studying effects of natural enemies on survival of monarch butterfly larvae (danaus plexippus) to...
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![Page 1: Studying Effects of Natural Enemies on Survival of Monarch Butterfly Larvae (Danaus plexippus) to Aid in Monarch Conservation Emily Nimmer 2007](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e6a5503460f94b68928/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Studying Effects of Natural Enemies on Survival of Monarch Butterfly Larvae (Danaus
plexippus) to Aid in Monarch Conservation
Emily Nimmer
2007
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Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus)
http://www.calliebowdish.com/Pictures/Butterflypicture-8.jpg
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North-Central Population Migration Pattern
(http://www.monarchlab.umn.edu/biology/gen3-4.aspx)
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North-Central Population Migration Pattern
(http://www.monarchlab.umn.edu/biology/gen3-4.aspx)
Western Population:
500 miles
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North-Central Population Migration Pattern
(http://www.monarchlab.umn.edu/biology/gen3-4.aspx)
3,000 miles
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Purpose
• To investigate monarch larvae mortality due to the natural controls of predation and parasitism
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First Goal
• To identify factors that influence mortality rates of monarch eggs and larvae
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Background: First Goal
• Prysby (2004) showed only 5% of monarch eggs survive a 24-hour period when exposed to aphids
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Background: First Goal
• Prysby (2004) showed only 5% of monarch eggs survive a 24-hour period when exposed to aphids
• Oberhauser (2003) showed that aphids are known to attract ants
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Background: First Goal
• Prysby (2004) showed only 5% of monarch eggs survive a 24-hour period when exposed to aphids
• Oberhauser (2003) showed that aphids are known to attract ants
• Oberhauser (2003) also showed that ants are predators of monarch eggs and larvae
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Ants Tending Aphids
http://www.discoverlife.org/IM/I_ANT/0000/320/Forelius_pruinosus,_workers_tending_milkweed_aphids,I_ANT74.jpg
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Methods for First Goal:Falcon Heights Park, MN
(http://maps.google.com )
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Monitoring Monarch Larvae
Photo by Author
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Monitoring Presence of Aphids
Photo by Author
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Monitoring Herbivory
Photo by Author
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Factors in Monarch Larvae MortalityInstar Stage vs. Cause of Death (chi-square value=21.577, df=6,
p=0.00144)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Unknown Gone Egg SuckedOut
Egg Chewed
Cause of Death
Number of Monarch Eggs/Larvae
EggsFirst-InstarsSecond-Instars
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Factors in Monarch Larvae MortalityPresence of Aphids
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 1–10 10–100 100–1000 > 1000
Number of Aphids
Number of Eggs
Dead
Alive
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 1–10 10–100 100–1000 > 1000
Number of Aphids
Number of First Instars
Dead
Alive
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 1–10 10–100 100–1000 > 1000
Number of Aphids
Number of Second Instars
Dead
Alive
Egg Survival vs. Presence of Aphids (chi-square value=17.953, df=4, p=0.00126)
Second-Instar Survival vs. Presence of Aphids (chi-square value=4.05, df=4, p=0.399)
First-Instar Survival vs. Presence of Aphids (chi-square value=9.87, df=4, p=0.0428)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 <5 5–25
Percentage of Herbivory
Number of Second Instars
Dead
Alive
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 <5 5–25
Percentage of Herbivory
Number of First Instars
Dead
Alive
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 <5 5–25
Percentage of Herbivory
Number of Eggs
Dead
Alive
Factors in Monarch Larvae MortalityHerbivory
Egg Survival vs. Herbivory of Milkweed Plant (chi-square value=10.386, df=2, p=0.00556)
Second-Instar Survival vs. Herbivory of Milkweed Plant (chi-square value=3.254, df=2, p=0.197)
First-Instar Survival vs. Herbivory of Milkweed Plant (chi-square value=10.358, df=2, p=0.00563)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Apex Buds of Plant Bottom of Leaf Top of Leaf
Position of Larvae on Milkweed Plant
Number of Second Instars
Dead
Alive
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Apex Buds of Plant Bottom of Leaf Top of Leaf
Position of Larvae on Milkweed Plant
Number of First Instars
Dead
Alive
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Apex Buds of Plant Bottom of Leaf Top of Leaf
