study on mercury and risk assessment from...

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STUDYONMERCURYANDRISKASSESSMENTFROMCONSUMPTIONOFFISHINWESTPENINSULARMALAYSIA

ZURAHANIMFASHAANUAL1,SIMONFOSTER2,FRANKKRIKOWA2,

WILLIAMMAHER2

1ENVIRONMENTALHEALTHRESEARCHCENTRE,INSTITUTEFORMEDICALRESEARCH2ECOCHEMISTRYLABORATORY,INSTITUTEFORAPPLIEDECOLOGY,UNIVERSITYOFCANBERRA,AUSTRALIA

OVERVIEWq  IntroducBon-Whatismercury(Hg?)-DifferentformsofHg-Applica<onofHg-SourcesofHg-ImportanceofHg-Routesofexposure-Healtheffectsofmercury-Examplesofmercurypoisoning-MinamataDiseaseq  StudyobjecBvesq  Methodologyq  Results&Discussionsq  Conclusions

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OVERVIEW

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTIONq Whatismercury(Hg)?

Ø  Knowninancient<meas‘hydragyros’

Ø  Hydra(water);Agyros(Silver)

Ø  Alsoknownas‘quicksilver’

Ø  Existsasliquid

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INTRODUCTION

q  Hgexistsin3differentforms:Ø  ElementalHg(Hg0)Ø  InorganicHg(Hg2+,Hg+)Ø  OrganicHg(CH3Hg+)

INTRODUCTION

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ElementalHg InorganicHg OrganicHg

-Silverincolour-Liquidatroomtemperature-Fatsoluble&bioaccumulates-Vaporiseseasilyandcanbeabsorbeddermally

-Watersolublesalts(e.gMercurychloride)-InorganicHgisconvertedtoMeHgbybacteria

-MeHgisfatsoluble(andthereforeinsolubleinwater)butfoundinwaterwaysandbioaccumulates

q Wideuseofapplica<ons:Ø Art(pigment)Ø Science(thermometer)Ø Medicine(treatmentofsyphilis,dentalamalgam,vaccines)Ø Agriculture(pes<cides)Ø Industries(cathodeinelectroly<cproduc<onofcaus<csoda)

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

6 Source:UNEP(2013)

SOURCESOFMERCURY

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Source:UNEP(2013)

INTRODUCTION

ROUTESOFEXPOSUREq  InhalaBonØ  -PrimaryrouteforelementalmercuryØ  -75percentto80percentisabsorbedbylungs

q  SkinorEyeContactØ  -AbsorbedslowlythroughskinØ  -Causesirrita<ontoskinandeyesandpossiblycontactderma<<s

q  IngesBonØ  -Methylmercurycompletelyabsorbedandnotreadilyeliminated

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INTRODUCTION

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q  A potent neurotoxin that inhibits theproduc<on of neurotransmiaers and createsseriousimbalancesinthedevelopmentofthebrain

q Mercury can cross the blood, brain andplacentalbarriers,posinganincreasedrisktochildren

q  Childrencanbeexposed toHg through theirmother’sbloodwhile infantscanbeexposedthroughbreastmilk

q  High risk groups: developing fetus, infants,children,pregnantmothers

HEALTHEFFECTSOFMERCURY

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INTRODUCTION

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1.  Pollutantsgetintothesedimentorwaterfromman-madeornaturalprocesses

2.  Plantsandsmallorganismsabsorb/ingestthepollutants,includingjuvenilefish.

3.  Largefisheatsmallerfish.

4.  Toppredators(man,eagles,raccoons)eatthebigfish.

WhyisHgimportant?

BIOACCUMULATION/BIOMAGNIFICATIONINTRODUCTION

•  Fishconsump<onisthemajorpathwaytoHgexposureinhumans(Clarkson2002)

WhyisHgimportant?

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

Fishisgoodfood

• Cheapsupplyofprotein&minerals

• Containomega-3faayacids(EPA&DHA)

• Mayreducecholesterollevels&incidenceofheartdisease

• ReduceriskofAlzheimer'sdisease

• Percapitaconsump<onisat58kgperperson(Nurnadiaetal.2011)

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CLASSICEXAMPLESOFMERCURYPOISONING

q MinamataDisease

ü  Aformofmethylmercurypoisoningcausedbyea<nglargequan<<esoffishandshellfishpollutedbymethylmercuryü  Itisnotacontagiousdiseasenorinherited

ü  Numberaffected:>12000people

ü  Symptoms:ü  numbnessandunsteadinessinthelegsandhandsü  <rednessü  ringingintheearsü  narrowingofthefieldofvisionü  lossofhearingü  slurredspeechü  awkwardmovements

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INTRODUCTION

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OBJECTIVESOFSTUDYq  To determine the concentra<ons of mercury (Hg) andmethyl mercury

(MeHg) in commonly consumed fish and other seafood (molluscs,crustaceans)inWestPeninsularMalaysia

q  Toes<matetheriskofHgcontamina<onthroughseafoodconsump<onbyMalaysians.

q  Toassessriskofconsump<onoffishandotherseafoodbycomparingHgandMeHg concentra<ons toMalaysian FoodRegula<on guidelines andProvisionalTolerableWeeklyIntake(PTWI)

OBJECTIVES

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METHODOLOGY

q  M1-Wholesalemarket

q  M2-Wholesalemarket

q  L1–Landingsite

STUDYLOCATION

q  N=110samples

q  freeze-dried

q  50mlcentrifugetubes

SAMPLE

M1

M2

L1

Mapofsamplingloca<onsinWestPeninsularMalaysia

METHODOLOGY

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“Exposureassessmentofselectedcontaminantsfromconsump<onofseafoodinPeninsularMalaysia”

Typesofseafood Frequencies(%)Mackerel 70.9Prawn 26.6

Yellowtailscad 26.2Blackpomfret 22.6

Tuna 21.8Hair-tailscad 20.9

Spanishmackerel 20.9Squid 21.3

Redsnapper 14.7Threadfinbream 11.2

S<ngray 10.6Carish 7.3

Barramundi 7.2Croaker 5.4

ThemostpreferredseafoodconsumedamongMalaysiansbasedondietarysurveyinPeninsularMalaysia(Nuruletal.2015)

METHODOLOGY

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TOTALMERCURYANALYSIS

METHODOLOGY

0.07goffreeze-driedfish 1mlHNO3 DigesBon(1hour)

9mlH2O

Dilute1:10Dilute1:10

(autodilutor)

ICP-MS

Reference:Baldwinetal.(1994)

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METHYLMERCURYANALYSIS

METHODOLOGY

0.2goffreeze-driedfish

8mlphosphatebuffer+20mgproteasetypeXIVin

0.05%cysteine

incubate 37C;120min;20rpm

Add2mlphosphatebuffer

Centrifuge:20min,3000rpm

filter

HPLC-ICP-MS

Reference:Raietal.(2002)

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°

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METHODOLOGY

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METHODOLOGY

Calculation of Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) PTWI (µg/kg-1) = Mean Hg in fish (µg/g-1 wet weight) x Weekly fish consumption (g) ________________________________________________________ Body weight (kg) 　　　　

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METHODOLOGY

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ProvisionalTolerableWeeklyIntake(PTWI)

"Istheamountofasubstancethatcanbeconsumedweeklyover an enBre lifeBme without appreciable risk tohealthand isanend-pointusedfor foodcontaminants (suchas heavy metals with cumulaBve properBes). Its valuerepresents permissible human weekly exposure,protecBng the most suscepBble part of thepopulaBon, to those contaminants unavoidably associatedwith the consumpBonofotherwisewholesomeandnutriBousfoods” -Joint FAO/WHO Expert Comminee on Food AddiBves(JECFA).

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PHD FINAL SEMINAR 2013

C o u n t r y /

OrganizaBon

FishType Maximumallowed/

recommendedlevels*

Typeof

Measure

Tolerableintake

levels

Malaysia Allfishexceptpredatoryfish

Predatory fish (e.g. shark, swordfish,

tuna,pikeandothers)

0.5mg/kgmethylmercury

1mg/kgmethylmercury

FoodAct1983andFood

Regula<ons1985

Australia Fish known to contain high levels ofmercury e.g. swordfish , southernbluefin tuna, barramundi, ling, orangeroughy,rays,sharkAll other species of fish, crustaceans

andmollusks

1.0mg/kgmercury

0.5mg/kgmercury

TheAustralianFoodStandards

Code

Tolerable WeeklyIntake: 2.8 μg/ kg Hgbody we ight perweek for pregnantwomen

WHO/FAO AllfishexceptpredatoryfishPredatory fish (e.g. shark, swordfish,

tuna,pikeandothers)

0.5mg/kgmethylmercury

1mg/kgmethylmercury

FAO/WHOCodex

alimentariusguidelinelevel

JECFA provisionalt o l e rab le week l yintake: 3.3 μg/kgmethylmercury bodyweightperweek

UnitedStatesofAmerica

Fish, shellfish and other aqua<canimalsStates, tribes and territories are

responsibleforissuingfishconsump<onadvise for locally caught fish; Triggerlevelformanystatehealthdepartments

1ppmmethylmercury

0.5ppmmethylmercury

FDAac<onlevelLocaltrigger

level

US EPA referencedose: 0.1 μg/ kgmethylmercury bodyweightperweek.

Table1:Therecommendedlevelsformercuryandmethylmercuryinfishandseafoodbyvariousorganiza<ons

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METHODOLOGY

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RESULTS

FactorsinfluencingHgandMeHgconcentraBons RESULTS

•  Length(thebiggerthefish,thehighertheHgconcentra<ons)

•  Trophiclevel(fishonhighertrophiclevelhashigherHgconcentra<ons)

•  Habitat(benthicfishvspelagicfish)

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RESULTS

Length

slope=0.006,adjustedr2=0.064,F1,104=8.144,p=0.005

RESULTS

HgconcentraBonsvslength

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RESULTS

Length

Log

MeH

g co

ncen

trat

ions

Length

slope=0.06,adjustedr2=0.051,F1,28=2.549,p=0.122

MeHgconcentraBonsvslength

RESULTS

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RESULTS

RESULTS

Log 1

0 Hg

once

ntra

tions

RelaBonshipbetweenHgconcentraBonsandδ15N

δ15Nslope=0.015,adjustedr2=-0.022,F1,41=0.076,p=0.784

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RESULTS

RESULTSLo

g 10 M

eHg

conc

entr

atio

ns

δ15N

RelaBonshipbetweenMeHgconcentraBonsandδ15N

slope=-0.015,adjustedr2=-0.064,F1,14=0.159,p=0.696

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RESULTS

RESULTS

HgconcentraBonsbetweenhabitat

MeHgconcentraBonsbetweenhabitat

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RESULTS

RESULTSTable2:HgconcentraBonsinmolluscs,crustaceansandfishofWest

PeninsularMalaysia(n=110)

Hgmaximumallowedlevels=0.5mg/kg

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RESULTS

RESULTSTable3:MeHgconcentraBonsinmolluscs,crustaceansandfishof

WestPeninsularMalaysia(n=32)

Hgmaximumallowedlevels=0.5mg/kg

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RESULTS

Commonname n

Mercury(µg/gww)

WeeklyconsumpBon(g)

DailyconsumpBon(g)

DailyporBon

Casish 4 0.02 15415 2202 14

Prawn 5 0.04 8323 1189 7

Pomfret 5 0.04 7456 1065 7

Shrimp 10 0.04 7389 1056 7

Squid 13 0.05 6013 859 5

Mackerel 20 0.06 5148 735 5

Scad 9 0.09 3288 470 3

Croaker 8 0.10 3107 444 3

SBngray 7 0.11 2800 400 2

Tuna 5 0.14 2218 317 2

Snapper 13 0.15 2083 298 2

Barramundi 4 0.18 1759 251 2

Bream 7 0.21 1516 217 1

#WeeklyconsumpBonisesBmatedbasedonPTWIof5µg/kgHgand64kgbodyweight^DailyconsumpBonisderivedfromweeklyconsumpBondividedby7days*DailyporBonoffishequalsto160gserving(equivalenttodailyfishconsumpBonbyaverageMalaysian)

Table4:EsBmaBonofallowableseafoodintakeonweeklyanddailybasis

8/03

/16

Casish

Prawn

Shrimp

Pomfret

>10porBons/day

Upto7porBons/day

Squid

Mackerel

Scad

Croaker

Upto5porBons/day

Upto3porBons/day

SBngray

Tuna

Barramundi

Snapper

Upto2porBons/day

Bream

Upto1porBon/day

GUIDELINESONFISHCONSUMPTION

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CONCLUSIONS

Conclusions

•  Hgconcentra<onswereinfluencedbylength,butnottropiclevelsandhabitat

•  HgandMeHgconcentra<onswerewithinsafelimitsof0.5mg/kg

•  NoneofthefishandseafoodexceedthePTWIhencepresentsnoriskforhumanconsump<on

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CONCLUSIONS

Acknowledgements

•  EHRCStaff•  DrNurulIzzah•  DrSimonFoster•  ProfWilliamMaher•  MrFrankKrikowa•  IAElabmates

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QUESTIONS??

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

study on mercury and risk assessment from...

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