Subject:- Commerce Method

Module I Fundamental of Commerce Education

Unit I Concept and scope of commerce education

Meaning of Commerce Education

Prof. L. R. Dasgupta (1959) explains the uses in India in these words, ―The expression

Commercial Education seems to have been identified with education for junior employees in

business house engaged in subordinate occupation, such as, clerkship, secretarial and book

keeping position and operation of office appliances.‖ The expression has thus come to mean

education for clerical personnel and commercial assistants. The expression ―Commerce

Education‖ is often used to indicate college and university grades of business education. But then

―Management Education‖ is being increasingly looked upon as a distant field in higher Business

Education.

Definition of Commerce Education

Frank Hooper and James Graham 1901

― A practical education suited to the needs of present day, and calculated to fit young people

intended for business careers for work they will have to perform and to better equip for their

work those already in business.

1922 Leveret Lyon

― Any Education which a business has and which makes him a better businessman, is for him a

business education, no matter whether it was obtained in the walls of a school or not.

Nature of Commerce Education

.Commerce is considered to be a part of business. It is that activity of business which is

concerned with the exchange of goods and services. Some persons feel that commerce and

business are synonymous. The following characteristics will help in understanding the nature of

commerce Education:

I. Economic Activities:

II. Exchange of goods and services:

III. Earning Motive:

IV. Creation of Utility:

V. Regularity of Transactions:

Need of Commerce Education

The importance of trade and commerce are mentioned in following points

1. Commerce tries to satisfy increasing human wants

2. Commerce helps to increase our standard of living

3. Commerce links producers and consumers

4. Commerce generates employment opportunities

5. Commerce increases national income and wealth

6. Commerce helps in expansion of aids to trade

7. Commerce helps in growth of industrial development

8. Commerce encourages international trade

9. Commerce benefits underdeveloped countries

10. Commerce helps during emergencies

Scope of Commerce education

Commerce has a wide scope. It deals with not only the activities related to transfer of goods and

services but also with the development and promotion of trade and its allied activities. The

activities relating to various branches of commerce will have to be properly understood. The

study of trade will include internal and external (foreign) trade, wholesale and retail trade,

mercantile agents associate with trade, etc. The foreign trade will be concerned with import and

export trade and the procedures to be followed in such trade.

Scope/ subject matter of commerce education

Theoretical

Elements of Correspondence

Elements of law

Elements of Accountancy

Elements of Economics

Practical

Book- keeping

-Short-hand

Typewriting

Advanced professional

-Manager

- Business education

-Chartered accountants

-Auditors

Income-tax practitioners etc.

Commerce Education as an academic discipline and a vocational discipline includes the

following subjects at the senior secondary stage:

Business Studies

Book Keeping and Accountancy

Applied Economics

Advertising and Publicity

Commercial English

Commercial Law

Commercial Mathematics

Office, Clerical and secretarial Practice

Salesmanship

Shorthand

Typewriting

Relevance of Commerce

The importance of trade and commerce are mentioned in following points.

1 Commerce tries to satisfy Increasing Human Wants

2 Commerce helps to Increase our Standard of Living

3 Commerce Links Producers and Consumers

4 Commerce Generates Employment Opportunities

5 Commerce Increases National Income and Wealth

6 Commerce helps in Expansion of aids to Trade

7 Commerce helps in Growth of Industrial Development

8 Commerce Encourages International Trade

9 Commerce Benefits Underdeveloped Countries

10 Commerce helps During Emergencies

11 Commercial Revolution

12 Technique of Commercial Development

13 Suggestions for Commercial Education

14 Commercial Education & Area

Objectives:

To develop in the students an interest in the theory and practice in business, trade and industry.

To acquaint students with the theoretical foundations and practices of organizing, managing and

handling routine operations of a business firm.

To inculcate attitude and values leading to the integration of business with the social system with

a positive approach.

To enable students to apply the principles and functions management to specific aspects of

business.

To equip the students with essential fundamental knowledge for setting up, organizing and

handling routine operations of a small scale factory.

To equip the students with basic information on modern methods of office operation for

effectively carrying out paper work in a business office.

To impart knowledge of methods considered useful in maintaining records of proprietory and

partnership firm companies and non-trading organizations.

