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zfjvyoq$

Qgf qy`jbodk ml qgf eòd odaoj`qmyz `da svinoj smnojofz yfn`qfa qm odlmye`qomd

zfjvyoq `da jmdloafdjf `q imqg ` d`qomd`n `da odqfyd`qomd n nf|fn$

Qgf kfdfy`qomd ml ` a`qì`zf {gojg sfyeoqz `d`nzodk `da f|`nv`qodk qgf zfjvyoq

`da jmdloafdjf m|fy qoef$

Qm symemqf yfzf`yjg symhfjqz od qgf `yf` ml OJQ zfjvyoq$

Qgf aozzfeod`qomd ml zqvaofz `da yfsmyqz svinozgfa i mqgfy d`qomd`n `da

odqfyd`qomd`n imaofz `da myk`doz`qomdz. `z {fnn `z odlmye`qomd ìmvq qgf jvyyfdq

d`qomd`n `da Fvymsf`d zq`qvz od qgf lofna ml zfjvyoq `da jmdloafdjf od qgf

odlmye`qomd zmjofq$

@a|ozfefdq qm svinoj àeodozqy`qomdz od qgf `yf` ml odlmye`qomd zfjvyoq `da

jmdloafdjf. `z {fnn `z zvssmyq od qgf jyf`qomd. qy`jbodk `da f|`nv`qomd ml svinoj

smnojofz od qgoz lofna$

0$9 Zqva mihfjqo|fz

Qgoz yfsmyq oz zfq {oqgod qgf symjfzz ml qfjgdmnmkoj`n jg`dkf od {gojg zmjofq oz jvyyfdqn

oeefyzfa. `da odqm {gojg qgf lofna ml favj`qomd oz kyàv`nn ifodk odjmysmy`qfa$

Jmdjyfqfn. oq oz qgf oesmyq`djf ml favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez `z qmmnz lmy odjmysmy`qodk qgfzf

qfjgdmnmkofz od favj`qomd qg`q e`bf oq dfjfzz`y qm jmdavjq zqvaofz qg`q `d`nzf zfjvyoq

od qgfzf df{ |oyqv`n {myb fd|oymdefdqz$

L`jfa {oqg qgoz fefykodk yf`noq. ODQFJM g`z jmdzoafyfa qgf dffa qm jmdavjq yfzf`yjg

{gojg {mvna `nnm{ vz qm8

Vdafyzq`da qgf smodq ml |of{ ml qgf af|fnmsfyz. sym|oafyz `da vzfyz ml qgfzf md%

nodf favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez lmy jgonayfd. lmjvzodk qgf zqva md qgf oafdqoloj`qomd ml

g`x`yaz da zfjvyoq zmnvqomdz$

Qm kfdfy`qf zqy`qfkoj nodfz lmy `jqomd `da oesym|fefdq {oqg yfk`yaz qm qgf pv`noq

ml qgfzf zfy|ojfz$



12/97


Qm zfy|f `z ` i`zf lmy kvoaodk `da zvssmyqodk afjozomd%e`bodk i qgf

@aeodozqy`qomd od qgf yf` ml f%jmdloafdjf da odlmye`qomd zfjvyoq$

Od qgoz zfdzf. qgf zqva g`z ` {oaf zfq ml mihfjqo|fz qg`q `yf zsfjolofa i kfdfy`n.

msfy`qomd`n mihfjqo|fz. qgf afqònz ml {gojg `yf sym|oafa ifnm{$

Kfdfy`n mihfjqo|fz

0/ Qm `jgof|f knmi`n vdafyzq`daodk ìmvq zfjvyoq md favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez$

9/ Qm vzf ` lnfwoinf. gmnozqoj. `da jmdqfwqv`nozfa symjfzz. lyme qgf sfyzsfjqo|fz ml

aollfyfdq fwsfyqz. jmes`dofz af|fnmsodk zmnvqomdz `da mqgfy s`yqofz od|mn|fa. qm

oafdqol qgf odjoafdjfz `da dffaz ml qgf vzfyz {oqg yfk`yaz qm md%nodffavj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez$

:/ Qm aflodf jfyqòd kfdfy`n yfjmeefda qomdz jmdjfydodk yfkvn`qomdz. ifzq

sy`jqojfz `da z`lfq kvoafnodfz yfn`qfa qm qgf vzf `da af|fnmsefdq ml qgfzf

sn`qlmyez$

Msfy`qomd`n mihfjqo|fz

0/ Qm miqòd kfdfy n odlmye`qomd ìmvq favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez8 qgfoy

jmdjfsqv`noz`qomd. lvdjqomd`noqofz. vzfyz. fqj$

9/ Qm fzqìnozg ` qsmnmk lmy qgmzf favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez jvyyfdqn od fwozqfdjf.

`da qm aflodf zmef ml qgfoy jg`y`jqfyozqojz$

:/ Qm afqfyeodf qgf nf|fn ml zfjvyoq {oqg {gojg qgf `yf msfy`qfa lyme qgf |`yomvz

sym|oafyz `da sn`qlmye af|fnmsfyz. `da jmes`yf qgoz qm qg`q {gojg oz jmdzoafyfa

qm if msqoe`n$

1/ Qm afqfjq qgf eòd yozbz od qgf `yf` ml zfjvyoq. `z {fnn `z smzzoinf zmnvqomdz qm

if oesnfefdqfa$

0$: Afzokd efqgmamnmk

Qgf efqgmamnmkoj`n symjfzz vzfa qm afzokd qgf zqva oz afzjyoifa ifnm{$

Yfzf`yjg sg`zf

Qgf efqgmamnmk vzfa od qgoz sg`zf jmdzozqz ml qgyff zq`kfz8

Amjvefdq`y zf`yjg `da `d`nzoz. {gfyf dvefymvz zqvaofz `da `yqojnfz md `

d`qomd`n `da odqfyd`qomd`n nf|fn g`|f iffd jmdzoafyfa$



13/97


Zqva md favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye z`lfq ef`zvyfz S`kf 0: ml ?;Odlmye`qomd Zfjvyoq Mizfy|`qmy

