subungulates “almost ungulates” three crazy orders!
TRANSCRIPT
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Subungulates“almost ungulates”
Three Crazy Orders!
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Subungulates Three Orders:
Hyraxes - resemble rodents Elephants Sirenians - ungainly aquatic
mammals Based on appearance, no
connection Common ancestral stock
related to ungulates - supported by DNA and biochemical evidence
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Order Proboscidea: Elephants Ancestor of elephants: Begins in Late Eocene of
Egypt with Moeritherium - tapir-sized animal Second incisor modified
to be a small tusk Lived in mangrove
forests of late Eocene and filled role of hippo!
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Moeritherium
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Order Proboscidea Mastodons - different
line than mammoths and elephants
Resembled elephants but for their teeth
Tusks on upper jaw- 2nd incisor
Mammut americanus - may have been exterminated by early humans - Florida
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Mastodon
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Mastodon
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Mastodon
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Ice age: video clip
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Mammuthus:
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Order Proboscidea
Wooly mammoth - lived in tundra and forests near icefields,
Imperial mammoth - inhabited dryer areas of SW US; giant - 14 feet at shoulder! Tusks were 13 feet long and weighed a half ton.
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Order Proboscidea Family Elephantidae
Two living genera African and Asian Largest living land mammal Elongation of nose - long, dextrous proboscis
(trunk) with one or two fingers at tip
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Order Proboscidea Elephant dentition:
Tusks, second upper incisor Cheek teeth - 6 cheek teeth but only one functional at a
time; as teeth wear out, they are replaced by one that is posterior.
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Elephant teeth:
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Order Proboscidea Elephant morphology
Skull short and high with air pockets; neck short
Head weighs 12-15% of body weight
Protected braincase All limb bones lack
marrow; filled with spongy bone
Heel pad of dense connective tissue braces the toes and largely supports the weight of the animal
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Order Proboscidea Elephant Habits:
Lifespan: 70 average (69-77 documented) - potential for 80 years, teeth wear out
Inhabit savanna and forests, must be relatively near water
Reports of feeding range from 10 miles/day Feeds on trees, shrubs, grasses, and aquatic plants Can do great damage to crops - conflict Females for kinship groups - males excluded Two species: Elephas maximus - Indian elephant;
and Loxodonta africana - African elephant
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Order Proboscidea Asian or Indian Elephant:
Height:10 feet Female average weight: 8,000
pounds Males up to 12,000 pounds True color is often masked by
color of soil on skin Smaller ears, 4 nails Head is the highest point! Trunk with one finger-like
projection
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Asian or Indian Elephant
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Order Proboscidea African Elephant:
Height: 12-14 feetWeight: 8,000 females-16,000 males: pounds Forehead more convex, large ears Shoulders are the highest point! Trunk - two finger-like projections Two feeding peaks - morning and evening/night Drink at least once a day; never far from water Shade is essential; thermoregulate with ears Well-developed senses of smell, sight, and hearing http://animal.discovery.com/videos/jaws-and-claws-2-elephant-
surge.html
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African Elephant
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African Elephant
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Asian compared to African The neck is low, and then curving up The skin is less wrinkled Ears are small, looks like Indian continent Head has two bumps Forehead is protruding The underlip is long, narrow and pointed Only about 50% of bulls wear long tusks (Sumatran subspecies) The front feet have five nails, the hind feet four (like the african
forest elephant) The trunk tip has one prehensile protrusion http://www.upali.ch/differences_en.html
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Order Proboscidea Reproduction
Polyestrous - can give birth at any time of the year Gestation: 615-668 days Calf: 200 pounds Babies have a coat of sparse brown hair - halo effect Suckles from mouth and not trunk - mom or other
lactating female Babies start eating vegetation at a few months, but
nurse for about 18 months Graphic birth video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWLCzw4rJ-
w&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1
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Order Proboscidea Conservation of Asian Elephants
Numbers: 16,595 to 22,261 (3,000 captivity) Sri Lanka: 1900 - 12,000; today - <1,000 1/2 jeopardized by agricultural development Keystone species - opens forests
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Order Proboscidea Conservation of African Elephants
L. africana cyclotis - smaller, darker forest elephant L. africana africana - paler bush or savanna elephant