To generate and promote awareness of students in modern techniques of maintaining accounting

records with the help of computers.

To enable the students analyse financial statements and interpret the results for decision making.

To acquaint the students with practice and procedure of determination of cost from the points of

its elements.

To create an awareness of the necessity of auditing the detection rectification of errors/frauds in

the process of accounting.

Unit II Bases of Commerce Education

Correlation of Economics with other subjects

The main aim of education is the unification of knowledge existing in different branches of

learning. To achieve such unification a conscious efforts has to be made by teachers teaching

various subjects. It is only in such joint ventures that we will be able to achieve the goal of

unification of knowledge & bridge the gap that separates them.

Need & Importance of Correlation:-

This is an age of correlation ship & no subject can be taught in isolation. It is only for

convenience of study that we have splitted the knowledge into different subjects but no subject is

completely aloof from others & it has to be correlated with other subjects.

Types of Correlation

a. Intra Correlation

b. Inter correlation.

Inter correlation : - This type of correlation is more or less natural. It is a matter of chance that

a teacher of economics is able to establish correlationship of the knowledge of economics with

that of the knowledge of other subjects particularly social science. A Commerce teacher while

teaching the production of cloth also explains to the students different geographical factors that

are responsible for production of cotton. He may also explain the nature of the soil, the climate,

the rain etc. that lead to the production of cotton.

Intra Correlation: - In this type of Correlation, an attempt is made to establish correlationship

in various branches of a particular subject. E.g. an attempt is made to correlate Commerce with

Book-keeping, organization of commerce and secretarial practice. Correspondence is a part of

organization of Commerce as well as secretarial practice also. So while teaching examples can

be given.

Correlation of Commerce with other subjects:-

Commerce is closely correlated with various other social sciences in particular & with other

subjects in general. Commerce mainly deals with the economic life of the citizens & students

various activities of man in regard to his livelihood. Since livelihood cannot go on without other

aspects of social life. So it is imperative for the Commerce to be correlated with other branches

of knowledge.

Relationship of Commerce with Geography:-

Commerce is intimately related to geography. In Commerce, we study about various goods. This

production is governed by various geographical factors such as the nature of soil. Moreover, the

economical conditions of a country depend to a large extent on its geographical conditions. A

close inter-relationship between Commerce & geography has lead to the development of many

new branches such as Commercial geography human – geography etc.

Agriculture industry and other Commercial activities depend to a large extent on the various

geographical factors prevailing in a region. E.g. the industrial unit is generally established in an

area where the raw materials are available in abundance. The wealth of a country to a large

extent depends upon various geographical factors because the wealth generating activities

industry & agriculture depend upon various geographical factors. Thus to achieve good results

we must have a good geographical background. Actually speaking in Commercial geography an

attempt is made to study various principles which help us in the study of Commercial aspects of

various geographical factors. It is not only the availability of raw material & production but the

means of transport & communication etc. that must also be taken into consideration while

studying the Commerce.. Thus, we find that economics & geography are highly correlated.

Human geography which is an important branch of geography deals with various natural &

geographical factors like mountains, forests, rivers which have a god deal of influence on the

man & other living beings. Means of livelihood of man are very much governed & determined

by various geographical factors.

Relationship between Economics & Commerce:-

Our main aim in commerce is to study about business, industry, trade & organization, etc. As a

matter of fact in commerce we study about all the activities beginning from production & leading

up to distribution.

In commerce the main aim is to acquaint the student with trade & commerce of the country. The

topics that we study in commerce are trade banking export & import, bookkeeping etc. All these

things are also closely related to the economic life of a society unless economy is there, these

factors cannot be studied. Economics & commerce cannot be studied separately, their subject

matter are inter-linked.

The economics teacher should try to teach the subject matter in such a way that he could explain

to the students the learning of subject matter of economics in the commerce & that of the subject

matter of commerce in economics. Thus we find a close correlation between commerce &

economics.

Relationship of Commerce and Math’s:-

There exists a very close relationship between Commerce& Math’s particularly statistics and

Book-keeping. Most of the Commercial theories are propounded on the basis of statistical data.

This statistical data is multiplied, subtracted, added & so on & so forth. All these have a direct

relationship with Math’s.

