rs`htlfe.

XueTklc iust fpè`m k y`kr kaf kem hurrètcy bks ;4 stk-

tlfes hfv`rlea 8; olc`s. wf `xpkeslfes kr` pckee`m,

fe` tf tb` upp`rwkr` b`kmqukrt`rs futslm` tb` hlty kem

keftb`r tf tb` klrpfrt. C\OOF, Frckemf“s gr`` mfwetfwe

Olccèelkcs sklm lt ls lopfrtket gfr

k hlty tf fgg`r fppfrtueltl`s tf clv`

kem wfrj wltbfut r`cylea fe k hkr.

^bftf dy ^ko Drfvlkj

^bftfs hfurt`sy fg Wlslt Frckemf


14/68= FE HFOOFE ATFPEM

dus hlrhucktfr, fp`rkt`s le m`mlhkt`m cke`s kem hkrrl`s ofr`

tbke k olcclfe pkssèa`rs k y`kr.

E`w r`slmètlkc kem hfoo`rhlkc prfi`hts bkv` m`v`cfp`m

krfuem trkeslt stfps, lehcumlea sfo` fe ckem tbkt bkm cfea

skt vkhket. K $0=-olcclfe kpkrtoèt hfopc`x, ]` Hr`s-

hèt, wks dulct e`xt tf tb` okle XueTklc stktlfe, khrfssgrfo tb` hfurtbfus`.

–Ouctlgkolcy m`v`cfp`rs kr` pkylea k pròluo tf m`v`cfp

krfuem trkeslt stfps,‟ Dfee`tt sklm. Ouctlgkolcy bfus-

lea ls kt olcclfe le prlvkt` hkpltkc lev`stoèt le tb` pkst

tbr`` y`krs krfuem XueTklc stktlfes kem DT stfps. ]kt

lehcum`s ouctlgkolcy bfuslea, hfoo`rhlkc m`v`cfpoèt,

bft`cs kem fh`s.

wf okifr kr`k ̀ opcfy`rs, Gcfrlmk Bfspltkc kem FrckemfB`kctb, kr` uem`raflea oksslv` `xpkeslfes. –L mfe“t d`cl`v`

tbfs` `xpkeslfes wfucm bkv` d`è pfssldc` wltbfut tb`

trkeslt hfopfeèt,‟ sklm Dfee`tt. Dftb hfopkel`s cffj`m

kt vkrlfus cfhktlfes kem hbfs` Frckemf le pkrt d`hkus` fg

lts prfxlolty tf k rfdust trkeslt e`twfrj, Gcyee kmm`m.

T`m Cfdst`r r`hètcy ofv`m lts b`kmqukrt`rs grfo uele-

hfrpfrkt`m Frkea` Hfuety tf mfwetfwe Frckemf. Qbè

k s`krhb t`ko stkrt`m cffjlea k y`kr kaf kt ml`rèt cfhk-

tlfes le tb` o`trf kr`k wb`r` tb` hfopkey hfucm ̀ xpkem,

tb`y je`w tbkt k huclekry m`v`cfpoèt hèt`r ” wltb k

t`st jlthbè kem trklelea hèt`r gfr okeka`rs ” wfucm

d` fpèlea tbls suoo`r.

–Khh`ss tf blabwkys kem trkespfrtktlfe wks ke lopfrtket

hfeslm`rktlfe gfr us,‟ sklm Bfrkh` Mkwsfe, T`m Cfdst`r“s

`x`hutlv` vlh` pr`slmèt fg càkc kem `xt`rekc kklrs. ]`

e`w cfhktlfe f`rs khh`ss tf tb` hlty“s gr`` dus systò kem

ls khrfss grfo k XueTklc stktlfe.

–Z@opcfy``s_ kr` r`kccy `xhlt`m kdfut tb` cfhktlfe d`hkus`

lt“s sf hètrkccy cfhkt`m, kem d`hkus` fg tb` okey ar`kt

fptlfes gfr trkespfrtktlfe,‟ Mkwsfe sklm. ]` hfopkey

bks ̀ ehfurka`m wfrj`rs tf us` XueTklc, levltlea XueTklc

r`pr`sètktlv`s tf sp`kj kt hfopkey b`kmqukrt`rs kem

bfstlea k XueTklc rk` gfr òpcfy``s.

E`w r`slmètlkc kem hfoo`rhlkc

prfi`hts bkv` m`v`cfp`m

krfuem trkeslt stfps.

^bftf dy Oktt Ifbesfe

^bftfs hfurt`sy fg Wlslt Frckemf


15/68XPOO@T 4>;0

T`m Cfdst`r ls pckeelea tf blr` ke kmmltlfekc 0> tf 1> e`w

òpcfy``s le tb` e`xt g`w y`krs, kem Mkwsfe tblejs tb` cfhk-tlfe kem khh`ssldlclty tf trkeslt wlcc b`cp wltb r`hrultoèt

” `sp`hlkccy sleh` okey fg tb` pfsltlfes kr` le L kem kr`

clj`cy tf d` cc`m dy olccèelkcs.

–]`y kr` let`r`st`m le kct`rektlv`s tf mrlvlea kem pkrjlea,‟

b` sklm.

]wle Hltl`s9 T`ture fe lev`stoèt hfevleh`s prlvkt` s`htfr

Qbè tb` Ltkshk r̂fi`ht, ke `hfefolh m`v`cfpoèt arfup

le tb` wle Hltl`s, wket`m tf em fut lg trkeslt lev`stoèt

pklm f, tb` arfup mlm wbkt okm` sès` gfr tb` dusle`ss

c`km`rs9 Lt hfoolsslfe`m k r`pfrt sbfwlea tb` prfi`ht`m

r`ture fe lev`stoèt. ]` Ltkshk ̂ rfi`ht kcsf lehcum`s c`km-

`rs grfo gfuemktlfes kem tb` pudclh s`htfr.

]` euod`rs le tb` r`pfrt w`r` hc`kr9 K $=.=-dlcclfe lev`st-

oèt le k ràlfekc trkeslt systò wfucm yl`cm $7.7 dlcclfe

tf $;>.; dlcclfe le tftkc mlr`ht dè`ts grfo 4>8> tf 4>=0.

Lg tb` lev`stoèt wks khh`c`rkt`m kem $0.8 dlcclfe wks

lev`st`m dy 4>48, tb` r`ture wfucm d` ̀ vè ar`kt`r ” $;>.2

dlcclfe tf $;7.0 dlcclfe.

]` r`pfrt cffj`m kt v`blhc` fp`rktlea hfsts: trkv`c tlo`s

kem r`clkdlclty: sblpp`rs kem cfalstlhs hfsts: òlsslfes: skg`ty

hfsts: kem rfkm pkvòèt hfemltlfes. T`s`krhb`rs kcsf gfuem

tbkt k ràlfekc trkeslt systò wfucm ̀ ekdc` cfhkc ̀ opcfy`rs

tf khh`ss ke kmmltlfekc 0>>,>>> òpcfy` s̀, ke lehr`ks` fg

up tf 40 p`rhèt.

–Lt“s ueusukc tf bkv` tb` prlvkt` s`htfr tkcjlea kdfut tbls,‟

sklm Iuclk Xlcvls, Ltkshk ^rfi`ht okeka`r. –]ls ls sfo`tblea

tbkt a`ts fur oòd`rs ̀ xhlt`m kdfut tb` kekcysls d`hkus` lt“s

sf gkht-dks`m. Lt“s uslea k gkolclkr o`tbfm, TFL.‟

]` r`pfrt ròfv`s tb` krauoèt tbkt trkeslt ls eft wfrtb

tb` hfst, Xlcvls sklm. ]` Ltkshk ^rfi`ht us`m tb` TFL legfr-

oktlfe tf pusb gfr ofr` lev`stoèt le trkeslt ks k wky tf

arfw tb` cfhkc `hfefoy.

C`ss tbke twf y`krs kgt`r tb` r`pfrt wks pudclsb`m, tb` wle

Hltl`s fpè`m k s`hfem clabt rklc cle` ” tb` Ar`è Cle`, grfo

Olee`kpfcls tf Xt. ^kuc ” tbkt bks gkr `xh``m`m rlm`rsblp

prfi`htlfes. D`gfr` lt ̀ vè fpè`m k y`kr kaf, m`v`cfp`rs bkm

spèt $4.7 dlcclfe fe hfestruhtlfe kcfea tb` ;;-olc` rfut`.

Cfhktlfe kem khh`ssldlclty tf trkeslt

wlcc b`cp wltb tkcèt r`hrultoèt.

^bftfs hfurt`sy fg O``t Olee`kpfcls



wf ofr` clabt rklc cle`s kr` le tb` pckeelea prfh`ss.

Keftb`r DT cle` bks fpè`m, kem twf ofr` oky

d` kmm`m.

]` Ltkshk ^rfi`ht ls eft sfc`cy gfhus`m fe trkespfrtk-

tlfe. Fe` fg lts afkcs ls tf kttrkht ofr` yfuea p`fpc`

kem e`w dusle`ss. Qbè r`s`krhb`rs surv`y`m yfueaprfg`sslfekcs ckst y`kr, tb`y gfuem tbkt bkvlea ofr`

trkespfrtktlfe fptlfes wks k wky tf kttrkht tkcèt.

T`hrult`rs kt tb` ràlfe“s ckra`st òpcfy`rs ” kr-

a`t, Pelt`m B`kctb, 8O ” sklm le gfhus arfups tbkt

yfuea wfrj`rs kr` cffjlea gfr k wkcjkdc` urdke èvl-

rfeoèt wb`r` tb`y mfe“t bkv` tf m`pèm fe k hkr, sklm

^kuck Mfw`cc, c`km kutbfr fg tb` wle Hltl`s r`pfrt

kem mlr`htfr fg trkespfrtktlfe `hfefolhs kt Hkodrlma`

Xystòktlhs Leh.

Efrokc, Lcc.9 Ouctlofmkc trkeslt lse“t iust gfr dla hltl`sLe ;


17/68XPOO@T 4>;0

K dla pkrt fg tb` sustklekdlclty

pusb wks lev`stlea le mlgg`rèt

gfros fg trkespfrtktlfe.

tb` Hètrkc Dusle`ss Mlstrlht. Ke Kotrkj stktlfe wks

kcr`kmy tb`r`, kem tb` r`vltkclzktlfe pcke hkcc`m gfr dftbtb` cfhkc kem ràlfekc dus bud tf d` cfhkt`m le tb` sko`

spft. K blab-sp``m rklc cle` ls d`lea m`v`cfp`m tbkt wlcc

rue d`tw`è Hblhkaf kem Xt. Cfuls, wltb k stfp le Efr-

okc. ]` hlty bks kcsf okm` tb` mfwetfwe (efw hkcc`m

Pptfwe) ofr` wkcjkdc` kem dlhyhc` grlèmcy. K 8>-olc`

dlhyhc` kem p`m`strlke pktb rues tbrfuab tb` hèt`r.

–Q “̀v` okm` k dusle`ss hks` gfr tb`s` tbleas,‟ ̂ `t`rsfe

sklm. –]` èvlrfeoètkc tblea ls iust k dfeus. Lg tb`

dusle`ss hks` lse“t tb`r`, lt“s aflea tf d` bkrm gfr tb`

afv`reoèt tf d` tb` c`km`r.‟Efw, sklm ^`t`rsfe, –Pptfwe ls fflfurlsblea.‟ ]` hlty

bks lev`st`m $;>> olcclfe le pudclh ofe`y le tb` pkst

;> y`krs ” k sudstketlkc kofuet gfr k hlty fg 0=,>>>.