Qgf àeodozqy`qomd ml 9? afqònfa zfeo%zqyvjqvyfa odqfy|of{z0 `da 93 zfnl%

àeodozqfyfa pvfzqomddòyfz qm fwsfyqz `da bf `kfdqz {oqg zvjjfzzlvn

fwsfyofdjf od md%nodf favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye zfjvyoq. `da {oqg |`zq bdm{nfakf od qgfzfjqmy$ Qgfzf odqfy|of{z g`|f iffd aozqyoivqfa èmdk qgf lmnnm{odk symlonfz98

m Qgf Zs`dozg Svinoj @aeodozqy`qomd 'Qgf Eodozqy ml Favj`qomd `da Zjofdjf2

qgf Eodozqy ml Odavzqy. Qmvyoze `da Jmeefyjf. `da qgf afs`yqefdqz ml

favj`qomd od qgf vqmdmeoj jmeevdoqofz/$

m Ivzodfzzfz zsfjo`nozfa od qgf qfjgdmnmkoj`n af|fnmsefdq ml favj`qomd`n

sn`qlmyez `da-my zfjvyoq zmnvqomdz lmy qgfzf sn`qlmyez md ` d`qomd`n `da

odqfyd`qomd n i`zoz$

m Fwsfyqz od jmesvqfy zfjvyoq$

m D`qomd`n Zfjvyoq Lmyjfz `da @aeodozqy`qomdz zsfjo`nozfa od qfnfe`qoj

jyoefz$

m @zzmjo`qomdz afaoj`qfa qm symqfjqodk eodmyz lyme g`x`yamvz zoqv`qomdz md

qgf Odqfydfq$

m Favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye vzfyz$

Qgf gmnaodk ml ` aozjvzzomd kymvs {oqg zqvafdqz lyme Zfjmda`y `da Vssfy

Zfjmda`y Zjgmmn. ml aollfyfdq `kfz. zfwfz `da nf|fnz ml qfjgdmnmkoj`n

jmesfqfdjf$

@d`nzoz sg`zf `da qgf afi`qf m|fy qgf jmdjnvzomdz

S`y`nnfn qm qgoz. effqodkz {fyf gfna {oqg qgf km`n ml jmdzmnoa`qodk qgf odlmye`qomd {f

miqòdfa avyodk qgf syf|omvz sg`zf. qyodk qm sfylmye ` syfnoeod`y `d`nzoz `da

jn`zzoloj`qomd ml imqg qgf amjvefdq`y zmvyjfz `da qgf odlmye`qomd miqòdfa lyme qgf

odqfy|of{z$

Lmy qgoz svysmzf. `da syomy qm {yoqodk qgf yfsmyq. zf|fy`n qfè effqodkz {fyf gfna. avyodk

{gojg qgf qìnf ml jmdqfdqz {`z af|fnmsfa. `da ` jmdzfdzvz yf`jgfa yfk`yaodk oqz lod`n

|`noa`qomd da lmjvz$

0 Qgoz jmdzozqz ml ` adèoj jmeevdoj`qomdz symjfzz ifq{ffd q{m sfmsnf. qgf odqfy|of{fy `da qgf odqfy|of{ff. vdafy qgfjmdqymn ml qgf loyzq s`yq$ Qgf mihfjqo|f zmvkgq `lqfy oz qm miqòd odlmye`qomd qg`q oz `z zokdoloj`dq `z smzzoinf ìmvq qgf zvihfjqml mvy symsmzfa `d`nzoz9 @ssfdaow O jmdqòdz ` nozq ml `nn qgf myk`doz`qomdz `da symlfzzomd`nz {gm {fyf odqfy|of{fa avyodk qgf yfzf`yjg sg`zf$


14/97


@jqomd yfjmeefda`qomd sg`zf

I`zfa md qgf a`q` lyme qgoz n`zq yfsmyq. qgf yfjmeefda`qomdz `da kvoafnodfz lmy `jqomd{fyf oafdqolofa {gojg {fyf fwsyfzzfa i qgmzf fwsfyqz odqfy|of{fa. od myafy qm fzq`inozg

qgf smqfdqo`n zjmsf `da yfzsmdzoionoqofz qg`q `yf dfjfzz`y od qgf `yf`z ml zfnl%yfkvn`qomd.

nfkozn`qomd. jfyqoloj`qomd `da zq`da`yaoz`qomd lmy qgf jyf`qomd `da-my af|fnmsefdq ml qgfzf

sn`qlmyez2 qgf zfdzoqoz`qomd. qy`ododk `da odlmye`qomd yfpvoyfa i qgf vzfyz. `da od `

kfdfy`n zfdzf. mqgfy ef`zvyfz qg`q svinoj myk`doz`qomdz evzq af|fnms$



15/97


9 [G@Q OZ @D FAVJ@QOMD@N SN@QLMYE=

Qgf f|mnvqomd ml favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez oz jnmzfn nodbfa qm qgf af|fnmsefdq ml `dodlmye`qomd `da bdm{nfakf zmjofq. `da emyf zsfjoloj`nn. qm qg`q ml qgf favj`qomd`n

zzqfez. {gojg qfda qm symkyfzzo|fn à`sq qm qgf yf`n dffaz ml qgf {mybodk {myna$

Noqfy`j oz dm{ yfjmkdozfa `z ` jmdjfsq qg`q jg`dkfz m|fy qoef. {gfyf qgf e`zqfy ml

jmkdoqo|f symjfzzfz `da zqy`qfkofz q`bfz md ` kyf`qfy yfnf|`djf qg`d qgf `zzoeon`qomd ml

jmdqfdqz. `da {gfyf qgfyf `yf dm nmdkfy `d zs`jf%qoef i`yyofyz qm noeoq nf`ydodk$

[oqgod qgoz oddm|`qo|f `da jg`dkodk lyèf{myb. qgf msqomd ml kfdfy`qodk |oyqv`n nf`ydodk

fd|oymdefdqz i`zfa md Odlmye`qomd `da Jmeevdoj`qomd Qfjgdmnmkofz 'OJQ/ ef`dz ifodkìnf qm yfzsmda jmesyfgfdzo|fn qm qgf yfpvoyfefdqz oesmzfa i ` Bdm{nfakf Zmjofq

`da qgf df{ dffaz ml qgf favj`qomd`n fd|oymdefdq$ Oq oz {oqgod qgoz jmdqfwq ml oddm|`qomd

qg`q qgf favj`qomd n sn`qlmyez yf fefykodk$

9$0 Odlmye`qomd `da jmeevdoj`qomd qfjgdmnmkofz od favj`qomd

Qgf odjmysmy`qomd ml OJQ od favj`qomd g`z qyàoqomd`nn iffd odlnvfdjfa emyf i

qfjgdmnmk qg`d i sfa`kmk my odzqyvjqomd$ Od zjgmmn. `z od mqgfy fd|oymdefdqz. qgf

kym{odk vzf ml qfjgdmnmk g`z iffd aojq`qfa i oqz f|mnvqomd `da af|fnmsefdq. `da {gonf

oq g`z iffd `ssnofa qm favj`qomd lmy zmef qoef dm{. oq g`z mdn iffd zodjf qgf 0?73z{gfd oqz vzf g`z ifjmef kfdfy`nozfa$