To formulate Commercial theories, geometry & algebra are widely used. It shows that we draw a

lot from Math’s for proper understanding of Commerce. We cannot rely on any Commercial

theory unless it has been put to test on the touchstone of calculations & principles of Math’s &

statistics. Statistics has become an essential part of Commerce without statistics the knowledge

of economics remains incomplete.

Principles of Teaching

Great educator and intellectual Mr. Huges and Huges rightly says—

"It has been well said that 'teaching' means 'causing to learn'. Nothing has been given until it has

been taken; nothing has been taught until it has been learnt. Teaching is more than the efficient

delivery of thoroughly prepared lectures."

Principle of Recognizing Individual Differences. This principle means the individual

differences of the pupils should be taken into consideration. The psychological researches have

proved that the pupils are not alike in intelligence, nature, ability, interest, potentialities and

needs.

Principle of Activity: It means the teacher should create two types of activities in each type of

lesson (i) Physical and (ii) Mental. The physical activity means to produce activity in the body

organs of the pupils, while the mental activity means to activate the sense organs of the pupils.

Psychologically, each individual is temperamentally active.

Principle of learner centeredness: The goal of effective teaching is to fundamentally make an

impact or change in the learner. Measuring the effectiveness of learning can be demonstrated in a

variety of ways, especially in student-centered learning environments.

Principle of Community centeredness: The main aim of education should be to fulfill the

requirement of the community. Teacher and Educator should be aware of the changes and

changing need of the community.

Principle of flexibility: The principle of flexible learning environments acknowledges that

learning take place everywhere, not only in the classroom. Structurally, the flexible learning

environment expands beyond the classroom walls, allowing learning to take place in variety of

environments, including online.

Maxims of Teaching

"Maxims of teaching have been discovered, not invented. They are simply statements of the way

in which teaching and learning go forward. They ensure effective and efficient teaching."

From Known to Unknown. The meaning of 'from known to unknown' is that the basis of the

pupil's new knowledge should be his previous knowledge. It is a psychological fact that it

becomes very difficult to acquire the new knowledge if it is presented before the pupil at once.

From Particular to General. This maxim means that the specific examples should be presented

before the pupil’s first and then the general laws or principles should be derived from those

specific examples .According to this maxim, the teacher should present some specific examples

before the pupil.

From Concrete to Abstract: It is a psychological fact that the mental development of the pupils

begins with the concrete objects and afterwards he gains micro-words for them. Therefore, to

begin the education of pupils, the concrete object and fact should be made known first.

From Analysis to Synthesis: Initially, the knowledge of pupils is vague, uncertain and

unrecognized. To make his knowledge clear, definite and well organized, a maxim named ―From

Analysis to Synthesis‖ is used essentially.

MODULE II TRANSACTING COMMERCE CURRICULUM

• Unit III Method of Teaching Commerce (meaning, procedure, advantages and

limitations)

• -Project Method

• -Problem Solving Method

• -Seminar and Workshop Method

• -Survey Method

• -Discussion Method

• -Case study Method

• Project Method

Meaning

• Project method is the outcome of the pragmatism ideas propagated by John Dewey.

Project method is an act related to the actual life activities. It is undertaken to solve

emerging problem. It is based on the principle of learning by doing.

Definition

A project is a unit of wholehearted purposeful activity carried on preferably in its natural setting

– Dr.Kilpatrick

• Steps of Project Method

• Creating the situation:

• Proposing and choosing the project:

• Planning the project:

• Execution of the project:

• Evaluation of the project:

• Recording of the project:

Advantages

• This is based on various psychological laws and principles.

• It develops self-confidence and self-discipline among the students

• It provides ample scope for training.

• It provides score for independent work and individual development.

• It promotes habits of critical thinking and encourages the students to adopt problem-

solving methods.

• This method the children are active participants in the learning task.

Demerits

• It takes more time.

• The knowledge is not acquired in a sequential and systematic manner

• It is very difficult to complete the whole syllabus by the use of this method.

• It is not economical.

• Textbooks and instructional materials are hardly available.

• The project method does not provide necessary drill and practice for the learners of the

subject.

• Problem Solving Method

Meaning

• Students are presented with problems which require them to find either a scientific or

technological solution. It is a student-centered strategy which require students to become

active participants in the learning process. Problem solving is a teaching strategy that

employs the scientific method in searching for information.