^rlvkt` hfopkel`s bkv` lev`st`m ofr` tbke $4>> olc-

clfe, kem ofr` ls pckee`m. ]`r` ls k e`w Okrrlftt:

k Byktt: k olx`m-us` dulcmlea wltb r`tklc fe tb` rst

fflffr, uelv`rslty fh`s fe tb` s`hfem fflffr kem tbr``

fflffrs fg r`slmètlkc kdfv`: keftb`r olx`m-us` dulcmlea:

k v`-stfry r`slmètlkc struhtur`: kem vkrlfus sokcc`r

hfoo`rhlkc dulcmleas. ̂ rfp`rty vkcu`s le tb` Pptfwekr`k bkv` iuop`m dy 40 tf 0> p`rhèt.

]` trkespfrtktlfe hèt`r –bks d`è k tròèmfus

`hfefolh ̀ eale`, eft fecy gfr mfwetfwe dut gfr tb`

wbfc` ràlfe,‟ sklm ^`t̀ rsfe. –Q` kttrkht pkssèa`rs

grfo k 7>-olc` rkmlus.‟ Okey hfeg`rèh`s hfo` tf

Efrokc ” k gucc-s`rvlh` hfeg`rèh` hèt`r bks d`è

dulct ” d`hkus` lt“s r`khbkdc` dy trkle.

–Q` w`r` k sc``py clttc` hkopus tfwe,‟ ^`t`rsfe sklm.

–Efw w`“v` aft tkcc dulcmleas, w`“v` aft k mlv`rs`

arfup fg sbfps kem r`stkurkets. Q`“v` hbkea`mmrkoktlhkccy le tb` ckst ;0 y`krs.‟ Kem k ckra` pkrt

fg tbkt hfo`s grfo tb` gfhus fe kct`rektlv` gfros

fg trkespfrtktlfe.

Ifke Offe`y ls k gr``ckeh` wrlt`r wbf bks wrlt-

tè `xtèslv`cy kdfut trkespfrtktlfe gfr Prdke

Ckem okakzle` kem ftb`r pudclhktlfes. Xb` kcsf

wrft` tb` EKT“s wkt`r legrkstruhtur` tffcjlt.

Hfurt`sy fg Wlslt Frckemf

Hfurt`sy fg O``t Olee`kpfcls



Dy A.O. Glclsjf

Qb`tb`r lt“s k hlty hfop`tlea gfr

r`slmèts fr k m`v`cfp`r cclea kprfp`rty, tb` gfhus fg tb` gutur`

oky d` hfop`tlea gfr olccèelkcs,

fr Ko`rlhkes ka`m ;2-88, alv` fr

tkj` m`pèmlea fe wbf“s mflea tb`

mèlea. Dut olccèelkcs kr` k trlhjy duehb tf hfee`ht

wltb d`hkus` tb` Ar`kt T`h`sslfe blt tbò bkrm kem c`gt

tbò wltb c`ss ofe`y tf mf tb` tbleas tb`y“m clj` tf mf.

Qby sf strkpp`m6 Olccèelkcs kr` ofr` `muhkt`m tbke

prlfr aè`rktlfes, kem okey bkv` afe` m``p letf m`dt

tf guem tb`lr `muhktlfe, khhfrmlea tf 4>;= mktk grfo

tb` ^`w T`s`krhb Hèt`r. ]è tb`r`“s tb` ifd okrj`t.]` fv`rkcc ueòpcfyoèt rkt` gfr wfrj`rs ka`m ;2-8=

p`kj`m kt ofr` tbke ;8 p`rhèt le 4>;>, khhfrmlea tf

Qblt` Bfus` mktk. Ks fg X`ptòd`r 4>;=, tb` ofst r`hèt

trkhjlea p`rlfm, lt bkm hfo` mfwe tf 2.7 p`rhèt.

Olccèelkcs kr` wlcclea tf trkm` spkh` gfr khh`ss tf

trkeslt kem k wkcjkdc`, olx`m-us` clg`styc`.

T@MPH LEA @W@T\MK\ HFX]X

GFT KGGFTMKDC@ E@LABDFTBFFMX

Okey olccèelkcs slopcy bkv` tf mf ofr` wltb c`ss,

sf tb`y“r` lehr`ksleacy okjlea trkm`fs. –]`y s`ò ofr` wlcclea tbke ftb`r hfbfrts tf trkm` spkh` gfr khh`ss tf

trkeslt kem k wkcjkdc`, olx`m-us` clg`styc`,‟ skys Xtfhjtfe

Qlcclkos, `x`hutlv` mlr`htfr fg tb` Prdke Ckem Lestl-

tut`“s ̀ rwlccla`r Hèt`r gfr Bfuslea le Qksbleatfe, M.H.

–Lt mf`se“t e`h`sskrlcy o`ke tb`y“r` kcc skylea tb`y wket tf

clv` le mfwetfwe hètrkc hltl`s. Lt hke d` sokcc`r tfwes

fr sudurdke tfwes tbkt bkv` tb`s` g`ktur`s.‟

Xtlcc, olccèelkcs wket p`rjs, ̀ vè lg tbkt o`kes bkvlea tf

sbkr` tbò. –L tblej tb` okifr trèm ls tbkt keytblea tbkt“s

sbkr`kdc`, olccèelkcs kr` e` wltb lt d`lea sbkr`m,‟ hfe-

tèms Jlyfjf Guilourk, k olccèelkc b`rs`cg kem E`w \frjHlty-dks`m `x`hutlv` vlh` pr`slmèt fg DuzzDuzzBfo`,

k r`slmètlkc hfestruhtlfe clstlea s`rvlh`.

]kt wlccleae`ss tf sbrlej fr sbkr` tf pursu` k blab`r

qukclty fg clg` fv`rkcc ls duttlea up kaklest cfea-stkemlea

M`v`cfp`rs kem pckee`rs kr` wfrjlea tf prfvlm` eft iust k pckh` tf clv` dut k clg`styc`

” kem tf okj` lt khh`ssldc` gfr tfmky“s duma`t-hfeshlfus olccèelkcs.

Hfurt`sy fg WLXL] M@EW@T


19/68

ràucktlfes, suhb ks olelouo slz` r`qulròèts gfr r`s-

lmètlkc uelts. \`t hbkea` ls le tb` klr, kem tb` dlaa`st

qu`stlfe tfmky oky d` bfw gkr lt wlcc af.

Ef hkr6 Ef prfdcò

Olccèelkcs kr` k dla arfup, sf aè`rkclzlea kdfut tbòhke a`t mlh`y, wkres Qlcclkos. ]kt sklm, sfo` aè`rkc-

lzktlfes t. ]`y mfe“t hfv`t hkrs clj` tb`lr `cm`rs mlm,

lest`km gkvfrlea vkstcy c`ss `xpèslv` pudclh-trkeslt kem

rlm`-sbkrlea fptlfes clj` YlpHkr kem Pd`r.

Le 4>;>, 4;- tf 8=-y`kr-fcms dfuabt iust 41 p`rhèt fg

kcc e`w v`blhc`s sfcm le tb` Pelt`m Xtkt`s, mfwe grfo

k blab fg 82 p`rhèt le ;>; kem 4>>;= r`pfrt dy Hkcplra, k pudclh let`r`st r`s`krhb arfup.]` r`pfrt kcsf eft`s tb` p`rhètka` fg blab shbffc sèlfrs

wltb mrlv`r“s clhès`s mrfpp`m grfo 20 p`rhèt tf 18 p`r-

hèt d`tw`è ;.

–]`r`“s r`ksfe tf d`cl`v` olccèelkcs kr` k clttc` c`ss èko-

fr`m wltb hkr t`hbefcfal`s kem k clttc` ofr` èkofr`m

wltb hfoouelhktlfes t`hbefcfal`s,‟ hfetèms fmm

Cltoke, `x`hutlv` mlr`htfr fg tb` Wlhtfrlk rkespfrt

^fclhy Lestltut` le Drltlsb Hfcuodlk, Hkekmk. –Lg tb`y“r`

ekehlkccy hfestrkle`m, wblhb tb`y kr`, k efeslaelhket

euod`r wfucm rktb`r bkv` k elh` hfoput`r fr ofdlc`

pbfe` tbke k hkr.‟

Olccèelkcs kr` kcsf dla letf w`cce`ss. ]`y“r` `x`rhls-lea ofr` kem `ktlea sokrt`r tbke pr`vlfus aè`rktlfes,

r`pfrts Afcmoke Xkhbs le tb` 4>;0 kekcysls –Olccèelkcs

Hfolea fg Ka`.‟ ]`y“r` cffjlea gfr ofr` gr`sb, ektu-

rkc, kem frakelh gffms, khhfrmlea tf k 4>;4 I``rl`s Kclx

^krte`rs stumy.

Qltb tb`lr tble wkcc`ts olsokthb`m wltb tb`lr dfcm clg`-

styc` m`slr`s, olccèelkcs kr` s``jlea tf clv` le hltl`s tbkt

olabt surprls` yfu. –Lg yfu pucc up clsts fg tb` tfp ;>

hltl`s gfr olccèelkcs, tb`y kcc lehcum` E`w \frj kem Xke

Grkehlshf,‟ skys Qlcclkos. –Dut tb`y kcsf lehcum` pckh`s

clj` Tkc`lab, E.H.: Kustle, `xks: Mèv`r: kem Xkct Ckj`Hlty ” pckh`s tbkt 0-;> y`krs kaf wfucme“t bkv` d`è

khtlv`cy hfop`tlea fr suhh`ssguccy a`ttlea r`hèt hfccà`

arkmukt`s. ^krt fg tb` r`ksfe tb`y“r` hfop`tlea ls d`hkus`

tb` hfst fg bfuslea ” wb`tb`r lt“s fwelea fr rètlea ” ls

fgtè cfw`r. ]kt d`hfo`s fe` lopfrtket strktàlh `hf-

efolh m`v`cfpoèt tffc.‟

Olccèelkcs mfe“t hfv`t hkrs kem

kr` dla letf w`cce`ss.

Hfurt`sy fg Ylphkr

^bftf dy @m \furmfe

^bftf dy @m \furmfe



]fmky“s ofttf9 Xokcc ls dla

Olccèelkcs kr` kcsf mfweslzlea tf okj` èms o``t, sfo`-

tblea T@KCFT® Xhftt ure`r bks c`kre`m rst-bkem.

Xhftt fwes Tlv`rslm` Bfo`s, wblhb sp`hlkclz`s le urdke

lecc m`v`cfpoèt, kem ls drfj`r-fwe`r fg tb` ;>-kaèt

ure`r T`slmètlkc, dftb le Kustle. B` r`hètcy dulct gfurbfo`s fe twf cfts le @kst Kustle ” twf w`r` ;,7>>

squkr` g``t, kem tb` ftb`r twf w`r` 20> squkr` g``t ”

wblhb b` frakelz`m letf k hfemf kssfhlktlfe.

–]` mòkem gfr tb` sokcc`r bfo`s wks èfrofus, kem

olccèelkcs dfuabt tbò,‟ b` skys. –Olccèelkcs kr` ouhb

ofr` wlcclea tf okj` tb` cfhktlfe-fv`r-spkh` trkm`-f

tbke prlfr aè`rktlfes. ]`y“r̀ bkppy wltb c`ss spkh` kem

c`ss stu. Q` gfuem tbkt 20> squkr` g``t wltb twf d`m-

rffos kem fe` dktb ls e` lg lt“s le k affm cfhktlfe.‟

ure`r“s dueakcfws kr` wltble wkcjlea mlstkeh` fg k

clabt rklc stktlfe kem dkrs kem r`stkurkets pfpuckr wltb

4>-sfo`tbleas. –]`r`“s kcsf k arfh`ry stfr` wltble wkcj-

lea mlstkeh`, wblhb ls v`ry lopfrtket le ̀ xks, wb`r` w`

clj` fur hkrs,‟ b` skys. –]`r`“s k hlty-m`slaekt`m dlj` cke`

aflea le rlabt e`xt tf tb`s` bfus`s, tff.‟

]` bfo`s g`ktur`m f-str``t pkrjlea ” o`kelea k

mrlv`wky ” dut ef akrka`s fr hfv`r`m pkrjlea. –L aft

Olccèelkcs kr` mfweslzlea tf

okj` èms o``t.

