Studying the way people relate to others.
Social Psychology Attitude Attraction Group Behavior Aggression Studying the way people relate to others. AP EXAM: Social Psychology (810%) AP students in psychology should be able to do the following:
Apply attribution theory to explain motives (e.g., fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias). Describe the structure and function of different kinds of group behavior (e.g. deindividuation,group polarization). Explain how individuals respond to expectations of others, including groupthink,conformity, and obedience to authority. Discuss attitudes and how they change (e.g., central route to persuasion). Predict the impact of the presence of others on individual behavior (e.g.,bystander effect, social facilitation). Describe processes that contribute to differential treatment of group members (e.g., in-group/out-group dynamics, ethnocentrism, prejudice). Articulate the impact of social and cultural categories (e.g., gender, race, ethnicity) on self-concept and relations with others. Anticipate the impact of behavior on a self-fulfilling prophecy. Describe the variables that contribute to altruism, aggression, and attraction. Discuss attitude formation and change, including persuasion strategies and cognitive dissonance. Identify important figures in social psychology (e.g., Solomon Asch, Leon Festinger, Stanley Milgram, Philip Zimbardo). Attitudes A set of beliefs and feelings.
Advertising is ALL based on attitude formation. Mere Exposure Effect the more you are exposed the more you will like it Central Route T.P. v. Peripheral RouteT.P. Attitude and Behavior Do attitudes tell us about someones behavior?
LaPieres Study w/ Asian family showed attitudes dont predict behavior Cognitive Dissonance Theory People want to have consistent attitudes and behaviors.when they are not they experience dissonance (unpleasant tension). Usually they will change their attitude. Never consciously aware of change in attitude The teacher was really bad so in that class it is OK. You have a belief that cheating on tests is bad. But you cheat on a test!!! Festinger & Carlsmiths Cognitive Dissonance Experiment
Study participants completed a boring task and were then were paid to lie and tell the next subject that it was an enjoyable task. Some subjects were paid $20, while others were paid $1. Those who were paid less were found to have significantly more positive attitudes toward the experiment. Social Thinking Cognitive dissonance Compliance Strategies
People try to change others behavior (since that can then change attitudes) Lets imagine you want a trip to New York for graduation Foot-in-the-door first get a small yes to get bigger yes later Door-in-the-face- get big no in order to get smaller yes Norms of reciprocity do something nice and then will have to say yes Charities will often send a free gift when they send you a donation catalogue Compliance Strategies Reading
Summarize the research on each of the following in one paragraph each: --Reciprocal Principle -- Foot in the door principle --Door in the face principle Each paragraph MUST HAVE: --Clear thesis sentence -- 2 citations of research Attribution Theory Tries to explain how people determine the cause of the behavior they observe. It is either a. Situational Attribution- behavior is product of environment Dispositional Attribution- behavior is product of personality And Stable Attribution Unstable Attribution Fundamental Attribution Error
How do you view your teachers behavior? You probably attribute it to their personality rather than their profession. But do you really know? We tend to overestimate the role of dispositional factors in the behavior of other. Individualistic V. Collectivistic Cultures False Consensus Effect Self-Serving Bias We assume that our own beliefs are the norm and others think like us. When we do something good its because of us, and when we do something bad, its someone elses fault. False Consensus Effect
Self-Serving Bias We tend to overestimate the extent in which others share our beliefs and behaviors. If you win it is because you are awesomeif you lose, it must have been the refereesor weather or. Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination
Overgeneralized idea about a group of people. Prejudice: Undeserved (usually negative) attitude towards a group of people.Ethnocentrism is an example of a prejudice. Discrimination: An action based on a idea of prejudice. Does perception change with race?
Does race change how we perceive? Mr. Dycus, Remember to prove to the students that racism is still alive by showing them that pretty awesome power point you made a few years ago for Contemporary Issues. Thanks. Dub-V Nation vs inferior neighboring schools
Is it just race? NO Palestinians and Jews Dub-V Nation vs inferior neighboring schools Men and Women But women have some things going for them like Which person would you want to have a long term relationship with? How does prejudice occur?