Position of Eggs on Milkweed Plant
Number of Eggs
Dead
Alive
Factors in Monarch Larvae MortalityPosition of Monarch Larvae on Milkweed Plant
Egg Survival vs. Position of Larvae on Milkweed Plant (chi-square value=4.251, df=3, p=0.236)
Second-Instar Survival vs. Position of Larvae on Milkweed Plant (chi-square value=0.548, df=3, p=0.908)
First-Instar Survival vs. Position of Larvae on Milkweed Plant (chi-square value=5.777, df=3, p=0.123)
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Second Goal
• To determine mortality and survival rates of monarch eggs and larvae
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Background: Second Goal
• Borkin (1982) and Prysby et. al (2001) focused on overall instar mortality
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Monarch Larvae Instar Stages
(http://www.mlmp.org/monitoring/Guide/InstarImages/5_instars_c.jpg)
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Egg
(http://www.mlmp.org/monitoring/Guide/InstarImages/5_instars_c.jpg)
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First-instar
(http://www.mlmp.org/monitoring/Guide/InstarImages/5_instars_c.jpg)
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Second-instar
(http://www.mlmp.org/monitoring/Guide/InstarImages/5_instars_c.jpg)
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Third-instar
(http://www.mlmp.org/monitoring/Guide/InstarImages/5_instars_c.jpg)
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Fourth-instar
(http://www.mlmp.org/monitoring/Guide/InstarImages/5_instars_c.jpg)
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Fifth-instar
(http://www.mlmp.org/monitoring/Guide/InstarImages/5_instars_c.jpg)
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Methods for Second Goal
Falcon Heights Park, MN(http://maps.google.com )
Monitoring Monarch Larvae
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Survival of Monarch Eggs & Larvae
Figure 17: Survival of Monarch Larvae to Third Instar
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Day
Number of Eggs/Larvae
EggsFirst-InstarSecond-InstarThird-Instar
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Third Goal
• To determine the rate of parasitism of monarch larvae by tachinid flies (Lespesia archippivora)
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Tachinid Fly (Lespesia archippivora)
Photo by Kaitlyn Creasey
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Background: Third Goal
• Creasey (2007) showed that monarch larvae are killed every time they are parasitized by a tachinid fly
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Background: Third Goal
• Creasey (2007) showed that monarch larvae are killed every time they are parasitized by a tachinid fly
• Prysby (2004) found tachinid parasitism rates in TX, WI, and LA between 11.5 and 43%– Also cited tachinid parasitism in Mexico between
70 and 98%
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Background: Third Goal
• Creasey (2007) showed that monarch larvae are killed every time they are parasitized by a tachinid fly
• Prysby (2004) found tachinid parasitism rates in TX, WI, and LA between 11.5 and 43%– Also cited tachinid parasitism in Mexico between
70 and 98%
• Creasey (2007) and Oberhauser et al. (2007) found tachinid parasitism rates in MN between 6 and 13% for 2000-2006
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Methods for Third Goal
(http://geography.about.com/library/blank/mn.jpg & modified by author)
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Tachinid Fly Parasitism
Number of Monarch Larvae
Number of Larvae
Parasitized
Number of Tachinid
Flies Hatched
123 5 8
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Conclusions
• Predation in eggs and first-instars can be related to ants
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Conclusions
• Predation in eggs and first-instars can be related to ants
• 3% of eggs laid by one female survive to third-instar stage
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Conclusions
• Predation in eggs and first-instars can be related to ants
• 3% of eggs laid by one female survive to third-instar stage
• 4% of monarch larvae parasitized by tachinid flies
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Future Work
• Continue predation research on third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar larvae
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Future Work
• Continue predation research on third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar larvae
• Monitor tachinid fly parasitism to further understand tachinid cycles
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• Team Research• Alma de Anda• Reba Betalden• Dr. Karen
Oberhauser• Monarch Lab• Lois Fruen
Acknowledgements
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Studying Effects of Natural Enemies on Survival of Monarch Butterfly Larvae (Danaus
plexippus) to Aid in Monarch Conservation
Emily Nimmer
2007