^bftf dy @mwkrm Okf

T@KC]FT® Xhftt ]ure`r“s sokcc dueakcfws le Kustle kr` wltble

wkcjlea mlstkeh` fg k clabt rklc stktlfe kem dkrs kem

r`stkurkets pfpuckr wltb 4>-sfo`tbleas.

Hfurt`sy fg Kustle Hfevètlfe & Wlsltfrs Dur`ku


21/68XPOO@T 4>;0

ef pusbdkhj grfo tb` okrj`t fe tbkt,‟ skys ure`r.

–]` hkr iust lse“t ks lopfrtket tf olccèelkcs, efr ls tb`

e``m tf us` tb` akrka` gfr stfrka`.‟

]` dlaa`st surprls` gfr ure`r6 K olccèelkc duy`r gfr fe`

fg tb` twf ckra`r bfo`s wket`m tf d` sur` pr`-purhbks`

tbkt sb` hfucm pfst b`r bfo` fe sbfrt-t`ro rètkc slt`s

clj` Bfo`kwky kem Klrded. ^`rbkps d`hkus` Bfo`kwky

ls dks`m le tb` hlty, ure`r eft`s, Kustle p`rolts lt. Dut

fwe`rs bkv` tf ràlst`r tb`lr bfo`, kem k clolt`m euod`r

fg p`rolts kr` lssu`m le `khb zlp hfm`. –Q` bkm tf koèm

tb` hfemf mfhuoèts tf lehcum` tb` prfvlslfe, sf w`

bkm tf ksj tb` twf sokcc`r-uelt fwe`rs gfr p`rolsslfe,‟

b` r`hkccs. –]`y kcr`kmy kssuo`m tb`y hfucm mf tbkt.‟

Xokcc af`s ckra` shkc`

Iflelea ure`r le tblejlea sokcc kr` m`v`cfp`rs krfuem

tb` hfuetry hr`ktlea kcc gfros fg hfopkht bfuslea. Olhrf

bfuslea ls pfpplea up le hltl`s ektlfewlm`. Khhfrmlea tf

k 4>;8 PCL r`pfrt, –]` Okhrf Wl`w fe Olhrf Pelts,‟

tb`r`“s ef stkemkrm mèltlfe, tbfuab k wfrjlea mèl-

tlfe ls k stumlf kpkrtoèt typlhkccy c`ss tbke 80> squkr`

g``t wltb k guccy guehtlfelea kem khh`ssldlclty hfopclket

jlthbè kem dktbrffo. (Lt mf`se“t lehcum` sleac`-rffo-

fhhupkehy uelts wltb hfoouekc jlthbè fr dktbrffo

gkhlcltl`s.) ]` tkra`t okrj`t ls uem`r-8>-y`kr-fcm prfg`s-

slfekcs ” sj`w`m sclabtcy ofr` okc` tbke gòkc`. Ofstslae up tf swkp cfw`r rèt gfr k m`slrkdc` cfhktlfe kem

tb` kdlclty tf clv` kcfe`.

Ofekmefhj M`v`cfpoèt, wfrjlea wltb ofmuckr bfus-

lea m`v`cfp`r Hkpsys, wlcc fpè dy 4>;7 Oy Olhrf E\,

k ele`-stfry ofmuckr dulcmlea le Okebkttke wltb 00

uelts, r`pfrts fdlks Frlwfc, tb` prfi`ht m`v`cfp`r. Pelts

wlcc rkea` grfo 47> tf 87> squkr` g``t kem g`ktur` ele`-

pcus-gfft h`lcleas, Iucl`tt` dkchfel`s, blab-èm let`rlfr

elsb`s, kem khh`ssldc` dktbrffos. ]` dulcmlea wlcc kcsf

bfst k te`ss rffo, k dusle`ss hèt`r kem stumy kr`k, dlj`

stfrka`, stfrka` cfhj`rs, ke futmffr arfuem-fflffr pktlf,kem ke futmffr suem`hj fe tb` `labtb fflffr kttkhb`mtf k skcfe wb`r` r`slmèts hke aktb`r. –T`slmèts krè“t

aflea tf bfst k ;4-p`rsfe mlee`r le tb` skcfe `v`ry mky

fr `v`ry w``j,‟ skys Frlwfc. –Dut tb`y sbfucm bkv` tb`

fppfrtuelty tf mf tbkt.‟

Tèts krè“t s`t y`t. Frlwfc skys e`labdfrbffm uelts wltb

hfopkrkdc` koèltl`s wfucm hfo` le kt kdfut $8,4>>

p`r ofetb, dut Oy Olhrf E\ rèts kr` `xp`ht`m tf d`

M`v`cfp`rs krfuem tb` hfuetry kr` hr`ktlea kcc gfros fg hfopkht bfuslea.

Hfurt`sy fg tb` Hlty fg Hkro`c, Lem.

d`cfw tbkt. –]` wbfc` pflet ls tf fpè k e`w c`v`c fg

kfrmkdlclty dy `xpkemlea tb` slz` fptlfes,‟ b` skys.–]`r` wlcc d` olccèelkcs gfr wbfo tbls ls k affm t.

Q` kcsf tblej tb` e``m gfr tb`s` typ`s fg uelts ls sf ar`ktle E`w \frj Hlty tbkt tb` kpp`kc wlcc d` khrfss kcc ka`skem e`labdfrbffms.‟

K slolckr prfi`ht hr`kt`m dy Q`Qfrj kem WfrekmfT`kcty rust ls uem`rwky le tb` Qksbleatfe M.H. sud-

urd fg Hrystkc Hlty, khhfrmlea tf k M`hòd`r 4>;= QkccXtr``t Ifurekc r`pfrt. Q`Qfrj ls r`pfrt`mcy `xpkemlealts olhrf-fh`-pcus-sbkr`m-hfoofe-spkh` hfeh`pt tf k404-uelt r`slmètlkc dulcmlea ” pr`suokdcy rètkcs ”

`xp`ht`m tf fpè le olm-4>;0. Fe tb` mrkwlea dfkrm lsk ;4-stfry dulcmlea wltb okey sbkr`m jlthbès, ke krhkm`,ke b`rd akrmè kem k cldrkry.

–L“v` s`è olhrf-uelt m`v`cfpoèts tkjlea fut è-sult`ckuemry kem puttlea le sbkr`m ckuemry,‟ skys Guilourk.

Oy Olhrf E\ wlcc fpè dy 4>;7

wltb k ele`-stfry ofmuckr dulcmlea

le Okebkttke wltb 00 olhrf uelts.



–]`r`“s k sokrtbfus` le frfetf r`muhlea tb` slz` fg

mlsbwksb`rs dy lehcumlea bkcg-slz` mlsbwksb`r mrkw`rs.

Lt“s kcc kdfut r`muhlea tb` slz` fg tb` prlvkt` spkh` dut

prfvlmlea kcc tb` koèltl`s yfu“m bkv` le k efrokc hfemf.

Olccèelkcs mfe“t e``m prlvkt` spkh`, dut tb`y clj` koèl-

tl`s kem hfevèlèh`. M`v`cfp`rs kr` mèlt`cy clstèlea.‟

ley bfus`s kcsf t tb` trèm, dut tb`y oky d` ofr` fg k

gkm tbke k tru` bfuslea kct`rektlv`. –]`y“r` eft hfoofe,

kem L mfudt tb`y“cc ̀ v`r d` k sudstketlkc pkrt fg tb` bfuslea

okrj`t,‟ skys Oktt J`ccy, k pfclhy kekcyst kem r`s`krhb`rkt Gcfrlmk Xtkt` Pelv`rslty le kcckbkss``. –L s`` tbò ks k

slae fg tb` tlo`s rktb`r tbke ke khtukc, sudstketlkc trèm.

]`y“r` k slae yfuea p`fpc` kr` strkpp`m wltb m`dt, kem

tb` OhOkeslfe bks d`hfo` ouhb c`ss kpp`kclea.‟

J`ccy ls hkr`guc tf mlstleaulsb d`tw`è olhrf-bfuslea

kem tley bfus`s. –Le pckh`s clj` X`kttc`, ofr` olhrf-

bfuslea uelts kr` pfpplea up, kem tbkt mf`s s`ò tf

d` k vlkdc` fptlfe,‟ b` skys. –Xokcc`r kem sokcc`r squkr`

gfftka` s`òs tf d` vlkdc` gfr sbfrt-t`ro y`kr kpkrt-

oèt c`ks`s d`hkus` tb`r` e``ms tf d` k cfw-lehfo`

bfuslea kct`rektlv`.‟

Hltl`s scfwcy a`ttlea fe dfkrm

Qbf“s tf sky olccèelkcs sbfucme“t clv` le hfopkht qukr-

t`rs6 –]` zfelea kutbfrlty ls wbf,‟ skys J`ccy.

]`r`“s tb` rud. ]` dlaa`st lop`mloèts tf m`v`cfp`rs

r`spfemlea tf olccèelkcs“ e``ms kr` cfhkc zfelea ruc`s.

–]` trka`my ls tbkt d`hkus` hurrèt m`v`cfpoèt pfclh`s

okj` lt v`ry mlhuct tf dulcm khh`ssldc`, kfrmkdc` bfus-

lea, olccèelkcs kr` fgtè gkh`m wltb `ltb`r pkylea ofr`

tbke tb`y hke kfrm fr hbffslea bfuslea le k cfhktlfetb`y mfe“t r`kccy clj`, suhb ks le tb` sudurds,‟ skys Clt-

oke. –Fr tb`y a`t tff g`w koèltl`s. Lt wfucm d` affm

gfr `v`rydfmy lg m`v`cfp`rs w`r` kdc` tf m`v`cfp ofr`

khh`ssldc`, kfrmkdc` bfuslea.‟

]` hbkccèa` ròkles hurrèt r`slmèts“ ketlpktby tf

us`s tb`y p`rh`lv` wfucm hbkea` tb` hbkrkht`r fg tb`lr

e`labdfrbffm. –Le okey kr`ks, tb`r`“s stlcc bua`, bua`

r`slstkeh` tf hbkea`s tbkt p`rolt lehr`ks`s le mèslty,

suhb ks kccfwlea k olx fg ouctlgkolcy kem sleac`-gkolcy

uelts kem dulcmlea blab`r tbke tbr`` stfrl`s,‟ skys Cltoke.

]kt“s hbkealea, dut ̀ v`r sf scfwcy. Le Kuaust 4>;=, Xpur,

`xks, ròfv`m lts squkr`-gfftka` ràucktlfes kem prf-

hcklo`m lts`cg k –tley-bfus` grlèmcy tfwe,‟ eft`s J`ccy.

Ftb`r hltl`s kr` okjlea clolt`m `xh`ptlfes tf zfelea

r`qulròèts. E`w \frj Hlty wklv`m lts =>>-squkr`-gfftolelouo spkh` r`qulròèt gfr tb` kmK^ hfop`tl-

tlfe, grfo wblhb ̀ o`ra`m Oy Olhrf E\. –]` dulcmlea

ls o`ket tf d` k plcft prfi`ht tf kss`ss tbleas clj` bfw

w`cc tbls hfeh`pt ls r`h`lv`m kem tb` qukclty fg clg` gfr

r`slmèts,‟ skys Frlwfc. –Lg kcc af`s w`cc, tb` lm`k ls tbkt

pckee`rs wlcc r`vlslt tb` hlty“s zfelea ckws sf m`v`cfp`rs

hke dulcm sokcc`r uelts ks fg rlabt.‟

E`w \frj Hlty ls khtukccy d`blem tb` r`st fg tb` hfuetry,

skys Frlwfc. Xke Grkehlshf pkss`m càlscktlfe kccfwlea

kpkrtoèts ks sokcc ks 44> squkr` g``t, khhfrmlea tf tb`

PCL olhrf-bfuslea stumy, lg 1> squkr` g``t ls kccfhkt`mtf k dktbrffo kem jlthbè. X`kttc` kem ̂ frtckem bkv` ef

olelouo slz` r`qulròèts, wblhb PCL skys prfdkdcy

`xpckles wby tb`y“r` –twf fg tb` d`st `xkopc`s fg hltl`s

mòfestrktlea k tròèmfus kofuet fg ̀ xp`rloètktlfe

wltb v`ry sokcc uelts.‟

Le Kustle, ure`r wks kdc` tf m`v`cfp gfur bfo`s fe twf

cfts le pkrt d`hkus` tb` twf sokcc`r bfo`s qukcl`m ks

khh`ssfry mw`cclea uelts, kcsf hkcc`m akrka` kpkrtoèts,

^bftf dy Okrj Bfake

^bftf dy lrffsbjk

Ke khh`ssfry mw`cclea uelt ls

k wky gfr olccèelkcs tf kggfrm

tf clv` le e`labdfrbffms wb`r`

tb`y“m ftb`rwls` d` prlh`m fut.


