study of piezoelectricity, a new source of energy and its prospect

7/23/2019 Study of Piezoelectricity, A New Source of Energy and Its Prospect

1/74

Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce li

Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr

Hw

Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj

Mb* Fujaeb Rasjgm Xa`majMlàmmab Saèb @lssagj Hùwagj

Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ajb Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk

GJREXJARGLJAN GSNAMGC UJGYEXSGRW C@GRRAKLJK

C`grrakljk*


2/74



Hacènlx li Scgejce Rèsgs _EEE]

Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj

Mb* Fujaeb Rasjgm Xa`maj

Mlàmmab Saèb @lssagj Hùwagj



C`grrakljk. Hajknabes` 8411. Xetlxr jl*8411*11


3/74

Xetlxr jl*8411*11



Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj

Mb* Fujaeb Rasjgm Xa`majMlàmmab Saèb @lssagj Hùwagj



C`grrakljk. Hajknabes` 8411


4/74

Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr

Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj



mb* megvajux xa`maj

mb* fujaeb rasjgm xa`maj

mlàmmab saèb `lssagj hùwagj

Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk

Gjrexjargljan Gsnamgc Ujgyexsgrw C`grrakljk

152,A Clnneke xlab. C`grrakljk-2843

Hajknabes`

Renet`lje / 004-985834. 914405. 914340. 930959-; Epr* 15;

Clyex6 Tgevlenecrxgcgrw

_GGUC EEE Xetxlsexygce]

C`grrakljk. Hajknabes` 8411


5/74

Rè Rèsgs Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr Suhmgrrebhw Mlàmmab Saèb @lssagj Hùwagj. Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj ) Mb* Fujaeb Rasjgm

Xa`maj. Marxgc jl* ER-4;1437. ER-4;145; ) ER-4;1493 xestecrgyenw Sessglj6 844;-8414. rlrè betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk. Gjrexjargljan Gsnamgc Ujgyexsgrw

C`grrakljk. às heej accetreb as sargsiacrlxw ilx rè taxrgan iunignnmejr li rè xequgxemejrs ilx

rè bekxee li Hacènlx li Scgejce gj Ejkgjeexgjk (Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk' ajbattxlyeb as rl grs srwne ajb cljrejrs ilx rè epamgjarglj ènb lj Fuje 19. 8411*

Attxlyeb hw6

Ejkx* Mlàmmab Amgj

@eab (Gj-Càxke'Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk (Càgxmaj'


Mlàmmab Xavaun Oaxgm

NecruxexIacunrw li Enecrxgcan ) Clmturex Ejkgjeexgjk (Sutexygslx'Gjrexjargljan Gsnamgc Ujgyexsgrw C`grrakljk

Ejkx* Wasgx Axaiar

NecruxexBetaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk (Memhex'


Ejkx* Mb* Araux Xa`maj

Necruxex

Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk (Memhex'


Ejkx* S* M* Rasngm Xeva

NecruxexBetaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk (Memhex'


Ejkx* Mb* Sà`gb Unna`

Necruxex

Betaxrmejr li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk (Memhex'


Bx* Mb* Xevaun @uque OàjTxliesslxBetaxrmejr li Attngeb T`wsgcs. Enecrxljgc )Clmmujgcarglj Ejkgjeexgjk (Eprexjan'

C`grrakljk Ujgyexsgrw


6/74

BECNAXARGLJ

R`gs gs rl cexrgiw ràr rè {lxo txesejreb èxe gs rè lurclme li lux gjyesrgkarglj caxxgeb lur hw

us ujbex rè sutexygsglj li Mlàmmab Xavaun Oaxgm. Necruxex. Iacunrw li Enecrxgcan )Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk. GGUC* R`gs suhmgrreb xetlxr lx ajw taxr li gr gs jlr txesejreb ajw{èxe

ilx rè a{axb li ajw bekxee*

Clujrex sgkjeb

Mlàmmab Xavaun Oaxgm

NecruxexIacunrw li Enecrxgcan ) Enecrxljgc Ejkgjeexgjk

GGUC

Sgkjaruxe li Srubejrs


Marxgc jl6 ER4;1437

Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj

Marxgc jl6 ER4;145;


Marxgc jl6 ER4;1493


7/74

g

Acojl{nebkemejr

Igxsr li ann. {e eptxess lux ejbness ràjo rl anmgk`rw Anna` ilx `gs kxear hnessgjks ejahngjk us rl

igjgs` r`gs rèsgs*

[e ansl {ajr rl raoe rè lttlxrujgrw rl eptxess lux beet kxargrube rl lux sutexygslx Mx* MbXavaun Oaxgm NECRUXEX. BETR* LI EEE GJREXJARGLJAN GSNAMGC UJGYEXSGRW

C@GRRAKLJK. Hajknabes`. ilx `gs cljrgjulus suttlxr ajb kugbajce rl clmtnere r`gs rèsgs*@e ènteb us a nlr hw txlygbgjk jecessaxw gjilxmarglj xenargjk ahlur rè txlfecr* [gr`lur `gs

kejexlus suttlxr. taxrgcgtarglj ajb ejcluxakemejr. r`gs rèsgs {lunb jlr àye heej a success*

[e {ajr rl s`l{ lux stecgan ràjos rl lux ep eab Mb* Xgiar Sà`xgax ajb Mb* Wasgx Axaiar ajblux necruxex Mb* Araux Xa`maj ilx règx ejlxmlus ènt ajb suttlxr*

[e {gs` rl eptxess lux kxareiunjess rl ann rè reacèxs li rè betaxrmejrs ilx sl majw ènts ajbsuttlxrs*

[e axe eprxemenw kxareiun rl lux taxejrs. iamgnw memhex ajb ixgejbs ilx règx suttlxr. cljsrajrnlye ajb sacxgigce*

Igjannw. {e hek taxblj ilx lux ujgjrejrgljan exxlxs ajb lmgssglj gi ajw*

Aur`lxs

Mb* Megvajux Xa`maj

Mb* FujaebRasjgmXa`maj



8/74

gg

Ahsrxacr

Rè rèsgs tatex txesejrs a je{ gbea li tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw àxyesrgjk {`gc` gs a txlcess li

catruxgjk amhgejr {asre ejexkw ajb cljyexrgjk gr gjrl usahne enecrxgcgrw. às heej arrxacrgjk mlxeajb mlxe xeseaxcèxs gjrexesr hecause li rè ngmgrargljs li rxabgrgljan tl{ex sluxces* R`gs tatex

txesejrs rè tgevlenecrxgc marexgans txltexrges. tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw àxyesrgjk rec`jgque. rè

clmtaxgslj her{eej bgiiexejr ejexkw àxyesrgjk swsrem {gr` tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw àxyesrgjk. rè

urgngvarglj li tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw àxyesrgjk as jepr kejexarglj ejexkw sluxce. rè cljbgrglj li ejexkw

secrlx gj Hajknabes` ajb rè tlssghgngrw li tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw àxyesrgjk swsrem gj Hajknabes`*


9/74

ggg

Rahne li Cljrejr

Acojl{nebkemejrg

Ahsrxacr************gg

Ngsr li Igkuxes*yg

Ngsr li Rahnes*ygg

Càtrex 1

Gjrxlbucrlxw Cljcetr

1*1Hacokxlujb**********************41

1*8Scayejke ahne Ejexkw **48

1*8*1 [gjb tl{ex**48

1*8*8 @wbxl tl{ex*43

1*8*3 Slnax ejexkw**43

1*8*2 Hglmass*43

1*8*5 Hgliuen***43

1*8*9 Kelrèxman ejexkw ***42

1*8*; Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw 45

1*3 Clmtaxgslj li Ejexkw Scayejkgjk Rec`jlnlkges **45

1*3*1 Summaxw li Tl{ex Scayejkgjk Sluxces**45

1*3*8 Cljcnusgljs Xekaxbgjk Tl{ex Scayejkgjk Sluxces*49

1*2 Lyexyge{ li Yghxarglj-rl-Enecrxgcgrw Cljyexsglj Xeseaxc`****4;

Càtrex 8

Tgevlenecrxgcgrw

8*1Gjrxlbucrglj*14

8*8 T`wsgcs li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw***14

8*3 Tgevlenecrxgc Eiiecr******11

8*2 Apgs Jlmejcnaruxe**138*5 Clutngjk***12

8*9 Tlngjk***12


10/74

gy

Càtrex 3

Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgans

3*1 Gjrxlbucrglj**193*8 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgans*19

3*3 Cxwsranngje Marexgans1;

3*2 Tgevlenecrxgc Cexamgcs*10

3*5 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Clmtaxgslj**10

3*9 Remtexaruxe eiiecr lj TVR marexgan txltexrges***17

3*; Txeyglus [lxo*88

Càtrex 2

Mlbengjk

2*1Gjrxlbucrglj*85

2*8 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Mlben**8;

2*3 Hasgc Cgxcugrxw Mlben*34

2*2 Tl{ex cljyexsglj cgxcugr besgkj******38

Càtrex 5

Ejexkw @axyesrgjk Rec`jlnlkw

5*1 Gjrxlbucrglj**32

5*8 Mlben Xequgxemejr*32

5*3 Txlrlrwte Texilxmajce39

Càtrex 9

Rè Jepr Kejexarglj li Ejexkw Sluxce6 Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw @axyesrgjk

9*1 Gjrxlbucrglj**3;

9*8Ejexkw carasrxltè axlujb rè [lxnb***3;

9*3 [`w Tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw @axyesrgjk**************************************************************************************28

9*2 Ejexkw àxyesrgjk axlujb rè [lxnb***23

9*2*1 Tl{ex Kejexarglj Inllx gj Fataj**23

9*2*8 Ejexkw @axyesrgjk Swsrem gj Gsxaen**22


11/74


12/74

yg

Ngsr li Igkuxes

Igkuxe16 Tl{ex bejsgrw yexsus ngiergme ilx harrexges. slnax cenns. ajb yghxarglj kejexarlxs**49

Igkuxe 86 Arlmgc bgsrlxrglj li tgevlenecrxgc marexgan11

Igkuxe 36 Mljl ys* Tlnw Cxwsrans**18

Igkuxe 26 Apgs jlmejcnaruxe*13

Igkuxe 56 Tlngjk txlcess6 (a' Heilxe tlngjk (h' Buxgjk tlngjk (c' airex tlngjk****12

Igkuxe 96 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Attngcargljs***1;

Igkuxe ;6 Gjrexacrglj her{eej rè enecrxgcan. mecàjgcan ajb rèxman txlcesses**84

Igkuxe 06 Gjinuejce li remtexaruxe lj rè bgenecrxgc cljsrajr***81

Igkuxe 76 Gjinuejce li remtexaruxe lj rè tgevlenecrxgc srxagj cljsrajr. b3181

Igkuxe 146 Tgevlenecrxgc cxwsran useb ilx measuxemejr li ilxce ajb apgs jumhexgjk swsrem ilx rè

cxwsran*85

Igkuxe 116 @axb TVR 5a marexgan***80

Igkuxe 186 @axb Marexgan Bgakxam ajb Nlabgjk? Ujgrs axe gj Gjcès80

Igkuxe 136 Slir TVR Rwte 5a Marexgan***87

Igkuxe 126 Slir TVR Nlabgjk Bgakxam? Ujgrs axe gj Gjcès**34

Igkuxe 156 Tgevlenecrxgc marexgan equgyanejr cgxcugr**31

Igkuxe 196 Cgxcugr xetxesejrarglj li a TVR marexgan**31

Igkuxe 1;6 Cgxcugr xetxesejrarglj li kejexarglj li enecrxgcgrw***38

Igkuxe 106 Txgjcgtne li tl{ex cljyexsglj**38

Igkuxe 176 Cgxcugr Bgakxam ilx rè Taxr G***33

Igkuxe 846 ejexkw àxyesrgjk rgne***35

Igkuxe 816 Ejexkw àxyesreb inllx*****39

Igkuxe 886 [lxnb tltunarglj kxl{r` xare**30

Igkuxe 836 Txlfecreb {lxnb ejexkw bemajb gj Krle**37

Igkuxe 826 [lxnb ejexkw cljsumtrglj xare ixlm bgiiexejr sluxces***37

Igkuxe 856 Amlujr li xesexye ejexkw ar cljsrajr cljsumtrglj****24

Igkuxe 896 Ejexkw cljsumtrglj gjcxemejr xare ajb grs gmtacr lj xesexye ejexkw21

Igkuxe 8;6 Attxlpgmare eptgxarglj rgme ilx accessghne jlj xeje{ahne ejexkw sluxces***21