Steps

1. Sensing and defining the problem

2. Formulating hypothesis

3. Testing the likely hypothesis

4. Analysis, interpretation and evaluation of evidence

5. Formulating conclusions

Advantages

• This approach is most effective in developing skill in employing the science processes.

• The scientific method can likewise be used effectively in other non-science subjects. It is

a general procedure in finding solutions to daily occurrences that urgently need to be

addressed.

• The student’s active involvement resulting in meaningful experiences serves as a strong

motivation to follow the scientific procedure in future undertakings

• Problem-solving develops higher level thinking skills.

• A keen sense of responsibility, originality and resourcefulness are developed, which are

much-needed ingredients for independent study.

Disadvantages

• It takes too much time.

• It is not possible to apply this method to all disciplines.

• It can load some worldly burdensomes to students.

• It can be diffucult for students to provide the materials and sources which is required for

solving the problem.

• Evaluating the learning can be difficult.

• Survey Method

Meaning

Steps

• Preliminary stage

• Operational stage

• Tabulation

• Mapping

• Recording

Advantages and Disadvantages

• Seminar Method

MEANING

• A Seminar as an instructional technique involves generating a situation for a group to

have guided interaction among themselves on different aspects or components of a topic,

which is generally presented by one or more members.

• OBJECTIVES OF SEMINAR METHOD

• COGNITIVE OBJECTIVES

• 1. To develop higher cognitive abilities

• 2. To develop the ability of responding

• 3. To develop the ability of keen observation of experience, feelings and to present them

effectively.

• 4. To develop the ability to seek clarification and defend the ideas of others effectively.

•

• AFFECTIVE OBJECTIVES

• 1. To develop the feeling of tolerance

• 2. To develop the feelings of co-operation

• 3. To develop the emotional ability among the participants of the seminar.

• 4. To acquire the good manners of putting questions and answering the questions of

others effectively.

• Steps

• Planning

• Execution

• Evaluation

• Advantages

• Spontaneous learning can be achieved effectively in this method.

• Seminar is usually learner centered.

• Information seeking and retrieval behavior is encouraged very much in this method.

• The learner himself prepares and compiles his own paper for the seminar gives

• Readiness of mind and learning becomes structured.

• Learning by doing is encouraged in this method.

• Disadvantages

• Setting up of a seminar for every topic in the text is not feasible.

• The subject area to be taught must be relevant to the theme of the seminar.

• The seminar themes must conform the learning experiences to be inculcated to the

students.

• This method found fit for higher learning only.

• Workshop

Meaning

• The workshop method enables instructors to function as the guide on the side, rather than

as a sage on the stage. Those using the workshop method do not focus on telling students

information. Instead, they essentially create learning experiences that guide, direct, and

facilitate the acquisition of new knowledge by the learner.

• Objectives of Workshop

Cognitive Objectives.

The workshop is organized to achieve the following cognitive objectives:

(i) To solve the problem in teaching profession.

(ii) To provide the philosophical and sociological background for instructional and teaching

situation.

(iii) To identify the educational objectives in the present context.

(iv) To develop an understanding regarding the use of a theme and problem.

Psychomotor Objectives.

The following objectives are achieved by this method under psychomotor domain:

(i) To develop the proficiency for planning and organizing teaching and instructional activities.

(ii) To develop the skills to perform a task independently.

(iii) To determine and use of teaching strategies effectively.

(iv) To train the persons for using different approaches of teaching.

• Steps

• Planning

• Execution

• Evaluation

• Follow Up

• Advantages of Workshop Method

• It can be use to realize the higher cognitive and psychomotor objectives. The workshop

method enables the learner to explore or master relatively abstract ideas by first

encountering them in concrete, physical embodiments, then as pictorial representations,

and finally in symbolic (letter, number, sentence) form…

• It can be effectively used for developing understanding and proficiency for the

approaches and practices in education. It is used for developing and improving

professional efficiency. The teaching proficiency can be developed by using it.

• It provides the opportunities and situations to develop the individual capacities of a

teacher.

• Limitations of Workshop Method

• Workshops in education are usually seminar cum workshop on any theme of problem.

• The teachers do not take interest to understand and use the new practices in their

classrooms.

• The workshop cannot be organized for large group so that large number of persons is not

trained.