23/68XPOO@T 4>;0

arkeey fflkts, fr au`st bfus`s. –Fe fe` cft, dy zfelea L

hke dulcm k sleac`-gkolcy bfo` pcus ke khh`ssfry mw`cc-

lea uelt (KMP), dut lt ls clolt`m tf 20> squkr` g``t,‟ b`

`xpckles. –KMPs kr` j`y b`r` tf kfrmkdlclty. ]`y“r` k

wky gfr olccèelkcs tf kfrm tf clv` le e`labdfrbffms

wb`r` tb`y“m ftb`rwls` d` prlh`m fut.‟

Qblc` hltl`s kr` okjlea prfar`ss, efe` kr` mflea `v`ry-tblea tb`y hke tf p`rolt ofr` kfrmkdc` bfuslea,

hfetèms Cltoke. –Wkehfuv`r ls v`ry kwkr` fg bfuslea

kem kfrmkdlclty, kem lt bks k prfarko hkcc`m `hf-mè-

slty,‟ b` skys. –Lt“s èhfurkalea hr`ktlv` lecc m`v`cfpoèt,

clj` bfo`fwe`rs dulcmlea khh`ssfry sult`s kdfv` tb`lr

akrka`. Dut tb`r` kr` fecy k g`w buemr`m fg tbfs`. Lt“s

kcsf ̀ ehfurkalea ouctlgkolcy bfuslea, dut lt stlcc r`qulr`s

gklrcy aè`rfus kofuets fg pkrjlea.‟

]`r` kr` kcsf spft lestkeh`s le wblhb hltl`s kr` c`kvlea

ueègfrh`m ftb`r r`strlhtlfes fe trèms tbkt kttrkht olc-

cèelkcs, pkrtlhuckrcy urdke akrmèlea. J`ccy pr`mlhts tb`

gutur` oky kcsf s`` hltl`s gfrokccy `xòptlea urdke gkros

grfo zfelea r`qulròèts.

–Le kcckbkss``, wblhb ls v`ry ouhb k hfccà` tfwe, tb`r`

kr` tbr`` urdke gkros,‟ skys J`ccy. –Kcc fp`rkt` futslm` tb`ckw d`hkus` tb`y“r` fe r`slmètlkccy zfe`m ckem dut t`hbel-

hkccy e``m tf d` zfe`m gfr karlhucturkc us`. Xf gkr, ̀ v`ryfe`

bks ture`m k dclem `y` d`hkus` ofst p`fpc` le tfwe, `sp`-

hlkccy le tb` 4>-8> ka` rkea`, s`` tb`s` ks dla kss`ts tf tb`

hfoouelty. Qbkt oky bkppè le tb` gutur` ls tbkt tb`r`

wlcc d` sfo` jlem fg k zfelea `xòptlfe gfr urdke gkros.

L s`` tbkt ks ofr` clj`cy tbke ke ̀ xòptlfe gfr tley bfo`s.‟

Xuhb hbkea`s oky fecy d` tb` dàleelea ks hfop`tl-

tlfe b`kts up gfr olccèelkcs hbffslea tb` p`rg`ht pckh`

tf pcket rffts. –Olccèelkcs r`kccy hkr` kdfut cfhktlfe,‟

kss`rts Guilourk. –]`y“r` skvlea k cft fg ofe`y dy eftduylea hkrs kem pkylea gfr aks, pkrjlea, kem lesurkeh`,

kem tb`y dlj` kem wkcj ofr`. ]`y wfe“t hfoprf-

ols` fe cfhktlfe d`hkus` tb`y kcr`kmy bkv` c`ss ofdlclty.

Kem m`v`cfp`rs kr` r`spfemlea tf tbkt.‟

A.O. Glclsjf ls ke kttfre`y kem gr``ckeh` wrlt`r wbf

wrlt`s gr`quètcy fe r`kc `stkt`, dusle`ss kem càkc

lssu`s. Os. Glclsjf s`rv`m ks ke `mltfr kt EKT“s T@KC-

]FT © Okakzle` gfr ;> y`krs.

Olccèelkcs wfe“t hfoprfols`

fe cfhktlfe.

Hfurt`sy fg Xfwe ]fa`tb`r, ^bftf dy ]HMkvlsHfurt`sy fg Q`Qfrj



Dy ]rkh`y H. Ẁ ct

Kc`xkemrk G`rausfe, H@F fg b`r `pfey-

ofus cle` fg hustfo plccfws kem mìhfr,stkrt`m ks k sokcc, bfo`-dks`m dusle`ss.

–L rst sfcm oy plccfws fe @tsy, sf L“o

ks bfoàrfwe ks lt a`ts,‟ skys G`rausfe. Qbè lt wks tlo` tf `xpkem, G`rausfe

bkm k bkrm tlo` emlea ke le`xpèslv`, clabt okeugkh-

turlea spft le Q`sthb`st`r, E`w \frj. –L m`hlm`m tf cffj

le Drffjcye kem [u`ès ks tb` tkcèt L e``m`m hfucm d`gfuem le tbfs` kr`ks,‟ sb` skys. Xb` èm`m up ofvlea letf

k =,>>>-squkr`-gfft rkw lemustrlkc cfgt spkh` le Lemustry

Hlty, ke leefvktlfe kem okeugkhturlea mlstrlht sltukt`mfe tb` wkt`rgrfet le Xues`t ^krj, Drffjcye.

Lemustry Hlty ls trkesgfrolea arfuem fflffr kem cfw`r c`v-

`cs letf k p`m`strlke-grlèmcy s`rl`s fg sbfps, sbfwrffos,`vèt spkh`s kem hfurtykrms, cffs`cy frakelz`m krfuem

tbò`s suhb ks gffm kem gffm prfmuhtlfe, hblcmrè kem

gkolcy, kem bfo` affms, wblc` prfvlmlea kopc` cfkm-lea mfhjs kem s`rvlh` arfuem gfr upp`r fflffr leefvktlfe`hfefoy kem okeugkhturlea tèkets. ]`s` olx`m-usòkj`r spkh`s, m`v`cfplea krfuem tb` Pelt`m Xtkt`s,

kr` d`hfolea k pfpuckr hbflh` gfr r`kc `stkt` m`v`cfp-

`rs bfplea tf r`vltkclz` hfooueltl`s kem khhfoofmkt`

sokcc okeugkhtur`rs.

Ofr` kem ofr` hltl`s kem r`kc ̀ stkt` m`v`cfp`rs kr` hr`ktlea

spkh`s gfr sokcc-shkc` okeugkhturlea. Xokcc okeugkhtur`rs,

fr okj`rs, le t`xtlc`s, wffm, o`tkc, kem ̀ c`htrfelhs e``mpckh`s tbkt kr` kpprfprlkt` le shkc`, wblhb kr` kfrmkdc`,kem tbkt o``t cfhkc zfelea kem dulcmlea hfm`s. Okj`r

spkh`s hke prfvlm` sfo` sbkr`m gkhlcltl`s kem ̀ qulpoèt,ks w`cc ks oètfrlea kem ksslstkeh` le rueelea k dusle`ss.

K T`suraèh`

–Q` kr` s``lea k r`suraèh` fg sokcc, cfhkc prfmuh`rs wbf kr` bkre`sslea cfw-hfst t`hbefcfay kem hbkealea

okrj`ts tf s`cc buemr`ms kem tbfuskems fg cfhkccy prf-muh`m hfesuo`r prfmuhts,‟ skys Lckek ̂ rùss, gfuem`r fgT`hkst Hlty, k hfopkey tbkt drleas tfa`tb`r sokcc-shkc`

okeugkhtur`rs kem hfoouelty m`v`cfp`rs tf strèatbèe`labdfrbffms, dulcm r`kc `stkt` vkcu`, kem hr`kt` ofr`

ifd fppfrtueltl`s gfr r`slmèts.

Mfhuoèt`m dy Hbrls Kem`rsfe, kutbfr fg –Okj`rs9

]` E`w Lemustrlkc T`vfcutlfe,‟ kem s`è khrfss tb`

hfuetry tfmky, tb`s` hfopkel`s kr` fgtè dusle`ss`s wltbg`w`r tbke 4> òpcfy``s kem s`cc dftb le cfhkc okrj`tskem acfdkccy fecle`. Le ke let`rvl`w wltb Gfrd`s okak-

zle`, Kem`rsfe eft`s, tbkt, –Petlc k g`w y`krs kaf, yfu iust

mlme“t bkv` khh`ss tf prfmuhtlfe. ]` wfrcm ls frlèt`mkrfuem hfopkel`s, kem okeugkhturlea wks `xpèslv` kem

hfesuolea.‟ Kcc fg tbkt ls hbkealea.

Khhfrmlea tf k r̀ hèt stumy, –]` G̀ m`rkc Tfc` le Xuppfrt-

lea Okeugkhturlea,‟ dy tb` ^rktt Hèt`r gfr Hfoouelty

]b` Okj`r Ofvòèt

Ofr` hltl`s kem r`kc ̀ stkt` m`v`cfp`rs

kr` hr`ktlea spkh`s gfr sokcc-shkc`

okeugkhturlea. Hkcc`m okj`r spkh`s,

tb`s` clabt lemustrlkc/r`tklc, olx`m-us`

dulcmleas kr` drlealea ifds kem vltkclty

tf e`labdfrbffms krfuem tb` hfuetry.

Kc`xkemrk G`rausfe, k hfopkey wblhb hr`kt`s hustfo plccfws

kem mìhfr, ls cfhkt`m le Lemustry Hlty, Drffjcye, E.\.


25/68

M`v`cfpoèt kem Drffjleas Lestltut`, m`splt` r`hèt

r`h`sslfekry sbfhjs, okeugkhturlea hfetleu`s tf pcky k

hètrkc rfc` le tb` Ko`rlhke ̀ hfefoy kem stlcc s`rv`s ks k

akt`wky tf tb` olmmc` hckss gfr k slz`kdc` sàoèt fg tbèktlfe“s pfpucktlfe. fmky, skys tb` r`pfrt, kpprfxlokt`cy

;;.1 olcclfe Ko`rlhkes kr` òpcfy`m dy tb` hfuetry“s

8>>,>>> okeugkhturlea ros, kem fv`r 1 olcclfe kmml-tlfekc ifds kr` suppfrt`m dy okeugkhturlea-r`ckt`m

khtlvltl`s, lehcumlea ifds le trkespfrtktlfe, wbfc`skclea,kem s`rvlh` lemustrl`s, suhb ks khhfuetlea, hfesuctlea,

r`kc `stkt` kem ekeh`.