13/74

ygg

Ngsr li Rahnes

Rahne 16 Clmtaxgslj li ejexkw scayejkgjk ajb ejexkw srlxake mer`lbs*45

Rahne 86 Summaxw li cuxxejr TVR ejexkw `axyesrgjk beygces47

Rahne 36 Rec`jlnlkw clmtaxgslj23

Rahne 26 Cuxxejr ejexkw cljbgrglj li Hajknabes`*2;

Rahne 56 Ejexkw esrgmarglj****51

Rahne 96 Clsr esrgmare****58

Rahne ;6 Clsr li tl{ex kejexarglj usgjk yaxglus iuens gj Hajknabes`**53

Rahne 06 Tex ujgr clsr clmtaxgslj**52


14/74

1Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce

li Ejexkw ) Grs Txlstecr

GGUC

Càtrex 1

Gjrxlbucrlxw Cljcetr

1*1 Hacokxlujb

Tl{ex tnaws aj gmtlxrajr xlne {àreyex maj ngyes ajb {lxos* Tl{ex txlygbes lux `lmes {gr`

ngk`r ajb èar* Rè ngygjk srajbaxb ajb txlstexgrw li a jarglj yaxw bgxecrnw {gr` gjcxease gj use li

tl{ex* As rec`jlnlkw abyajcgjk rè cljsumtrglj li tl{ex gs sreabgnw xgsgjk* R`gs jecessgrares

ràr gj abbgrglj rl rè epgsrgjk sluxces li tl{ex s`lunb he seaxc` lur mlxe* Rè epgsrgjk sluxces

suc` as clan. {arex. terxlneum erc* axe jaruxan sluxces ajb axe gj ngmgreb amlujr* Sl r`gs maoesejexkw cxgsgs {`gc` arrxacreb rè arrejrglj li rè beyenltgjk ajb beyenlteb clujrxges rl eptnlxe

ajb igjb lur je{ meajs li ejexkw sluxces* Gj lux clujrxw ejexkw cxgsgs gs lje li rè kxearesr

txlhnem gj lux {aw rl success* Jl{ a baw klyexjmejr gs rxwgjk rl seaxc` je{ ejexkw sluxces

ajb ejcluxakgjk teltne rl use xeje{ahne sluxces* Slnax ejexkw gs a useiun ejexkw sluxce {`gc`

gs txlmlreb hw lux klyexjmejr gj xecejr tasr* [e axe usgjk `wbxaungc ejexkw ixlm majw weaxs*

Hur ann r`gs xeje{ahne ejexkges àye slme bxa{hacos ràr axe {`w rèse ejexkges axe jlr ahne rl

iunignn lux ejexkw xequgxemejr* Lux ejexkw secrlx gs magjnw betejbejr lj jaruxan xesluxces

magjnw kas. terxlneum ajb clan {`gc` axe jlr ejluk` gj amlujr* [e ann ojl{ ahlur rè cxgsgs li

tl{ex gj Hajknabes`. {gr` rè gjcxease li tltunarglj r`gs bgsease ejnaxkgjk ar aj anaxmgjk xare*

As eyexwhlbw ojl{s tltunarglj gs rè magj huxbej li Hajknabes` hecause li gs {eanr`w amlujr.sl gi {e use r`gs ùke tltunarglj ilx ejexkw txlbucrglj gr {gnn he a xeylnurgljaxw gmtxlyemejr gj

lux clujrxw* Sl magj gjrejrglj li r`gs tatex gs rl xeseaxc` ahlur tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw àxyesrgjk

{`gc` uses tltunarglj bejsgrw txltexnw' acclxbgjk rl Hajknabes` tlgjr li yge{* R`gs rwte li

ejexkw àxyesrgjk às heej useb hw bgiiexejr clujrxw axlujb rè {lxnb* Gj r`gs tatex {e {gnn

srubw hxgeinw ahlur tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw àxyesrgjk ajb ajanwve grs txlstecr ajb accetrahgngrw gj

Hajknabes`* Tgevlenecrxgc marexgans TVR' axe ahne rl gjrexcàjke her{eej enecrxgcan ejexkw ajb

mecàjgcan srxagj lx ilxce* Rè ahgngrw li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans rl clyexr mecàjgcan ejexkw gjrl

enecrxgcan ejexkw caj txlygbe a mebgum rl rxajsiex amhgejr mlrglj usuannw yghxarglj' gjrl

enecrxgcan ejexkw ràr maw he srlxeb ajb urgngveb hw enecrxljgc beygces suc` as sejslxs ajb

{gxeness jlbes* Rè ejexkw bejsgrw ac`geyahne {gr` tgevlenecrxgc beygces gs tlrejrgannw kxearex

ràj ràr tlssghne {gr` enecrxlsrargc lx enecrxlmakjergc beygces*


15/74



GGUC

1*8 Scayejke ahne Ejexkw

Scayejke ahne ejexkw gs ejexkw {`gc` clmes ixlm jaruxan xesluxces suc` as sujngk`r. {gjb. xagj.

rgbes. ajb kelrèxman èar. {`gc` axe xeje{ahne jaruxannw xetnejgsèb'* Gj 8440. ahlur 17% li

knlhan igjan ejexkw cljsumtrglj came ixlm xeje{ahnes. {gr` 13% clmgjk ixlm rxabgrgljan

hglmass. {`gc` gs magjnw useb ilx èargjk. ajb 3*8% ixlm `wbxlenecrxgcgrw* Je{ xeje{ahnes

smann `wbxl. mlbexj hglmass. {gjb. slnax. kelrèxman. ajb hgliuens' acclujreb ilx ajlrèx

8*;% ajb axe kxl{gjk yexw xatgbnw* Rè sàxe li xeje{ahnes gj enecrxgcgrw kejexarglj gs axlujb

10%. {gr` 15% li knlhan enecrxgcgrw clmgjk ixlm `wbxlenecrxgcgrw ajb 3% ixlm je{ xeje{ahne*

Mlsr xeje{ahne ejexkw clmes egrèx bgxecrnw lx gjbgxecrnw ixlm rè suj* Sujngk`r. lx slnax

ejexkw. caj he useb bgxecrnw ilx èargjk ajb ngk`rgjk `lmes ajb lrèx hugnbgjks. ilx kejexargjk

enecrxgcgrw. ajb ilx `lr {arex èargjk. slnax cllngjk. ajb a yaxgerw li clmmexcgan ajb gjbusrxgan

uses*

Rè suj+s èar ansl bxgyes rè {gjbs. {`lse ejexkw. gs catruxeb {gr` {gjb ruxhgjes* Rèj. rè

{gjbs ajb rè suj+s èar cause {arex rl eyatlxare* [èj r`gs {arex yatlx ruxjs gjrl xagj lx sjl{ajb inl{s bl{j`gnn gjrl xgyexs lx srxeams. grs ejexkw caj he catruxeb usgjk `wbxlenecrxgc tl{ex*

Anljk {gr` rè xagj ajb sjl{. sujngk`r causes tnajrs rl kxl{* Rè lxkajgc marrex ràr maoes ut

r`lse tnajrs gs ojl{j as hglmass* Hglmass caj he useb rl txlbuce enecrxgcgrw. rxajstlxrarglj

iuens. lx cèmgcans* Rè use li hglmass ilx ajw li rèse tuxtlses gs canneb hglejexkw*

@wbxlkej ansl caj he ilujb gj majw lxkajgc clmtlujbs. as {enn as {arex* Gr+s rè mlsr

ahujbajr enemejr lj rè Eaxr`* Hur gr blesj+r lccux jaruxannw as a kas* Gr+s an{aws clmhgjeb {gr`

lrèx enemejrs. suc` as {gr` lpwkej rl maoe {arex* Ljce setaxareb ixlm ajlrèx enemejr.

`wbxlkej caj he huxjeb as a iuen lx cljyexreb gjrl enecrxgcgrw*

Jlr ann xeje{ahne ejexkw xesluxces clme ixlm rè suj* Kelrèxman ejexkw rats rè Eaxr`+s

gjrexjan èar ilx a yaxgerw li uses. gjcnubgjk enecrxgc tl{ex txlbucrglj. ajb rè èargjk ajbcllngjk li hugnbgjks* Ajb rè ejexkw li rè lceaj+s rgbes clme ixlm rè kxaygrargljan tunn li rè

mllj ajb rè suj utlj rè Eaxr`*

Gj iacr. lceaj ejexkw clmes ixlm a jumhex li sluxces* Gj abbgrglj rl rgban ejexkw. rèxe+s rè

ejexkw li rè lceaj+s {ayes. {`gc` axe bxgyej hw hlr` rè rgbes ajb rè {gjbs* Rè suj ansl

{axms rè suxiace li rè lceaj mlxe ràj rè lceaj betr`s. cxeargjk a remtexaruxe bgiiexejce

ràr caj he useb as aj ejexkw sluxce* Ann rèse ilxms li lceaj ejexkw caj he useb rl txlbuce

enecrxgcgrw* Bgiiexejr xeje{ahne sluxces axe bescxgheb henl{ _;0]

1*8*1 [gjb tl{exAgxinl{s caj he useb rl xuj {gjb ruxhgjes* Mlbexj {gjb ruxhgjes xajke ixlm axlujb 944 o[ rl

5 M[ li xareb tl{ex. anr`luk` ruxhgjes {gr` xareb lurtur li 1*53 M[ àye heclme rè mlsr

clmmlj ilx clmmexcgan use? rè tl{ex lurtur li a ruxhgje gs a iujcrglj li rè cuhe li rè {gjb

steeb. sl as {gjb steeb gjcxeases. tl{ex lurtur gjcxeases bxamargcannw* Axeas {èxe {gjbs axe

srxljkex ajb mlxe cljsrajr. suc` as liis`lxe ajb `gk` anrgrube sgres axe txeiexxeb nlcargljs ilx


16/74



GGUC

{gjb iaxms* Rwtgcan catacgrw iacrlxs axe 84-24%. {gr` yanues ar rè uttex ejb li rè xajke gj

taxrgcunaxnw iayluxahne sgres*Knlhannw. rè nljk-rexm rec`jgcan tlrejrgan li {gjb ejexkw gs hengeyeb rl he igye rgmes rlran

cuxxejr knlhan ejexkw txlbucrglj. lx 24 rgmes cuxxejr enecrxgcgrw bemajb* R`gs clunb xequgxe {gjb

ruxhgjes rl he gjsranneb lyex naxke axeas. taxrgcunaxnw gj axeas li `gkèx {gjb xesluxces* Liis`lxe

xesluxces eptexgejce meaj {gjb steebs li z74% kxearex ràj ràr li najb. sl liis`lxe xesluxcesclunb cljrxghure suhsrajrgannw mlxe ejexkw _;0]*