• Participants do not take interest in practical work or to do something in productive form.

• Generally follow up are not organized in workshop technique.

• THE DISCUSSION METHOD

• Meaning

Discussion involves two-way communication between participants. In the classroom situation an

instructor and trainees all participate in discussion. During discussion, the instructor spends some

time listening while the trainees spend sometimes talking. The discussion is, therefore, a more

active learning experience for the trainees than the lecture.

• Steps

• Introduction

• Raising question for discussion

• Conducting Discussion

• Summarization.

• Advantages

• Emphasis on Learning instead of Teaching,

• Participation by Everybody

• Development of Democratic way of Thinking.

• Training in Reflective Thinking.

• Training in Self-expression.

• Spirit of Tolerance is inculcated.

• Learning is made Interesting.

• Disadvantages

1. All types of topics cannot be taught by Discussion Method.

2. This method cannot be used for teaching small children.

3. The students may not follow the rules of discussion.

4. Some students may not take part while others may try to dominate.

5. The teacher may not be able to guide and provide true leadership in the discussion.

• Case Study

Meaning

• A case is usually a "description of an actual situation, commonly involving a decision, a

challenge, an opportunity, a problem or an issue faced by a person or persons in an

organization."1 In learning with case studies, the student must deal with the situation

described in the case, in the role of the manager or decision maker facing the situation.

• Steps

• Select a case

• Give students ample time to read and think about the case.

• Create groups and monitor them

• Have groups present their solutions/ reasoning:

• Ask questions for clarification and to move discussion to another level.

• Synthesize issues raised.

• Compare the solutions generated in class with the actual outcome of the real-life

dilemma

• Advantages

• Students get an opportunity to learn by doing

• Encourage them to ask right questions

• Instructor can take students to non-classroom situations at very low cost

• Give students flexibility and confidence

• Help students to take informed decisions

• Enhances their employability in a global context

• Disadvantages

It might be difficult to find an appropriate case study to suit to all subjects.

Case studies contain the study of observations and perception of one person. There are chances

that the person presenting the case study may completely present it in one manner missing other

aspects completely.

Managing time is a criterion in a training program. Case studies generally consume more time

when compared to other instruments. For shorter duration programs case studies may not be the

best medium.

Since there is no one right answer, the problem arises in validation of the solutions because

there are more than one way to look at things.

• Unit Four

• Latest trend in Teaching of Commerce 12 lecture

• (a) Co-operative learning (meaning, importance and types)

• (b) Use of e-resources. (Discussion forum, e-book, e-Journals, e-business with

• reference to relevance in commerce teaching)

• (c) Simulation (role play, games CAM- organization and execution in teaching

• of Commerce)

• (a) Co-operative learning (meaning, importance and types)

Meaning of Cooperative Learning

Cooperative learning is a teaching method where students of mixed levels of ability are

arranged into groups and rewarded according to the group's success, rather than the success of an

individual member.

• Elements of Cooperative Learning

• Face-to-Face Interaction

• Positive Interdependence

• Individual Accountability

• Group Processing

• Collaborative Skills

• Types

• JigSaw

• Think-Pair-Share

• Round Robin

• Steps of Jigsaw

• Teachers can use the following steps when developing the jigsaw strategy for a class:

• Introduce the technique and the topic to be studied.

• Assign each student to a "home group" of 3-5 students who reflect a range of reading

abilities.

• Determine a set of reading selections and assign one selection to each student.

• Create "expert groups" that consist of students across "home groups" who will read the

same selection.

• Give all students a framework for managing their time on the various parts of the jigsaw

task.

• Provide key questions to help the "expert groups" gather information in their particular

area.

• Provide materials and resources necessary for all students to learn about their topics and

become "experts".

• Discuss the rules for reconvening into "home groups" and provide guidelines as each

"expert" reports the information learned.

• Prepare a summary chart or graphic organizer for each "home group" as a guide for

organizing the experts' information report.

• Remind students that "home group" members are responsible to learn all content from

one another.

• Steps of Think-Pair-Share

• Think-Pair-Share - Involves a three step cooperative structure.

• During the first step individuals think silently about a question posed by the instructor.

• Individuals pair up during the second step and exchange thoughts.

• In the third step, the pairs share their responses with other pairs, other teams, or the entire

group.