]` r`pfrt af`s fe tf sky, –Peclj` tb` mkys wbè ckra`hfopkel`s mfolekt`m tb` ektlfe“s hfoofmlty prfmuh-

tlfe, tfmky“s okeugkhturlea ckemshkp` ls ckra`cy fhhupl`m

dy m`hètrkclz`m e`twfrjs fg sokcc, sp`hlkclz`m ros ”okey fg wblhb kr` blmmè le pckle slabt le Ko`rlhk“s urdke

kr`ks. Le gkht, le 4>>1, fg tb` kpprfxlokt`cy 0;,=44 oke-

ugkhtur`rs le tb` Pelt`m Xtkt`s òpcfylea g`w`r tbke 4>p`fpc`, fv`r k tblrm w`r` cfhkt`m le tb` ektlfe“s ;> ckra`st

hltl`s kcfe`. ]`s` dusle`ss`s okj` ke kstfelsblea rkea` fgprfmuhts ” grfo blab-t`hb o`mlhkc ̀ qulpoèt tf m`slae`r

hfkts, krtlskekc gffm prfmuhts tf sp`hlkclz`m hfktleas ”

kem s`rv` k sp`htruo fg hustfo`rs kem okrj`ts, lehcumleasokcc suppcl`rs, hfetrkhtfrs, tb` hfesuo`r pudclh, kem ckra`

frlalekc `qulpoèt okeugkhtur`rs (F@Os).‟

–]`r` ls k r`dlrtb fg ofm`re okeugkhturlea: L hkcc lt tb`

leefvktlfe `hfefoy kem tbkt“s wb`r` tb` ifd arfwtb ls,‟skys Kemr`w Jlodkcc, H@F fg Lemustry Hlty. E`w t`hb-

efcfay kccfws p`fpc` tf okeugkhtur` le sokcc spkh`s,‟b` skys. –]`r`“s k dcurrlea fg t`hbefcfay, okeugkhtur-lea kem m`slae. ]` affm e`ws gfr hltl`s ls tbkt tb`s`

jlems fg dusle`ss`s stkrt sokcc kem fgtè arfw fv`r tlo`.]`y òpcfy p`fpc` wbf e``m ifds tb` ofst, ifds tbktkr` drfkmcy khh`ssldc` tf tbfs` wltb k drfkm rkea` fg `mu-hktlfekc dkhjarfuems,‟ skys Jlodkcc.

]kt“s tb` hks` wltb G`rausfe, wbf bks k –fe`-stfp, sup`r

`hlèt spkh` tbkt lehcum`s b`r fh`, pbftf stumlf spkh`,okeugkhturlea, wkr`bfus` kem sblpplea kcc grfo fe`

pckh`.‟ Le kmmltlfe, Lemustry Hlty bks `hlèhl`s dulctle, suhb ks tb` kdlclty tf futsfurh` tf ftb`r suppcl`rs wbf kr` le b`r sko` dulcmlea. B`r dusle`ss ar`w grfo

fe` òpcfy`` tf v` òpcfy``s le tb` sbfrt ;2 ofetbssb`“s d`è le Lemustry Hlty.

Mrlvè dy Olccèelkcs kem Ofr`

Lt ls eft fecy e`w dusle`ss`s tbkt kr` dè`tlea grfo tbòkj`r ofvòèt, dut ofr` trkmltlfekc, gkolcy-fwe`m

dusle`ss`s, ks w`cc. –]`r`“s k cft tbkt ls olccèelkc mrlvè

kem tbkt“s ̀ xhltlea. Dut, wbkt ls ̀ vè ofr` ̀ xhltlea ls tbktm`hkm`s-fcm, trkmltlfekc, gkolcy-fwe`m dusle`ss`s tbktbkv` d`è pr`vlfuscy prlh`m fut fg tb` okrj`t kr` em-

lea tbkt, wltb e`w t`hbefcfay, tb` `hfefolhs wfrj gfrtbò kakle,‟ skys Jlodkcc.

Xuhb ls tb` hks` gfr Jyc` Jrlà, tb` tblrm aè`rktlfe lek gkolcy prletlea pr`ss dusle`ss tbkt fpè`m le ;>>-squkr`-gfft wkr`bfus` gfr prfmuhtlfe le Hlehleektl => y`krs kaf

tf `xpkem fp`rktlfes. Dut wbè prletlea wfrj stkrt`mtf mry up kgt`r 4>>>, Jyc` kem bls gkolcy e``m`m k

wky tf skv` tb` gkolcy dusle`ss. Gfur y`krs kaf, tb`yckem`m fe k e`w lm`k ” hr`kt` k okj`r spkh`. ]` gko-lcy ture`m bkcg fg tb`lr wkr`bfus` letf Okeugkhtfry,

]b`r` ls k r`dlrtb fg ofm`re okeugkhturlea, pkrt fg tb` leefvktlfe `hfefoy.

Lemustry Hlty cfhkt`m fe tb` wkt`rgrfet le Xues`t ^krj, Drffjcye, E.\.

^bftf dy Xkrkb Mfrlf



k ;1,>>>-squkr`-gfft sbkr`m spkh` wltb wffm, o`tkc, t`x-tlc` kem prletlea tffcs tbkt kr` fpè tf tb` pudclh tbrfuab

ayo oòd`rsblp-clj` g``s gfr khh`ss.

T`kc Fppfrtuelty

–]`r` kr` sfo` `xhltlea tbleas aflea fe le hfooueltl`s.M`v`cfp`rs bkv` r`hfaelz`m tb` hbkealea mòfarkpblhs,‟skys ^rùss. –Olccèelkcs wket pckh`s tf aktb`r. Le pkrkcc`c,

w`“v` s`è k arfwtb fg tb` okj`r ofvòèt. ^̀ fpc` krà`ttlea tfa`tb`r tf okj` stu, grfo s`wlea kem jelttleatf hr`ktlea mrfe`s kem 8M prletlea.‟

^cus, sb` kmms, tb`r` kr` ofr` wkys tf s`cc wbkt tb`y kr`hr`ktlea. Gfr lestkeh`, G`rausfe us`s @tsy. ]è, tb`r`“s kstkrt-up hkcc`m Okj`r“s Tfw, wblhb wfrjs tf hfee`ht P.X.okeugkhtur`rs kem sokcc dusle`ss`s. Lt okthb`s mfo`stlhokeugkhtur`m prfmuhts wltb Ko`rlhke hfopkel`s wbfbkv` k sp`hlh prfmuht e``m. @vè Kokzfe.hfo ls hfe-slm`rlea k ofv` letf tb` okj`r wfrcm kem `xp`rloètlea

wltb 8M prletlea. Kem, fg hfurs`, clabt lemustrlkc spkh`sle pckh`s clj` Lemustry Hlty kem ̂ l`r 1>, le Xke Grkehlshf,kr` kttkhblea r`tklc spkh` kem hr`ktlea pfpuckr sbfppleam`stlektlfes, tbus, hr`ktlea k elhb` gfr leefvktlv` m`v`c-fp`rs wbf r`hfaelz` bfw tb`s` olx`m-us` spkh`s hkekhtlvkt` e`labdfrbffms.

Gfr Lemustry Hlty, tb` afkc ls gfr ;= p`rhèt fg tb`spkh` tf d` r`tklc (7= p`rhèt leefvktlfe `hfefoykem ;4 p`rhèt khkmòlh.) Le ;2 ofetbs, LemustryHlty wèt grfo 4,=>> p`fpc` wfrjlea tb`r` tf =,>>>.]`y tffj m`hr`plt, uem`rutlclz`m spkh` le Xues`t ^krj

kem –ture`m lt letf k blab òpcfyoèt us` spkh`.Lt hr`kt`s fppfrtueltl`s gfr okj`rs suhb ks Kc`xkemrk G`r-ausfe tf okeugkhtur` kem s`cc le k r`tklc spkh` le tb` sko`

dulcmlea,‟ skys Jlodkcc.

Drffjcye lse“t tb` fecy pckh` wb`r` tbls ls bkppèlea.–Lt“s bkppèlea ektlfewlm`,‟ skys Jlodkcc. –\fu“v` prfd-kdcy b`krm kdfut M`trflt, dut lt“s bkppèlea khrfss tb`hfuetry, I`rs`y Hlty, kem Xke Grkehlshf. Gfr`st Hlty lsm`v`cfplea ^l`r 1> le Xke Grkehlshf kem pckes tf dulcm;>>,>>> squkr` g``t le k e`w lemustrlkc us` dulcmlea ks kpkrt fg k ckra` wkt`rgrfet m`v`cfpoèt pcke. ]` prfpfs`mpcke lehcum`s r`slmètlkc, fh`, r`tklc, pkrjs kem lemustrlkc

us`s. ]` pcke kcsf lehcum`s r`bkdlcltktlfe fg Hlvlc Qkr ̀ rkdulcmleas tbkt wlcc kcsf d` ture`m letf sokcc-shkc` prfmuh-tlfe us`s. ]` e`w okeugkhturlea/prfmuhtlfe dulcmlea

wlcc d` ofm`c`m f fg ke `xlstlea dulcmlea le tb` e`lab-dfrbffm hkcc`m tb` Ko`rlhke Lemustrlkc Hèt`r.

Bfw`v`r, skys ^rùss, –Ofst fg tb` `xkopc`s fut tb`r`rlabt efw kr` fg ekturkccy fhhurrlea spkh`s gfr sokccokeugkhtur`rs, clj` le Hlehleektl.‟ Hlehleektl Okm`,k efeprft `frt tf prfoft`, hfee`ht, kem shkc` tb`

sokcc dkthb okeugkhturlea hfoouelty bks d`è sup-pfrtlea tb` ofvòèt. –]`y bkv` k fflffr fg ke fcmlemustrlkc dulcmlea wb`r` ;> dusle`ss`s sbkr` wltb tffcs.

E`xt mffr, tb`r` ls k dr`w`ry tbkt fpè`m up twf y`krskaf. ]`y dfuabt tb` bua` dulcmlea grfo lts fwe`r, kemtb`y bkv` sleh` dfuabt tb` e`labdfrlea dulcmlea, ks w`cc.

]` kr`k ls hkcc`m tb` Dr`w`ry Mlstrlht. ]`y bkv` k e`lab-dfrbffm frakelzktlfe tbkt ls trylea tf hr`kt` k strktàygfr kcc fg tbls, dut tb`r` ls ef r`slmètlkc le tbkt kr`k y`t.‟

Hfoouelty Lopkht

^`rbkps tb` ofst lopfrtket tbleas tf hfo` fut fg tbòkj`r ofvòèt ls tb` r`vltkclzktlfe fg mfwetfwe lemus-trlkc kr`ks kem dulcmleas kem upmkt`m pfclhl`s khrfss tbèktlfe. XGOkm`, k efeprft hfrpfrktlfe b`kmqukrt`r`mle Xke Grkehlshf, wblhb gfhus`s fe dulcmlea Xke Grkehls-hf“s ̀ hfefolh dks` dy m`v`cfplea tb` cfhkc okeugkhturlea

s`htfr, r`hfaelz`m tbkt pftètlkc loo`mlkt`cy. Le 4>;=, tb`cfhkc Xke Grkehlshf pckeelea hfoolsslfe kem dfkrm fgsup`rvlsfrs kpprfv`m càlscktlfe tf hr`kt` k e`w zfeleasfcutlfe tbkt kccfws gfr hrfss-sudslmlzktlfe fg e`w lemus-trlkc spkh` vlk tb` m`v`cfpoèt fg hf-cfhkt`m fh` spkh`

fe pr`vlfuscy uem`rutlclz`m lemustrlkccy zfe`m pkrh`cs. ]`plcft prfi`ht, kvklckdc` gfr ;2 m`slaekt`m pkrh`cs, skys Ike`tC``s, sèlfr mlr`htfr fg XGOkm`, –kccfws gfr tb` hfestruh-tlfe fg twf-tblrms fh` spkh` kem fe`-tblrm okeugkhturlea

tf fs`t tb` blab-rèt fh` spkh` hurrètcy f`r`m.‟

]b` Cfsketlvlcc` M`slae Hfcc`htlv` spkh`, fut fg wblhb tb` Glrst Dkthb

prfarko wfrjs, le Hlehleektl, Fblf.