1*8*8 @wbxl tl{ex

Ejexkw gj {arex caj he àxjesseb ajb useb* Sgjce {arex gs ahlur 044 rgmes bejsex ràj agx. eyej

a snl{ inl{gjk srxeam li {arex. lx mlbexare sea s{enn. caj wgenb cljsgbexahne amlujrs li ejexkw*

Rèxe axe majw ilxms li {arex ejexkw6

@wbxlenecrxgc ejexkw gs a rexm usuannw xesexyeb ilx naxke-scane `wbxlenecrxgc bams* Epamtnes axe

rè Kxajb Clunee Bam gj [as`gjkrlj Srare ajb rè Aolslmhl Bam gj Kàja*

Mgcxl `wbxl swsrems axe `wbxlenecrxgc tl{ex gjsrannargljs ràr rwtgcannw txlbuce ut rl 144 o[

li tl{ex* Rèw axe lirej useb gj {arex xgc` axeas as a xemlre-axea tl{ex suttnw XATS'* Rèxe

axe majw li rèse gjsrannargljs axlujb rè {lxnb. gjcnubgjk seyexan bengyexgjk axlujb 54 o[ gj

rè Slnlmlj Gsnajbs* Xuj-li-rè-xgyex `wbxlenecrxgcgrw swsrems bexgye ogjergc ejexkw ixlm xgyexs

ajb lceajs {gr`lur usgjk a bam*

Lceaj ejexkw bescxghes ann rè rec`jlnlkges rl àxjess ejexkw ixlm rè lceaj ajb rè sea* R`gs

gjcnubes maxgje cuxxejr tl{ex. lceaj rèxman ejexkw cljyexsglj. ajb rgban tl{ex _;0]*

1*8*3 Slnax ejexkw

Slnax ejexkw gs rè ejexkw bexgyeb ixlm rè suj r`xluk` rè ilxm li slnax xabgarglj* Slnax

tl{exeb enecrxgcan kejexarglj xenges lj t`lrlylnragcs ajb èar ejkgjes* A taxrgan ngsr li lrèxslnax attngcargljs gjcnubes stace èargjk ajb cllngjk r`xluk` slnax axc`grecruxe. bawngk`rgjk.

slnax `lr {arex. slnax cllogjk. ajb `gk` remtexaruxe txlcess èar ilx gjbusrxgan tuxtlses*

Slnax rec`jlnlkges axe hxlabnw càxacrexgveb as egrèx tassgye slnax lx acrgye slnax betejbgjk lj

rè {aw rèw catruxe. cljyexr ajb bgsrxghure slnax ejexkw* Acrgye slnax rec`jgques gjcnube rè use

li t`lrlylnragc tajens ajb slnax rèxman clnnecrlxs rl àxjess rè ejexkw* Tassgye slnax

rec`jgques gjcnube lxgejrgjk a hugnbgjk rl rè Suj. senecrgjk marexgans {gr` iaylxahne rèxman

mass lx ngk`r bgstexsgjk txltexrges. ajb besgkjgjk staces ràr jaruxannw cgxcunare agx _;0]*

1*8*2 Hglmass

Hglmass gs a xeje{ahne ejexkw sluxce hecause rè ejexkw gr cljragjs clmes ixlm rè suj*

R`xluk` rè txlcess li t`lrlswjrèsgs. tnajrs catruxe rè suj+s ejexkw* [èj rè tnajrs axe

huxjr. rèw xenease rè suj+s ejexkw rèw cljragj* Gj r`gs {aw. hglmass iujcrgljs as a slxr li

jaruxan harrexw ilx srlxgjk slnax ejexkw* As nljk as hglmass gs txlbuceb susragjahnw. {gr` ljnw as

muc` useb as gs kxl{j. rè harrexw {gnn nasr gjbeigjgrenw*


17/74



GGUC

Gj kejexan rèxe axe r{l magj attxlacès rl usgjk tnajrs ilx ejexkw txlbucrglj6 kxl{gjk tnajrs

stecgigcannw ilx ejexkw use. ajb usgjk rè xesgbues ixlm tnajrs ràr axe useb ilx lrèx r`gjks* Rè

hesr attxlacès yaxw ixlm xekglj rl xekglj acclxbgjk rl cngmare. slgns ajb kelkxat`w _;0]*

1*8*5 Hgliuen

Hgliuens gjcnube a {gbe xajke li iuens {`gc` axe bexgyeb ixlm hglmass* Rè rexm clyexs slngbhglmass. ngqugb iuens ajb yaxglus hglkases* Ngqugb hgliuens gjcnube hglancl`lns. suc` as

hgleràjln. ajb lgns. suc` as hglbgesen* Kaselus hgliuens gjcnube hglkas. najbignn kas ajb

swjrèrgc kas*

Hgleràjln gs aj ancl`ln mabe hw iexmejrgjk rè sukax clmtljejrs li tnajr marexgans ajb gr gs

mabe mlsrnw ixlm sukax ajb sraxc` cxlts* [gr` abyajceb rec`jlnlkw hegjk beyenlteb. cennunlsgc

hglmass. suc` as rxees ajb kxasses. axe ansl useb as ieebsrlcos ilx eràjln txlbucrglj* Eràjln

caj he useb as a iuen ilx ye`gcnes gj grs tuxe ilxm. hur gr gs usuannw useb as a kaslngje abbgrgye rl

gjcxease lcraje ajb gmtxlye ye`gcne emgssgljs* Hgleràjln gs {gbenw useb gj rè USA ajb gj

Hxavgn*

Hglbgesen gs mabe ixlm yekerahne lgns. ajgman iars lx xecwcneb kxeases* Hglbgesen caj he useb as aiuen ilx ye`gcnes gj grs tuxe ilxm. hur gr gs usuannw useb as a bgesen abbgrgye rl xebuce neyens li

taxrgcunares. caxhlj mljlpgbe. ajb `wbxlcaxhljs ixlm bgesen-tl{exeb ye`gcnes* Hglbgesen gs

txlbuceb ixlm lgns lx iars usgjk rxajsesrexgigcarglj ajb gs rè mlsr clmmlj hgliuen gj Euxlte*

Hgliuens txlygbeb 1*0% li rè {lxnb+s rxajstlxr iuen gj 8440* Acclxbgjk rl rè Gjrexjargljan

Ejexkw Akejcw. hgliuens àye rè tlrejrgan rl meer mlxe ràj a quaxrex li {lxnb bemajb ilx

rxajstlxrarglj iuens hw 8454 _;0]*

1*8*9 Kelrèxman ejexkw

Kelrèxman ejexkw gs ejexkw lhragjeb hw rattgjk rè èar li rè eaxr` grseni. hlr` ixlmognlmerexs beet gjrl rè Eaxr`+s cxusr gj ylncajgcannw acrgye nlcargljs li rè knlhe lx ixlm

sànnl{ betr`s. as gj kelrèxman èar tumts gj mlsr nlcargljs li rè tnajer* Gr gs eptejsgye rl

hugnb a tl{ex srarglj hur ltexargjk clsrs axe nl{ xesunrgjk gj nl{ ejexkw clsrs ilx sugrahne sgres*

Unrgmarenw. r`gs ejexkw bexgyes ixlm èar gj rè Eaxr`+s clxe*

R`xee rwtes li tl{ex tnajrs axe useb rl kejexare tl{ex ixlm kelrèxman ejexkw6 bxw sream.

inas`. ajb hgjaxw* Bxw sream tnajrs raoe sream lur li ixacruxes gj rè kxlujb ajb use gr rl bgxecrnw

bxgye a ruxhgje ràr stgjs a kejexarlx* Inas` tnajrs raoe `lr {arex. usuannw ar remtexaruxes lyex

844 C. lur li rè kxlujb. ajb annl{s gr rl hlgn as gr xgses rl rè suxiace rèj setaxares rè sream

tàse gj sream,{arex setaxarlxs ajb rèj xujs rè sream r`xluk` a ruxhgje* Gj hgjaxw tnajrs. rè

`lr {arex inl{s r`xluk` èar epcàjkexs. hlgngjk aj lxkajgc inugb ràr stgjs rè ruxhgje* Rècljbejseb sream ajb xemagjgjk kelrèxman inugb ixlm ann r`xee rwtes li tnajrs axe gjfecreb haco

gjrl rè `lr xlco rl tgco ut mlxe èar*

Rè kelrèxman ejexkw ixlm rè clxe li rè Eaxr` gs cnlsex rl rè suxiace gj slme axeas ràj gj

lrèxs* [èxe `lr ujbexkxlujb sream lx {arex caj he ratteb ajb hxluk`r rl rè suxiace gr maw

he useb rl kejexare enecrxgcgrw* Suc` kelrèxman tl{ex sluxces epgsr gj cexragj kelnlkgcannw

ujsrahne taxrs li rè {lxnb suc` as C`gne. Gcenajb. Je{ Veanajb. Ujgreb Srares. rè T`gngttgjes


18/74



GGUC

ajb Granw* Rè r{l mlsr txlmgjejr axeas ilx r`gs gj rè Ujgreb Srares axe gj rè Wennl{srlje

hasgj ajb gj jlxrèxj Cangilxjga* Gcenajb txlbuceb 1;4 M[ kelrèxman tl{exs ajb èareb 09%

li ann `luses gj rè weax 8444 r`xluk` kelrèxman ejexkw* Slme 0444 M[ li catacgrw gs

ltexargljan gj rlran*

Rèxe gs ansl rè tlrejrgan rl kejexare kelrèxman ejexkw ixlm `lr bxw xlcos* @lnes ar neasr 3 om

beet axe bxgnneb gjrl rè eaxr`* Slme li rèse `lnes tumt {arex gjrl rè eaxr`. {`gne lrèx `lnestumt `lr {arex lur* Rè èar xesluxce cljsgsrs li `lr ujbexkxlujb xabglkejgc kxajgre xlcos.

{`gc` èar ut {èj rèxe gs ejluk` sebgmejr her{eej rè xlco ajb rè eaxr`s suxiace* Seyexan

clmtajges gj Ausrxanga axe eptnlxgjk r`gs rec`jlnlkw _;0]*

1*8*; Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw

R`gs rwte li ejexkw gs cljyexreb ixlm mecàjgcan srxess* Gj r`gs swsrem li ejexkw scayejkgjk

mecàjgcan ejexkw gs cljyexreb gjrl enecrxgc ejexkw* A hxlab ajanwsgs ajb bgscussglj li r`gs

rec`jlnlkw axe txlygbeb narex li r`gs rèsgs tatex*

1*3 Clmtaxgslj li Ejexkw Scayejkgjk Rec`jlnlkges

A hxlab suxyew li tlrejrgan ejexkw scayejkgjk mer`lbs às heej ujbexraoej hw Fwlrg O Afgrsaxga

li Auhuxj Ujgyexsgrw* Rè xesunrs li r`gs suxyew axe s`l{j gj Rahne 1* Rè rahne ansl gjcnubes

harrexges ajb lrèx ejexkw srlxake rec`jlnlkges ilx clmtaxgslj* Rè rahne cljragjs tuxe tl{ex

scayejkgjk sluxces ajb rùs rè amlujr li tl{ex ayagnahne gs jlr a iujcrglj li rè ngiergme li rè

beygce* Rè yanues gj rè rahne axe bexgyeb ixlm a clmhgjarglj li tuhngsèb srubges. eptexgmejrs

texilxmeb hw rè aur`lx. rèlxw. ajb gjilxmarglj ràr gs clmmljnw ayagnahne gj bara sèers ajb

reprhllos* Rè sluxce li gjilxmarglj ilx eac` rec`jgque gs kgyej gj rè r`gxb clnumj* [`gne r`gs

clmtaxgslj gs hw jl meajs epàusrgye. gr bles txlygbe a hxlab cxlss secrglj li tlrejrgan mer`lbsrl scayejke ejexkw ajb ejexkw srlxake swsrems* Lrèx tlrejrgan sluxces {exe ansl cljsgbexeb hur

beemeb rl he lursgbe li rè attngcarglj stace ujbex cljsgbexarglj lx rl he ujaccetrahne ilx slme

lrèx xeaslj* A hxgei eptnajarglj ajb eyanuarglj li eac` sluxce ngsreb gj Rahne 1 ilnnl{s*

