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NEW SERIES SUBSCRIPTION, $6.00VOL. 86, No. 2235 FRIDAY, OCTOBER 29, 1937 SINGLE COPIES, .15

Texts on Anatomy and PhysiologyHEILBRUNN'S GENERAL PHYSIOLOGYEntirely New!-Dr. Heilbrunn's text is a clear, logical and rational presentation of the mod-ern knowledge of general physiology. Based on the author's extensive experience as a teacherand a worker in this field, this text gives the student a thorough grasp of the nature and mecha-nism of living matter. The morphology of cells and their physicochemical make-up, nutrition,digestion, energy relations, environmental effects and many other subjects are discussed in astyle especially well suited to today's methods of teaching.By L. V. HEILBRUNN, Associate Professor of Zoology in the University of Pennsylvania. Octavo of 603 pages, illus-trated. Cloth, $5.00 net.

CRANDALL'S HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYStresses Application-In his textbook on Elementary Human Physiology, Dr. Crandalldescribes exactly how the body functions and portrays this knowledge in direct relation tohealth and disease. 104 diagrammatic illustrations show the workings of complex systemsand physiologic terms are defined right in the text. Due to a skilful literary style, Dr. Cran->dall has included as much material as generally found only in texts of considerably greater size.By LATHAN A. CRANDALL, JR., M.D., PH.D., Associate Professor of Physiology and Pharmacology, Northwestern Uni-versity Medical School. 12mo of 325 pages, 104 illustrations. Cloth, $2.00 net.

MARSHALL'S HUMAN ANATOMYAnatomy in Relation to Life-Concisely written and thoroughly up-to-date, this Introduc-tion to Human Anatomy rapidly established itself as an outstanding text on the subject. Ithelps the student visualize anatomy in relation to life and brings out clearly the relationship ofone part of the body to another and to the body as a whole. It is beautifully illustrated.By CLYDE MARSHALL, M.D., Department of Anatomy, Yale University. 12mo of 385 pages, with 252 illustrations, 14in colors. Cloth, $2.50 net. 0

WILLIAMS' ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGYFifth Edition-Dr. Williams' "Anatomy and Physiology" is a widely used text because ofthe excellent fashion in which it combines in one text the knowledge of both subjects. Dr.Williams has nicely gauged the requirements of the average course where the subjects are taughtas one. He firmly impresses the fundamentals and introduces the student easily to each suc-cessive stage in the studies.By JEssE FEIRING WILLIAMS, M.D., Teachers College, Columbia University. 12mo of 606 pages, 416 illustrations, 31in colors. Cloth, $2.75 net.

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O Heilbrunn's General Physiology .$5.00 net C]Marshall's Human Anatomy ......... ........... $2.50 netO Crandall's Human Physiology .................. 2.00 net [ Williams' Anatomy and Physiology .2.75 net

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Entered as second-class matter Jutly 18, 1923, at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., utnder the Act of March 3, 1879.

SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 86, No. 2235

NEW WOBK JUST READY

Biological and ClinicalChemistry

By MATTHEW STEEL, PH.D.Professor of Biochemistry in the Long Island College of Medicine,

Brooklyn, New YorkOctavo, 770 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $8.00, net.

This book is unique in its comprehensiveness,including in a single volume the essentials oftheoretical biological chemistry, practical bio-logical chemistry, biophysics and quantitativeclinical chemistry. To obtain this data the pur-chase of three or four volumes has hitherto beennecessary. The work presents the theoreticalclinical aspects of pathological conditions, themost difficult phase of the modern course in bio-chemistry. While intended primarily for class-room use, the book is equally valuable to thephysician.

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BOTANIC GARDENS OF THE WORLDMATERIALS FOR A HISTORYStatistics concerning the history, organization,

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4 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 86, NO. 2235

OCTOBER 29, 1937 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 5

DARK FIELDTHE program of the national public health service for the eradi-

cation of syphilis includes widespread use of the dark-field test

for Treponema pallida. This promotion of a microscopic tech-

nique emphasizes the general value of advancement in opticalscience.

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DARK FIELDOPTICAL SYSTEMSBROADEN THE MICROSCOPE'S USEFULNESSWidely used in clinical laboratories for the examination of exudates fromlesions in the search for specific organisms of the Treponema pallidum typeand for the study of sera and exudates from thoracic and lung lesions, DarkField illumination makes objects that are almost invisible with bright fieldillumination appear clearly as self-luminous bodies against a dark background.

In the B & L Catalog entitled "Dark Field Optical Systems" is described thecomplete line of B & L Dark Field condensers for broadening the usefulnessof nearly all existing microscopes through the addition of Dark Field illumi-nation. A complete line of accessories for use in this type of microscopy, in-cluding special slides and lamps, are also described. Write for your copytoday. Ask for Catalog D-122. Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., 642 St. PaulSt., Rochester, N. Y.