27/68XPOO@T 4>;0

C``s skys tb`r` ls k –r k̀ccy bft e`labdfrbffm hkcc`m tb`

Mfa ̂ kthb, wblhb bfus`s tb` ckra`st lemustrlkc okeugkh-turlea spkh` le tb` hlty, grfo hbfhfckt` tf kppkr`c tf clabt

lemustrlkc prfmuhts. ^krt fg tbls dulcmlea ls r`tklc, wblhbls v`ry kpp`kclea tf tèkets kem tb` e`labdfrbffms,‟ sb`

kmms. –^`fpc` s`` okeugkhturlea ml`rètcy efw. ]ls ls

tb` e`w dr``m fg okeugkhturlea, sokcc dusle`ss`s wltbke kv`rka` fg ele` òpcfy``s p`r dusle`ss,‟ skys C``s.

Le kmmltlfe, lt“s kmmlea ifds tf tb` cfhkc hfoouelty.

–]`s` okj`r hfopkel`s wket tf blr` grfo tb` cfhkc

hfoouelty,‟ skys C``s. –]`s` kr` ètry c`v`c ifds tbktfgtè pky ofr` tbke tbfs` le bfspltkclty fr r`tklc kem f`r

pktbwkys tf w`cc-pklm ifds wltb k gutur`.‟

Jlodkcc kar``s, –^krt fg tb` hks` w`“r` okjlea tf tb`

hfoouelty kem hlty ls tbkt tb`s` kr` tb` jlems fg affm-pkylea ifds tbkt ofv` p`fpc` up tb` `hfefolh ckmm`r.‟Lemustry Hlty ls t`stlea k prfarko tf pkrte`r wltb

efeprft frakelzktlfes gfr ifd pckhòèt kem pr`shr`è-

lea. –Lt“s d`è suhh`ssguc,‟ skys G`rausfe, wbf us`m tb`

s`rvlh` tf em e`w òpcfy``s.

–Le Hlehleektl, w` bkv` e`labdfrbffm m`v`cfpoèt

arfups r`khblea fut tf drlea tb` okj`r dusle`ss`s tf

tb`lr e`labdfrbffms,‟ skys Oktt Ketbfey, mlr`htfr fg

Hlehleektl Okm` kem prfarko mlr`htfr fg Glrst Dkthb,k cfhkc okeugkhturlea dusle`ss khh`c`rktfr. –Xfo` bkv``vè m`v`cfp`m k okpplea r`sfurh` tbkt aktb`rs kcc clabt

lemustrlkc prfp`rtl`s gfr skc` le k e`labdfrbffm le frm`rtf okj` ofr` hfee`htlfes d`tw`è sokcc okj`rs kempftètlkc okeugkhturlea spkh`.‟

^rùss kar``s, –]`r`“s ke fppfrtuelty tf put tb`s` okj`rlemustrl`s le e`labdfrbffms kem okj` tb` koèltl`skttrkhtlv` dy f`rlea g`stlvkcs kem hr`ktlea ke khtlv`str``t clg`.‟

Ofr` tbke tbkt, skys ^rùss, –lt hr`kt`s k vldrket, r`slc-lèt hfoouelty. Lg fe` dla òpcfy`r c`kv`s, tb` r`suctls hktkstrfpblh. Dut, lg yfu bkv` 4>> dusle`ss`s fg v`òpcfy``s k pl`h` kem fe` af`s fut fg dusle`ss, tb` r`suct

lse“t ks m`vkstktlea,‟ sb` skys. –Lt dulcms `hfefolhkccyr`slclèt hfooueltl`s.‟

]` –duy cfhkc‟ ofvòèt bks d`hfo` lehr`ksleacy pfpu-ckr fv`r tb` y`krs. Gfr G`rausfe, –Lt“s okjlea okeugkhturleahffc kakle. \fu“v` aft dla, hfcfrguc, fpè spkh`s wb`r` wòkj` stu, s`cc prfmuhts kem hffc tbleas bkppè, hbkea-lea p`fpc`“s p`rh`ptlfes fg wbkt okeugkhturlea ls. Lt“s ke`xhltlea ofvòèt.‟

]rkh`y H. W c̀t ls ke Frckemf-dks`m gr` c̀keh` wrlt`r.

Okj`r hfopkel`s hr`kt` vldrket, r`slclèt hfooueltl`s.

Lemustrlkc spkh`s krfuem Hlehleektl prfvlm` ar`kt spkh` gfr hr`ktlv` olx`m-us` okeugkhturlea slt`s.



Dy Drlke @. Hckrj

Gfr tb` rst twf y`krs kgt`r Xkrkb Tklewkt`r krrlv`m

le ̂ rfvlmèh`, T.L., sb` wfrj`m ròft`cy grfo b`r

bfo` gfr k m`slae ro le Cfs Kea`c`s. Dut sb`

olss`m tb` hfccàlkclty fg b`r gfro`r fh` kem

dàke cffjlea gfr kct`rektlv`s tf tflclea grfo b`r

bfus` wb`r`, sb` sklm, tb`r` kcwkys s`ò`m k plc`

fg hcftb`s tf gfcm fr sfo` ftb`r mfo`stlh tksj tf mlstrkht b`r.

Xb` gfuem tb` kesw`r tf b`r qu`st kt tb` M`slae Fh`, k

8,>>>-squkr`-gfft hf-wfrjlea spkh` wb`r` sb` rst slae`m

up ks k pkrt-tlo` oòd`r, pckeelea tf hfo` le iust twf

mkys k w``j.

–Dut kgt`r tb` rst w``j, L m`hlm`m L“m d`hfo` k gucc-tlo`

oòd`r d`hkus` lt wks sf ouhb d`tt`r tbke wfrjlea grfobfo`,‟ sklm Tklewkt`r, k arkpblh m`slae`r.

Xb`“s gkr grfo kcfe`. ]fuskems fg ftb`r gr``ckeh`rs fg kcc

strlp`s ” ks w`cc ks ̀ etr`prèùrs kem ròft` wfrj`rs wbf

olabt d` gucc-tlo` ̀ opcfy``s sfo`wb`r` ftb`r tbke tb` hlt-

l`s wb`r` tb`y clv` ” bkv` slae`m up kt sbkr`m wfrjspkh`s

]b` trèm bks spr`km krfuem tb` hfuetry gfr hf-wfrjlea spkh`s.

H F -QF T J L E A X ^KH @ X

o`` hkeale e``m

^bftf dy Kc`x Kbfo

^bftfs hfurt`sy fg M`slae Fgh`


29/68

wb`r` tb`y fgtè hfcckdfrkt` wltb ftb`rs, pkrtlhlpkt` le

sòlekrs kem èify tb` buoke hfetkht tb`y olabt bkv`

olss`m wfrjlea kt tb`lr jlthbè tkdc`s.

]` trèm dàke fe tb` hfksts kdfut k m`hkm` kaf, sklm

Kccè Mle`s, k gfro`r Pelv`rslty fg QlshfesleOkmlsfe

fhlkc kem stkrtup hfkhb wbf bks hr`kt`m s`v`rkc fg bls

fwe clg`-shlèh` hfopkel`s. B` sklm tb` trèm bks sleh`spr`km krfuem tb` hfuetry wltb buemr`ms fg hf-wfrjlea

spkh`s d`lea hr`kt`m le tb` pkst g`w y`krs.

Mle`s, wbf oètfrs wfucm-d` ̀ etr`prèùrs, sklm sbkr`m

wfrjspkh`s cc k e``m le k hbkealea `hfefoy. B` sfo`-

tlo`s r`hfooèms tbkt p`fpc` hb`hj fut tbls e`w dr``m

fg fh` –tf a`t tbò pcuaa`m letf k hfoouelty wb`r`

p`rbkps tb`y hke hfcckdfrkt` kem wfrj tfa`tb`r. ]`s`

spkh`s lehr`ks` tb` hbkeh`s gfr tbkt jlem fg sye`ray. ]`y

hke kcsf dè`t grfo tb` e`twfrjlea tbkt af`s fe fr tb`

sòlekrs tbkt olabt d` f`r`m. Tfcclea fut fg d`m kem wfrjlea kt tb` jlthbè tkdc` hke d` elh` ” kem L loka-

le` p`fpc` wbf us` hf-wfrjlea spkh`s stlcc mf tbkt ” dut

d`lea le ke fh` wltb ftb`rs wbf yfu olabt d` kdc` tf

sbkr` lm`ks wltb ls ar`kt, tff.‟

Tklewkt`r, wbf bks m`slae`m prfmuhts gfr tb` upshkc`

Qlcclkos Xfefok kem Q`st @co stfr̀ s, sklm wbè sb` ls

wfrjlea fe k w`dslt` prfi`ht, sb`“cc sfo`tlo s̀ hfcckdfrkt`

wltb k m`v`cfp̀ r kem prfarkoo`r kt tb` M`slae Fh`.

–L kcsf em L“o ofr` prfmuhtlv` wbè L a`t fut fg tb`

bfus`,‟ sb` sklm. –Lt b`cps o` d`hkus` L a`t le k ml`rèt

olems`t. Xfo`tlo`s L wlsb lt w`r` qul`t`r kt tb` M`slae

Fh`, sf tbè L“cc iust put fe oy b`kmpbfe`s tf dcfhj

fut tb` efls` kem laefr` `v`ryfe`. Dut fv`rkcc, tb` ̀ xp`-

rlèh` fg bkvlea tb` è`ray fg ftb`r hr`ktlv`, suppfrtlv`

p`fpc` krfuem bks d`è k dla dè`t.‟

Tklewkt`r sklm plhjlea tb` rlabt hf-wfrjlea spkh` hke d`

lopfrtket. Xfo` olabt dè`t grfo d`lea le k mlv`rs`

fh` wb`r` tb`y“r` eft hfop`tlea wltb m`sjokt`s kem

hke a`t gr`sb fplelfes grfo futslm` tb`lr `cm. Gfr ftb-

`rs, tb` fppfslt` ls tru`.

–Lt kcc m`pèms fe yfur wkets kem e``ms,‟ sb` sklm.

]` M`slae Fh` ls tb` drklehblcm fg Ifbe Hks`rtk,

wbf wks t`khblea pkrt-tlo` kt tb` Tbfm` Lsckem Xhbffc

fg M`slae (TLXM) le 4>>1. B` bkm k sfcf arkpblh

m`slae dusle`ss, dut wks sudhfetrkhtlea sfo` fg tb`

wfrj fhhkslfekccy.

–L wks cffjlea gfr k pckh` tf rue oy m`slae prkhtlh`, dut

lt mlme“t okj` sès` tf bkv` oy fwe, fe`-p`rsfe fh`,‟

b` sklm. –L wket`m tf fpè up k spkh` wb`r` ftb`r p`f-

pc` wbf bkm slolckr lm`ks hfucm ifle tfa`tb`r. Dut tb`r`

wkse“t keytblea clj` tbkt, tbkt L je`w fg, sf L stkrt`m fe`.

^rfvlmèh` ls k gklrcy sokcc hlty (pfpucktlfe ;2>,>>>), dut

tb`r` kr` k cft fg hr`ktlv` gfcjs b`r`.‟

B` fpè`m k 1>>-squkr`-gfft fh` wltb èfuab rffo

gfr gfur p`fpc`. Le 4>;4, b` ofv`m tf k ckra`r spkh`.

Oòd`rs efw tftkc krfuem 4>.

]b` `xp`rlèh` fg bkvlea ftb`r

hr`ktlv`, suppfrtlv` p`fpc`

krfuem ls k dla dè`t.