Rahne16 Clmtaxgslj li ejexkw scayejkgjk ajb ejexkw srlxake mer`lbs* _1]

Tl{ex Sluxces Tl{ex bejsgrw Sluxce li gjilxmarglj

Slnax slnax tajen' 17 rl 59 [,m Clmmljnw ayagnahne

Yghxargljs 844 [,cm3 XlujbwRemtexaruxe kxabgejr 315 [,cm3 ixlm 5C Rèxmlngie

Harrexges jlj xecàxkeahne' 25 [,cm3 Clmmljnw ayagnahne

Harrexges xecàxkeahne' ; [,cm3 Clmmljnw ayagnahne


19/74



GGUC

1*3*1 Summaxw li Tl{ex Scayejkgjk Sluxces

Haseb lj r`gs suxyew. gr {as becgbeb ràr slnax ejexkw ajb yghxargljs liiexeb rè mlsr arrxacrgye

ejexkw scayejkgjk slnurgljs* Rè quesrglj ràr musr rèj he asoeb gs6 gs gr txeiexahne rl use a

`gk` ejexkw bejsgrw harrexw ràr {lunb nasr rè ngiergme li rè beygce. lx rl gmtnemejr aj ejexkw

scayejkgjk slnurglj 84 @v

Equgyanejr

cgxcugr mlben

Ng er* an*MEMS

enecrxlmakjergc24 {arr 84 @v. 844 m J,X

Iexxaxg er* an* TVR cajrgneyex 4*85 {arr 21 @v. 7 m,s8 J,A

Sù er* an* TVR cajrgneyex J,X J,XCljyexsglj

eiigcgejcw


23/74



GGUC

Càtrex 8

Tgevlenecrxgcgrw

8*1 Gjrxlbucrglj

Cuxglsgrw ahlur rè tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr bares haco r`lusajbs li weaxs* Gr {as igxsr jlrgceb gj

xlcos {`gc` {lunb xeten lrèx xlcos {èj rèw {exe èareb* Rèse xlcos. {`gc` {exe acruannw

Rluxmangje cxwsrans. eyejruannw ilujb règx {aw gjrl Euxlte* Ljce rè cxwsrans axxgyeb gj

Euxlte. rèw {exe scxurgjgveb hw rè scgejrgsrs li rè baw* Gj rè mgb 1;44s. r`gs eiiecr {as

kgyej rè jame li Twxlenecrxgcgrw. {`gc` meajs enecrxgcgrw hw èar _35]* Iuxrèx epamgjarglj li

rè Twxlenecrxgc cxwsrans neb rl rè bgsclyexw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw* Tgexxe ajb Facques Cuxge {exe

rè igxsr rl bgsclyex rè bgxecr tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr* R`gs rgrne meajs rè clxxenarglj her{eej gjtur

mecàjgcan ilxce ajb lurtur enecrxgcan ejexkw* Rèw igxsr tuhngsèb règx xeseaxc` xesunrs lj

Aukusr 8. 1004 _39]* Rè cljyexse tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr. {`gc` meajs mecàjgcan beilxmarglj hw

attngcarglj li aj enecrxgc igenb. {as txebgcreb gj 1001 _3;]* Rè igxsr attngcargljs li

tgevlenecrxgcgrw {exe gj rè axea li sljax. {èxe quaxrv tnares {exe useb rl emgr `gk` ixequejcw

{ayes. lj rè lxbex li 54 o@v* Rèse {ayes {lunb hlujce lii aj lhfecr ajb xeruxj rl a xecegyex.

gjbgcargjk rl rè ltexarlx rè txesejce li aj lhfecr henl{ rè suxiace li a hlbw li {arex* Rlbaw.

maflx attngcargljs li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans axe gj sejslxs. {èxe règx ngjeax xestljse maoesrèm gbean ilx maogjk mecàjgcan measuxemejrs* Jl{ a baws ajlrèx xeylnurgljaxw use li

tgevlenecrxgcgrw as ejexkw àxyesrgjk tuxtlse {`gc` {gnn bgscusseb narex gj r`gs tatex*

8*8 T`wsgcs li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw

Rè tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr gs a txltexrw ràr epgsrs gj majw marexgans* Rè jame gs mabe ut li r{l

taxrs? tgevl. {`gc` gs bexgyeb ixlm rè Kxeeo {lxo ilx txessuxe. ajb enecrxgc ixlm enecrxgcgrw*

Rè xluk` rxajsnarglj gs. rèxeilxe. txessuxe - enecrxgc eiiecr* Gj a tgevlenecrxgc marexgan. rè

attngcarglj li a ilxce lx srxess xesunrs gj rè beyenltmejr li a càxke gj rè marexgan* R`gs gsojl{j as rè bgxecr tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr* Cljyexsenw. rè attngcarglj li a càxke rl rè same

marexgan {gnn xesunr gj a càjke gj mecàjgcan bgmejsgljs lx srxagj* R`gs gs ojl{j as rè gjbgxecr

tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr* Seyexan cexamgc marexgans àye heej bescxgheb as ep`ghgrgjk a tgevlenecrxgc

eiiecr* Rèse gjcnube neab-vgxcljare-rgrajare TVR'. neab-rgrajare ThRgL8'. neab-vgxcljare

ThVxL3'. ajb haxgum-rgrajare HaRgL3'* [èj a tgevlenecrxgc marexgan gs srxagjeb. gr tlnaxgves.

cxeargjk aj enecrxgc igenb* Igkuxe 8 s`l{s `l{ rè tlnaxgvarglj li rè marexgan lccuxs* As rè


24/74



GGUC

marexgan gs clmtxesseb. rè swmmerxw li rè arlmgc srxucruxe gs bgsxutreb. xesunrgjk gj tlnes

lccuxxgjk gj arlms li rè marexgan* Rèse tlnes neab rl rè cxearglj li rè enecrxgc igenb* Rè

cljyexse eiiecr {lxos gj muc` rè same {aw* [èj aj enecrxgc igenb gs attngeb acxlss rè

marexgan. gr {gnn cause tlnaxgvarglj li rè marexgan. {`gc` gj ruxj {gnn beilxm gr*

8*3 Tgevlenecrxgc Eiiecr

A tgevlenecrxgc suhsrajce gs lje ràr txlbuces aj enecrxgc càxke {èj a mecàjgcan srxess gs

attngeb rè suhsrajce gs squeeveb lx srxercèb'* Cljyexsenw. a mecàjgcan beilxmarglj rè

suhsrajce s`xgjos lx eptajbs' gs txlbuceb {èj aj enecrxgc igenb gs attngeb* R`gs eiiecr gs ilxmeb

gj cxwsrans ràr àye jl cejrex li swmmerxw* Rl eptnagj r`gs. {e àye rl nllo ar rè gjbgygbuan

mlnecunes ràr maoe ut rè cxwsran* Eac` mlnecune às a tlnaxgvarglj. lje ejb gs mlxe jekargyenw

càxkeb ajb rè lrèx ejb gs tlsgrgyenw càxkeb. ajb gs canneb a bgtlne* R`gs gs a xesunr li rè

arlms ràr maoe ut rè mlnecune ajb rè {aw rè mlnecunes axe sàteb* Rè tlnax apgs gs aj

gmakgjaxw ngje ràr xujs r`xluk` rè cejrex li hlr` càxkes lj rè mlnecune* Gj a mljlcxwsran rè

tlnax apes li ann li rè bgtlnes nge gj lje bgxecrglj* Rè cxwsran gs sagb rl he swmmerxgcan hecause

gi wlu {exe rl cur rè cxwsran ar ajw tlgjr. rè xesunrajr tlnax apes li rè r{l tgeces {lunb nge gjrè same bgxecrglj as rè lxgkgjan* Gj a tlnwcxwsran. rèxe axe bgiiexejr xekgljs {gr`gj rè marexgan

ràr àye a bgiiexejr tlnax apgs* Gr gs aswmmerxgcan hecause rèxe gs jl tlgjr ar {`gc` rè cxwsran

clunb he cur ràr {lunb neaye rè r{l xemagjgjk tgeces {gr` rè same xesunrajr tlnax apgs

gnnusrxares r`gs cljcetr* Rè bgiiexejce her{eej rè mljlcxwsran ajb tlnwcxwsran srxucruxe gs

gnnusrxareb gj Igkuxe 3*

- /

/

-/

-

/

-

-

/

I

I

/

-

/

/

-

-

Igkuxe 86 Arlmgc bgsrlxrglj li tgevlenecrxgc marexgan _35]


25/74



GGUC

Gr gs hesr rl sraxr {gr` aj ujbexsrajbgjk li clmmlj bgenecrxgc marexgans gj lxbex rl ujbexsrajb rè

tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr* Rè beigjgjk equargljs ilx `gk` texmgrrgygrw bgenecrxgcs axe6

r

r

r

C

xx

4

1'

Ajbr

AYCYQ

8'

[èxe.

C = catacgrajce

A = catacgrlx tnare axea

x = xenargye bgenecrxgc cljsrajr

l = bgenecrxgc cljsrajr li agx = 0*05 p 14-18 iaxabaws , merex

= bgenecrxgc cljsrajrY = ylnrake

r = r`gcojess lx tnare setaxarglj

Q = càxke

Gj abbgrglj. {e caj beigje enecrxgc bgstnacemejr. B. as càxke bejsgrw lx rè xargl li càxke rl rè

axea li rè catacgrlx6

r

Y

A

QB

3'

Ajb iuxrèx beigje rè enecrxgc igenb as6

r

Y

@ Lx @B 2'

Rèse equargljs axe rxue ilx ann gslrxltgc bgenecrxgcs* Tgevlenecrxgc cexamgc marexgans axe gslrxltgc

gj rè ujtlnaxgveb srare. hur rèw heclme ajgslrxltgc gj rè tlneb srare* Gj ajgslrxltgc marexgans.

hlr` rè enecrxgc igenb ajb enecrxgc bgstnacemejr musr he xetxesejreb as yecrlxs {gr` r`xee

bgmejsgljs gj a ias`glj sgmgnax rl rè mecàjgcan ilxce yecrlx* R`gs gs a bgxecr xesunr li rè

betejbejcw li rè xargl li bgenecrxgc bgstnacemejr. B. rl enecrxgc igenb. @. utlj rè lxgejrarglj li

Mljlcxwsran {gr` sgjkne tlnax apgs Tlnwcxwsran {gr` xajblm tlnax apgs

Igkuxe 36 Mljl ys* Tlnw Cxwsrans _30]


26/74



GGUC

rè catacgrlx tnare rl rè cxwsran lx tlneb cexamgc' apes* R`gs meajs ràr rè kejexan equarglj

ilx enecrxgc bgstnacemejr caj he {xgrrej as a srare yaxgahne equarglj6

fgfgEB 5'

