summary of the doctoral thesis
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Summary of the Doctoral ThesisTRANSCRIPT
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SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS
COUNTERING TRANSBORDER ORGANIZED CRIME
Lecturer
Colonel Emil HEDEŞIU
Coordinator
Brigadier General, Professor, Ph. D.,
GHEORGHE TOMA
2005
2
THE CONTENTS OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS
Contents…………...……………………………………………………………….....2 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….5 Chapter 1. Conceptual delimitation. Moments of development……………...…...9
1.1. Definition of some concepts and syntagms……………………………….…………..….....9
1.2. Elements of a Historical Approach of Organized Crime Issue…………………….……...20
1.2.1 General characteristics………………………………..……………………………….....21
1.2.2 Europe…………………………………………………………..………………………...…24
1.2.3 Balkan Peninsula………………………………………..…………………………….…...24
1.2.4 Italian Mafia……………………………………………………………………………......28
1.2.5 USA…………………………………………………………………………………..….......36
1.2.6 South America……………………………………………………………………………...41
1.2.7 South-East Asia………………………………………………………………………….....41
1.2.8 Australia…………………………………………………………………….………………42
1.2.9 Present development and future prospects………………………..………………….….42
1.3. Transborder organized crime forms of manifestation………………………….………..…48
1.3.1 Drug trafficking……..………………………………………………….……...……….......49
1.3.2 Migration of population and the illegal traffic of persons……….………...………...53
1.3.3 Transborder cyber organized crime…………………………………..……...…...……...57
1.3.4 Money laundering…………………………………………………………..…………….....58
Chapter 2 Transborder Organized Crime Networks…………………………..63 2.1. Specific features of transborder organized crime network………………….……………....64
2.2. Examples of international networks…………………………………………….……...…...67
2.2.1 Italian Mafia……………………………………………………………………………........68
2.2.2 Mafia in U.S.A……………………………………………………………….……………....71
2.2.3 Colombian Cartels…………………………………………………...…………………..….71
2.2.4 Russian organized crime……………………………………………..………………..…...74
2.2.5 Chinese organized crime……………………………………………..…………………….79
2.2.6 Japanese Yakuza..………………………………………………………………………..….80
2.3. The stellar matrix diagram (SMD) of an organized crime network..…………………….....83
Chapter 3 The characteristics of globalization and its impact on the development
of transborder organized crime………………...……………………………….………………….94
3.1. Conceptual delimitations of the globalization process………………………..…..…………94
3.2.Globalization: definition, factors, fields of manifestation…………………..……………….97
3.2.1 Globalization: Definition and characteristics……………………………………………….97
3.2.2 Globalization: its factors and actors………………………….………………………….….103
3.2.3 Globalization: fields of manifestation and structure………………………………………127
3.3. Globalization and anti-globalization…………………………………………………….....140
3.4.The impact of the globalization’s acceleration on transborder
organized
crime………………………………………………………..……………………………..……150
3.4.1 Transborder organized crime and corruption………………………………..……......155
3.4.2 Transborder organized crime and drug trafficking ………………………………......158
3.4.3 Transborder organized crime and the illegal migration……………………..……....169
3.4.4 Transborder organized crime and money laundering………………………………...175
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3.4.5 Possible developments of organized crime……………………….………………….....180
3.5. Interferences of transborder organized crime in the context of globalization……………..180
3.5.1 Transborder organized crime and subterranean economy overlapping……….……...183
3.5.2 Transborder organized crime and international terrorism………………….……….….187
Chapter 4. The legal framework characteristics of the fight against organized crime……………………………………………………………………………….194
4.1. Aspects referring to the domestic legal framework in relation to transborder organized
crime combat…………...………………………………………………………….….…...197
4.1.1 The period between 1900-2000………………………………….…………………....….197
4.1.2 After 2000-2004……………………………………………………………………………197
4.2. Aspects referring to the international legal framework to combat transborder organized crime
combat…………...…………..…………….……………………………….…………...…205
4.2.1 UNO……………………………………………………………….……………....………...206
4.2.2 Other international structures……………………………………………………...…....209
Chapter 5 Co-operation in combating transborder organized crime…….….211 5.1. Aspects referring to domestic co-operation………..………………………..……………..213
5.2. Aspects referring to international co-operation…………..…………………..………...….215