Hfurt`sy fg M`slae Fgh`

Hfurt`sy fg Q`Qfrj



–]` euod`r af`s up kem mfwe, m`pèmlea fe wbf“s

krfuem kem e``ms spkh`,‟ b` sklm. –Q` s`rv` tb` hr`-

ktlv` s`htfr, sf arkpblh m`slae`rs fr lemustrlkc m`slae`rs

wfucm d` tb` slopc` t`ro tf m`shrld` us, gfcjs wbf kr`

ofr` m`sj-frlèt`m kem wbfs` wfrj hke d` mfe` fe kOkh. Q` bkv` sfo` r`kccy ar`kt spkh`s wltb k prfmuhtlfe

tkdc`, k prfi`htlfe wkcc kem k cldrkry. Q` bkv` k hfupc` fg

pbftfarkpb`rs efw kem s`v`rkc hfoput`r prfarkoo`rs

wbf t r`kccy w`cc d`hkus` tb`y hfopcòèt m`slae`rs,

o`kelea w` prfdkdcy bkv` k hfr` fg slx tf `labt arkpblh

m`slae`rs kem tbè slx prfarkoo`rs kem twf fr tbr``

gfcjs letf lemustrlkc m`slae.‟

f a`t letf tb` M`slae Fh`, p`fpc` oust kppcy kem d`

let`rvl`w`m. Gfr tb` ofst pkrt, Hks`rtk sklm b`“s cffjlea

gfr cfea-t`ro oòd`rs wbf –kr` m``p letf tb`lr wfrj

kem hke sustkle tbòs`cv`s ekehlkccy wltb k ofm`c tbkt

ls s`rvlh`-frlèt`m. Dut w` mfe“t shkc` w`cc kem w` mfe“t

wket tbr``- fr gfur-p`rsfe hfopkel`s d`hkus` tb`y tèm

tf tkj` fv`r tb` è`ray fg tb` spkh`.‟

K gucc-tlo` oòd`rsblp hfsts $820 k ofetb, wblc` pkrt-

tlo` rues $;00. Hurrètcy, twf-tblrms fg tb` oòd`rskr` pkrt-tlo` kem tb`y hke –squkt‟ kt uefhhupl`m tkdc`s

gfr up tf 4> bfurs k w``j. Gucc-tlo`rs bkv` tb`lr fwe

m`sjs, hke us` sfpblstlhkt`m prlet`rs kem stfr` okt`rlkcs.

B` sklm hfcckdfrktlfe bkppès gr`quètcy kt tb` M`slae

Fh`, wltb ofr` sèlfr oòd`rs sfo`tlo`s b`cplea

iuelfr oòd`rs wltb prfi`hts.

–Lt bkppès le surprlslea wkys,‟ sklm Hks`rtk, wbf ls efw

ke ksslstket prfg`ssfr kem b`km fg tb` arkpblh m`slae

m`pkrtoèt kt TLXM. M`slae Fh` kcsf f`rs ofetbcy

`vèts gfr oòd`rs, drleas le sp`kj`rs kem `vè bfstsk Hbrlstoks pkrty.

–L mlm k ekpjle sj`thb kgt`r wfrj wltb sfo`fe` wbf wks

tb`r` k wblc` dkhj,‟ Hks`rtk sklm. –B` stkrt`m wfrjlea

fe tb` dkhj èm kem tb` prfarkoolea ckeauka` d`blem

lt, tb` s`rv`r slm` kppclhktlfe kem tbè sbfw`m lt tf o`

twf w``js ckt`r. L bkm ef lm`k b` wks wfrjlea fe lt,

dut kgt`r L skw wbkt b`“m mfe`, L stkrt`m wfrjlea fe oy

slm` kem w` `ssètlkccy okm` k hfopc`t` w`dslt` wltb k

Hfcckdfrktlfe bkppès gr`quètcy kt tb` M`slae Fgh`.

^bftf dy Kc`x Kbfo

Hfurt`sy fg Q`Qfrj


31/68XPOO@T 4>;0

s`hur` hr`mlt hkrm systò kem tb` wbfc` dlt le twf fr tbr``

ofetbs iust d`hkus` w` bkm k slolckr let`r`st. Q` sbkr`m

ke loprfoptu lm`k. ]`r` kr` k cft fg ̀ xkopc`s fg tbleas

clj` tbkt ” arfuem up lm`ks. Lt ls lehr`mldc` tbkt wky.‟

Hks`rtk sklm b` hfeslm`rs M`slae Fh` tf d` –k pl`h` fg

tb` puzzc` tbkt hke b`cp tb` hr`ktlv` s`htfr. Lt“s ke let`r`st-lea spkh` wb`r` yfu hke iuop le lg yfu kr` e`w tf tfwe

fr lg yfur hkr``r ls tkjlea k ml`rèt mlr`htlfe.‟

Le Okmlsfe, Qls., hf-gfuem`r Olhbk`c Gèhb`c stkrt`m

tb` ;>>Xtkt` sbkr`m wfrjspkh` wltb Eljfckl Xjl`vksjl

le ” fg kcc pckh`s ” ke fcm hkdffs` kt k gfro`r rklcrfkm

m`pft fe Q`st Qksbleatfe Kvèu`. Lt“s fe` fg gfur hf-

wfrjlea spkh`s le Okmlsfe, k uelv`rslty hlty fg rfuabcy

40>,>>>. ;>>Xtkt` dàke frakelhkccy, Gèhb`c sklm, wbè

tb` hkdffs` dàke tf cc up wltb ftb`r ètr`prèùrs

kem hr`ktlv` gfcjs.

–Q` w`r` uslea tbkt fh`, wfrjlea fe prfi`hts, sbkrlea

lm`ks kem mflea hlvlh stu tf b`cp tb` hlty fg Okmlsfe,‟

b` sklm. –Q` dulct up k clttc` dlt fg ofoètuo, aft wrlt-

tè up dy tb` cfhkc pr`ss kem bkm ofr` kem ofr` p`fpc`

wbf wket`m tf ifle. Q` futar`w tb` hkdffs`.‟

Fe` tblea c`m tf keftb`r kem Gèhb`c kem bls hf-wfrj-

`rs w`r` levlt`m tf sbkr` k dlaa`r fh` kt ;>> Xtkt` Xt.,

grfo wblhb tb` frakelzktlfe tffj lts eko`. Ks tb` oò-

d`rsblp hfetleu`m tf arfw, lt ofv`m ckst X`ptòd`r tf

e`w fh`s fe tb` e`krdy Hkpltfc Xqukr`. Lt efw bks

e`krcy 4>> oòd`rs.

–Fur pblcfsfpby ls tbkt hfcckdfrktlfe ls k pfsltlv` g`ktur`

fg wfrj,‟ b` sklm. –Q` wket p`fpc` wbf kr` `xhlt`m kdfut

wfrjlea le ke èvlrfeoèt wb`r` gr̀ `ckeh`rs fr stkrtups

hke pkrte`r wltb p`fpc` wbf kr` wlcclea tf hfetrldut`

kmvlh` kem `xp`rtls` tf ftb`rs. Q` let`rvl`w `v`ryfe`

d`gfr` tb`y ifle tf okj` sur` tb`y kr` trustwfrtby kem

hfooltt`m. Kgt`r tbkt, lt ls k hucturkc tblea.‟

Gèhb`c sklm kdfut bkcg tb` ;>>Xtkt` oòd`rs kr` wfrj-

lea fe L prfi`hts, wltb tb` ròklem`r spr`km krfuem

ftb`r `cms, lehcumlea b`kctbhkr`, ckw, kem p`rgfroleakem e` krts. Ftb`rs kr` slopcy ròft` òpcfy``s wbf

tlr`m fg wfrjlea grfo m`sjs fr jlthbè tkdc`s kt bfo`.

–Q` bkv` k elh` olx, wltb fe`-tblrm ̀ etr`prèùrs wfrj-

lea fe stkrtups, fe`-tblrm gr``ckeh`rs fr ‒sfcfprèùrs,“

ks w` hkcc tbò, kem fe`-tblrm prfg`sslfekcs,‟ b` sklm.

–Xf w` bkv` mfhtfrs, ckwy`rs, t`khb`rs, arkm stumèts kem

r`tlr``s wfrjlea fe tb`lr fwe prfi`hts. Kcc tbfs` arfups

hfo` tfa`tb`r tf sbkr` tb`lr lm`ks kem spkh`. Q` kcsf

Fur pblcfsfpby ls tbkt hfcckdfrktlfe

ls k pfsltlv` g`ktur` fg wfrj.

bkv` k bua` gfhus fe uehfv`rlea kem trylea tf sfcv` cfhkc

prfdcòs, wblhb L tblej okj`s us uelqu`.

–Le kmmltlfe, w` bkv` ke krtlst-le-r`slmèh` prfarko wb`r`

w` prfvlm` gr`` oòd`rsblp gfr v` cfhkc krtlsts. Keftb`r

arfup wks gfro`m tf prfvlm` k wky gfr kr`k hfopkel`s tf

bkv` cfhkc krt fe tb`lr wkccs, jlem fg k rftktlea akcc`ry.‟^krt-tlo` oòd`rsblp prlh`s kt ;>>Xtkt` stkrt kt $0>

k ofetb. ]` e`xt c`v`c ls $10 ofetbcy gfr 4=/1 khh`ss

kem tb`r` ls k $;2> fptlfe gfr tbfs` wbf wket k m`mlhkt`m

wfrjspkh`. ]`r` kr` kcsf ele` s`pkrkt` fh`s gfr sokcc

dusle`ss`s tbkt hfst d`tw`è $8>> kem $7>> k ofetb.

]` tftkc wfrjspkh` hfv`rs 7,0>> g``t.

(Dfttfo c`gt) ;>>Xtkt` oòd`rs Ifektbke Clodlrm kem Ifbe Bko`c wfrj wltb

;>>Xtkt`-hfgfuem`r Olhbk`c Gèhb`c (grfet, rlabt).

(Dfttfo rlabt) ]b` cfddy fg ;>>Xtkt` le Okmlsfe, Qls.

^bftf dy Drlke Hckrj ^bftf dy Drlke Hckrj

^bftf dy Kc`x Kbfo



–Q` bfst k tfe fg hfoouelty leltlktlv`s, lehcumlea hfe-

g`rèh`s, tff,‟ b` sklm. –OkmHlty Dkzkkr, ke urdke pfp-up

ffl`k okrj`t, fp`rkt`s fut fg b`r` kem k ouslh arfup, tff.

Q` s`` k cft fg fppfrtueltl`s tf b`cp okj` Okmlsfe

k d`tt`r pckh`.‟

Fut fe tb` Q`st Hfkst, gfro`r Xketk Hruz `hfefolhm`v`cfpoèt okeka`r I`ròy Eùe`r aft tfa`tb`r wltb

tbè okyfr Tyke Hffe`rty kem ckwy`r Hkc`d Dksjle le

Iue` fg 4>>2 tf ckuehb E`xtXpkh`.

Eùe`r, kutbfr fg tb` –Ekj`m @hfefoy‟ kem k gfro`r

Ekvy b`clhfpt`r plcft, sklm tb` trlf skw tb` sbkr`m wfrj-

spkh` hfeh`pt ks k –wky tf drlea tfa`tb`r tkcèt, lm`ks kem

hkpltkc. Leltlkccy, w` vl`w`m tbls ks k wky tf iuop-stkrt tb`

cfhkc `hfefoy. D`gfr` cfea, w` r`kclz`m tbkt w` w`r` fe

tf sfo`tblea dlaa`r, k r`vfcutlfe le tb` ektur` fg wfrj.‟

Le 4>>7 kem 4>>1, wbè tb` stkt`“s `hfefoy wks le tb`

tkej, tb` trlf wks tblejlea kdfut bfw tf hr`kt` ̀ hfefolh

vltkclty kem ifds le Xketk Hruz, k surea tfwe kdfut 10

olc`s sfutb fg Xke Grkehlshf.

