succeeding with technology information, decision support… decision making and problem solving...

Succeeding with Technology

Information, Decision Support…

Decision Making and Problem Solving Management Information Systems Decision Support Systems Group Decision Support Systems Artificial Intelligence and Special-Purpose

Systems

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Chapter 9


9.1

Decision Making and Problem Solving

• Decision making• Problem solving• Programmed decisions• Nonprogrammed decisions• Optimization model• Heuristics

Key Terms


Decision Making & Problem Solving Process

Intelligence Stage

Design Stage

Choice Stage

Decision Making

Implementation

Monitoring

Problem Solving

Potential Problems and opportunities are identified and defined

Alternative solutions to the problem are developed

Select a course of action

Solution put into effect

Evaluate the implementation


MIS

Decision Types

Programmed decisionsStructured situations with well defined

relationshipsQuantifiable

Non-programmed decisionsIll-structured situations with vague or changing

relationships between variablesNot easily quantifiable in advance

DSS


MIS vs. DSS

A MIS sheds light on a wide-range of common, day-to-day business decisions.

A DSS supports decision making for specific unique and difficult decisions.


Optimization and Heuristic Approaches

An optimization model finds the best solution, usually the one that will best help individuals or organizations meet their goals.

Heuristics, often referred to as “rules of thumb”—commonly accepted guidelines or procedures that usually find a good solution, but not necessarily the optimal solution—are often used in the decision-making process.


9.2

Management Information Systems

• Management Information System (MIS)• Scheduled report• Demand report• Exception report

Key Terms


Management Information Systems (MIS)

MIS: an information system designed to provide routine information to managers and decision makers


MIS Input and Output


Reports, Reports, Reports

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Scheduled Reports are produced periodically on a schedule; daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annualy, ect.

Demand Reports are developed to get certain information at a person’s request.

Exception Reports are automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires action.

Reports


9.3

Decision Support Systems

• Decision Support System• What-if analysis• Goal-seeking analysis

Key Terms


Decision Support Systems

A decision support system (DSS) is an information system used to support problem-specific decision making.

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What-if?

What-if analysis is the process of making hypothetical changes to problem data and observing the impact on the results.

What-if is used in projecting paths of hurricanes


Goal-seeking

Goal-seeking analysis is the process of determining what problem data is required for a given result.

What must be done in order to safely withdraw troops within a year?


9.4

Group Decision Support Systems

• Group decision support system (GDSS)• Groupware

Key Terms


Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)

A GDSS or computerized collaborative work system is designed to provide effective support in group decision-making settings.

A GDSS is flexible, supports anonymous input, and reduces negative group dynamics


Groupware

GDSS software, called groupware, helps with joint work group scheduling, communication, and management.

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9.5

AI and Special-Purpose Systems

• Robotics• Vision systems• Natural language processing• Learning systems• Neural network• Fuzzy logic

Key Terms

• Genetic algorithm• Intelligent agent• Expert system (ES)• Virtual reality• Geographic information system (GIS)• Game theory


An Overview of AI

AI systems simulate human thought and behavior.

www.cyc.com


Interesting Statistics

It has been estimated that computers that can exhibit humanlike intelligence – including musical and artistic aptitude, creativity, the ability to move physically through the world, and emotional responsiveness – require processing power of 20 million billion calculations per second (petaflops).


Robotics

Robotics involves developing mechanical or computer devices to perform tasks that require a high degree of precision or are tedious or hazardous for humans.


Other Forms of AI

Vision systems permit computers to capture store and interpret visual imaged and pictures.

Natural language processing, or speech recognition, allows a computer to understand and react to statements and commands made in a natural language.

Learning systems allow the computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives.


Other Forms of AI

A neural network is a computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of the human brain.

Fuzzy logic allows computers to deal with ambiguous criteria or probabilities and events that are not mutually exclusive.

A genetic algorithm is an approach to solving large, complex problems where a number of algorithms or models change and evolve until the best one emerges.


Other Forms of AI

An intelligent agent consists of programs and a knowledge base used to perform a specific task for a person, a process, or another program.

As expert system (ES) acts or behaves like a human expert in a field or area.

Physicians rely on expert systems to analyze complex medical data.


Specialized Systems

Virtual reality is a computer-simulated environment or event.


Specialized Systems

A geographic information system (GIS) is capable of storing, manipulating, and displaying geographic or spatial information including maps of locations or regions around the world.


Specialized Systems

Game theory involves developing strategies for people, organizations, or even countries that are competing against each other.

Informatics combines traditional disciplines, like science and medicine, with computer systems and technology.


Chapter 9 Questions?

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