Just world Phenomenon -people get what they deserve (using Fundamental Attribution Error) In one popular study female and male subjects were told two versions of a story about an interaction between a woman and a man. Both variations were exactly the same, except at the very end the man raped the woman in one and in the other he proposed marriage. In both conditions, both female and male subjects viewed the woman's (identical) actions as inevitably leading to the (very different) results. In-Group versus Out-Groups. In-Group Bias experiment with abstract art groups and then $2/$1, or $4/$3 Out-Group Homogenialityassumption that all out group members share the same traits (stereotyping) - Information on out-groups that we dont live with are media (negatively) driven Scapegoat Theory- people suffering need someone to blame Combating Prejudice Contact Theory
Contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made to work towards a superordinate goala goal deemed more important than differences Education about race? Obamas election as an example of Prejudices can often lead to a.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy A prediction that causes itself to be true. Rosenthal and Jacobsons Pygmalion in the Classroom experiment. Pygmalion effect Psychology of Aggression
Two types of aggression Instrumental Aggression with a purpose 2. Hostile Aggression- no clear purpose Theories of Aggression: 1.Banduras Bobo Doll Modeling social learning thoery that humans learn aggression as children 2. Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis- inherited response to stress 3. Institutional Aggression Hot Weather and Aggression Bandura Bobo Doll Read and Respond
Write a three paragraph response with each of the following paragraphs doing this: Paragraph 1: Describe the study itself including one citation of evidence. Paragraph 2: Describe the results and how they can be applied to life using one citation of the evidence. Paragraph 3: Summarize the critique of Banduras experiment using one citation of the evidence. Prosocial Behavior Kitty Genovese case in Kew Gardens NY.
Bystander Effect: Conditions in which people are more or less likely to help one another.In generalthe more people aroundthe less chance of help.because of Diffusion of Responsibility more people means responsibility is divided Pluralistic Ignorance People decide what to do by looking to others. Factors that Influence Helping:
Situational ambiguity Perceived Cost Diffusion of Responsibility Similarity Mood Gender Attributions of the cause of need Social Norms Attraction 5 Factors of Attraction Quotes "Life has taught us that love does not consist in gazing at each other but in looking outward together in the same direction."--- Antoine de Saint-Exupery It is with true love as it is with ghosts; everyone talks about it, but few have seen it La Rochefoucauld "When two people are under the influence of the most violent, most insane, most delusive, and most transient of passions, they are required to swear that they will remain in that excited, abnormal, and exhausting condition continuously until death do them part.--- George Bernard Shaw Ideal Qualities in a Romantic Partner
1 2 3 Less than me About the same as me More than me 1 Extraversion 2 Conscientiousness 3 Agreeableness 4 Openness 5 Neuroticism 6 Age 7 Height 8 Education 9 Intelligence 10 Good Looks 11 Social Status 12 Spirituality 13 Dominance Have students get out a piece of paper and rank order the importance of all of the traits.After they have ranked them, have students write down if they would like their partner to have more, the same or less of the following 13 traits. After several minutes, please get into your small groups to discuss.(Give students several minutes to complete the activity before they get into their small groups). Have them discuss in small groups why they made the ratings they did. (note:This might be a good opportunity to use the interactive clickers to see how the class as a whole responded.) Do we always want similarity or are there some traits we would like our partners to differ? When we desire differences is it because we either lack those qualities our selves or fear that too much of the same trait will clash and cause problems. Which traits are the most important that our partners are similar? Preferred Qualities in Partners
Women Men 1) Kind/understanding Kind/understanding 2) Exciting Personality Exciting Personality 3) Intelligent Intelligent 4) Healthy Physically Attractive 5) Easy Going Healthy 6) Physically Attractive Easy Going 1. Proximity Geographic nearness
Mere exposure effect: Repeated exposure to something breeds liking. Classroom studies Moreland & Beach (1992): women coming into class; the more they came to class, the more other students liked her 4 women in study Forced proximity = stalking (which isnt attractive) Proximity Mere exposure (Zajonc, 1966; Moreland & Beach 1992)
Ratings of attraction. Which version do you prefer?
A B Insert mirror imaPhoto A is a normal photograph and resembles the way others see you. Photo B is a mirror image photo and represents how you usually see yourself. The mere exposure hypothesis has demonstrated that repeated exposure to a stimulus enhances attraction to it. Mita, Dermer and Knight (1977) reasoned that individuals are more frequently exposed to their own image via a mirror but others are more frequently exposed to our true image. People tend to prefer the mirror image of themselves whereas their friends prefer the true image. Interestingly, the Mac photo booth application which took this picture orients it as a mirror image by default. ge pictures of yourself. 2. Reciprocal Liking You are more likely to like someone who likes you. Why? People like positive feedback Even obvious attempts at flattery increase liking Playing TOO hard to get is viewed as a turn off Except in elementary school!!!! Couples curse of decreasing affinity 3. Similarity Paula Abdul was wrong- opposites do NOT attract.