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6 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 86, NO. 2235

VOL. 86, No. 2235

in certain outbreaks is attributable not only to themicroorganism, but also to certain of the materialsincorporated into the ration to stimulate growth of thebird. Powdered skim-milk and buttermilk in certainformulas for chick rations seem to be the most flagrantoffenders in this regard. Too many wheat middlingsare under suspicion also. The cardinal problem incoccidiosis control is to construct a ration that is ade-quate in vitamin and vitamin-like materials for thenormal development of the host, but at the same timelacks inordinate coccidium-stimulating properties. Thethird diet described above is a step in this direction.

This investigation is being supported in part bygrants from the American Academy of Arts andSciences and from the Industrial Science ResearchFund at Iowa State College.

ELERY R. BECKERIOWA STATE COLLEGE

THE FERMENTATION OF CIGAR-LEAFTOBACCO'

CONTRARY to the observations of Loew,2 investiga-tions at the Pennsylvania Agricultural ExperimentStation emphasize the significance of microorganismsin the normal fermentation of cigar-leaf tobacco. Anepiphytic flora, consisting chiefly of members of thegenera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Aspergillus, Penicil-lium, Rhizopus and Mucor, was found upon the curedleaf. During the fermentation, species of the genus

Bacillus were found to multiply rapidly; agar platecounts of these organisms increased from values of lessthan 500,000 per gram to values in excess of 2,000,-000,000 per gram. Direct counts revealed increasesfrom an initial figure of less than 500,000,000 per gram

to counts greater than 15,000,000,000 per gram. Therate of multiplication depended, among other factors,upon the quality of the substrate, the amount of mois-ture present and the temperature maintained. Al-though members of this genus were present in thespore state at the end of the curing process, chainsof vegetative cells of this group appeared in the earlystages of the subsequent fermentation. Two typestake part in this extensive multiplication of spore-formers. One type was easily identified as B. mega-therium. The latter organism represents either a pe-culiar variation of B. subtilis, or it may be classifiedas a previously undescribed species. The secondorganism is a slender, motile rod, forming central to

1 Authorized for publication on July 29, 1937, as paperNo. 781 in the Journal Series of the Pennsylvania Agri-cultural Experiment Station.

2 0. Loew, "Curing and Fermentation of Cigar-LeafTobacco," U. S. Dept. Agr. Rep't. 59, 1899; "Physio-logical Studies of Connecticut Leaf Tobacco," U. S.Dept. Agr. Rep't. 65, 1900; "Catalase, A New Enzymeof General Occurrence, with Special Reference to theTobacco Plant," U. S. Dept. Agr. Rep't. 68, 1901.

excentric spores. The response of this bacillus tobiochemical tests corresponds closely to the reactionsof B. subtilis. Colonies upon agar are spreading, ad-herent and somewhat mycoides-like.

Staphylococci were frequently observed upon curedand fermenting tobacco. Occasionally the numbersequaled or exceeded those of bacilli, but in many casesthe normal fermentation progressed without the ap-pearance of this organism; on the other hand, bacilliwere always found in the fermenting tobacco.Although present in significant numbers on cured

tobacco, members of the genera Aspergillus, Penicil-lihum, Mucor and related types were found to decreasein number during the course of the fermentation. Itwas found, however, that an acid-agar medium was ofvalue in the study of cured and curing tobacco. Thepredominance of Aspergilli and Penicillia on theseplates seemed to indicate a tobacco difficult to ferment.This, apparently, is associated with the degree of com-plexity of carbohydrate and nitrogenous material inthe leaf.

Studies of the catalase activity of the tobacco re-vealed a direct relation between the number and theactivities of the microorganisms on the leaf. Lowbacterial counts were invariably accompanied byslight catalase activity and high counts by considerablecatalase activity. Any experimental treatment of theleaf that resulted in the inhibition of bacterial growthprevented increases in catalase activity. Any increasein catalase activity was accompanied by an increasein bacterial numbers. Catalase activity was restoredto tobacco rendered inactive by heat treatment wheninoculated with cultures previously isolated fromtobacco.

This work will be reported in detail in a series oftechnical bulletins of the Pennsylvania AgriculturalExperiment Station.

J. J. REIDD. W. McKINSTRYD. E. HALEY

PENNSYLVANIA AGRICULTURALEXPERIMENT STATION,

STATE COLLEGE, PA.

BOOKS RECEIVEDGOLDSCHMIDT, RICHARD. Ascaris, the Biologist 's Story

of Life. Pp. ix + 390. 160 figures. Prentice-Hall.$3.25.

GROVE, W. B. British Stem-and-Leaf-Fungi; Coelomy-cetes. Vol. II. Pp. ix+407. 133 figures. CambridgeUniversity Press, Macmillan. $6.00.

MORGAN, WILLARD D. and HENRY M. LESTER. The LeicaManual. Pp. 553. 437 figures. Morgan and Lester,New York.

TITCIIMARSH, E. C. Introduction to the Theory ofFourier Integrals. Pp. x + 390. Oxford UniversityPress. $6.00.

ZEMANSKY, MARK W. Heat and Thermodynamics. Pp.xii + 388. 101 figures. McGraw-Hill. $4.00.