• Steps of Round Robin

• Teacher poses a question or problem

• Students take turns responding orally to the question (Student 1, 2, 3 & 4)

• Each student responds orally.

• If all teammates agree, all students record the answer on their own paper

• Each student contributes for a designated amount of time

• Each student lists everything they can remember about a topic.

• Groups round robin and generate a shared list.

• All students stand.

• Each group is in until they run out of items to share and must sit down.

• Importance

• Provides opportunities for higher order thinking as opposed to passive listening.

• Promotes greater student-faculty and student-student interaction.

• Increases student retention and limits anxiety.

• Permits opportunities to connect the content to real life.

• Builds self-esteem in students.

• Use of e-resources

• Discussion Forum

A discussion board (known also by various other names such as discussion group, discussion

forum, message board, and online forum) is a general term for any online "bulletin board"

where you can leave and expect to see responses to messages you have left.

• Importance

• Students are more likely to utilize critical thinking skills

• Students participate more regularly and in a more thoughtful manner than they would

normally do in a face-to-face instructional setting, especially in large-enrollment classes

• Students develop a stronger class community

• Students are more likely to cite research and class readings

• Students achieve greater cognitive and exploratory learning

• Faculty members spend less time answering questions

• Students have a greater sense of race and gender-based equality

• E business

• E-business may be defined as the conduct of industry, trade, and commerce using the

computer networks. The term "e-business" was coined by IBM's marketing and Internet

teams in 1996. Wikipedia

• Scope

• B2B (Business-to-Business)

• B2C (Business-to-Consumer)

• C2B (Consumer-to-Business)

• C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)

• Importance

• Quicker and easier communications.

• Strengthened marketing capabilities and reach.

• Increased hours of operation (a web-site provides 24-hour seven day information to

existing and potential customers).

• Access to broader information through research.

• Reducing the cost of doing business by lowering transaction costs and increasing efficient

methods for payment, such as using online banking and reducing stationery and postage

costs.

• The opportunities to adopt new business models and develop tailored customer support.

• Use of E-journals

• According to Harold's Librarian's Glossary it is a journal for which the full endproduct is

available on optical disk, over a network or in any other electronic form, strictly a journal

in which the entire process is carried out electronically. In other word, an electronic

journal is one where writing, editing, refereeing and distribution of item are carried out

electronically without paper intermediaries

• Importance

• Quick searching to latest information has led to their popularity.

• Linking to and from other resources

• Security (i.e. e-journals cannot be lost)

• Most of the publisher are providing keyword and author search facilities, thus supplement

ting the role of indexing and abstracting services.

• Provide 24 hours accessing, downloading and printing facility, irrespective of users'

geographic location.

• Most of the publishers have site licensee policy, providing multiple access and access

through LAN.

• Provide access to other related resources by hypertext link.

• Ease to download an article to personal computer for later use or printing. From authors'

perspective, as revealed in literature, some other advantages are:

• Articles are published at much faster speed as, the turnaround time, i.e. the time-lag in

submission, processing and dissemination of information is saved.

• Peer reviewing and revision becomes much easier due to easy submission and quick

electronic response.

• Use of E-Books

• Develops writing and reading skill

• Updated knowledge

• Availability of archives

• Available 24/7

• Accessibility

• Colourful

• Downloadable

• CAM

SYNTAX

• Phase I Presentation of Data and identification of the concept.

• Presenting examples with ―Yes‖ or ―No‖ labels in a prearranged order by the teacher.

• Comparing attributes in positive and negative examples.

• Generating and testing hypothesis.

• Naming the concept.

• Stating the rules or definition of the concept according to its essential attributes .

• Phase II Testing attainment of concept

– Correctly identifying additional unlabeled e.g. of the concepts

-Generating own egs

• Phase III Analysis of thinking strategies.

– Describing the thoughts.

– Discussing role of hypothesis and attributes.

– Discussing types and number of hypothesis

– Evaluating strategies.

• Games

• Steps

• Planning

• Execution

• Evaluation

• Role Play

Steps

• Warm up stage

• Selection of the role players

• Setting of the stage for role playing

• Preparing of the observers

• Enacting the story

• Discussion and evaluation

• Enacting again

• Re-discussion and evaluation

• Deriving generalizations