Rè enecrxgc bgstnacemejr gs an{aws taxannen rl rè enecrxgc igenb. rùs eac` enecrxgc bgstnacemejr

yecrlx. Bg. gs equan rl rè sum li rè igenb yecrlx. Ef. munrgtngeb hw grs clxxestljbgjk bgenecrxgc

cljsrajr. gf6

3138181111 EEEB

3838881818 EEEB 9'

3338381313 EEEB

Ilxrujarenw. rè maflxgrw li rè bgenecrxgc cljsrajrs ilx tgevlenecrxgc cexamgcs as lttlseb rl

sgjkne cxwsran tgevlenecrxgc marexgans' axe vexl* Rè ljnw jlj-vexl rexms axe6

338811

8*2 Apgs Jlmejcnaruxe

Rè tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr. as srareb txeyglusnw. xenares mecàjgcan eiiecrs rl enecrxgcan eiiecrs*

Rèse eiiecrs. as s`l{j ahlye. axe `gk`nw betejbejr utlj règx lxgejrarglj rl rè tlneb apgs* Gr

gs. rèxeilxe. essejrgan rl magjragj a cljsrajr apgs jumhexgjk scème* Rè apgs jlmejcnaruxe

ilnnl{eb gs s`l{j gj Igkuxe 2*

V3'

P1'

W8'

#

18

3

2

5

9

Apgs

PW

V

Sèax axlujb P

Sèax axlujb W

Sèax axlujb V

Igkuxe 26 Apgs jlmejcnaruxe _30]


27/74



GGUC

8*5 Clutngjk

Clutngjk gs a oew cljsrajr useb rl eyanuare rè (quangrw( li aj enecrxl-mecàjgcan marexgan* R`gs

cljsrajr xetxesejrs rè eiigcgejcw li ejexkw cljyexsglj ixlm enecrxgcan rl mecàjgcan lx

mecàjgcan rl enecrxgcan*

=

;'

Lx

=

0'

Gj r`gs càtrex. rè xeyge{ li bgiiexejr ilxms li tgevlenecrxgc kejexarlxs cljigkuxarglj gs blje*

Rèw axe txesejreb èxe rl txlygbe a {lxogjk ilujbarglj ilx rè marèmargcan mlbengjk gj rè

jepr càtrex `gk`ngk`rgjk gmtlxrajr iearuxes ràr bgsrgjkugs` eac` besgkj* [`gne rèxe axe majw

tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ixlm {`gc` rl c`llse ilx a tgevlenecrxgc kejexarlx. {e tnaj lj usgjk neab

vgxcljare rgrajare TVR'* Sl ixlm r`gs tlgjr lj{axbs. rè {lxb TVR ajb tgevlenecrxgc maw he

useb gjrexcàjkeahnw. anr`luk`. gr gs ujbexsrllb ràr epcetr {èj xeiexxgjk rl stecgigc TVR

marexgan cljsrajrs. lrèx tgevlenecrxgc marexgans clunb he assumeb rl he useb*

8*9 Tlngjk

Tgevlenecrxgc marexgan. {`gc` gs jlj-cljbucrgye gj jaruxe. bles jlr àye ixee enecrxljs. ajb

rèxeilxe enecrxljs cajjlr tass ixeenw r`xluk` rè marexgan* Tgevlenecrxgc marexgan gs mabe ut li

cxwsrans ràr àye majw igpeb enecrxljs* Rèse igpeb enecrxljs caj mlye sngk`rnw as rè cxwsrans

beilxm hw aj eprexjan ilxce* R`gs sngk`r mlyemejr li enecrxljs anrexs rè equgnghxgum srarus gj

rè abfacejr cljbucrgye marexgans ajb cxeares enecrxgc ilxce* R`gs ilxce {gnn tus` ajb tunn rè

enecrxljs gj rè enecrxlbes arracèb rl rè tgevlenecrxgc cxwsran as s`l{j gj rè Igkuxe 5*

Tgevlenecrxgc cexamgc marexgans. as srareb eaxngex. axe jlr tgevlenecrxgc ujrgn rè xajblm

iexxlenecrxgc blmagjs axe angkjeb* R`gs angkjmejr gs acclmtngsèb r`xluk` a txlcess ojl{j as

(tlngjk(* Tlngjk cljsgsrs li gjbucgjk a B*C* ylnrake acxlss rè marexgan* Rè iexxlenecrxgc

blmagjs angkj rl rè gjbuceb igenb xesunrgjk gj a jer tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr* Gr s`lunb he jlreb ràr

jlr ann rè blmagjs heclme epacrnw angkjeb* Slme li rè blmagjs ljnw taxrgannw angkj ajb slme

Igkuxe 56 Tlngjk txlcess6 a' Heilxe tlngjk h' Buxgjk tlngjk c' Airex tlngjk _35]


28/74



GGUC

bl jlr angkj ar ann* Rè jumhex li blmagjs ràr angkj betejbs utlj rè tlngjk ylnrake.

remtexaruxe. ajb rè rgme rè ylnrake gs ènb lj rè marexgan* Buxgjk tlngjk rè marexgan

texmajejrnw gjcxeases gj bgmejsglj her{eej rè tlngjk enecrxlbes ajb becxeases gj bgmejsgljs

taxannen rl rè enecrxlbes* Rè marexgan caj he betlnaxgveb hw xeyexsgjk rè tlngjk ylnrake.

gjcxeasgjk rè remtexaruxe hewljb rè marexgans Cuxxge tlgjr. lx hw gjbucgjk a naxke mecàjgcan

srxess*Ylnrake attngeb rl rè enecrxlbes ar rè same tlnaxgrw as rè lxgkgjan tlngjk ylnrake xesunrs gj a

iuxrèx gjcxease gj bgmejsglj her{eej rè enecrxlbes ajb becxeases rè bgmejsgljs taxannen rl rè

enecrxlbes* Attnwgjk a ylnrake rl rè enecrxlbes gj aj lttlsgre bgxecrglj becxeases rè bgmejsglj

her{eej rè enecrxlbes ajb gjcxeases rè bgmejsgljs taxannen rl rè enecrxlbes*

Attnwgjk a clmtxessgye ilxce gj rè bgxecrglj li tlngjk textejbgcunax rl rè tlngjk enecrxlbes'

lx a rejsgne ilxce taxannen rl rè tlngjk bgxecrglj xesunrs gj a ylnrake kejexarglj lj rè enecrxlbes

{`gc` às rè same tlnaxgrw as rè lxgkgjan tlngjk ylnrake* A rejsgne ilxce attngeb textejbgcunax

rl rè enecrxlbes lx a clmtxessgye ilxce attngeb taxannen rl rè enecrxlbes xesunrs gj a ylnrake li

lttlsgre tlnaxgrw* Xemlygjk rè tlngjk enecrxlbes ajb attnwgjk a igenb textejbgcunax rl rè

tlngjk bgxecrglj lj a je{ ser li enecrxlbes {gnn xesunr gj mecàjgcan sèax* T`wsgcannw sèaxgjkrè cexamgc {gnn txlbuce a ylnrake lj rè je{ enecrxlbes*


29/74



GGUC

Càtrex 3

Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgans

3*1 Gjrxlbucrglj

R`gs càtrex cljragjs bgiiexejr rwtes li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans. cnassgigcarglj li tgevlenecrxgc

eiiecr. tgevlenecrxgc marexgan clmtaxgslj. tgevlenecrxgc marexgan txltexrges. remtexaruxe eiiecr lj

tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ajb slme `gsrlxw li txeyglus {lxo blje hw seyexan xeseaxc` kxluts* R`gs

càtrex {gnn txlygbe enahlxare bescxgtrglj li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ajb règx txltexrges ajb {gnn

ènt rl igjb lur txltex tgevlenecrxgc marexgan ilx ejexkw àxyesrgjk*

3*8 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgans

Rèxe axe r{l magj rwtes li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans. cxwsranngje marexgans ajb cexamgc marexgans*

Cxwsranngje marexgans. suc` as quaxrv. lccux jaruxannw* Rèw {exe ilujb rl ep`ghgr tgevlenecrxgc

txltexrges as nljk as 144 weaxs akl* Xecejr abyajcemejrs àye wgenbeb maj-mabe marexgans ràr

ansl ep`ghgr tgevlenecrxgc txltexrges* Rèse marexgans àye hekuj rl he useb gj majw

attngcargljs. ixlm sejslx attngcargljs rl tl{exgjk xemlre enecrxljgcs gj axeas {èxe lrèx tl{ex

sluxces axe ujayagnahne* Aj epamtne li suc` aj attngcarglj gs rè use li sejslxs lj hxgbkes* Ilxlnbex hxgbkes. mljgrlxgjk li mlbexj nlabs lj rè hxgbke às heclme aj gmtlxrajr axea li

xeseaxc`* Ilx epgsrgjk srxucruxes. àygjk rl xerxligr rè srxucruxe {gr` {gxgjk ilx a mljgrlxgjk

swsrem gs eptejsgye ajb rgme-cljsumgjk* Usgjk sejslxs tl{exeb hw tgevlenecrxgc marexgans.

{`gc` rxajsmgr règx bara usgjk a XI ngjo gj a huxsr ar texglbgc gjrexyans. rè xean rgme nlab ajb

srxesses lj a hxgbke caj he berexmgjeb* R`gs catahgngrw ejahnes aj easw xerxligr. ajb gs a yexw

clsr-eiiecrgye {aw rl mljgrlx t`wsgcan srxucruxes* Igkuxe 9 s`l{s a clmtxeèjsgye ngsr li kejexan

tgevlenecrxgc marexgan attngcargljs


30/74

1;Srubw li Tgevlenecrxgcgrw6 A Je{ Sluxce


GGUC

Tgevlenecrxgc Eiiecr

Tgevlenecrxgc mlrlxsTlsgrgljgjk beygcesGjo fer txgjrexsIgnrexsLscgnnarlxsIxequejcw srajbaxbs

Rgme srajbaxbs

AcruarlxsXesljajr sejslxs

measuxgjk t`wsgcan

measuxajbs r`xluk`

S`gir li xesljajr

Ixequejcw

Enecrxljgcs

Rgme ajb ixequejcw

cljrxln

Unrxasljgc

unrxasljgc {aye

kejexarlxs

Xesljajr

Huno aclusrgc

[ayes HA[

Suxiace aclusrgc

{ayes Sa{

Jlr xesljajrYlnrake Kejexarlxs

Staxo' Gkjgrlxs

Sejslxs

Measuxgjk

mecàjgcan

measuxajbs

Ilxce

Rlxque

Srxagj Txessuxe

Accenexarglj

Aclusrgc emexsglj

Cljyexse EiiecrBgxecr Eiiecr

Igkuxe 96 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Attngcargljs _35]

3*3 Cxwsranngje MarexgansCxwsranngje marexgans {exe rè igxsr marexgans gbejrgigeb rl ep`ghgr tgevlenecrxgc txltexrges* Rèse

marexgans. taxrgcunaxnw quaxrv. axe ilujb jaruxannw. estecgannw gj axeas li rè Slur` Tacgigc _35]*

Sgjce rèse marexgans axe cxwsranngje. rèw axe estecgannw sejsgrgye rl règx cur ajb lxgejrarglj. ajb

rèw ep`ghgr bgiiexejr tgevlenecrxgc txltexrges betejbgjk lj rè cxwsran lxgejrarglj _35]*

Sgjce rè abyejr li tgevlenecrxgc sejslxs. rè bemajb ilx quaxrv cxwsrans às lursrxgtteb rè

jaruxan suttnw* Rèxeilxe gr hecame jecessaxw rl beyenlt {aws rl axrgigcgannw cxeare rè cxwsrans*

Mer`lbs {exe beyenlteb ajb majw Quaxrv tgevlenecrxgc marexgans rlbaw axe kxl{j axrgigcgannw gj