Birds of the same feather do flock together. Similarity breeds content. Similarily Breakup Together SAT .17 SAT .31* Phy Attr .16
Attitudes .41* Together SAT * Phy Attr * Attitudes * Rubin study of dating couples Two-year study of dating couples in Boston 231 couples; 95% students; 97% white, 44% Catholic, 26% Protestant, 25% Jewish; 25% lived at home, 35% in apartments, 38% in dorms Asked have had sexual intercourse? 80% Living together? 20% Role of the Internet in Dating Role of the Internet in Dating Attitude similarity and attraction
Attraction toward other person (range = 2-14) Byrne and Nelson (1965) asked to rate how much they liked a stranger after learning he agreed with varying proportions of their attitudes expressed on a questionnaire.(Higher numbers indication greater liking.) 13.00 12.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 As the graph shows, the greater the proportion of attitudes subjects shared with the stranger, the more subjects liked him Proportion of similar attitudes held by other person What traits did you want to match your partner on?
Similarity What traits did you want to match your partner on? Ask students.Refer back to the original rating activity. Similarity Couples tend to be similar in age, race, religion, social class, personality, education, intelligence, physical attractiveness, and attitudes Personality similarity related to marital happiness. Perceived similarity more strongly associated with marital satisfaction than actual similarity there is a great deal of evidence that shows that we will be more attracted to someone we believe has attitudes similar to our own than to someone we believe is attitudinally dissimilar. Couples tend to be similar in age, race, religion, social class, personality, education, intelligence, physical attractiveness, and attitudes Personality similarity related to marital happiness. Perceived similarity more strongly associated with marital satisfaction than actual similarity What personality traits are important to match on?
Connection between personality traits and relationship satisfaction. Low neuroticism. A partner higher in neuroticism might be more critical, contemptuous and defensive with their partner decreasing satisfaction. Higher agreeableness, conscientiousness and extraversion. Matching on Individual Big 5 traits does not predict satisfaction but matching on overall profile does. A partner higher in neuroticism might be more critical, contemptuous and defensive with their partner decreasing satisfaction. Similarity Matching Hypothesis: We like those who are like ourselves (Galton, 1870). Romantic pairs are similar in physical attractiveness (Zajonc et al, 1987) Even college roommates, prefer to be of similar attractiveness (Carlie et al. 1991) Sense of humor particularly important (Cann et al., 1995) Similarity Why do we like people like us?
Why does similarity increase relationship satisfaction? Mimicry-Similarity in Behavior
When we want to belong to a group or want others to like us, we mimic their behavior. We like people who mimic our behavior. But dont be too obvious!!! Mimicry: Similarity in Behavior
Behavioral Mimicry Insert ABC video People get more similar over time
Dissimilar looking couples at marriage look more similar 25 years later. Happier couple look more similar Decades of shared emotions? Facial expression save micro muscles into our older face. Zajonc proposes that people, often unconsciously, mimic the facial expressions of their spouses in a silent empathy and that, over the years, sharing the same expressions shapes the face similarly. ''Facial mimicry allows a truer empathy because it triggers the same inner state,'' Dr. Zajonc said. ''Couples can understand each other much better when this happens.'' ''Common life experiences over years and years can alter facial musculature and wrinkle patterns, leading to an increased resemblance, '' said Paul Ekman, Like other muscles of the body, facial muscles grow or atrophy according to the amount of use; facial muscle activity, in turn, stimulates growth in facial bones. People who maintain a particular emotional stance toward life - such as fear, disdain or joy - may tend to hold the facial muscles involved in those feelings slightly tensed in a readiness to respond, according to Dr. Ekman. Over several decades, that tension can come to give the face a distinctive cast by altering wrinkle patterns, changing the relative size of different muscles and even bones, and so altering the contours of the face. Such a process is likely to occur in a married couple, according to Dr. Ekman. ''There is no question that we unwittingly use our facial muscles in the same way as the person we are looking at,'' he said. Similarity to Pets We are basically in love with ourselves so people may choose pets that resemble themselves Or people and their pets appearance converge over time Roy and Christenfeld (2004) People with purebred dogs look more alike due to selection and deliberation No correlation with length of time owned and similarity. 4. Liking through Association
Classical Conditioning can play a part in attraction. I was always attracted to girls wearing UGA snap backs Misattribution of arousal Negative mood leads to lower attractiveness ratings Unpleasant background music when meeting a person leads to subsequent lower attractiveness ratings Misattribution of Arousal 5. Physical Attractiveness Who do you think is friendlier? Who do you think is more outgoing?
