SUBJECT 3. Prevention and SUBJECT 3. Prevention and mitigation: Post disaster / mitigation: Post disaster / Post crisis managementPost crisis management

DAMAGE AND DAMAGE AND RECONSTRUCTION NEEDS RECONSTRUCTION NEEDS

ASSESSMENT MODULEASSESSMENT MODULE

Disasters do not happen in a Disasters do not happen in a voidvoid

FUENTE: HIDROVEN

Appropriate level of prevention Appropriate level of prevention and mitigationand mitigation

• Commensurate with Commensurate with severity, strength and severity, strength and recurrence of disastersrecurrence of disasters

• Appropriate to satisfy Appropriate to satisfy more than more than reconstruction needsreconstruction needs

• Promote policies to Promote policies to better manage riskbetter manage risk

• Include structural, Include structural, organizational and organizational and financial tools for risk financial tools for risk reduction and risk reduction and risk transfertransfer

CEPAL/ECLAC Distance Learning Programme 12

Internal policies:Internal policies:Include vulnerability reduction as an Include vulnerability reduction as an objective of development plans objective of development plans alongside goals of:alongside goals of:••Competitive growthCompetitive growth••Equitable developmentEquitable development••Sustainable and sustained Sustainable and sustained developmentdevelopment••Social participationSocial participation

External policies:External policies:Introduce risk Introduce risk management as part management as part of the regional of the regional international agenda, international agenda, alongside:alongside:••External competitive External competitive insertioninsertion••BenefittingBenefitting from the from the globalization processglobalization process••Inclusive regional Inclusive regional insertioninsertion

Sectoral components:Sectoral components:••Monitoring, analysis and conflict Monitoring, analysis and conflict forecastingforecasting••Contingency plans in key sectors, for Contingency plans in key sectors, for example:example:

••Agriculture, cattle raising, Agriculture, cattle raising, ••rural poverty, rural poverty, ••energy and baselinesenergy and baselines••Water and healthWater and health

••Interconnected systemsInterconnected systems••Regulation of basic services with Regulation of basic services with sponsorship of private enterprisesponsorship of private enterprise••Focalized plans for vulnerable groups, Focalized plans for vulnerable groups, including employment, food availability including employment, food availability and nutritionand nutrition••Education to reduce vulnerabilityEducation to reduce vulnerability••Diagnosis and monitoring of Diagnosis and monitoring of vulnerability at the local levelvulnerability at the local level

Proposed courses Proposed courses of actionof action

Restore economic and Restore economic and social fabricsocial fabricRestore and Restore and strenghtenstrenghtenproductive linkages productive linkages (upstream/downstream) (upstream/downstream) Reduce internal / external Reduce internal / external vulnerabilityvulnerability

Post-disaster response is in Post-disaster response is in reality the management of a reality the management of a

crisiscrisis

What do prevention and What do prevention and mitigation provide, both mitigation provide, both positive and negative?positive and negative?

• With prevention and mitigation you With prevention and mitigation you save:save:– Lives (by maintaining services and the Lives (by maintaining services and the

resilience of infrastructure)resilience of infrastructure)– Investment capacity (you do not lose the Investment capacity (you do not lose the

opportunity cost of new investment which opportunity cost of new investment which must be channeled to reconstruction)must be channeled to reconstruction)

– Prevention capacity in contrast to passive Prevention capacity in contrast to passive curative interventionscurative interventions

Is there any negative outcome Is there any negative outcome of prevention and mitigation?of prevention and mitigation?

– Investment in these measures may be seen as competing Investment in these measures may be seen as competing with other priorities in resource-limited developing with other priorities in resource-limited developing countries.countries.

– Prevention and mitigation may increase resources needed Prevention and mitigation may increase resources needed in project’s design and implementation, thus requiring in project’s design and implementation, thus requiring further indebtedness in already heavily indebted countries.further indebtedness in already heavily indebted countries.

– Prevention and mitigation provide medium to long term Prevention and mitigation provide medium to long term hard to estimate benefits while resources allocated to these hard to estimate benefits while resources allocated to these will either compete with other perceived needs or politically will either compete with other perceived needs or politically urgent and prioritary investments, and / or will be funded by urgent and prioritary investments, and / or will be funded by credits that have to be repaid in the short to medium term.credits that have to be repaid in the short to medium term.

• Appropriate Appropriate cost-benefit or cost-cost-benefit or cost-effectivenesseffectiveness in prevention and mitigation in prevention and mitigation are not self-evident, thus opportunity cost are not self-evident, thus opportunity cost in these is often not as politically or in these is often not as politically or financially attractive as other investments financially attractive as other investments that yield more visible gains.that yield more visible gains.

Prevention and mitigation’s Prevention and mitigation’s purpose and appropriationpurpose and appropriation

Distance Learning ProgrammeECLAC

Incorporated in function

Incorporated in function

Incorporated in function

Low PriorityLow PriorityLow PriorityPriorityPriorityPriorityHigh priorityHigh priorityHigh priority

Maintain function (services operating)

Save infrastructure (investment)

Save Lives

Mitigation Criteria that have to Mitigation Criteria that have to be negotiatedbe negotiated

Distance Learning ProgrammeECLAC

Maintain function (remain operational)

Save infrastructureSave lives

Supply side health response

Supply side health response

Supply side health response

Demand oriented response

Demand oriented response

Demand oriented response

Overall policyOverall policyOverall policy

Specific instrumentsSpecific instrumentsSpecific instruments

Management procedures

Management procedures

Management procedures

Financial resourcesFinancial resourcesFinancial resources

Requirements to Requirements to fulfillfulfill objectives objectives (systemic character of disaster mitigation)(systemic character of disaster mitigation)

DEMAND SIDEDEMAND SIDE•BeneficiariesBeneficiaries

Service providersService providers

SUPPLY SIDESUPPLY SIDE-MultidisciplinaryMultidisciplinary

- Academics and scholarsAcademics and scholars- Technical and professional Technical and professional

associationsassociations- Policy and decision makersPolicy and decision makers

FINANCIALFINANCIAL-PublicPublic-PrivatePrivate

- International NGOsInternational NGOs

PREVENTION PREVENTION ANDAND

MITIGATIONMITIGATION

Actors: may be public or Actors: may be public or private, central or localprivate, central or local

Include in project Include in project formulationformulation

Incorporate in the Incorporate in the profitability profitability analysis (economic and analysis (economic and social social benefit)benefit)

DISASTER PREVENTIONDISASTER PREVENTIONAND MITIGATIONAND MITIGATION

Incorporating mitigation Incorporating mitigation in the project cyclein the project cycle

MITIGATION

Design: evaluationDemand / Supply balance

Maintain operational services / resilience

Pre investment and investment phase:Calculate mitigation investment requirements

Impact analysis (opportunity cost,Cost-benefit, cost-profit)

Implementation phase:Prevention and mitigation plan

Operational phase, an evaluation:Updating, revision, prevention reinforcement

and mitigation (update and maintenance of technological edge)

Technical criteriaManagerial criteria

Assessment of the health network (sanitary system)

Goods, equipment, Budget changes

(cost / investment)

Preparation of technical dossier

Operational maintenanceTraining in use of methodology

conservationPredictionPrevention

Restoration of service

Disasters, conflict and crisis Disasters, conflict and crisis managementmanagement

• How to approach the different interventions required: How to approach the different interventions required: conceptual aspects, definition problems and purpose of conceptual aspects, definition problems and purpose of the interventionsthe interventions

• Are they different sides of the same coin: crisis Are they different sides of the same coin: crisis managements associated with disasters and / or conflict? managements associated with disasters and / or conflict?

• Methodological problems: needs assessments vs. Causal Methodological problems: needs assessments vs. Causal analysisanalysis

• Operational problems: setting priorities and Operational problems: setting priorities and differentiating emergency from urgency: differentiating emergency from urgency: simultaneity and sequencingsimultaneity and sequencing

• Policy problems: positive vs. Policy problems: positive vs. negative intervention; resource allocation negative intervention; resource allocation vs. vs. policy change promotionpolicy change promotion

Comparison of prevention and Comparison of prevention and mitigation and post-disaster and mitigation and post-disaster and

post conflict analysis / interventionspost conflict analysis / interventionsPREVENTION / MITIGATION POST DISASTERS POST CONFLICT (CRISIS)

Anticipate disaster or crisis occurrence and undertake strategy, programmes, policies and instruments to minimize impact or damage

Response to reconstruction needs, which should be “owned” by the victims and lead to mitigation, prevention and disaster reduction (in the continuum or cycle of prevention- reduced destruction-less costly reconstruction-proactive mitigation) both in terms

Respond to restoring non-conflict situation which allows for building social, human and economic capital: establishing a “normal” functioning society that sets goals, priorities and development paradigm in accordance with societal needs, culture and prior

Interactive negotiation of stakeholders and institutions leads to intervention stemming from local, community, socially adopted priorities

Move from reactive to proactive interventions, leading to the local ownership of disasters’ mitigation and reduction.

Move from direct intervention to enabling and empowering local population to manage its own development process through consensus-building institutional and political commonly agreed.

The development paradigm is at stake and may be subject to change.

As in post-conflict the development paradigm is at stake and may be subject to change.

The development paradigm is at stake and may be subject to change.

Foreign intervention is conditional to natonal / local /community / socially agreed strategies

Foreign intervention is seen as supplementary to national / local / community / socially agreed strategy for reconstruction-mitigation

Foreign intervention is seen as crucial first phase in generating post conflict minimal consensus and functioning institutions and policy formulation processes.

PROBLEMS AND PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESCHALLENGES

• Promote a mitigation culture and consider risk Promote a mitigation culture and consider risk management and reduction as a productive and management and reduction as a productive and profitable investmentprofitable investment

• Understanding that “normalcy” implies not Understanding that “normalcy” implies not reproducing pre-existing vulnerability but reproducing pre-existing vulnerability but increasing resilienceincreasing resilience

• Acknowledgement of vulnerability implies Acknowledgement of vulnerability implies appropriation of risk reductionappropriation of risk reduction

• Prevention and mitigation are specific to local, Prevention and mitigation are specific to local, cultural and social conditionscultural and social conditions

• Incorporation of prevention and mitigation into the Incorporation of prevention and mitigation into the culture does not imply imposition by technicians culture does not imply imposition by technicians or politicians but negotiation with stakeholdersor politicians but negotiation with stakeholders

Summary of basic conceptsSummary of basic concepts• Prevention, mitigation and disaster reductionPrevention, mitigation and disaster reduction• Risk management, risk appropriation and risk Risk management, risk appropriation and risk

transfertransfer• Mitigation and the project cycleMitigation and the project cycle• Cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit and financial cost Cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit and financial cost

and profitability of investmentsand profitability of investments• Disaster, conflict and crisis managementDisaster, conflict and crisis management• Resilience and development strategyResilience and development strategy• Different levels of mitigation and risk managementDifferent levels of mitigation and risk management• Different actors in mitigation and risk managementDifferent actors in mitigation and risk management