31/74



GGUC

aurlcnayes* Gr {as ilujb ràr {gr` a txessuxe her{eej 1 ajb 8 ognl Haxs ajb ar a remtexaruxe li

her{eej 354 rl 254 LC. Quaxrv caj he kxl{j _35]*

Rèxe axe. `l{eyex. txlhnems {gr` axrgigcgannw cxeargjk quaxrv* Lje suc` txlhnem gs rè eiiecr li

r{gjjgjk* R`gs lccuxs {èj Quaxrv li r{l bgiiexejr cxwsran lxgejrargljs gjrexkxl{r`* R{gjs caj

ansl ilxm ujbex nlabgjk. aiiecrgjk rè tgevlenecrxgc cleiigcgejr* Gr gs hesr ràr r`gs lccuxxejce he

aylgbeb ajb musr he cljsgbexeb {èj besgkjgjk. lx besgkjgjk {gr`. tgevlenecrxgc marexgans _35]*

3*2 Tgevlenecrxgc Cexamgcs

Ajlrèx clmmlj kxlut li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans lrèx ràj quaxrv gs a cexamgc marexgan {`gc`

às heej beyenlteb mlxe xecejrnw* Tgevl-cexamgc marexgans axe maj-mabe. ajb clme gj majw

bgiiexejr rwtes* Rèse marexgans ep`ghgr `gk` clutngjk cleiigcgejrs. ajb axe yexw inepghne. sl rèw

axe yexw sugreb rl cusrlm attngcargljs* Ajlrèx abyajrake li cexamgc tgevlenecrxgc marexgans gs

ràr sgjce rèw axe maj mabe. rèw bl jlr suiiex ixlm rè txlhnems {`gc` jaruxan marexgans àye

xekaxbgjk scaxcgrw. ajb cxwsran lxgejrarglj àygjk rl cur rè cxwsran lj a cexragj kelmerxgc tnajeilx ltrgman lurtur'* Rè cexamgc marexgan srubgeb r`xluk` rè cluxse li r`gs xeseaxc` gs neab-

vgrxljgre-rgrajare ThVxL3. ThRgL3'. clmmljnw xeiexxeb rl as TVR marexgan*

TVR Marexgans axe majuiacruxeb hw sgjrexgjk a igjenw kxlujb tl{ex mgpruxe* Rè tl{bex gs

usuannw mabe li iexxlenecrxgcs li rè lpwkej-lcraèbxan rwte. {`gc` axe igxsr sàteb gjrl rè

besgxeb sàte _35]* Tgevlenecrxgc cexamgcs axe ilxmeb li a jumhex li iexxlenecrxgc kxagjs

cxwsranngres'. eac` cljragjgjk blmagjs gj {`gc` rè enecrxgc bgtlnes axe angkjeb _35]* Rl txltexnw

bemljsrxare tgevlenecrxgc txltexrges. rè marexgan musr he tlnaxgveb hw èargjk rè marexgan rl a

`gk` remtexaruxe ajb attnwgjk a srxljk enecrxgc igenb _35]*

Rè TVR marexgans caj he majuiacruxeb gjrl yaxglus suhrwtes* Rèse suhrwtes caj he cusrlm-

besgkjeb ilx bgiiexejr uses ajb ejygxljmejrs* Rè suhrwte marexgans axe cxeareb hw bltgjk. lxgjrxlbucgjk gmtuxgrges gjrl rè marexgans* Hw cljrxlnngjk rè amlujr ajb rwtes li gmtuxgrges

gjrxlbuceb. rè t`wsgcan txltexrges li rè marexgan. suc` as rè bgenecrxgc cljsrajr. clutngjk

cleiigcgejr. ajb tgevlenecrxgc cljsrajr. caj he mlbgigeb rl rè besgkjexs jeebs* Rè suhrwtes axe

kgyej a srajbaxb besgkjarglj. suc` as TVR-5A* Ilx rè xeseaxc` cljbucreb ar Ygnnajlya. rè

marexgans epamgjeb {exe TVR-5A ajb TVR-0 _37]*

3*5 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Clmtaxgslj

Slme kejexan cljsgbexargljs ilx senecrgjk cxwsranngje lx cexamgc tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ilx

cexragj attngcargljs axe txesejreb jepr* Cexamgc marexgans axe muc` cèatex ràj cxwsranngje

marexgans rl use* Rèw bl jlr àye rl he kxl{j. jlx bl rèw àye rl he cur txltexnw* Rèw

majuiacruxeb hw seyexan clmtajges suc` as Jlngac ajb Abyajceb Cexamerxgcs amljksr lrèxs*

Jaruxan cxwsrans caj he xaxe. axrgigcgan cxwsrans axe bgiigcunr rl use ilx attngcargljs {`gc` àye

stace xequgxemejrs. ajb igjbgjk rè txltex lje ilx a stecgigc attngcarglj caj he bgiigcunr* Igjannw.

rè cexamgc marexgans axe usuannw muc` mlxe sejsgrgye ràj rè cxwsranngje marexgans _35]*


32/74



GGUC

Rèxe axe bxa{hacos rl rè cexamgc marexgans* Ilx slme TVR marexgans. règx sejsgrgygrw caj

bekxabe lyex rgme. aj eiiecr canneb akgjk* Ilx attngcargljs {èxe cljsgsrejr ajb xetxlbucghne

measuxemejrs axe jecessaxw lyex a nljk texglb li rgme. suc` as sejslxs. r`gs gs a mlsr

ujbesgxahne rxagr*

Rè cexamgc marexgans usuannw ep`ghgr yexw `gk` remtexaruxe sejsgrgygrw. maogjk règx rèxman

ltexargjk xajke yexw ngmgreb* R`gs maoes rèse marexgans ujsugrahne ilx mlxe eprxemeejygxljmejrs. estecgannw `gk` remtexaruxe ljes* Ar `gk` remtexaruxes rè tgevlenecrxgc

txltexrges li rèse marexgans suc` as rè clutngjk cleiigcgejr ajb rè tgevlenecrxgc cljsrajr

càjke ajb rejb rl bekxabe as remtexaruxe gjcxeases* R`gs càjke heclmes clmtnere {èj rè

amhgejr remtexaruxe gjcxeases rl rè Cuxge remtexaruxe li rè marexgan* Ar r`gs tlgjr. rè marexgan

{gnn nlse ann li grs tlnaxgvarglj. nlsgjk grs tgevlenecrxgc txltexrges* Rwtgcan Cuxge remtexaruxes ilx

TVR marexgans axe lj rè lxbex li 844C*

Igjannw. cexamgc marexgans as {enn as cexragj quaxrv marexgans axe twxlenecrxgc. sl {èj hegjk

useb gj sejslxs. enecrxgc jlgse {gnn gjcxease as règx remtexaruxe gjcxeases* Rèse marexgans

ep`ghgr a nl{ex xesgsrgygrw ràj rè quaxrv marexgans. {`gc` caj he a tlrejrgan txlhnem ilx

besgkjexs* Gj sejslx attngcargljs. a `gk` xesgsrajce gs jeebeb gj attngcargljs {èxe rèmeasuxajb gs quasgsrargc rl ejsuxe a xengahne lurtur. maogjk tgevl-cexamgc marexgans ujsugrahne

ilx cexragj attngcargljs*

3*9 Remtexaruxe eiiecr lj TVR marexgan txltexrges

Sgjce tgevlenecrxgcgrw cljsrgrures xenarglj her{eej enecrxgcan ajb mecàjgcan txlcesses. ajb rè

xenareb tèjlmejlj twxlenecrxgcgrw gs bue rl rèxman-enecrxgcan clutngjk. rè kejexan ser li

enecrxgcan. mecàjgcan ajb rèxman txlcesses betgcreb gj Igkuxe ;* Rè gjrejsgye yaxgahnes

enecrxgc igenb E. srxess . ajb remtexaruxe R axe xetxesejreb ar yexrgces li rè lurex rxgajkne{èxeas rè clxxestljbgjk cljfukare eprejsgye yaxgahnes tlnaxgvarglj T. srxagj . ajb càjke gj

ejrxltw S axe xetxesejreb lj rè gjjex rxgajkne*


33/74



GGUC

Rèxe axe majw mer`lbs ilx ilxmunargjk jlj-ngjeax remtexaruxe betejbejr xenargljs ilx

iexxlenecrxgc clmtlujbs* Lje mer`lb gs rl assume rè iujcrglj gs aj gjigjgre sexges gj rè

gjbetejbejr yaxgahnes* Tlnwjlmgan ilxmunarglj caj he bescxgheb as tèjlmejlnlkgcan gj jaruxe.

{èxe cljsrajrs axe c`lsej rl marc` lhsexyeb t`wsgcan heàyglx* R`gs attxlac` {as useb gj

ilxmunarglj rè remtexaruxe betejbejce txltexrges li rè TVR marexgan* Rè eptexgmejran bara

_21] ilx bgenecrxgc cljsrajr ajb tgevlenecrxgc càxke cleiigcgejr {exe tnlrreb gj Mgcxlslir epcen

slir{axe ajb a iluxr` lxbex cuxye igrrgjk {as blje rl ker rè clxxenarglj her{eej rè marexgan

txltexrges li rè TVR ajb remtexaruxe*

Rè cljsrajrs kgyej gj rè equarglj ahlye axe lhragjeb ixlm rè eptexgmejran bara _21]. {èxe

rè yaxgarglj li rè xenargye bgenecrxgc cljsrajr. rè tgevlenecrxgc srxagj cljsrajr. b31. ajb rè

xesgsrgygrw li TVR-5@ marexgan axe txlygbeb as iujcrglj li remtexaruxe* Rè bara caj he

gjrextlnareb hw bgiiexejr iujcrgljs. {`gc` axe kxat`gcannw betgcreb gj Igkuxe 0. ajb Igkuxe 7*

Igkuxe ;6 Gjrexacrglj her{eej rè enecrxgcan. mecàjgcan ajb rèxman txlcesses _24]


34/74



GGUC

Igkuxe 76 Gjinuejce li remtexaruxe lj r`e tgevlenecrxgc srxagj cljsrajr. b31 _28]

Igkuxe 06 Gjinuejce li remtexaruxe lj r`e bgenecrxgc cljsrajr _28]


35/74



GGUC

[èj remtexaruxe xgses. hlr` rè bgenecrxgc ajb rè tgevlenecrxgc srxagj cljsrajr li rè

marexgan 5@ rejb rl sgkjgigcajrnw gjcxease* Gj abbgrglj. rè Wlujks mlbunus li rè TVR gs ojl{j

rl hegjk sngk`rnw betejbejr lj rè càjke gj remtexaruxe* Rè bgenecrxgc cljsrajr amljk rè

remtexaruxe betejbejr cljsrajrs ep`ghgrs rè mlsr sgkjgigcajr eiiecr lj rè enecrxgc gmtebajce li

TVR* Mlsr li rè txeyglus {lxo gs cljcexjeb {gr` yexw naxke makjgrubes li remtexaruxe

yaxgargljs ar eprxemenw `gk` remtexaruxes* Càjkes gj remtexaruxe àye bgsrgjcr eiiecrs lj rèbwjamgc txltexrges li srxucruxes. {`gc` gs betejbejr lj hlujbaxw cljbgrgljs. remtexaruxe

bgsrxghurglj ajb srxucruxe marexgans* @l{eyex. rè epacr jaruxe li rèse xenargljs`gts lj eiiecr lj

tl{ex kejexarglj às jlr heej gjyesrgkareb hw ajw xeseaxcèx as karèxeb ixlm txeyglusnw

tuhngsèb tatexs* Rè clxxenarglj ilx remtexaruxe betejbejce li bgenecrxgc cljsrajr ajb càxke

cleiigcgejr caj he ilujb ixlm rè bara tnlrreb gj Igkuxe 0 ajb Igkuxe 7*

3*; Txeyglus [lxo

A jumhex li xeseaxc` kxluts àye epamgjeb tgevlenecrxgc marexgans. gj hlr` aj acabemgc sejseajb ansl gj epamgjgjk rèm ilx txacrgcan attngcargljs* Rè magj ilcus li hlr` xeseaxc` arremtrs

