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Science Research Reporter 2(1):59-65, March 2012 ISSN: 2249-2321 (Print)

Study of Vessel elements in the stem of Genus Ammannia and Rotala (Lytharaceae)

Anil A Kshirsagar and N P Vaikos

Department of Botany, Shivaji Arts, Commerce and Science College Kannad Dist- Aurangabad. (M.S.) 431103

Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The vessel elements in the stem of Genus Ammannia with four species and the Genus Rotala with nine species have been investigated. The vessel elements in the stem of Ammannia and Rotala exhibit the variation in their length and diameter. The minimum length of vessel element was reported in species of Rotala indica and Rotala rosea 142.8µm, while the maximum length of vessel element was reported in Ammannia baccifera sub spp.aegyptiaca (571.2 µm). The minimum diameter of vessel element was recorded in Rotala floribunda, R.occultiflora, R. rotundifolia, R.malmpuzhensis (21.4 µm) while maximum diameter of vessel element was recorded in Ammannia baccifera sub spp.baccifera (49.98 µm). The perforation plates were mostly simple. The positions of perforation plate were terminal and sub-terminal, the tails were recorded in many investigated taxa and the lateral walls of vessels were pitted. The vestured pits were the characteristics of family-Lytheraceae.

Keywords: Vessel elements, perforation plates, Stem of Genus Ammannia and Rotala (Lythraceae)

INTRODUCTION The family Lythraceae consists of about 24 genera and nearly 500 species widespread in the tropical countries with relatively few species in the temperate regions (Cronquist,1981) In India it is represented by 11 genera and about 45 species (Hooker,1879). The species of Ammania and Rotala are perennials, tree native to the tropical and subtropical America and Hawaian islands, According to Solereder (1908) Metcalfe and chalk (1950) simple perforation are common in this family Baas and Zweypfenning (1979) Cronquist (1980) also mention such elements with simple perforation.Therefore,the present work gives a comprehensive account on the stem of thirteen species of family Lythraceae. MATERIALS AND METHODS The plant materials of thirteen species spread in two genera of the family Lythraceae, namely Ammania and Rotala. The species are Ammannia baccifera sub spp.aegyptiaca, Ammannia baccifera sub spp. baccifera L. clarke in Hook., Ammannia desertora L. Blatter et. Hallberg, Ammannia multiflora Roxb. cl. in Hook; Rotala densiflora (Roth ex R&S), Rotala fimbriata (Wight), Rotala floribunda (Wight) Kohene, Rotala indica (willd), Kohene, Rotala malmpuzhensis R. vasudevan Nair, Rotalaocculti flora Kohene, Rotala rotundifolia (Buch-Ham ex.) Rotala rosea (poir) Cook, Rotala serpyllifolia (Roth) Bremek. were collected from Kannad, Kolhapur,

kinwat and fixed in FAA.They were preserved in 70% alcohol. The stem macerated in 1:1 proportion of 10% Nitric acid and 10% Chromic acid solution and then the materials were washed thoroughly in water, stained in 1% safranin and mounts in glycerin. The illustration and camera Lucida drawings were made at the same magnification. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The vessel elements in the stem of Genus Ammannia and Genus Rotala of thirteen different species of family Lythraceae were observed. Size: The vessel elements are categorized on their length for the sake of convenience. Short: The average length of short elements of the stem vessel ranges from 192.5µm (Rotala rosea) to221.3 µm (Rotala indica) and diameter from 28.5 µm (Rotala floribunda) to33.5 µm (Rotala densiflora) and (Rotala indica) Table 1. Medium:The average length of medium sized vessel elements of stem ranges from 192.5 µm (Rotala rosea) to 264.1 µm (Rotala occultflora ) and diameter from 29.2 µm (Rotala occultiflora ) to 49.9 µm(Ammannia baccifera sub spp baccifera )Table 1. Long: The average length of long vessel elements in the stem ranges from 315.5 µm (Ammannia baccifera sub spp baccifera) to 349.8µm (Rotala serpyllifolia)


Kshirsagar and Vaikos

Shape: Generally the vessel elements in the stem were cylindrical, tubular shapes observed in many species. Perforation Plate: Perforation plates occur at the terminal or sub terminal end of the vessel elements.

The shape of the perforation plate is usually circular sometimes oval or elongated. In all species simple perforation plate is common the end wall of the vessel elements was either oblique or transverse.

Table showing vessel elements in stem of Ammannia and Rotala

Sr.No.

Name of Plant Length of vessel elements µm Diameter of vessel elements µm

1

Ammannia baccifera sub. spp.aegyptiaca

Min. Max. Aveg. Min. Max. Aveg.