–Q` mlme“t bkv` tfes fg ofe`y, lehètlv`s fr tkx dr`kjs

tf kttrkht e`w dusle`ss`s, sf w` w`r` r`kccy grustrkt`m,‟

b` sklm. –Kdfut tb` sko` tlo`, w` r`kclz`m tbkt tb`r`

w`r` cfts fg p`fpc` le tfwe wbf kr` gr``ckeh`rs kem

hfesuctkets, ètr`prèùrs, sp`hlkclsts gfr blr` kem t`c`-

hfoout`rs. T`kccy tkcèt`m kem kokzlea gfcjs, dut v`rymlspkrkt`, wfrjlea fut fg tb`lr bfus`s, hf`` sbfps fr

clttc`, 4>>-squkr`-gfft fh`s. Q` skw tbò ks tb` rkw

okt`rlkc, sf tf sp`kj, tbkt w` hfucm us` tf r`kccy dulcm

k vldrket `hfefoy.

–Xf rktb`r tbke trylea tf r`hrult, kttrkht kem r`tkle fe`

4>>-p`rsfe hfopkey, w` tbfuabt ‒c`t“s drlea tfa`tb`r

4>> fe`-p`rsfe hfopkel`s.“ Q` aur`m lg `khb fe` fg

tbfs` sleac`-p`rsfe ros hfucm d`hfo` k twf-p`rsfe

hfopkey, tbkt wfucm d` fe` fg tb` dlaa`st ifd hr`ktlfe

`vèts le tb` blstfry fg Xketk Hruz. ]kt wks tb` lop`-

tus gfr E`xtXpkh`, tb` lm`k tbkt w` hfucm r`kccy dulcm ke

`hfefoy dks`m eft fe ifds kem hfopkel`s p`r s`, dut

dks`m fe p`fpc`.‟

]b` hfeh`pt d`blem E`xtXpkh` ls tf dulcm ke `hfefoy

dks`m eft fe ifds kem hfopkel`s, dut dks`m fe p`fpc`.

^bftfs hfurt`sy fg E`xtXpkh`


33/68XPOO@T 4>;0

Eùe`r, wbf bks k arkmukt` màr`` grfo tb` Jè-

e`my Xhbffc fg Dusle`ss kt Bkrvkrm, qult bls ifd tf

rue E`xtXpkh`. Lt bks arfwe grfo tb` ;;,>>>-squkr`-

gfft –oftb`r sblp‟ le Xketk Hruz sleh` lts stkrt, kmmleaele` ofr` sbkr`m-wfrj spkh`s, lehcumlea tbr`` le Xke

Grkehlshf, fe` le D`rj`c`y, fe` le Xke Ifs`, twf le Cfs

Kea`c`s kem fe` le Hblhkaf.

B` sklm tb` oòd`rsblp ls purpfs`guccy drfkm. Ofetbcy

rkt`s rkea` grfo $8>> gfr rst-hfo`, rst-s`rv`m –hkgì

oòd`rsblps‟ gfr efokms tf us` uefhhupl`m m`sjs tf

$8,>>> k ofetb gfr k sult` gfr k sokcc hfopkey.

–Q` mfe“t mlshrlolekt` dks`m fe lemustry fr wb`r` yfu

kr` le yfur hfopkey“s clg` hyhc`,‟ b` sklm. –Q` wket

`v`rydfmy. Q` wket t`hb p`fpc`. Q` wket hr`ktlv`

p`fpc`, khhfuetkets, kttfre`ys kem okrj`tlea p`fpc`.

]` drfkm`r kem m``p`r tb` tkcèt pffc ls, tb` d`tt`r

hbkeh` yfu bkv` tf duop letf p`fpc` wbf bkv` sjlccs,

lm`ks kem hfee`htlfes tbkt yfu e``m. Qbkt w` sky ls w`

krè“t rètlea yfu spkh`, w` kr` s`cclea yfu oòd`rsblp

le k hfoouelty.‟

Eùe`r sklm b` bfp`s tf `xpkem E`xtXpkh` tf sokcc`r

hltl`s krfuem tb` hfuetry. B` sklm b`“s s``jlea fut

hfooueltl`s clj` Xketk Hruz tbkt bkv` ke kttrkhtlv` clg`-

styc`, strfea hfccà`s fr uelv`rsltl`s kem k cft fg sokrt,

let`r`stlea p`fpc`.–@vè tbfuab w` kr` le sfo` dla hltl`s, w` bkv` k ofm`c

tbkt wfrjs w`cc le sokcc`r hfooueltl`s, ̀ sp`hlkccy tbfs`

tbkt kr` cffjlea tf r`laelt` tb`lr cfhkc `hfefol`s,‟ b`

sklm. –Q` pcke tf a`t dkhj tf fur rffts kem us` E`xtXpkh`

ks ke `hfefolh m`v`cfpoèt hktkcyst.

–Le k cft fg wkys, fur hfuetry bks ofv`m d`yfem cfea-

t`ro òpcfyoèt. Efw k cft fg wfrj ls strlpp`m dkr`

tf tb` `ssèh` fg yfu kppcylea yfur sjlccs kem tkcèts

le tb` okrj`tpckh`. ]` trèm ls tfwkrm ètr`prèùr-

lso, gr``ckehlea, lem`pèmèt hfesuctlea kem ofdlclty.

Qfrj ls ef cfea`r k pckh`, dut wbkt yfu mf. E`xtXpkh̀kem ftb`r hf-wfrjlea fh`s t w`cc letf tbkt ofm`c.‟

Drlke @. Hckrj ls k Qlshfesle-dks`m ifurekclst kem

k gfro`r stkgg wrlt`r fe tb` dusle`ss m`sj fg ]b`

Xke Mlàf Pelfe-]rldue`. B` ls k hfetrldutfr tf tb`

Cfs Kea`c`s ]lo`s, Hblhkaf Xue-]lo`s, Olcwku-

j`` Ifurekc Xètle`c, Mkccks Ofrelea E`ws kem

ftb`r pudclhktlfes.

Qfrj ls ef cfea`r k pckh`, dut wbkt yfu mf.

^bftfs hfurt`sy fg E`xtXpkh`

Hfurt`sy fg M`slae Fgh`



Qbè Auls`cc Fsfrlf loolarkt`m

tf Xke Grkehlshf grfo Hblc` sb`

mr`ko`m fg fpèlea b`r fwe

r`stkurket. Fsfrlf je`w bfw tf

hffj, dut –L mlme“t jefw keytblea

kdfut rueelea k r`stkurket.‟

Xf Fsfrlf d`hko` k oòd`r fg Ck Hfhlek, k jlthbè

lehudktfr le Xke Grkehlshf“s Olsslfe Mlstrlht. Le ele`

y`krs kt Ck Hfhlek, Fsfrlf m`v`cfp`m k suhh`ssguc

hkt`rlea dusle`ss kem okrj`t`m b`r kcgkifr`s, m`clhlfus

Hblc`ke hffjl`s, kt Qbfc` Gffms. K gffm w`dslt` r`vl`wfg Fsfrlf“s hffjl`s m`shrld`m kcgkifr`s ks –tb` stu tbkt

mr`kos kr` okm` fg ” dutt`ry, m`clhkt` kem hruodcy

sbfrtdr`km hffjl`s cc`m wltb k rlhb cky`r fg much` m`

c`hb` kem sprlejc`m wltb pfwm`r`m suakr.‟

K y`kr kaf, Fsfrlf wèt fut fe b̀ r fwe, fpèlea Xkd-

fr`s m`c Xur, k 74-s`kt r`stkurket le Qkceut Hr``j,

k Xke Grkehlshf sudurd. Xkdfr`s m`c Xur o`kes Gckvfrs

fg tb` Xfutb le Xpkelsb.

Dy Ifbe Wke Al`sfe

–Dkslhkccy L okj` kcc jlems fg Xfutb Ko`rlhke hulsle`,‟

Fsfrlf sklm. –L try tf mf wbkt tb`y mf kt bfo`, iust clj`

oy arkemoftb`r mlm. Efe` fg tbls guslfe stu gfr o`.‟

Fsfrlf sklm sb` bks hr`kt`m ifds gfr ;; wfrj`rs kt b`r

r`stkurket, hkt`rlea kem hffjl` dusle`ss`s.

–L“o k dusy alrc, y`s,‟ sb` ifj`m. –Lt“s d`è v`ry affm.‟

Ck Hfhlek wks k p`rg`ht t gfr Fsfrlf ks tb` Xke Grke-

hlshf lehudktfr gfhus`s fe s`rvlea wfoè, olefrlty kem

loolarket gffm ètr`prèùrs, alvlea tbò tb` sjlccs kem

jefwc`ma` tb`y e``m tf suhh``m le tb` gffm dusle`ss.

]` Xke Grkehlshf prfarko ls pkrt fg ke lehudktfr ofv`-

oèt dulct krfuem sbkr`m hfoo`rhlkc jlthbès wb`r`

ksplrlea gffm ètr`prèùrs c`kre bfw tf okj` lt le tb`

blab-rlsj, eftfrlfuscy hjc` gffm dusle`ss.

Le okey pckh`s, stkt` kem cfhkc ckws lopfs` r`strlhtlfes

tbkt okj` lt mlhuct tf lopfssldc` gfr gffm ètr`-

prèùrs tf af letf dusle`ss. ]kt“s wb`r` huclekry

lehudktfrs hfo` le.

Jlthbè lehudktfrs b`cp ètr`prèùrs

sbkrlea

tb` cfv`

fg gffm… kem tb` spkh` kem hfst

O`r`mltb ]foksfe fpè`m b`r dkj`ry, Tkr`sw``ts, kgt`r d àleelea b`r

dusle`ss le Pelfe Jlthbè le Qksbleatfe, M.H.


35/68

–]` e``m gfr k jlthbè lehudktfr stòs grfo tb`

gkht tbkt le okey pckh`s lt ls lccàkc tf rue k gffmdusle`ss fut fg k bfo` jlthbè,‟ skys tb` w`dslt`

lehudktfrjlthbè.hfo. –Le okey iurlsmlhtlfes gffm

prfmuhts oky fecy d` pr`pkr`m gfr wbfc`skc` fr r`tklc

le k hfoo`rhlkc jlthbè tbkt ls clhès`m dy tb` prfp`r

cfhkc fr stkt` ràucktfry kaèhl`s.‟

Mlv`rslty ls k bkccokrj fg tb` huclekry lehudktfr

ofvòèt. Xfo` prfarkos slopcy rèt spkh` tf tb`lr

oòd`rs, ftb`rs f`r t`khb`rs kem hckss`s, sfo` prf-

vlm` ksslstkeh` wltb okrj`tlea kem ekehlea kem sfo`

fp`rkt` r`tklc stfr`s wb`r` oòd`rs hke s`cc tb`lr prfm-

uhts. Okey lehudktfrs kr` gfr-prft dusle`ss`s: okeyftb`rs kr` eft-gfr-prfts. Xfo` mf eft t e`ktcy letf

`ltb`r hktàfry.

Le k 4>;8 r`pfrt, @hfesuct Xfcutlfes fg ^blckm`c-

pblk r`hfooèm`m tbkt lehudktfrs kmfpt k bfclstlh

kpprfkhb tf b`cplea gffm ̀ etr`prèùrs hr`kt` e`w dusl-

e`ss`s. ]` hfopkey bks hfesuct`m wltb k euod`r fg

lehudktfr prfarkos.

–Fe` fg tb` hfoofe hbkccèa`s ls tbkt ̀ etr`prèùrs kr`

pksslfekt` kdfut hffjlea, dut lcc-pr`pkr`m gfr dusle`ss,‟

tb` r`pfrt sklm. –Kmmltlfekccy, okey ètr`prèùrs ckhj

tb` ekehlkc r`sfurh`s tf lev`st le shkclea tb`lr dusl-

e`ss. Gfr tbls r`ksfe, lehudktfrs sbfucm lev`st b`kvl cy le

sokcc dusle`ss suppfrt s`rvlh`s, lehcumlea dusle`ss t`hb-

elhkc ksslstkeh`, b`cp wltb r`hlp` shkclea, hfst-skvleas

tbrfuab ducj purhbkslea fg lear`mlèts, ksslstkeh` wltb

mlstrldutlfe, kem ksslstkeh` wltb fdtklelea skc`s vèu`s.‟

summer 2015: economic competitiveness

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