1860-1930 - 25,000-100,000 shot per year; ivory sent to Indian carvers, and for piano keys to Europe and US
Kenya population - 167,000 in 1973 to 70,000 in 1977
End of 1980s - at brink of extinction; >$100/kg ivory; 100,000 killed per year; illegally
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Order Proboscidea Conservation of African Elephants
Japan and US were the two largest importers! 1986, US imports = 32,000 dead elephants An additional 11,000 for skins and artifacts $100,000,000 industry in US alone 1979 - 1.3 million; by 1989 - 625,000: 2012:_______ Kenya: 65,000 to 19,000 Sudan: 134,000 to 40,000 Tanzania: 326,000 to 80,000 Zambia: 150,000 to 40,000 http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Uns5RHA59wA&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1
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Order Hyracoidea Single Family, Procaviidae, 3 genera
Referred to in Bible as “rock badgers” Hyrax means “shrew mouse” Closely related to other
“subungulates” Central and southern Africa Found in rocky outcrops, sea level to
4200 m
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Order Hyracoidea
Yellow spotted hyrax
Rock Hyrax w/babies
Tree hyrax
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Order Hyracoidea
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Order Hyracoidea: Unique advantages to avoid predators
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Hyraxes are not rodentsWhy?________________
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Order Hyracoidea Mainly eat plants, some
poisonous. Colonial; live in groups of 25-80 Poor thermoregulators; huddle to conserve heat Very vocal, as are many
colonial mammals:
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Order Hyracoidea 1- 2 feet long, short, compact bodies with
short tails 2-11 pounds weight 9-12 year life span Need good traction for climbing and jumping
on rocks: Toes short with hoof-like nails Unlike elephants and manatees, dentition not replaced horizontally. Hunted for meat and fur; urine used as dye Not endangered
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Order Sirenia Two Families:
Dugongidae with one species, the dugong (Dugon dugon)
Trichechidae with three species of manatees, Genus Trichechus
Never leave the water Only marine mammal herbivores! Inhabits coastal areas, estuaries,
bays, and inland river systems in tropical regions
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Order Sirenia Live in water that is about 20
degrees C; poor ability to thermoregulate and low metabolic rate
They face little or no competition from other herbivores
The basis for the myth of Mermaids????
Large with a fusiform body shape No fur except stiff bristles around
snout No external ear; nostrils valvular,
top of rostrum
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Order Sirenia Skeletal bones are dense (pachyostotic)
to counter buoyant effects of living in shallow water
Lungs are long and thin and extend through much of the body cavity
Hunting has caused population reductions; all species are at least threatened
Poaching, flood control gates, motorboat accidents
Poor hearing sensitivity to low frequencies Habitat loss is continued threat
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Family Dugongidae Average 12 feet, 800 pounds Tail fluke is notched! Rostrum is much more
deflected downward Avoid freshwater more than
manatees Forage by using forelimbs to
“walk” on bottom
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Family Dugongidae
Found in coastal areas of Pacific Ocean throughout Micronesia, New Guinea, northern Australia, Philippines, Indonesia northward to Vietnam
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Order Sirenia Family Dugongidae
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Order SireniaFamily Dugongidae
http://www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s2685429.htm
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Family Trichechidae West Indian manatee occurs from
Florida south through the Caribbean sea to northeast Brazil; as far north as Rhode Island!
Amazonian manatee does not tolerate saltwater
West African manatee fresh- or saltwater rivers or estuaries along coast of Africa
7-12 feet; mass typically = 1200 pounds; record = 3500 pounds
Rounded spatulate tails, and small nasal bones, unlike dugongs
Only have cheek teeth, like elephants, they are replaced from the rear forward
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Order Sirenia Family Trichechidae
http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/sunrise-earth-manatee-springs.html
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West Indian Manatee Distribution
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Amazonian Manatee Distribution
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8238699.stm
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West African Manatee Distribution
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvwmoA_Q8zE&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1
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Family Trichechidae Unlike elephants, they have 4-5 teeth at
a time Indefinite number of teeth: between 10-
30 This is known as “functional
polyphyodonty,” important for animals that wear their teeth down quickly eating vascular plants in sand and mud
Usually solitary individuals, or in small groups
Sometimes form larger groups in winter near warm discharges of water
Gestation = 13 months, Weaned 12-18 months; thus, low reproductive potential