5.3. Measures for co-operation…..……………………………………………..……………....217
5.4. Intelligence exchange in combating organized crime………………………..……………223
5.4.1 Considerations on intelligence in combating organized crime………………….......224
5.4.2 Considerations on how to make intelligence efficient in combating organized
crime…………………………………………..…………………………………………….228
Final conclusions……………………………………………………………..……236 Bibliography………………………………………………………………...……..241 Annexes………………………………………………………………………….…248 Annex 1 Mafia in Italy and USA – List of events……………………………...248 Annex 2 American Mafia’s bosses………………………………………………252 Annex 3 Opium in history……………………………………….……………….258 Annex 4 The Internet: organized crime………………………………………...265 Annex 5 Globalization: + α- ………………………………………………..……267 Annex 6 Transborder organized crime in globalized countries…………….....270 Annex 7 Legal documents used in combating organized crime,
issued in 2000….……………………………………………………..…274 Annex 8 International legal documents used in combating organized
crime………………………………………………………………….…277 Annex 9 Significant events in combating organized crime…………………….280 Annex 10 Security Intelligence – terms and definitions………….……………..286 Index………………………………………………….……………………………291
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Key words (For the Internet)
- antidrug;
- Camorra;
- cannabis;
- cocaine;
- cooperation;
- corruption;
- Cosa Nostra;
- crimes;
- doctoral
thesis;
- drug
trafficking;
- drugs;
- ecstasy;
- emigrant;
- Emil
Hedeşiu;
- Europol;
- Gheorghe
Toma;
- Globalizatio
n;
- glocalization
;
- Golden
Horn;
- Hedeşiu
Emil;
- heroin;
- human
trafficking;
- illegal
migration;
- Internet;
- Interpol;
- legal
framework;
- Mafia;
- money
laundering;
- National
Defence
University;
- national
defence;
- organized
crime
network;
- organized
crime;
- risk factor;
- smuggling;
- Stellar
Matrix Print;
- subterranean
economy;
- Toma
Gheorghe;
- trafficking
of people;
- transborder
organized
crime;
- transborder;
- transnational
;
- triad;
- Yakuza.
5
Introduction
The illegal activities of organized crime represent one of the main
global threats to democracy and fundamental human rights. Certain
circumstances, such as illegal markets, that provide services and goods
prohibited by law or moral conduct, breed organized crime and its clients
often become its victims. The restrictions of a certain historical age is
exploited by the organised crime networks to their advantage in order to get
maximum profit which, later, is to become legal property that confers
power, and especially respect, to any criminal who tries to acquire it either
legally or illegally. The recurrence of the legal cycle and the corruption used
as the main means of action lead to the consolidation of the criminal
organization and the increase of its social, economic and decision-making
power and influence.
The perpetuation of some flawed decision-making and economic
structures, the deepening differences among people, groups or
communities, the intensification of the conflicts, the social and ethnic
tensions can become some of the main causes of the resurgence, of violence
and transborder organized crime.
The transsborder organized crime is one of the residues of the
globalization process whose actions become more complex and dangerous
as, globalization accelerates. Drug trafficking, the illegal migration, money
laundering, crimes, frauds and corruptionare the main activities of
organized crime and they are recurrent and cyclical features. The
transborder organized crime overlapping with the international terrorism
will lead to the so-called global criminality.
More and more states are concerned with the transborder organized
crime combat. The measures taken are efficient if the main features of
organized crime are known and if the causes, which breed and stimulate this
situation until it becomes an international threat to the democratic state and
the fundamental human rights, are understood.
6
The present stage of knowledge
The first two chapters of this work present on one hand, the main
elements of a historical approach of the transborder organized crime and, on
the other hand, the main forms of this global threat to the democratic states.
In this part of the work, the main research on the transborder crime has in
view: to define and redefine some concepts and syntagms; moments in its
development; ways of manifestation (drug trafficking; population migration
and illegal human trafficking, cybercrime; money laundering), specific
characteristics of criminal networks.
Personal contributions
The research on transborder organized crime has enabled us to
elaborate and advance a personal definition of the transborder organized
crime, an original one, in accordance with the established aim, and, in the
end of Chapter 2 to put forward an original contribution to the development
of knowledge in this field, the Method of the Stellar matrix diagram (SMD)
for transborder organized crime, a scientific method which is already in use
in the specific field. Being directly involved in analysing and combating the
transborder organized crime, in the next three chapters, especially towards
the end of them, there have been put forward personal points of view
regarding the features, factors and actors of globalization; the international
environment in the context of globalization of anti-globalization; the impact
of the accelerating globalization process on transborder organized crime;
the overlap of transborder organized crime, subterranean economy and
international terrorism; the harmonization of the domestic legal framework
with the international one specific to countering organized crime; the
importance of co-operation and the ways of achieving it for the structures
involved in combating this situation; personal contribution regarding the
exchange of intelligence specific to transborder organized crime. For all
these there are suggested practical solutions in the ten annexes
accompanying this work.
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Final conclusions
The work is an analysis and a general assessment of the organized
crime and transborder organized crime in particular, in order to get some
elements regarding both the characteristcs of this threat to international life
and to a person’s fundamental rights and, at same time, the adjustment of the
present measures but also the stage the democratic states are passing
through – characterized by the ripening of their bilateral and multilateral
relations and the acceptance of a multilevel co-operation in the fight
against organized crime.
This work is based on the scientific knowledge of the military science,
the national and foreign intelligence and security strategies, the international
and foreign legal framework meant to combat transborder organized crime, as
well as the research work and studies issued by international bodies, as well as
other scientific works.
8
Bibliography
It comprises representative works and references to laws, works by Romanian
and foreign authors, works and studies issued by domestic or international research
institutions, articles and other materials, as well as infobibliography. Among them, the
following can be mentioned:
1. ***, Doctrina Naţională a Informaţiilor pentru Securitate, Bucureşti, 23.06.2004;
(The National Doctrine of Security Intelligence, Bucharest, 23.06.2004)
2. ***, Office on drugs and Crime din Viena / UNO, Global Illicit Drug trends
2003, New York, 2003;
3. ***, Organised Crime / United Nation Office for Drug Control and Crime
Prevention, 2002;
4. ***, Rezultatele unui studiu pilot asupra 40 de grupuri criminale selectate din 16 ţări, Oficiul pentru Droguri şi infracţiuni al ONU, SUA, 2002(The results of a
research on 40 countries, UNO office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention,
USA, 2002);
5. ***, Strategia de Securitate Naţională a României – Monitorul oficial al
României nr. 822, 2001(Romania’s National Security Startegy in „Monitorul
Oficial al României”, N 822, 2001);
6. Balsamo W., Carpozi G. Jr., Mafia S.A. – Istoria secretă a crimei organizate americane: povestea primilor 100 de ani ai Mafiei, Editura ALFA, Bucureşti,
2001(The secret history of the American organized crime: the story of Mafia’s first
100 years, in Editura„ALFA”, Bucharest, 2001);
7. Bauman Zigmunt, Globalizarea şi efectele ei sociale, Editura ANTET, Bucureşti,
2003(The globalization and its social effects, in Editura „ANTET”, Bucharest, 2001);
8. Bădălan Eugen, gl.lt.dr., Forţe şi tendinţe în mediul de securitate european,
Editura Academiei Forţelor Terestre, Sibiu, 2003 (Forces and trends in the European
security environment, in Editura „Academiei Forţelor Terestre”, Sibiu, 2003);
9. Bidu Ioan, conf. Univ. dr. ing., coordonator, Meridiane de securitate, Editura
„Academia Naţională de Informaţii” din cadrul serviciului Român de Informaţii,
Bucureşti, 2004 (Meridians of security, Editura „Academia Naţională de
Informaţii”, S.R.I., Bucharest, 2004);
10. David Aurel, Naţiunea. Între starea de securitate şi criza politico-militară,
Editura „LICORNA”, Bucureşti, 2000(The nation: between the state of security and
the political-military crisis, in Editura „LICORNA”, Bucharest, 2000);
11. Dinu Nicolae, dr., Economia subterană în România, Editura „Rom System”,
Bucureşti, 2002 (Romania’s subterranean economy, in Editura „Rom System”,
Bucharest, 2002);
9
12. Guillochon Bernard, Globalizarea, o singură planetă, proiecte divergente, mica
enciclopedie LAROUSSE, Editura „Enciclopedia RAO”, Bucureşti,
2003(Globalization, one planet, divergent projects, Le Petit Larousse, in Editura
„”Enciclopedia RAO”, Bucharest, 2003);
13. Gunde Richard, The Dark Side of Globalization: Trafficking & Transborder Crime to, through, and from Eastern Europe, A forum on trafficking of humans and human organs, USA, 2004;
14. Hedeşiu Emil, colonel lect. univ. drd., Puncte de vedere referitoare la caracteristicile părincipale ale crimei organizate transfrontaliere în contextul procesului de globalizare, publicată la Sesiunea internaţională de
comunicări ştiinţifice organizată de Inspectoratul General al Poliţiei de Frontieră,
cu tema Vectori ai ameninţărilor la adresa securităţii naţionale în noul context
geopolitic şi geostrategic, 2004 (Points of view reffering to the main characterics of
the transborder organized crime in the context of globalization, published in the
collection of papers presented at the International Seminar organized by S.P.P. on
„Vectors of the threats to national security in the new geopolitical and geostrategic
context”, Bucharest, 2004;
15. Hedeşiu Emil, colonel lect. univ. drd, Amprenta Matriceală Stelară a unei reţele a crimei organizate, comunicare publicată la Sesiunea de comunicări ştiinţifice
organizate de serviciul de protecţie şi Pază cu tema Vectori ai ameninţărilor la
adresa securităţii naţionale în noul context geopolitic şi geostrategic, 2004 (The
Stellar Matrix Diagram of an organized crime network, essay published in the
collection of papers of the International seminar organized by S.P.P., on „ Vectors
of the threats to national security in the new geopolitical and geostrategic context”,
Bucharest, 2004);
16.Hedeşiu Emil, lt. Colonel, Crima organizată transfrontalieră – risc non-militar şi neconvenţional complex la adresa securităţii naţionale a României şi a celei internaţionale, lucrare de absolvire a Colegiului Naţional de
Apărare, promoţia a IX-a, 2000 (Transborder organized crime – complex
nonmilitary and nonconventional risk to Romania’s national security and to
international security, graduation paper, Colegiul Naţional de Apărare, The IXth
series of graduation, 2000);
17. Liteanu Traian, Securitate şi Instituţii, Editura „Academiei Naţionale de
Informaţii”, Bucureşti, 2004 (Security and institutions, Editura „Academia
Naţională de Informaţii”, Bucharest, 2004);
18. Lungu Grigoraşi-Paul, drd., Cooperarea poliţienească internaţională în domeniul crimei organizate, sub coordonarea prof. Univ. dr. Ion Suceavă,
Academia de Poliţie „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Bucureşti, 2004 (The international
police cooperation on organized crime, paper drawn up under the assistance of
professor, Ph. D., Ion Suceavă, „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Police Academy, 2004);
10
19. Makarenko Tamara, Conexiunile între terorism şi criminalitate, „Jane’s
Intelligence Review”, Marea Britanie, 2004 (The connections between terrorism
and criminality, „Jane’s Intelligence”, Great Britain, 2004);
20. Marin Ionel, Comunitatea de informaţii – soluţia problemelor de securitate,
Editura „Academiei Naţionale de Informaţii”, Bucureşti, 2004 (în care subsemnatul
este citat) (The Intelligence Community – the solution to security problems, in
Editura „Academia Naţională de Informaţii”, Bucharest, 2002 – in which Hedeşiu
Emil is quoted);
21. Gabriel Naghi, dr., Toma Gheorghe, dr., Ora care a schimbat lumea. Asimetria începutului de secol, Editura „Presa Naţională”, Bucureşti, 2004 (The hour that
changed the world; the asymmetry of the beginning of the century, in „Presa
Naţională”, Bucharest, 2004);
22. Pezzino Paolo, Mafiile, Seria secolul XX, Editura „All”, Bucureşti 2003 (Mafias,
seria Secolul XX, in Editura „All”, Bucharest, 2003);
23. Suceavă Ion, dr. şi Coman Florian dr., Criminalitatea şi organizaţiile internaţionale, in Editura „ROMCARTEXIM”, Bucureşti, 1997 (Criminality and
international organizations, in Editura „ ROMCARTEXIM”, Bucharest, 1997);
24. Timofte Alexandru-Radu, Lungul drum al serviciilor către democraţie, Editura
„Academiei Naţionale de Informaţii”, Bucureşti, 2004 (Secret services’ long
journey to democracy, in Editura „Academia Naţională de Informaţii”, Bucharest,
2004);
25. Toma Gheorghe, Conflictele sfârşitului de mileniu, in Editura „Timpolis”,
Bucureşti, 1999 (The Conflicts at the end of the millenium, Editura „Timpolis”,
Bucharest, 1999);
26. Toma Gheorghe, Managementul instabilităţii, Editura „AISM”, Bucureşti, 2003
(The Management of Instability, Editura „AISM”, Bucharest, 2003);
27. Toma Gheorghe, Managementul ordinii publice la început de secol şi mileniu,
Editura „Bioterra”, 2001 (The Management of the public order at the beginning of
the century and millenium, Editura „Bioterra”, Bucharest, 2001);
28. Troneci Vasile, INTERPOL fără frontiere, Editura „Tehnică”, Bucureşti, 2001
(Interpol without frontiers, in Editura „Tehnică”, Bucharest, 2001);
29. Zamfir Dumitru, Ilie Botoş, Şerbănescu Monica, Law&Crime Net, in Editura
„Tritonic”, Bucureşti, 2003.
11
Annex
In order to explain and exemplify the main conclusions of each chapter, there
have been added ten annexes referring, essentially, to:
- the evolution and some historical landmarks in the development of
transborder organized crime, Mafia and the drug scourge being the focus of
interest;
- the internal and international regulations specific to combating this situation;
- the elements which characterize the overlap of the transborder organized
crime and the globalization process;
- a list of events that influenced the fight against transborder organized crime.
As a representative annex there has been selected the one exemplifying the
evaluation of a transborder organized crime network with the help of the Stellar Matrix
Diagram (SMD).
The SMD is a novelty in the field of research and can be used as tool when the
transborder organized crime is analysed. This method SMD is an instrument used to
evaluate an organized crime network.
Here is an example:
In 2003, the revelations made by Jose Ruben Zamora, from „The Guatemalan
Daily”, triggered a major crisis at the highest level political echelons, even
Guatemala’s president Alfonso Portillo, being involved. Investigations of corruption
and murder cases were started. The scandal broke out after certain revelations which
led to Guatemala’s highest political and administrative echelons. Resignations and
investigations followed, even the president was suspended from his duties. There were
brought accusations of murder, corruption, money laundering. Thirty members of the
Guatemalan organized crime networks were put under arrest and the former president
fled the country. The scandals dealt a blow at the country’s immage and affected the
stability of Guatemala’s social life.
The matrix evaluation:
Feature Intensity Points
1. Ethnic identity of the Copola Ethnicity 30
2. Structure Criminal network – without a leading body 15
3. The size of the network 20-100 members 17
4. Criminal activities Max. 3 main activities 15
5. The transborder character of the activities Max. 2 countries 15
6. The level of corruption Essential for the network 35
7. The level of violence use Essential for the network 32
8. The influence on decision making echelons Essential for the network, at the top 30
9. The involvement in real economy To give respectability to leaders 20
10. Cooperation with other criminal structures Only in the host country 20
11. The influence on the economic social, political
climate of a territoriy In the country, abroad 35
12. Agreements with the bodies of a host state Occasional, tacit 28
TOTAL SCORE 292
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White paper