às heej gj rè sejslx ajb acruarglj axeas*

Slme {lxo às ilcuseb lj cljsrxucrgjk tgevlcexamgcs* Rèse marexgans caj he cusrlm

besgkjeb ilx stecgigc attngcargljs. ajb a kxlut ixlm Fataj èabeb hw W* @lsljl ilcuseb lj

beyenltgjk tgevlcexamgc marexgans {gr` `gk` Cuxge Remtexaruxes ajb `gk` tgevlenecrxgc

cljsrajrs* Rèw epamgjeb a je{ tgevlcexamgc marexgan. ThVx43-ixee xenaplx-neab rgrajare TR'.

ajb clmtaxeb gr rl rè cnassgcan TVR marexgan* Rèw ilujb ràr rè je{ marexgan àb a muc`

herrex enecrxl-mecàjgcan clutngjk cleiigcgejr ajb a naxkex tgevlenecrxgc cljsrajr* Rèse

marexgans `l{eyex àye a yexw nl{ Cuxge remtexaruxe {`gc` musr he lyexclme ilx rèse

marexgans rl heclme txacrgcan* Rè xeseaxc` ream gbejrgigeb a marexgan TGJMR' {`gc` s`l{eb a

`gk` enecrxl-mecàjgcan clutngjk cleiigcgejr. tgevlenecrxgc cljsrajr. ajb ansl a `gk` Cuxge

remtexaruxe _23]*

Exgc Txec`rn ixlm MGR epamgjeb rè use li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ilx use gj èngcltrex

xlrlx hnabes as aj acruarlx* Inepgjk li rè xlrlx gs acclmtngsèb hw tnacgjk rè acruarlx gj rè

rxagngjk ebke li rè èngcltrex xlrlx* Hw beinecrgjk rè xlrlx hnabe. rè tgrc` li rè xlrlx caj he

abfusreb. {`gc` gs cxgrgcan rl rè cljrxln li rè èngcltrex* Rè beygce {as hugnr ajb resreb ar MGR.

ajb xesunrs s`l{eb ràr gr {as tlssghne rl ac`geye a 5 bekxee xlrarglj ar 74 texcejr li rè staj lj

aj ltexargljan èngcltrex _22]*

Ajlrèx xeseaxc` kxlut ixlm rè Jargljan Rag{aj Ujgyexsgrw ilcuseb règx xeseaxc` ljattnwgjk tgevlenecrxgc marexgans as a kejexarlx ilx xemlre sejslxs* Gj cexragj xekgljs. rèxe gs a

maflx jeeb rl mljgrlx rè èanr` li lnbex hxgbke srxucruxes* As rèse srxucruxes ake. rèw iargkue.

ajb nllse règx srxucruxan srxejkr`* R`gs gs iuxrèx accenexareb hw mlbexj nlabs. suc` as èayw

rxucos ajb caxs. hegjk tnaceb utlj rè hxgbke* Cuxxejr hxgbke mljgrlxgjk gjylnyes majjeb

gjstecrgljs. {`gc` axe rgme cljsumgjk. ajb clsrnw. estecgannw lj hxgbkes gj xemlre axeas* Règx

slnurglj rl rè txlhnem {as rl àxyesr rè yghxargljan ejexkw li rè hxgbke grseni usgjk a


36/74



GGUC

tgevlenecrxgc marexgan* R`gs ejexkw {gnn tl{ex enecrxljgcs {`gc` measuxe rè srxagj lj rè

hxgbke. ajb {gnn ansl tl{ex a XI rxajsmgrrex rl xenaw rè gjilxmarglj rl a xemlre xecegyex gj s`lxr

huxsrs* R`gs slnurglj {gnn txlygbe rè jecessaxw bara rl mljgrlx rè nlab lj rè hxgbke. {gr`lur

rè jeeb rl cljrgjulusnw sejb majjeb reams rl cèco rè hxgbke èanr` _25]*

A xeseaxc` kxlut ixlm rè Ujgyexsgrw li Hxescga gj Granw cljbucreb xeseaxc` lj usgjk

tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ilx tl{ex àxyesrgjk* Gj a tatex rgrneb Mlbengjk. iahxgcarglj ajbtexilxmajce measuxemejrs li a tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw cljyexrex ilx tl{ex àxyesrgjk gj

aurljlmlus Mgcxlswsrems. rèw txesejreb règx igjbgjks* Usgjk TVR tgevl-cexamgc marexgans

mlujreb gj a cajrgneyex tlsgrglj. rèw arremtreb rl use rèse marexgans ilx xemlre sejslxs* Rèw

succeebeb gj beyenltgjk mlbens ilx rèse beygces. ajb {exe ahne rl àxyesr rejr`s li a

mgcxl{arr. {`gc` {èj srlxeb lyex rgme {as suiigcgejr rl tl{ex enecrxljgcs jeebeb ilx a XI

rxajsmgrrex _29]*

A kxlut ixlm Tejjswnyajga Srare Ujgyexsgrw. èabeb hw Keiixew Lrrmaj cljbucreb

xeseaxc` lj àxyesrgjk ejexkw ixlm tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw ixlm tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ajb usgjk

BC rl BC cljyexrex rl texilxm tl{ex rxajsiex ltexargljs ajb srlxe rè ejexkw àxyesreb* R{l li

rè tatexs {exe rgrneb Abatrgye Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw @axyesrgjk Cgxcugr ilx [gxeness XemlreTl{ex Suttnw ajb Ltrgmgveb Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw @axyesrgjk Cgxcugr Usgjk Sret-Bl{j

Cljyexrex gj Bgscljrgjulus Cljbucrglj Mlbe. ajb {exe txesejreb gj rè GEEE Rxajsacrgljs lj

Tl{ex Enecrxljgcs _2;]_20]* Gj rèse tatexs. rè xeseaxcèxs useb TVR marexgans. a iunn hxgbke

xecrgigex ajb a BC rl BC cljyexrex rl àxyesr rè ejexkw ixlm rè TVR Marexgans* Rèw

cljcejrxareb lj nllogjk ar rè burw cwcne li rè cljyexrex yexsus teao tl{ex lurtur* Rèw

beyenlteb rec`jgques ilx berexmgjgjk ltrgman burw cwcne. ajb ilujb ràr as rè mecàjgcan

epcgrarglj gjcxeases. rè ltrgman burw cwcne heclmes cljsrajr _20]*

Ajlrèx kxlut ixlm rè Ujgyexsgrw li Jeyaba cljbucreb xeseaxc` gjrl usgjk tgevlenecrxgc

marexgans ilx ejexkw àxyesrgjk* R`gs xeseaxc` ilcuseb jlr lj rè tgevlenecrxgc marexgan grseni. hur

lj `l{ rè ejexkw gs àxyesreb ajb srlxeb* Rèw useb a xecrgigex. a srlxake catacgrlx. ajb tl{ex

cljyexsglj cgxcugrxw rl use rè tgevlenecrxgc marexgan as a srahne enecrxgcan tl{ex sluxce* Rè

xeseaxcèxs iuxrèx cljrgjue rl bgscuss cljsrxucrgjk a {gxeness sejslx jer{lxo {gr` tgevlenecrxgc

marexgans as a tlssghne tl{ex sluxce _27]*

A kxlut ixlm rè Ujgyexsgrw li Mgssluxg Clnumhga às blje eprejsgye xeseaxc` gjrl rè

enecrxgcan mlbengjk li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans. ajb clxxenargjk règx epcgrarglj rl règx mecàjgcan

lurtur r`xluk` règx t`wsgcan txltexrges ajb rè clmtxessgye ilxce ràr rèw axe suhfecreb rl* Rè

ream às {xgrrej a sexges li tatexs beragngjk règx xeseaxc`. gj {`gc` rèw igxsr beyenlteb

mlbengjk rec`jgques ilx rè tgevlenecrxgc marexgans rèmsenyes. ajb rèj useb r`lse rec`jgques

rl beyenlt yaxglus kejexarlxs ilx use*Gj a tatex rgrneb Enecrxgcan Tl{ex Kejexarglj Càxacrexgsrgcs li Tgevlenecrxgc Kejexarlx

ujbex Quasg-Srargc ajb Bwjamgc Srxess Cljbgrgljs. rèw txesejreb règx xesunrs ilx règx mlben*

Rèw epamgjeb rè marexgan. ajb mlbeneb gr as a mecàjgcan xesljarlx clmtxgsgjk li a mass.

stxgjk ajb a bamtex* Usgjk rè cljsexyarglj li ejexkw. rèw cljcnubeb ràr rè rlran ejexkw li

rè swsrem musr clmtxgse rè enecrxgcan ajb mecàjgcan ejexkges* Usgjk r`gs. rèw mlbeneb rè

enecrxgcan srxucruxe li rè marexgan grseni as aj gbean ylnrake kejexarlx. a catacgrajce ajb r{l


37/74



GGUC

xesgsrajces* Rèw berexmgjeb mer`lbs rl cancunare rè clmtljejr yanues. ajb ansl rè gjrexjan

ylnrake kejexarglj haseb lj rè clmtxessgye ilxce epexreb lj rè marexgan ajb rè marexgans

t`wsgcan txltexrges* Rèw yexgigeb rè mlben usgjk resrgjk li epgsrgjk marexgans _54]*

Iuxrèx xeseaxc` r`gs ream cljbucreb rllo rè mlben ràr rèw cxeareb txeyglusnw ajb

eprejbeb gr rl rè epamgjarglj li mapgmum tl{ex rxajsiex gj a tgevlenecrxgc tunse kejexarlx* Gj

tatexs rgrneb Mapgmum Tl{ex Kejexarglj gj a Tgevlenecrxgc Tunse Kejexarlx. EjexkwCljyexsglj ajb @gk` Tl{ex Tunse Txlbucrglj Usgjk Mgjgaruxe Tgevlenecrxgc Clmtxesslxs.