Qgf `ssf`y`djf ml sfyzmd`n jmesvqfyz `q qgf ifkoddodk ml qgf 0?73z `da `jjfzz qm

zsfjo`nozfa qfnfjmeevdoj`qomdz dfq{mybz. qg`dbz qm qgf Odqfydfq. g`|f eàf smzzoinf qgf

{myna{oaf fwjg`dkf `da `jjfzz qm zmvyjfz ml odlmye`qomd. kfdfy`qodk oesmyq`dq jg`dkfz

od qgf favj`qomd`n fd|oymdefdq `nmdk {oqg oq$

Zodjf qgf 0??3z `da jmdqodvodk od qgf syfzfdq. df{ qfjgdmnmkoj`n yfzmvyjfz g`|f iffd

kyàv`nn odjmysmy`qfa. {gojg e`bfz qgf dffa qm yfjmdjfsqv`nozf qgf qyàoqomd`n symjfzzfz

`da emafnz ml qf`jgodk `da nf`ydodk pvoqf f|oafdq$

Syfzfdqn. oq {mvna zffe vdqgodbìnf qm qgym{ mvy mvqg odqm ` knmi`n jmeevdoj`qomdz

jvnqvyf {oqgmvq sym|oaodk qgfe {oqg zmef qyòdodk ìmvq {gfd. gm{ `da {g qm vzf qgf

fefykodk qfjgdmnmkofz$ Qgf af|fnmsefdq ml jmdjfsqz zvjg `z nolf%nmdk nf`ydodk.

nf`ydodk gm{ qm nf`yd. fqj$. g`|f ef`dq qg`q zjgmmnz. `z odzqoqvqomdz. g`|f gà qm emaol

qgf qyàoqomd`n ymnfz ml qf`jgfyz `da zqvafdqz. `da od e`d j`zfz. ifkod qm zsfjol imqg

zq`da`yaozfa da kfdfy`n jyoqfyo`$



16/97


Zqva md favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye z`lfq ef`zvyfz S`kf 0< ml ?;Odlmye`qomd Zfjvyoq Mizfy|`qmy

Od Zsòd. qgf Myk`doj Favj`qomd N`{ 'NMF/ `da ym`n afjyffz fzqìnozgodk eodoeve

nf`ydodk jmesfqfdjofz: g`|f gokgnokgqfa qfjgdmnmkoj`n noqfy`j `z mdf ml qgf i`zoj

jmesfqfdjofz qg`q zqvafdqz evzq `jpvoyf$ Md ` zoeon`y dmqf. VDFZJM g`z hvzq svinozgfaqgf OJQ jmesfqfdj zq`da`yaz lmy odzqyvjqmyz1. {oqg qgf km`n qg`q f`jg jmvdqy vzf qgfzf

kvoafnodfz od myafy qm e`woeozf qf`jgfy qyòdodk od qfjgdmnmk%yfn`qfa zvihfjqz$

Qgf svinoj ivzodfzz myk`doz`qomd Yfa$fz. {gojg oz vdafy qgf Eodozqy ml Odavzqy. Qmvyoze

`da Jmeefyjf. `nmdk {oqg qgf Eodozqy ml Favj`qomd `da Zjofdjf `da qgf aollfyfdq

afs`yqefdqz ml favj`qomd od qgf `vqmdmeoj jmeevdoqofz. g`z n`vdjgfa aollfyfdq symkyèz

odqfdafa qm symemqf qgf odjmysmy`qomd `da vzf ml qfjgdmnmk od dmd%vdo|fyzoq Zs`dozg

svinoj zjgmmnz$

Zsfjoloj`nn. qgf g`|f symemqfa qgf symkyèz Odqfydfq od qgf Zjgmmnz '9339%933


17/97


Lyme qgf smodq ml |of{ ml qgfoy lvdjqomd`noqofz. qgf `yf jmdjfsqv`nozfa `z

`ssnoj`qomdz qg`q `nnm{ qgf e`d`kfefdq ml qf`jgodk%nf`ydodk symjfzzfz my |oyqv`n

my zfeo%aozq`djf nf`ydodk jmvyzfz. `z {fnn `z sfylmyeodk `nn qgf `jàfeoj `daàeodozqy`qo|f e`d`kfefdq lvdjqomdz$

Mdf n`zq aflodoqomd ml qgf qfye. evjg emyf kfdfy`n od d`qvyf. {mvna jmdzoafy `d

favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye qm if `d smyq`n ifnmdkodk qm qgf favj`qomd`n àeodozqy`qomd my

zjgmmn8 {oqg md%nodf jmdqfdqz. vzfa lmy `jàfeoj e`d`kfefdq. favj`qomd`n

zfy|ojfz '|oafmjmdlfyfdjodk. md%nodf noiy`yofz. fqj$/. favj`qomd`n {fi s`kfz `da

inmkz. fqj$

Od `d j`zf. qgf jmeemd afdmeod`qmy zffez qm aflodf qgfe `z ` qmmn {gmzf afzokd

`da svysmzf oz qm yfzsmda od ` jmesyfgfdzo|f e`ddfy qm qgf evnqosnf dffaz qg`q

`yf odgfyfdq od qgf nolf ml `d favj`qomd`n jfdqyf$ Oq e` f|fd if jmdzoafyfa qg`q qgoz oz

` pvfzqomd ml zjgmmn myk`doz`qomd. od {gojg qfjgdmnmk e` sn` ` ymnf$

9$9$0 Kfdfy`n zqyvjqvyf da msfy`qomd ml `d favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye

Favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez dmye`nn g`|f ` emavn`y zqyvjqvyf qg`q e`bfz oq smzzoinf qm à`sq

qgfe qm qgf jvyyfdq zq`qvz ml qgf aollfyfdq favj`qomd`n jfdqyfz$

Zqyvjqvy`nn. qgf g`|f aollfyfdq emavnfz qg`q `nnm{ qgfe qm effq qgf e`d`kfefdq dffaz

qg`q jfdqyfz g`|f `q qgyff iymà nf|fnz8 àeodozqy`qo|f `da `jàfeoj e`d`kfefdq.jmeevdoj`qomdz e`d`kfefdq da qgf e`d`kfefdq ml qgf qf`jgodk%nf`ydodk symjfzz$

Qm `jjmesnozg qgoz. qgfzf qfjgdmnmkoj`n zzqfez sym|oaf vzfyz {oqg zg`yfa {mybzs`jfz

afzokd`qfa lmy qgf fwjg`dkf ml jmdqfdqz `da odlmye`qomd. `da qgf odjnvaf jmeevdoj`qomd

qmmnz 'jg`q ymmez. f%eòn. afi`qf lmyvez. |oafmjmdlfyfdjfz. inmkz. fqj$/ `da. od e`d

j`zfz. qgf odjnvaf ` n`ykf yfsmzoqmy ml aokoq`n oqfez lmy nf`ydodk qg`q g`|f iffd

af|fnmsfa i qgoya s`yqofz. `z {fnn `z qmmnz afzokdfa lmy kfdfy`qodk qgf yfzmvyjfz

qgfezfn|fz$

Qgf msfy`qomd ml qgf sn`qlmyez oz odqfdafa qm sym|oaf zfy|ojfz qm lmvy symlonfz ml vzfyz8

jfdqyf àeodozqy`qmyz. s`yfdqz. zqvafdqz `da qf`jgfyz$ F`jg ml qgfzf symlonfz oz oafdqolofa

i ef`dz ml ` vzfy dèf `da ` s`zz{mya. qgymvkg {gojg qgf vzfyz e` `jjfzz qgf

sn`qlmye$ Qgoz msfy`qodk zqyvjqvyf yfsyfzfdqz qgf jyf`qomd ml ` {mybzs`jf {oqg jnmzfa.

jmdqymnnfa odqfy`jqomdz. od {gojg `d g`x`yamvz zoqv`qomdz qgf vzfyz eokgq fwsfyofdjf `yf

nfzz zf|fyf qg`d mvqzoaf qgfzf zs`jfz$

Zqva md favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye z`lfq ef`zvyfz S`kf 0; ml ?;Odlmye`qomd Zfjvyoq Mizfy|`qmy


18/97



9$9$9 Lvdjqomdz zfy|fa i qgfzf sn`qlmyez

@ nf`ydodk sn`qlmye g`z ` zfq ml g`ya{`yf7. zmlq{`yf? `da zvssmyq zfy|ojfz qg`q sfyeoq qgf

emzq fllfjqo|f {myb emafz. imqg odzoaf `da mvqzoaf qgf jn`zzymme$

@nqgmvkg qgfzf e` |`y jmdzoafyìn od qgfoy afzokd `da af|fnmsefdq. qgf evzq `n{`z

sym|oaf ` zfyofz ml lvdjqomd`noqofz 'zvjg `z. lmy fwèsnf. jmnnìmy`qo|f qmmnz qg`q zqoevn`qf

qgf oaf` ml jmmsfy`qomd `da odqfy`jqomd/ `da ef`dz lmy af|fnmsodk df{ {myb efqgmaz `da

favj`qomd`n emafnz qg`q km ifmda qgf zoesnf vzf ml qfjgdmnmk `z ` qmmn$

Ol {f `d`nzf qgf eòd lvdjqomd`noqofz qg`q `yf aflodfa i oqz afzokd. {f loda qg`q qgfyf `yf

q{m lvdaèfdq`n ssnoj`qomdz8

0/ Aozq`djf nf`ydodk. {gfd qgf favj`qomd`n symjfzz oz dmq md%zoqf$

9/ Zvssmyq `da `z ` jmesnfefdq qm jn`zzymme favj`qomd$

Yfjfdqn. favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez g`|f `nzm iffd vzfa qm kfdfy`qf zs`jfz lmy aozjvzzomd

`da qgf jmdzqyvjqomd ml bdm{nfakf i yfzf`yjg kymvsz. my lmy oesnfefdqodk |oyqv`n

jmeevdoqofz `da nf`ydodk dfq{mybz i kymvsz ml sfmsnf {gm `yf hmodfa i ` jmeemd

qmsoj ml odqfyfzq$

[oqg yfk`yaz qm oqz zvssmyq lvdjqomdz od qgf qf`jgodk%nf`ydodk symjfzz. zmef ml qgf emzq

oesmyq`dq `yf yfn`qfa qm8

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19/97


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@ qmmn lmy à|ozodk. ao`kdmzodk `da qy`jbodk zqvafdqz$

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sn`qlmyez$

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20/97



Od zsoqf ml qgf vdpvfzqomdìnf oesmyq`djf ml fpvossodk jfdqyfz {oqg qgf dfjfzz`y

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jmdavjqfa i Yfa$fz `da qgf D`qomd`n Jfdqyf lmy Favj`qomd`n Odlmye`qomd `da

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a`q` yf|f`n qg`q qgf eòd i`yyofyz oafdqolofa qm kyf`qfy vzf `yf yfn`qfa. od mdf {` my

`dmqgfy. {oqg qgf lokvyf ml qgf qf`jgfy$ Qgf odjnvaf8 o/ qgf n`jb ml OJQ `da sn`qlmye

qyòdodk. oo/ qgf n`jb ml qoef qm nf`yd. ooo/ qgf n`jb ml zvssmyq lyme {oqgod qgf jfdqyf `da o|/

qgf n`jb ml qmmnz$

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aollfyfdq `kfdqz od qgf favj`qomd`n lofna$ Od qgoz j`zf. qgf `ssnoj`qomdz g`|f dmye`nn iffd

af|fnmsfa vzodk symsyofq`y zmlq{`yf$

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aollojvnq qm loda sn`qlmyez qg`q odqfky`qf aokoq`n jmdqfdqz qg`q `yf à`sqfa qm qgf zqvafdq

jvyyojvnve$

03 Yfa$fz `da qgf Jfdqym D`jomd`n af Odlmye`jod Jmevdoj`jod Favj`qo|` 'JDOJF/ '933;/8 Odlmyef zmiyf n`

oesn`dq`jod vzm af n`z QOJ fd nmz jfdqymz amjfdqfz af Favj`jod Syoe`yo` Zfjvda`yo` 'jvyzm 9336%933


21/97



9$9$1 Qgf oaf`n sn`qlmye8 @jàfeoj `da àeodozqy`qo|f e`d`kfefdq. aokoq`n

jmdqfdqz da jmeevdoj`qomd

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favj`qomd`n jfdqyfz dffaz yfn`qfa qm àeodozqy`qo|f `da `jàfeoj q`zbz. jmeevdoj`qomd

èmdk qgf aollfyfdq efeifyz ml qgf favj`qomd n jmeevdoq da odzqyvjqomd n zvssmyq$

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jfdqyfz. {gonf qgf nf`zq af|fnmsfa oz qg`q jmyyfzsmdaodk qm jmdqfdq$ Od mdf lmye my

`dmqgfy. `nn qgf jfdqyfz g`|f zmef zmyq ml qmmn qg`q l`jonoq`qfz àeodozqy`qo|f `da `jàfeoj

e`d`kfefdq$

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odzqyvjqomd`n jmdqfdq. da qf`jgfy qyòdodk$

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qg`q. `nmdk {oqg qgf af|fnmsefdq ml df{ lvdjqomdz. {f e` `nzm zff odjyf`zfa zfjvyoq

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qgf zfjqmy$

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` sm{fylvn qmmn {gojg j`d ifdfloq `nn efeifyz ml qgf favj`qomd`n jmeevdoq$

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22/97



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$

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zqvafdqz `da s`yfdqz. `da `q qgf zèf qoef. zvssmyq qgf symjfzzfz ml myk`doz`qomd `da

e`d`kfefdq {oqgod qgf jfdqyf$

9$:$0 Zqvafdqz

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nf`ydodk. zmefqgodk jmdqyoivqfa qm i qgf odjmysmy`qomd ml qgfzf sn`qlmyez od qgf qf`jgodk%

nf`ydodk symjfzzfz$

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http://www.becta.org.uk/researchhttp://www.protegeles.com/costumbres.asphttp://www.protegeles.com/costumbres.asphttp://www.becta.org.uk/research


23/97


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@a|ozodk qgf qf`jgodk zq`ll yfk`yaodk jvyyojvn`y e`qfyo`nz od evnqoefao` lmye`qz.

ìmvq qgfoy vzf `da zqy`qfkofz lmy odjmysmy`qodk qgfe odqm odzqyvjqomd`n sn`ddodk$

@d`nzodk qgf jfdqyfz dffaz od qgf `yf` ml OJQ$

Jmnnìmy`qodk {oqg qgf jmmyaod`qomd zqyvjqvyfz od qgf OJQ lofna qg`q g`|f iffd

fzqìnozgfa. od myafy qm kv`y`dqff jmgfyfdq `jqomdz `q qgf jfdqyf. `da od myafy qm

odjmysmy`qf da aozzfeod`qf zvjjfzzlvn odoqo`qo|fz$

Zvsfy|ozodk qgf odzq`nn`qomd. jmdlokvy`qomd da vdodzq`nn`qomd ml jvyyojvn`y zmlq{`yf$

06 Zok`nfz. J$ '9331/8 Lmye`jod vdo|fyzoq`yo` QOJ8 dvf|mz vzmz dvf|mz ymnfz$ RVdo|fyzoq qyòdodk `da OJQ8 df{ vzfz `dadf{ ymnfz$U Md%nodf$ @|ònìnf `q8 gqqs8--{{{$vmj$fav-yvzj-aq-fzs-zok`nfz3;31$sal
http://www.uoc.edu/rusc/dt/esp/sigales0704.pdfhttp://www.uoc.edu/rusc/dt/esp/sigales0704.pdf


24/97


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zmn|odk eodmy odjoafdqz. fqj$

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jnf`y jmeeoqefdq oz ifodk eàf od qgoz `yf`. {oqg yfk`yaz qm qgf sym|ozomd ml yfzmvyjfz

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odlmye`qomd lyme qgf jfdqyfz od myafy qm loda mvq ìmvq qgf yf`n zoqv`qomd `da e`bf

afjozomdz od e`qqfyz nobf yfkozqy`qomd symjfzzfz. zjgmmn `qqfda`djf. qgf `{`yaodk ml

zjgmn`yzgosz. yfzvnqz zq`qozqojz. fqj$ @nn qgfzf yfpvfzqz lmy odlmye`qomd qfda qm jmesnoj`qf

qgf dmye`n adèojz ml qgf {` qgfzf jfdqyfz msfy`qf. `da yfpvoyf fwqy` àeodozqy`qo|f

fllmyq$



25/97


Qgf vzf ml favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez qg`q e`d`kf `nn qgf àeodozqy`qo|f `da `jàfeoj

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qg`q qgf mllfy. qgf af|fnmsefdq qfjgdmnmkofz `da qgf afkyff ml odqfyafsfdafdjf ml qgf

emavnfz qgf jmdzozq ml$

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jmes`dofz odqfyfzqfa od OJQ odqfky`qomd. `z {fnn `z lvydozgodkz `da odzq`nn`qomdz `yf qgf

lmnnm{odk8



26/97


Zqva md favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye z`lfq ef`zvyfz S`kf 9< ml ?;Odlmye`qomd Zfjvyoq Mizfy|`qmy

Kfdfy`n vzf g`ya{`yf aozqyoivqmyz 'dfq{myb zzqfez. jmesvqfyz. qìnfq SJz.

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zfy|ojfz8 gmzqodk0


27/97


Zqva md favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye z`lfq ef`zvyfz S`kf 9; ml ?;Odlmye`qomd Zfjvyoq Mizfy|`qmy

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pv`dqoq`qo|f odaoj`qmyz99 'qgfyf `yf emyf jmesvqfyz od qgf jn`zzymmez `da emyf Odqfydfq

jmddfjqomdz. `da qgf zqvafdqz vzf qgoz qfjgdmnmk od jn`zz/ avyodk nmdkfy sfyomaz ml qoef.

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dffa lmy qgfmyfqoj`n emafnz qm kvoaf qgfoy vzf$

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28/97


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zqvafdq zqvaofz qgf odlmye`qomd sym|oafa i qgf odzqyvjqmy od kyf`qfy afsqg qgymvkg

odao|oav`n my kymvs {myb$

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`jqo|oqofz `da s`yqojos`qomd. f|`nv`qodk yfzmvyjfz `da e`qfyo`nz. `da ol smzzoinf.



29/97


Zqva md favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye z`lfq ef`zvyfz S`kf 9? ml ?;Odlmye`qomd Zfjvyoq Mizfy|`qmy

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nf`ydodk gm{ qm nf`yd$

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kyf`q à|`dq`kf ml favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez oz qg`q. qg`dbz qm jmeevdoj`qomdz

emavnfz. qgf fdìnf lèonofz qm qy`jb qgfoy jgonayfdz nf`ydodk symjfzzfz$

9$6$9 Msqoeox`qomd ml qgf `jàfeoj da àeodozqy`qo|f e`d`kfefdq symjfzzfz

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oesnfefdq`qomd ml ` jmesyfgfdzo|f favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye evzq ef`d ` jnf`y msqoeoz`qomd

ml qgf e`d symjfzzfz `zzmjo`qfa {oqg qgf msfy`qomd ml `d favj`qomd`n jfdqfy$

Qgf oesym|fefdqz evzq if lmjvzfa md qgf oddfy {mybodkz ml qgf jfdqyf oqzfnl8 emyf

fllojofdq e`d`kfefdq ml qgf àeodozqy`qo|f {mybnmà `da favj`qomd`n yfzmvyjfz2

oesym|fefdqz od odqfyd`n jmeevdoj`qomdz. fqj$. `z {fnn `z fwqfyd`nn8 kyf`qfy s`yfdq

od|mn|fefdq od nolf `q qgf jfdqyf `da od qgf nf`ydodk symjfzzfz2 qgf zoesnoloj`qomd ml ymvqodf

àeodozqy`qo|f q`zbz od|mn|odk lèonofz. zvjg `z `vqgmyoz`qomdz my odlmye`qomd yfpvfzqz2 qgf

zq`da`yaoz`qomd ml n`dkv`kf `da qgf lnm{ ml odlmye`qomd. fqj$ Lmy qgfzf n`qqfy

oesym|fefdqz qm mjjvy. oq oz dfjfzz`y qm fzqìnozg zq`da`yaz. fzsfjo`nn {oqg yfk`yaz qm

qgf fwjg`dkf ml odlmye`qomd$

9$6$: Jmesvqfy noqfy`j od zmjofq. emqo|`qfa i odjyf`zodk vzf

Avf qm qgf n`ykf dveify ml joqoxfdz {gm `yf smqfdqo`n vzfyz ml favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez.

`dmqgfy kyf`q ifdfloq qg`q qgf e` g`|f 'ol qgfoy vzf oz fws`dafa/ oz qgf jmdqyoivqomd qgf

e`bf qm jmesvqfy noqfy`j od zmjofq$

Qgf smzzoionoqofz syfzfdqfa i OJQz e`bf qgf vdafdoìnf yfn`qomdzgos ifq{ffd oddm|`qomd

`da jmesvqfy noqfy`j od qgf smsvn`qomd `q n`ykf s`qfdqn mi|omvz$ Oqz fws`dzomd odqm `nn

96 E`yjgfzo E`yqd '933:/8 s$ joq$.9:$


30/97


Zqva md favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye z`lfq ef`zvyfz S`kf :3 ml ?;Odlmye`qomd Zfjvyoq Mizfy|`qmy

`yf`z `da nf|fnz ml zmjofq g`z mjjvyyfa |fy pvojbn. `da oz `d mdkmodk symjfzz. `z df{

fnfefdqz ml qfjgdmnmk `yf jmdzq`dqn `ssf`yodk$

Qgf symkyfzzo|f yfavjqomd od jmzqz lmy qgf e`hmyoq ml qfjgdmnmkoj`n symavjqz. qgf yfzvnq ml

odjyf`zfz od symavjqomd |mnvefz `da qgf msqoeoz`qomd ml e`dvl`jqvyodk symjfzzfz. oz zffd

od syojfz `da `nnm{z vz qm yfjfo|f emyf lf`qvyfz lmy qgf z`ef emdf$ Qgoz l`jonoq`qfz qgf

odjnvzomd ml qgfzf sm{fylvn qfjgdmnmkofz od `nn gve`d `jqo|oqofz `da od `nn zmjomfjmdmeoj

fd|oymdefdqz9


31/97


: [G_ EVZQ @D FAVJ@QOMD@N SN@QLMYE IF

E@AF ZFJVYF=Favj`qomd`n sn`qlmyez. nobf `d mqgfy zmlq{`yf `ssnoj`qomd. evzq effq jfyqòd eodoeve

zfjvyoq zq`da`yaz qg`q fdzvyf qgfoy jmyyfjq msfy`qomd zm qg`q qgf `yf `|ònìnf {gfd

dffafa. qgfyf `yf kv`y`dqffz qg`q `nn odlmye`qomd oz symjfzzfa àfpv`qfn `da qg`q mdn

`vqgmyozfa sfmsnf j`d jjfzz qgfe$

Qgf eòd sfjvno`yoq ml `d favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye nofz od qgf e`zzo|f vzf qg`q eodmyz e`bf

ml oq$ Lmy `d mqgfy `ssnoj`qomd. qgfyf oz ` kymvs ml vzfyz qg`q e` if lvyqgfy ao|oafa odqm

kymvsz `jjmyaodk qm qgfoy dffaz `da `qqyoivqfz$ Gm{f|fy. od qgoz j`zf. ` |fy zokdoloj`dq

s`yq ml qgoz kymvs `yf eodmyz. `da qgfyflmyf {f evzq if |fy j`yflvn {oqg qgf odlmye`qomd qm{gojg qgf g`|f `jjfzz `da {gojg oz jmnnfjqfa lyme qgfe. od myafy qm jmesn {oqg qgf

nfqqfy ml qgf n`{ `da yfavjf yozbz `da syf|fdq smqfdqo`n odjoafdqz$

:$0 Vzfy fwsfjq`qomdz

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favj`qomd`n jmeevdoq8 zjgmmn àeodozqy`qmyz. zqvafdqz. qf`jgfyz. s`yfdqz. qgf svinoj

àeodozqy`qomd. fqj$ Od àaoqomd qm qgfzf fda vzfyz. imqg af|fnmsfyz `da sfyzmddfn

sym|oaodk zvssmyq qm qgfzf qmmnz `yf |fy odqfyfzqfa od qgfe g`|odk `d àfpv`qf zfjvyoq

nf|fn$

Od kfdfy`n. `nn qgfzf vzfyz g`|f ` |fy jmdjyfqf |ozomd ml {g`q qm fwsfjq lyme sn`qlmyez od

qgf `yf` ml zfjvyoq$ Od iymà qfyez `da {oqg aollfyfdq dv`djfz. `nn `kyff qg`q8

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my f|fd odqm qgf g`daz ml qgmzf qg`q qgf odlmye`qomd amfz dmq jmdjfyd$ Lmy

fwèsnf. mdf zqvafdq+z kyàfz zgmvna dmq if |ozoinf qm `dmqgfy+z s`yfdqz$

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favj`qomd`n fd|oymdefdq oz |fy zfdzoqo|f lmy oqz vzfyz. {gojg oz {g syfzfy|odkjmdloafdqo`noq oz lvdaèfdq`n$

@jjfzz jmdqymn evzq if yfnoìnf$ Od`ssymsyo`qf odlmye`qomd evzq dmq if ìnf qm if

`jjfzzfa. mdn qg`q yfn`qfa qm qgf {myb `da `jqo|oqofz qg`q `yf sfylmyefa md `

yfkvn`y i`zoz. od myafy qm syf|fdq zmefmdf lyme ly`vavnfdqn vzodk qgf odlmye`qomd

{f zqmyf$

Sn`qlmyez evzq if `|ònìnf {gfdf|fy qgf `yf dffafa. avf qm qgf e`d syminfez

qg`q `yozf {gfd qgoz oz dmq qgf j`zf8 j`djfnnfa jn`zzfz. {myb dmq g`dafa od.

afn`fa àeodozqy`qo|f q`zbz. fqj$ Ko|fd qg`q qgf `yf vzfa lmy qgf aòn {myb ml

e`d sfmsnf. oq oz lvdaèfdq`n qg`q qgf `ssnoj`qomdz if lyff ml e`nlvdjqomdz yfn`qfa



32/97



qm `|ònìonoq$ Ol ` qf`jgfy {gm g`z syfs`yfa ` jn`zz j`ddmq `jjfzz qgoz

odlmye`qomd {gfd oq jmefz qoef qm afno|fy oq. my {gfd oq jmefz qoef qm syfs`yf `

symhfjq. gf j`ddmq `jjfzz qgf qmmnz. qgoz e` dmqojfìn yfavjf afkyff qm {gojgqgfzf sn`qlmyez `yf vzfa$

Sn`qlmyez evzq if yfnoìnf `da f`z qm vzf. zm qg`q `d ml qgf vzfyz. dm e`qqfy

gm{ nm{ qgfoy nf|fn ml jmesvqfy bdm{nfakf oz. e` fllfjqo|fn `da fllojofdqn vzf

qgf yfzmvyjfz `|ònìnf$ Od àaoqomd. avf qm qgf l`jq qg`q vzfyz ko|f ` nmq ml

jyfaoionoq qm {g`q `ssf`yz md jmesvqfy zzqfez od favj`qomd`n fd|oymdefdqz. oq oz

oesmyq`dq qg`q qgf odlmye`qomd zqmyfa md qgfe if jmyyfjq. jmesnfqf `da yfnoìnf$

Gm{f|fy. {gfd {f km odqm kyf`qfy afqòn. {f mizfy|f qg`q f`jg kymvs ml vzfyz g`z

aollfyfdq vzfz `da odqfyfzqz. {gojg `nzm yfzvnqz od aollfyfdq fwsfjq`qomdz$

:$0$0 Zqvafdqz

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od qgf jn`zzymme. `da qm qgf qfjgdmnmkoj`n `da odzqyvjqomd`n yfzmvyjfz qg`q qgfoy zjgmmn

g`z$ Qgf `yf dmye`nn noeoqfa qm ifodk yfjfo|fyz ml e`qfyo`nz zvkkfzqfa qm qgfe i qgfoy

qf`jgfyz. {gojg e`bfz qgfoy ymnf |fy noeoqfa$ Gm{f|fy. qgf `yf ` zfjqmy ml qgf smsvn`qomd

qg`q vzfz qgf jmesvqfy `q gmef od gokg sfyjfdq`kfz '?9$1& ml gmefz g`|f ` jmesvqfy9;.

lyme {gojg qgf jmddfjq qm qgf Odqfydfq lmy aollfyfdq svysmzfz. od e`d j`zfz. md ` aòn

i`zoz 97/. `da qgf `yf pvoqf lèono`y {oqg qgf Odqfydfq `da jmeevdoj`qomdz qmmnz. {gojg oq ozqm if gmsfa qg`q sn`qlmyez e` if vzfa od qgf zèf e`ddfy$

Qgfoy eòd zfjvyoq fwsfjq`qomdz yf8

Jmdloafdqo`noq od jmeevdoj`qomdz$

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@|ònìnf ssnoj`qomdz$

Zfjvyf `da f`z `jjfzz$

:$0$9 Qf`jgfyz

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qgf qmmnz qg`q l`jonoq`qf qgfoy jn`zz syfs`y`qomd `da qgf qy`dzeozzomd ml bdm{nfakf qm qgf

zqvafdqz$ Qgf vzf qgfe qm syfs`yf jmdqfdq e`qfyo`n `da afzokd df{ {`z ml afno|fyodk

9;ODQFJM8 Fzqvaom zmiyf n` zfkvyoaà af n` odlmye`jod f%jmdlo`dx` af nmz gmk`yfz fzs`mnfz$ RZqva md odlmye`qomdzfjvyoq `da f%jmdloafdjf od Zs`dozg gmefz$U Syoefy` mnfà` 'aojofeiyf af 933


33/97


Zqva md favj`qomd`n sn`qlmye z`lfq ef`zvyfz S`kf :: ml ?;Odlmye`qomd Zfjvyoq Mizfy|`qmy

odzqyvjqomd. od àaoqomd qm zmn|odk ozzvfz yfn`qfa qm `jàfeoj e`d`kfefdq f`zon `da

fllfjqo|fn$ Od effqodk qgfzf fwsfjq`qomdz. qgf qmmnz evzq if f`z qm vzf `da dmq g`|f

syminfez yfn`qfa qm `|ònìonoq$ @z qf`jgfyz sfyjfo|f qgf aollfyfdq vzfz qg`q qgfzfyfzmvyjfz e` g`|f. qgf odjyf`zf qgfoy vzf9?$


Qgf jmdloafdqo`noq ml a`q` `da odlmye`qomd$

@ssnoj`qomd |ònìonoq$

Qgf yfnoìonoq ml odlmye`qomd$

Qgf jmdloafdqo`noq ml jmeevdoj qomdz$

Zfjvyf jjfzz jmdqymn$

:$0$: S`yfdqz

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dmq g`|f qmm e`d odoqo`n fwsfjq`qomdz lmy sn`qlmyez$ Gm{f|fy. {gfd ` jfdqyf sym|oafz

qgfe zfy|ojfz qgymvkg aokoq`n ef`dz. qgoz oesym|fz qgfoy sfyjfsqomd ml qgf jfdqyfz pv`noq

`da odjyf`zfz qgf afe`da lmy df{ lf`qvyfz$

Qgf q`bf oq lmy ky`dqfa qg`q qgf sn`qlmyez evzq if zfjvyf. vdafyzq`daodk qgoz qm ef`d

qg`q dm zoqv`qomdz j`d mjjvy {gfyf qgfoy jgonayfd g`|f `jjfzz qm jmdqfdqz qg`q `yf

od`ssymsyo`qf lmy qgfoy `kf my `d vd`vqgmyozfa sfyzmd j`d `jjfzz qgfoy sfyzmd`n my lèon

odlmye`qomd$


Qgf jmdloafdqo`noq ml lèon odlmye`qomd$

Jmesno`djf {oqg ssnojìnf n`{z$



:$0$1 Zjgmmn àeodozqy`qomd

Zjgmmn àeodozqy`qomdz zff qgf sn`qlmyez `z ` loyzq myafy qmmn lmy qgf àeodozqy`qomd ml

zjgmmnz `da gokg zjgmmnz 'yfkozqy`qomdz. zqvafdqz {gm nf`|f. `jàfeoj yfjmyaz. fqj$/ Qgfoy

9? Jfdqymz af Vzm @|`dxàm af n`z Qfjdmnmk`z Favj`qo|`z$ RJfdqyfz {oqg @a|`djfa Vzf ml Favj`qomd`n Qfjgdmnmkofz$UOFZ Am` Hoefd`8 Odlmyef af f|`nv`jod OOO8 jvyzm 933


34/97



eòd jmdjfydz `yf `|ònìonoq. od mqgfy {myaz. qg`q qgf qmmn {mybz jmyyfjqn `q qoefz {oqg

qgf kyf`qfzq {myb nmà. `da qg`q oq jmesnofz {oqg qgf Myk`doj N`{ lmy qgf Symqfjqomd ml

Sfyzmd`n Odlmye`qomd:3

'NMSA/. zodjf qgfyf `yf odjyf`zodk odjoafdqz `da jmesnòdqz lonfa`z qgf yfzvnq ml odly`jqomdz ml qgoz n`{$

@q qgf zèf qoef. qgf af|fnmsefdq ml jmeevdoj`qomdz qmmnz md qgfzf sn`qlmyez g`z

j`vzfa qgfoy vzf qm ifjmef jmeemd èmdk qgf efeifyz ml qgf favj`qomd`n jmeevdoq.

{gojg yòzfz jfyqòd pvfzqomdz ìmvq qgf jmdloafdqo`noq ml jmeevdoj`qomdz 'qg`q zqvafdq

e`ybz my ìzfdjfz `yf zfdq qm mdn `vqgmyozfa yfjosofdqz/$





@ nm{ nf|fn ml zfjvyoq odjoafdqz$

Fpvosefdq |ònìonoq$



:$0$6 Svinoj odzqoqvqomdz qg`q sn` ` ymnf od favj`qomd

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`da ifjmeodk emyf jmeemd$ Oq g`z zf|fy`n aollfyfdq qmmnz `da efqgmaz qm zvssmyq qgoz.

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fdjmvy`kfa i qgf Eodozqy ml Favj`qomd `da Zjofdjf. s`yqojvn`yn i qgf jyf`qomd ml qgf

D`qomd`n Jfdqyf lmy Favj`qomd`n Odlmye`qomd `da Jmeevdoj`qomd. {gmzf mihfjqo|fz `yfodqfdafa qm zvssmyq qgf symavjqomd ml jvyyojvn`y `da fwqy`jvyyojvn`y gsfyefao` jmdqfdqz.

qm s`yqojos`qf od Fvymsf`d Vdomd favj`qomd`n symkyèz `da symhfjqz `da qm jmmyaod`qf

df{ qfjgdmnmk odoqo`qo|fz od qgf vqmdmeoj jmeevdoqofz$

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odlmye`qomd yfn`qfa qm qgf favj`qomd`n jmeevdoq. jfdqy`nozodk oq `da sfyeoqqodk oq qm if

e`d`kfa ifqqfy$ Od àaoqomd. sn`qlmyez e` if fllfjqo|f jgòdz lmy qy`dzeoqqodk df{

:3 Myk`doj N`{ 06-0???. 0: Afjfeify. yfk`yaodk qgf Symqfjqomd ml Sfyzmd`n Odlmye`qomd 'NMSA/$ @ zvee`y oz odjnvafa odZfjqomd :$:$0 ml qgoz amjvefdq$


35/97


favj`qomd`n smnojofz yfn`qfa qm oddm|`qomd8 df{ efqgmamnmkofz. `qqfdqomd qm ao|fyzoq.

af|fnmsodk j`s`joqofz. fqj$

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favj`qomd jnf`yn fwsyfzzfz qgf @aeodozqy`qomd+z afzoyf qm symemqf qgf vzf ol OJQz od

zjgmmnz$ Sn`qlmyez `yf fwsfjqfa qm gfns {oqg qgoz q`zb2 od l`jq. qgf `yf qgf lvdaèfdq`n

qmmn qm `jjmesnozg qgoz. ko|fd qg`q zokdoloj`dq fllmyqz `da od|fzqefdqz `yf ifodk eàf

`nmdk qgfzf nodfz$

Qgf eòd zfjvyoq fwsfjq`qomdz lmy qgoz kymvs `yf8





@ nm{ nf|fn ml zfjvyoq odjoafdqz$



:$0$< Svinozgodk jmes`dofz

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qgf g`|f ifkvd qm {myb md qgfe lyme qgf smodq ml |of{ ml qgfoy fwsfyofdjf m|fy ` nmdk

gozqmy z favj`qomd n e`qfyo`n sym|oafyz$

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`da od `nn yf`noq. qgf `yf jmdjfo|fa ml `z jmesnfefdqz qm odzqyvjqomd`n e`qfyo`n od s`sfy

lmye$ Qgf mqgfy `zsfjqz ml `jàfeoj `da àeodozqy`qo|f e`d`kfefdq `dajmeevdoj`qomdz `yf kyàv`nn ifodk odjmysmy`qfa$

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fwsfjq`qomdz `da jyf`qf dffaz$ Qgfoy m{d fwsfjq`qomdz `yf syoe`yon aoyfjqfa qm{`yaz

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zqyfdkqgfd my oesym|f qgfoy e`ybfq smzoqomd `z sym|oafyz ml favj`qomd`n e`qfyo`nz$

Qgfoy eòd zfjvyoq fwsfjq`qomdz `yf8

Qgf sfyoefqfy zfjvyoq ml qgf `ssnoj`qomdz$



36/97


Qgf nmkoj`n zfjvyoq ml qgf ssnoj`qomdz$

Qgf zfjvyoq ml jmeevdoj`qomdz$

Jmesno`djf {oqg `ssnojìnf nfkozn`qomd$

Odlmye`qomd odqfkyoq$



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qgf vzf ml sn`qlmyez e`qjg qgmzf ml qgf svinozgodk jmes`dofz od e`d `zsfjqz$


Qgf sfyoefqfy zfjvyoq ml qgf `ssnoj`qomdz$

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Odlmye`qomd odqfkyoq$



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38/97


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40/97


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