To whom would you be friendlier? The Hotty Factor Halo Effect -- What Is Beautiful Is Good stereotype
People tend to attribute desirable characteristics such as sociable, friendly, poised, warm, competent, and well adjusted tothose who are good looking Physically attractiveness predicts dating frequency (they date more). Attractive children and adults are judged and treated morefavorably Implications for career & salary Criminal sentences What is beauty? Physical Attraction Beauty is objective:
High level of agreement across cultures (Langlois et al, 2000) Certain features of faces are reliably associated with attractiveness (Cunningham, 1986) Babies prefer attractive faces (Cowley, 1996). Physical Attraction Beauty is subjective:
Different cultures improve beauty in different ways (Newman, 2000). Different body types are judged to be more attractive in different parts of the world (Anderson et. al 1992) Body type standards vary over time (Silverstein et al, 1986). Physical Attraction Things that people agree on:
2) More average faces are more attractive 3) Waist/hip ratio for women is judged similarly across culture.Men prefer waists 1/3 narrower than hips (Singh, 1993) 4) Across culture, women prefer men to have a V-shaped physique (Singh, 1995) Physical Attraction Things that people agree on:
5) Women who have large eyes, prominent cheekbones, small bones and a wide smile are judged more attractive (Cunningham, 1986) 6) Men with broad jaws and chiseled features are judged more attractive (Cunningham et al, 1990). Physical Attraction Situational influences on attraction:
Contrast effects (Kenrick et al, 1993) Opinions of same sex peers (for women) (Graziano et al, 1993) Girls all get prettier at closing time effect, (Gladue & Delaney, 1990) Glasses (Terry & Macy, 1991) Physical Attraction Good male names: Alexander, Joshua, Mark, Henry, Scott, Taylor, Jonathan Blake Dycus Good female names: Elizabeth, Mary, Jessica, Ann, Brittany, Isabella Bad male names: Otis, Roscoe, Norbert, Ogden, Willard, Eugene Bad female names: Mildred, Frieda, Agatha, Harriet, Rosalyn, Tracy Beauty and Culture Obesity is so revered among Mauritania's white Moor Arab population that the young girls are sometimes force-fed to obtain a weight the government has described as "life-threatening". Are these cultures really that different? Courtship Opening Lines Female Courtship Rituals Introductions Kleinke et al, 1990; Cunningham, 1989
Looked at the effectiveness of different types of opening lines in laboratory, and then real life settings Likeability Introductions Kleinke et al, 1990; Cunningham, 1989 Setting Best Line
Worst Line Bar Do you want to dance? Bet I can out-drink you! Laundromat Want to have a cup of coffee while were waiting Those are some nice undies you have there Beach Want to play frisbee? Let me see your strap marks. Female Courtship Rituals
Womens flirting behavior Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1989): Smile Lift Eyebrows in fast jerky motion Open their eyes wide Lower their eyelids Tilt heads down and to the side Look away Female Courtship Rituals
Moore (1985; 1989): Female courtship behaviors were defined as that specific subset of nonverbal behavior that consistently resulted in male attention 52 items identified Courtship found to be more important that physical attraction for garnering male interest. Male Courtship Rituals
Submissive displays: Palms up, shoulder shrug, tilt head. Dominance displays: Entering personal space, putting arm around shoulder, swagger. Resources displays: Paying for food, drink.Wearing expensive clothes.Bragging. Male Courtship Rituals
Male rituals harder to chronicle (Taflinger, 1996): The less ritualized and more original his approach is, the more likely a woman is to accept it This leads to ad hoc courtship by human males. Love Passionate Love Compassionate Love
My stomach feels weird, I want to be with you all the time, I cant stop thinking of you kind of love. DOES NOT LAST FOREVER. Love that comes from people living shared lives together and depend on one another for love and support. Can last foreveror cannot Can include passionate love Includes self disclosure Years of marriage Wife Husband Marital Satisfaction over Time 1 2 3 5
In a longitudinal study that spanned ten years, married couples rated the quality of their marriages. On average, these ratings were high, but they declined among both husbands and wives. As you can see, there were two steep drops, occurring during the first and eighth years of marriage. (Kurdek, 1999.) 1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8 9 10 Years of marriage Ratings of marital quality Wife Husband Years Before and After Divorce