404 SCIENCE

OCTOBER 29, 1937 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 7

vv,vvv,v,vvv,vyvvvvvvvvv,v,vvyv,vvvvv,

afar above the averageHzll, Overholts and Popp-Botany

By J. BEN HILL, LEE 0. OVERHOLTS and HENRY W. POPP, Pennsylvania State College.McGraw-Hill Publications in the Botanical Sciences. 675 pages, $4.00

Seventy-five colleges and universities have already adopted this successful textbook-ample proofthat more and more teachers are agreeing with Professor John Davidson's opinion of the book-"far above the average." Of the institutions which have adopted Botany, the following partiallist is representative:Duke University University of Montana Temple UniversityEmory University University of North Carolina Tulane UniversityGeorge Washington University University of Notre Dame Utah State CollegeUniversity of Idaho Pennsylvania State College Vanderbilt UniversityIndiana University University of Pennsylvania Vassar College

" . . . looks very interesting, so much so that I shall use it next semester. The illustrations, especially the excellentphotographs, are unusually good."

PROFESSOR WILLIAM SEIFRIZ, University of Pennsylvania"It seems far above the average book used as a college botany, and I shall have no hesitation in including it in thelist of books recommended for some of our classes."

PROFESSOR JOHN DAVIDSON, University of British Columbia

Heald-Introduction to Plant PathologyBy FREDERICK DEFOREST HEALD, State College of Washington. McGraw-Hill Publicationsin the Agricultural Sciences. 556 pages, $4.00

This important new book has been written in response to a demand from teaching plant pathologistsfor a somewhat briefer treatment of the subject than is presented in the author's well-known Manualof Plant Diseases. The present volume is not, however, an abridgment of the more complete manual,but involves much added material and an entirely different order of presentation. A feature of thebook is the discussion of the relation of plant diseases to human affairs.

Hill-Economic Botany. A Textbook of Useful Plants andPlant Products

By ALBERT F. HILL, Research Assistant in Economic Botany, Harvard University.McGraw-Hill Publications in the Botanical Sciences. 592 pages, $4.00

Presents a clear, simple, and interesting discussion of the more important useful plants and plantproducts of the world from the standpoint of their history, cultivation, preparation, and utilization,with a view to emphasizing the influence which plants have had on history and civilization, and theirimportance in the everyday life of mankind.

Send for copies on approval

McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.

7OCTOiBER 29, 1937 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

Aldwych House, London, W.C.2330 West 42nd Street, New York

Oc'roBEt 29, 1937 SCIENCE-ADVE-RTISEMENTS

G14 0Ci07 A publication of unusual importance, concerned with

the development of unified scientific language,

Advanced subscriptions now being received at a

reduced prepublication price

DKA^TI T Er

UNITY OF SCIENCEITwo Introductory Volumes to the

International Encyclopedia of Unified ScienceThe Committee of Organization invites your advance subscription to the first two volumes ofthe INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF UNIFIED SCIENCE. These two volumes-entitled Foundations of the Unity of Science-planned to be published in pamphlet form,constitute a complete and independent work, and subscription to them involves no commitmentto subscribe to the Encyclopedia as a whole. The two volumes will be composed of twentypamphlets of approximately seventy pages each, giving introductory accounts of all the mainfields to be covered by the Encyclopedia. It is planned to issue the pamphlets at intervalsbetween January, 1938, and August, 1939. The series is available to advance subscribers for$15.00. Payment of total sum may be made either on the receipt of the first pamphlet or inthree instalments of $5.00 each on the receipt of the first, seventh, and fourteenth pamphlets.The price will be considerably higher after the list of advance subscriptions is closed.

It is understood that publication of "Foundations of the Unity of Science"will be undertaken if and when, in the opinion of the publisher, a sufficientnumber of subscriptions have been secured to defer cost of publication.

The contents oF the two volumes will be substantially as follows:Volume 1 8. Biology-Felix Mainx (Prague) 14. General Linguistics-Manuel J. An-

9. Formal Biology-Joseph H. Woodger drade (Chicago)1. The Unity of Science-Neurath, Car- (London) 15. History of Science-Federigo Enri-

nap, Morris 10. Theory of Behavior-Egon Brunswik ques (Rome)2. Theory of Signs-Charles W. Morris (Vienna, Berkeley) and Arne Ness 16. History of Logic-Jan Lukasiewicz

(Chicago) (Oslo) (Warsaw)3. Mathematics and Logic-Rudolf Car- 17. From Rationalism a Priori to Em.

nap (Chicago) Volume 11 piricism-Louis Rougier (Besangon4. Procedure of Empirical Science and Cairo)

Victor F. Lenzen (Berkeley) 11. Social Science-Otto Neurath (The 18. Problems of Empiricism-Walter Du-5. Probability - Ernest Nagel (New Hague) bislav (Prague)

York City) 12. Empirical Axiology-John Dewey 19. Logical Empiricism-Joergen Joer-6. Physics-Philipp Frank (Prague) (New York City) gensen (Copenhagen)7. Cosmology-E. Finlay Freundlich 13. Sociology of Science-Louis Wirth 20. Bibliography-Neurath, Joergensen,

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