214.2 571.2 342.7 35.7 57.1 47.8

2 Ammannia baccifera sub. spp.baccifera

214.2 499.8 315.5 35.7 57.12 49.98

3 Ammannia dsertora 285.64 428.4 342.7 28.5 57.1 44.2

4 Ammannia multiflora 214.2 499.8 346.2 35.7 57.12 42.84

5 Rotala densiflora 249.9 392.7 328.4 28.5 42.8 33.5

6 Rotala fimbriata 214.2 499.8 339.1 28.5 42.8 34.2

7 Rotala floribunda 285.6 321.3 317.7 21.4 35.7 28.5

8 Rotala indica 142.8 357 221.3 28.5 42.8 33.5

9 Rotala malmpuzhensis 214.2 285.6 257.0 21.4 35.7 30.7

10 Rotala occultiflora 214.2 357 264.1 21.4 42.8 29.2

11 Rotala rotundifolia 285.5 392.7 332 21.4 49.9 34.9

12 Rotala rosea 142.8 285.6 192.5 21.4 35.7 29.9

13 Rotala serpyllifolia 285.6 428.4 349.8 35.7 49.9 39.9

Table showing vessel elements in stem of Ammannia and Rotala

Sr.No. Name of Plant

Perforation plate

Position of perforation

plate

Lateral wall thickening

Nature of End wall

1 Ammannia baccifera sub. spp.aegyptiaca.

Simple Terminal Pitted Oblique &Transverse

2 Ammannia baccifera sub. spp.baccifera

Simple Terminal Pitted Transverse& Oblique

3 Ammannia dsertora Simple Sub-Terminal Pitted Oblique

4 Ammannia multiflora Simple Terminal Pitted Transverse

5 Rotala densiflora Simple Terminal Pitted Transverse

6 Rotala fimbriata Simple Terminal Pitted Transverse &Oblique

7 Rotala floribunda Simple Terminal Pitted Transverse

8 Rotala indica Simple Terminal Pitted Oblique

9 Rotala malmpuzhensis Simple Sub-Terminal Pitted Oblique

10 Rotala occultiflora Simple Sub-Terminal Pitted Oblique

11 Rotala rotundifolia Simple Terminal Pitted Oblique &Transverse

12 Rotala rosea Simple Terminal Pitted Oblique

13 Rotala serpyllifolia Simple Terminal Pitted Transervse



Tail: A vessel elements may end with a spur like projection called as tail. In presently examined species some of the vessel elements have tails (fig.1 b,d, e, g, h, I, k; 2g, I, j, k; 3a,c,e,g,h;4a etc.) The tail is long or short. (fig.4a) Lateral wall thickenings: The lateral wall thickening is of only one type in all the investigated taxa that is simple pitted. The vessel elements show variation in the length and breadth in different species. The shortest vessel element in Rotala rosea and Rotala

indica (142.8µm and longest is 571.2µm in(Ammannia baccifera) sub. spp. aegyptiaca(Table) The tails is either long or short with blunt or pointed ends.(Chalk and Chattawy, 1934,1935) According to Solereder (1908) Metcalfe and Chalk (1950) simple perforation plate are common in this family. Cronquist (1980) also mention such elements with simple perforations the vessel elements in stem are simple pitted with simple perforation plate.



Such type of vessel elements are also recorded in scrophulariaceae (Sangeeta Sutar and Vaikos, 1998) the pits are mostly alternate Solereder (1908)

Metcalfe and Chalk (1950) Baas and Zweypfenning (1979) describe the inter-vessel pits alternate, round to polygonal or elongated.

The vessel elements are simple and pitted in woods of angiosperms (Baas et al, 2000). Vessels of presently examine taxa are perforation plate with simple alternate and opposite pits. The changes in pit membrane porosity due to deflection and stretching the vestured pits (Choat Jansen et al, 2004). The order consist of vestured pitted vessels in secondary xylem (Jansen et al, 2008). According to

Rabacy et al, 2008 the pits of vessels are the plasmodesmata like connection and thickening in angiosperm plants. In addition to taxonomic differences some authors noticed that the micro morphology of vestured vessel may be depend on the type of pitting and on pit characteristics (Meylan and Butterfield, 1974 Ohtani and Ishida, 1976 Van vliet, 1978 Wu et al,1989).



The presence of vestured pits in vessels is observed in all families of Myrtales including Lythraceae (Van vliet and Baas et al, 2000, APG, 2003). Observation of small simple perforation plates with vestured pits were reported by Baas (1977) in Leptospermum crassipes (Myrtaceae) Kucera et al, (1977) concluded that the observation of vestures are deposited prior to the death of the protoplast.There is a strong correlation between vestured pits and the vessel perforation type, since vestured pits of vessels are nearly always associated with simple perforation plates (Jansen et.al.2003,2004) Almost all members of the order Myrtales are characterized by simple perforation plates although there are few exceptions

(Lucas et al, 2007) Schmid and Baas ,1984 examined in detail the distribution of scalariform plates within Myrtaceae. The members of Myrtales with vestured scalariform perforation plates of vessels were found in Neomyrtus pedunculata (Butterfield and Meylan, 1974).

Vessel structure of the presently examined taxa indicates that although the family Lythraceae shows advance features in many other respects still it remains primitive features as in their perforation plates. The distribution and structure of pits between vessels and imperforate tracheary elements in angiosperm woods (Sano Y Ohta et al, 2008).



Fig. 4 : Vessel Elements, a, b, c, R. serpyllifolia

LITERATURE CITED APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group), 2003. An update of the Angiosperm phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 141: 399-436. Baas P, 1977. The peculiar wood structure of Leptospermum crassipes Lehm. (Myrtaceae). International Association of Wood Anatomists Bulletin, 2:25-30. Baas P, Wheeler EA and Chase MW, 2000. Dicotyledonous wood anatomy and the APG System of Angiosperm classification. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 134: 3-17. Butterfield BG and Meylan BA, 1974. Vestured scalariform perforation plate openings in Neomytus pedunculata Australian Journal of Botany, 22: 425-427. Baas P and Zweypfenning, 1979. Wood anatomy of the Lythraceae. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 28:(2/3): 117-15 Cronquist A, 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, Columbia University, Press New York. Cronquist A, 1988. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. second Edition NYBG, New York. Chalk L and Chattawy, 1934. Measuring the length of vessel members. Troop Woods, 40:19-26 Chalk L and Chattawy, 1935. Factors affecting dimensional variations of vessel Members. Troop Woods,41:17-37. Choat B, Jansen S, Zwienecki M, Smets E and Holbrook NM, 2004. Changes in pit membrane porosity due to deflection and stretching: the role of vestured pits. Journal of Experimental Biology, 55:1569-1575. Hooker JD, 1879. Genera Plantarum Vol.1 Reev and co. London. Jansen S, Baas P, Gasson P and Smets E, 2003. Vestured pits: do they promote safer water transport? International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164: 05-413. Jansen S Baas P, Gasson P and Smets E, 2004. Variation in xylem structure from Tropics to tundra: evidence from vestured pits. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101:8833-8837. Kucera L, J Meylan, BA and Butterfield BG, 1977. Vestured simple perforation plates. International Association of Wood Anatomists Bulletin 1:327-382.



Lucas EJ, Harris SA, Mazine FF, Belsham SR, Nic Lughadha EM, Telford A, Gasson PE and Chase M, 2007. Suprageneric phylogenetics of Myrteae, generically richest tribe in Myrtaceae (Myrtales)Taxon, 56:1105-1128. Metcalfe CR and Chalk L, 1950. Anatomy of the dicotyledons.Vol.1 Clerendon Press, Oxford pp -1500 Meylan BA and Butterfield BG, 1977. Occurrence of vestured pits in the vessels and fibres of New zealand woods.NewZealand Journal of Botany, 12:3-18. Othani J and Ishida S, 1976. Study on pits of wood cells using scanning electron microscopy.Vestured pits of Japanese Dicotyledonous.Woods.Research Bulletein of the College Experiment Forests,Faculty of Agriculture,Hokkaido University 33:407-435. Rabacy D, Lens F, Huysmans S, Smets EF and Jansen S. 2008. A comparative ultrastructural study of pit members with plasmodesmata associated thickening in four angiosperm species. Protoplasma,233: 255-262. Sano Y, Ohta T and Jansen S, 2008. The distribution and structure of pits between vessels and imperforate tracheary elements in angiosperms woods.IAWA Journal, 29:1-25. Sangeeta S Sutar, and N P Vaikos, 1998. Vessel elements in the Scrophulariaceae. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Universiy Journal of Science, 28: 37-41. Solereder, 1908. Systematic anatomy of the Dicotyledons.Vol.1 Clerendon press,Oxford. Van Vliet GJCM and Baas P, 1984. Wood anatomy and classification of the Myrtales. Annals of the Missouri Botanical garden, 71:783-800. Wu J, Ohtani J and Fukazawa K, 1989. SEM observations on the vessel wall modifications in Yunnan hardwoods. Research Bulletein of the College Experiment Forests, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University. 46:847-939.

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