Changes in Life Satisfaction Before and After Divorce In this study, 817 men and women who were divorced at some point rated how satisfied they were with life on a scale of 0 to 10 every year for eighteen years. Overall, divorcees were less satisfied than their married counterparts-a common result. On the question of whether time heals the wound, you can see that satisfaction levels dipped before divorce, rebounded afterward, but did not return to original levels. It appears that people adapt but do not fully recover from this experience. (Lucas, 2005.) 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 2 4 -8 -2 6 -6 -4 Life Satisfaction Ratings Years Before and After Divorce Divorce Liking & Loving for Dating Partners and Same-Sex Friends
IndexWomenMen Love for Partner Liking for Partner Love for Friend Liking for Friend Satisfaction Love marriages Arranged marriages 90 80 70 60 50 40 0-1
No man or woman really knows what love is until they have been married a quarterof a century. --- Mark Twain Lovemarriages Satisfaction Arranged marriages 90 80 70 60 50 40 0-1 1-2 2-5 5-10 10+ Years of marriage Relationship Conflict --- Some Issues
Jealousy --- Men Sexual infidelity (60%) Women Emotional infidelity (83%) Communication --- Demand-withdraw interaction pattern (Females wish to discuss problems, men avoid/withdraw from such discussions) Sex Children Money Different expectations What predicts stability?
When is divorce less likely? First or second marriage? Older or younger at marriage? More or less educated partners? Stable or unstable jobs? Cohabitation or non-cohabitation? Parental divorce or no parental divorce? Group Behavior How do groups affect our behavior? Social Facilitation Theory
If you are really good at something.or it is an easy taskyou will perform BETTER in front of a group. If it is a difficult task or you are not very good at ityou will perform WORSE in front of a group (social impairment). Conformity Studies Adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Aschs Study of Conformity Aschs Results About 1/3 of the participants conformed.
70% conformed at least once. To strengthen conformity: The group is unanimous The group is at least three people. One admires the groups status One had made no prior commitment Social Influence Difficult judgments Easy judgments Conformity highest on important judgments Low High Importance 50% 40 30 20 10 Percentage of conformity to confederates wrong answers Participantsjudged which person in Slide 2 was the same as the person in Slide 1 Reasons for Conforming Khan Academy
Normative Social Influence: Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disappointment Informational Social Influence: Influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality Would how you dress for school be affected, if you lived in small-town Texas?
When could this be an example of normative social influence? When could this be an example of informative social influence? Milgrams Study Of Obedience Experimenter Prompts:
Please continue (or Please go on). The experiment requires that you continue. It is absolutely essential that you continue. You have no other choice, you must go on. Results of the Milgram Study What did we learn from Milgram?
Ordinary people can do shocking things. Ethical issues. Would not have received approval from todays IRB (Internal Review Board). Group Dynamics Situational Influence
Home Advantage in Major Team Sports Home Team GamesWinning SportStudiedPercentage Baseball23, % Football 2, Ice hockey 4, Basketball13, Soccer37, Home teams win about 6 of 10 games. Social Loafing The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually accountable. One of the reasons I hate group work Group Polarization Groups tend to make more extreme decisions than the individual. Groupthink Group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group. They are more concerned with group harmony. Worse in highly cohesive groups. Deindividuation People get swept up in a group and lose sense of self.
Feel anonymous and aroused. Explains rioting behaviors. Zimbardos Prison Study
Showed how we deindividualize AND become the roles we are given. Philip Zimbardo has students at Stanford U play the roles of prisoner and prison guards in the basement of psychology building. They were given uniforms and numbers for each prisoner. What do you think happened? Institutional Aggression and Zimbardos Stanford Prison Study
Explain the study in one paragraph using both the Pathological prisoner syndrome and Pathology of power. Why didnt the good guards say anything to the bad guards? Describe what happened at Abu Ghraib. What situational factors were at play that led the US military people to act like they did? Can cause and effect ever TRULY be found in these complicaticated cases of institutional aggression? Social Relations Conflict
perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas Social Trap or Prisoners Dilemma Axelrod & Hamilton (1981) a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior Video: