Sudan:The Southern Policy

and Sudanese Independence

HIST 4339

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Outline

• 1920s: increasing unrest in Egypt and Sudan• Withdrawal of Egyptian troops from Sudan• 1920s and 1930s: Indir Rule• Southern Policy and Nuba Policy• 1930s/1940s: rise of Sudanese natlism• 1956: Suez Crisis

Indirect Rule

• First established 1922• Early efforts at gradual sudanization of

administration• After 1924, British reluctant to allow educated

Sudanese any responsibility

Southern Policy

• Separation of south from north

• Encouragement of development of southern culture

• Early and vague consideration of partition

Northern and Southern Sudan(Salih 419)

Nuba Policy

• Extension of Southern Policy

• Instituted in 1929

Northern and Southern Sudan(Salih 419)

Nuba Policy

• Goal: “to preserve an authentic Nuba civilization and culture as against a bastard type of Arabization”

• British politicization and alteration of existing divisions and communities

Sudanese Nationalism

• 1938: establishment of “Graduates’ General Congress” (educated Sudanese)

• 1942: Sudanese leaders demand “right of self-determination” at WWII end

• 1946: draft treaty renegotiating Sudan’s status leaves all parties unhappy

Draft Treaty (1946)

“. . . will have for its essential objective to secure the well-being of the Sudan . . . the development of self-government, and consequently the right to choose the future status of the Sudan. Until . . . full common agreement . . . the Agreement of 1899 will continue and Article 11 of the Treaty of 1936 . . . will remain in force.”

Sudanese Nationalism

• 1952: military revolution in Egypt, Egyptian call for Sudanese independence

• 1953: British agree to Egyptian proposal

Sudanese Nationalism

• 1955: Sudanese demand that Britain withdraw troops

• Dec 1955: Sudanese declaration of independence

• 1 Jan 1956: official transfer of power in Khartoum

Suez Crisis

• Egyptian leader Col. Gamal Abdul Nasser accepts Soviet military aid

• July 1956: Nasser’s nationalization of Suez canal

Suez Crisis

• Nov 1956: Britain’s disastrous military operation to regain canal

• Britain no longer a world power