Besgkj. Mlbengjk. ajb Gmtnemejrarglj li a 34-o[ Tgevlenecrxgc Tunse Kejexarlx. Scangjk

Xenargljs`gts ajb Mapgmum Teao Tl{ex Kejexarglj gj a Tgevlenecrxgc Tunse Kejexarlx. rè

xeseaxc` ream epamgjeb yaxglus mer`lbs li berexmgjgjk mapgmum tl{ex rxajsiex. ajb rèj

bescxgheb slme tlssghne attngcargljs li rè mer`lbs beyenlteb _51]_58]_53]_52]*

Rl mapgmgve rè tl{ex kejexareb. rè ream cljjecreb rè marexgan rl a staxo kat ajb aj

gjbucrlx* Hw yaxwgjk rè r`gcojess rl axea xargl RAX'. rèw {exe ahne rl mapgmgve ejexkw

rxajsiex ixlm rè marexgan* Rè xeseaxcèxs sluk`r rl ltrgmgve rè txlbucr li ylnrake ajb cuxxejr*

Rèw ilujb ràr rè ylnrake li rè marexgan gjcxeaseb ngjeaxnw {gr` xestecr rl rè RAX. `l{eyex.

rè cuxxejr càjkeb {gr` aj eptljejrgan rxejb {gr` xekaxb rl rè RAX* Rùs rèxe gs a cneaxnwbeigjeb mapgmum rl rè bara. ajb ltrgman t`wsgcan bgmejsgljs ilx rè marexgan* Usgjk r`gs

gjilxmarglj. rè xeseaxcèxs cljrgjueb rl besgkj `gk` tl{ex tunse kejexarlxs* Lje suc`

kejexarlx besgkjeb wgenbeb a teao cuxxejr. teao tl{ex ajb tl{ex bejsgrw li 50*8 A. 80*2 o[.

ajb 51; o[,cm xestecrgyenw _52]*

Ilx rè txesejr xeseaxc` txlfecr. rè klan gs rè mlbengjk ajb sgmunarglj li tgevlenecrxgc

beygces ilx aj ejexkw àxyesrex attngcarglj* R`gs txlfecr ejclmtasses rè xeseaxc` txesejreb

èxe. hur eprejbs gr gj rè use li tgevlenecrxgc marexgans gj a mujgrljs ejygxljmejr càxacrexgveb

hw a s`lxr ltexargljan ngie ajb yexw `gk` accenexargljs* Resrgjk je{ marexgans gj r`gs ejygxljmejr

caj he txl`ghgrgyenw eptejsgye. ajb rèxeilxe a nl{ clsr resrgjk rlln {as jeebeb* Gj abbgrglj. r`gs

txlfecr uses a mecàjgcan mass-stxgjk xesljarlx rl srlxe ejexkw mecàjgcannw. ajb r`gs catahgngrw

jeebeb rl ansl he mlbeneb*

R`gs txeyglus xeseaxc` {as useb as a srettgjk tlgjr rl hekgj rè epamgjarglj li tgevlenecrxgc

marexgans gj r`gs je{ ejygxljmejr {gr` rè tuxtlse li mlbengjk aj ejexkw àxyesrex*


38/74



GGUC

Càtrex 2

Mlbengjk

2*1 Gjrxlbucrglj

Clmmlj tgevlenecrxgc marexgans gjcnube Xlcènne sanrs. ammljgum bg`wbxlkej t`lstàre.

ngr`gum suntàre. bgtlrassgum raxraxare. tlrassgum bg`wbxlkej t`lstàre. quaxrv ajb cexamgcs A

ajb H* Epcetr ilx quaxrv ajb cexamgcs A ajb H. rè xesr axe maj-mabe cxwsrans kxl{j ixlm

aquelus slnurgljs ujbex caxeiunnw cljrxlnneb cljbgrgljs* Rè cexamgc marexgans axe

tlnwcxwsranngje gj jaruxe* Rèw axe. hasgcannw. mabe li haxgum rgrajare* Rèw bl jlr àyetgevlenecrxgc txltexrges gj lxgkgjan srare hur rèse txltexrges axe txlbuceb hw stecgan tlnaxgvgjk

rxearmejr*

Rè marexgans ràr ep`ghgr a sgkjgigcajr ajb useiun tgevl-enecrxgc eiiecr axe bgygbeb gjrl r{l

careklxges6 g' Jaruxe kxlut ajb gg' Swjrèrgc kxlut*

Quaxrv ajb Xlcènne sanr henljk rl jaruxan kxlut {`gne marexgans ngoe ngr`gum suntàre. er`wneje

bgamgje raxraxare henljk rl rè swjrèrgc kxlut*

Rè tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr caj he mabe rl xestljb rl mecàjgcan beilxmargljs li rè marexgan gj

majw bgiiexejr mlbes* Rè mlbes caj he6 r`gcojess eptajsglj. rxajsyexse eptajsglj. r`gcojess

sèax ajb iace sèax* Rè mlbe li mlrglj aiiecreb betejbs lj rè sàte li rè hlbw xenargye rl

Igkuxe 146 Tgevlenecrxgc cxwsran useb ilx measuxemejr li ilxce ajb apgs jumhexgjk swsrem

ilx rè cxwsran _55]


39/74



GGUC

rè cxwsran apgs ajb nlcarglj li rè enecrxlbes* A tgevlenecrxgc enemejr useb ilx cljyexrgjk

mecàjgcan mlrglj rl enecrxgcan sgkjans maw he r`luk`r as càxke kejexarlx ajb a catacgrlx*

Mecàjgcan beilxmarglj kejexares a càxke ajb r`gs càxke atteaxs as a ylnrake acxlss rè

enecrxlbes* Rè ylnrake gs E=Q,C*

Rè tgevlenecrxgc aiiecr gs bgxecrglj sejsgrgye* A rejsgne ilxce txlbuces a ylnrake li lje tlnaxgrw

{`gne a clmtxessgye ilxce txlbuces a ylnrake li lttlsgre tlnaxgrw* A tgevlenecrxgc cxwsran gss`l{j gj Igkuxe 14*

Rè makjgrube ajb tlnaxgrw li rè gjbuceb suxiace càxkes axe txltlxrgljan rl rè makjgrube ajb

bgxecrglj li rè attngeb ilxce I* Rè tlnaxgrw li gjbuceb càxkes betejbs utlj rè bgxecrglj li

attngeb ilxce _55]*

Càxke Q=bI clunlmh 7'

[èxe b= càxke sejsgrgygrw li rè cxwsran? C,J

Ajb I= attngeb ilxce. J.

Rè ilxce I causes a càjke gj r`gcojess li rè cxwsran*

rr

AE

I

je{rlj 14'

[èxe A= axea li cxwsran? 8m . r= r`gcojess li cxwsran? m.

E= Wlujks mlbune? J,8

m .

Wlujks mlbunus8,

,

1'*, mJ

rA

Ir

rrAI

Srxagj

SrxessE

11'

Axea A= {n

[èxe {={gbr` li cxwsran? m. ajb n= nejkr` li cxwsran? m*

Ixlm equarglj 7' ajb 14' {e àye

Càxke ', rrbAeQ 18'

Rè càxke ar rè enecrxlbes kgyes xgse rl aj lurtur ylnrake lE *

Ylnrake lE = tCQ, 13'

[èxet

C = catacgrajce her{eej enecrxlbes? I*

Catacgrajce her{eej enecrxlbes tC = rAlx , 12'

Ixlm equarglj 7'. 13' ajb 12'

A

Ibr

rA

bI

C

QE

lxlxt

l

,

15'

Hur I,A= T =Txessuxe lx srxess gj 8,MJ *

rTb

Elx

l

krT 19'

lxbk , 1;'

[èxe k gs rè ylnrake sejsgrgygrw li rè cxwsran* R`gs gs cljsrajr ilx a kgyej cxwsran cur?

grs ujgrs axe Ym,J


40/74



GGUC

Jl{T

rE

rt

Ek ll

, 10'

Hurl

E ,r = enecrxgc igenb srxejkr`. Y,m. Ner =l

E ,r=enecrxgc igenb

=

=

17'

Jl{ lE ,r gs rè enecrxgc igenb gjrejsgrw gj rè cxwsran ajb T gs rè txessuxe lx rè attngeb srxess rl

rè cxwsran* Rèxeilxe. cxwsran ylnrake sejsgrgygrw. k. caj he beigjeb as rè xargl li enecrxgc igenb

gjrejsgrw rl txessuxe* Jl{ lE ,r= gs rè enecrxgc igenb gjrejsgrw gj rè cxwsran ajb T gs rè

txessuxe lx rè srxess rl rè cxwsran* Rèxeilxe. cxwsran ylnrake sejsgrgygrw. k. caj he beigjeb as rè

xargl li rè enecrxgc igenb gjrejsgrw rl txessuxe* Rè ujgrs li k axe Ym,J*

Ixlm equarglj 1;'.

Càxke sejsgrgygrw kb lx C,J 84'

Gr às heej srareb eaxngex ràr rè tgevlenecrxgc eiiecr gs bgxecrglj sejsgrgye* Rè magj

càxacrexgsrgcs li tgevlenecrxgc mlrglj rl ylnrake rxajsbucexs caj he gnnusrxareb hw cljsgbexgjk

ljnw lje clmmlj mlbe li beilxmarglj g*e* r`gcojess eptajsglj s`l{j gj igkuxe ;* Yaxglus

bluhne-suhscxgtreb t`wsgcan cljsrajrs axe useb rl bescxghe jumexgcannw rè tèjlmeja

lccuxxgjk* Rè cljyejrglj gs ràr igxsr suhscxgtr xeiexs rl rè bgxecrglj li rè enecrxgcan eiiecr ajb

rè secljb rl ràr li rè mecàjgcan eiiecr*

Rè r{l magj iamgnges li cljsrajrs g*e* rèb cljsrajrs ajb k cljsrajrs axe cljsgbexeb* Ilx

haxgum rgrajare rè clmmljnw useb cljsrajrs axe 33b ajb 33k

=

81'

Ylnrake lurtur rTkrA

IkEl 3333 88'

Gj lxbex rl xenare rè attngeb ilxce rl rè kejexareb càxke. rè cljsrajrs axe useb* Lje li rè b

cljsrajrs caj he beigjeb as6

=

=

_55] 83'

2*8 Tgevlenecrxgc Marexgan Mlben

Rè marexgans li Abyajceb Cexamerxgcs gjclxtlxareb _59] axe gj rè ilxm li haxe marexgans. g*e*

rè tgevlenecrxgc cexamgc marexgans rèmsenyes* Rèw axe gj seyexan yaxgerges. ajb seyexan marexgan

suhrwtes* Rèse yaxgerges gjcnubeb rè slir marexgan. {`gc` gs nlabeb rxajsyexsenw. ajb ansl a

àxb marexgan. {`gc` gs nlabeb nljkgrubgjannw* Gj r`gs tatex TVR 5a gs useb*


41/74



GGUC

Rè marexgans axe ann cexamgc marexgans? cxeareb axrgigcgannw* Rèw axe gj r{l magj rwtes* ACG

majuiacruxes rè acruan tgevlenecrxgc ighexs* [èj rèse ighexs axe suhfecreb rl mecàjgcan

srxesses. rèw kejexare enecrxgcgrw* Rè ighex marexgans axe rèj emhebbeb gjrl cexamgc marxgces

ràr annl{ rèm rl he cusrlm ilxmeb rl {àreyex kelmerxw gs jecessaxw*

Rè igxsr rwte. xeiexxeb rl as rè àxb marexgan. gs a àxb tgece li marexgan {`gc` kejexares aj

enecrxgc igenb {èj gr gs clmtxesseb* R`gs marexgan gs s`l{j gj igkuxe 11* Igkuxe 18 s`l{s arec`jgcan bxa{gjk li rè marexgan. {gr` rè t`wsgcan bgmejsgljs li rè marexgan* Rè rexm àxb

bles jlr xeiex rl rè tgevlenecrxgc rwte. Hur mexenw rl grs t`wsgcan càxacrexgsrgcs*

Igkuxe 116 @axb TVR 5a marexgan _59]

Igkuxe 186 @axb Marexgan Bgakxam ajb Nlabgjk? Ujgrs axe gj Gjcès _59]


42/74



GGUC

R`gs marexgan gs lje gj {`gc` rè tgevlenecrxgc ighexs axe emhebbeb anljk rè yexrgcan apgs li rè

marexgan. as s`l{j gj igkuxe P as rè V apgs* [èj rè marexgan gs clmtxesseb. rè ighexs axe

ansl clmtxesseb yexrgcannw. causgjk aj enecrxgc igenb rl he kejexareb ar rè ejbs li rè ighexs. lx

rè rlt ajb hlrrlm tnares li rè marexgan*

Rè secljb marexgan gs xeiexxeb rl as rè slir marexgan hecause li grs inepghgngrw* Igkuxe 13

s`l{s a t`lrlkxat` li rè slir marexgan* Igkuxe 12 s`l{s a bgmejsgljeb rec`jgcan bxa{gjk li rèslir marexgan* Akagj. rè rexm slir marexgan bles jlr xeiex rl rè tgevlenecrxgc rwte. hur grs

t`wsgcan càxacrexgsrgcs*

Gj r`gs marexgan. rè tgevlenecrxgc srxajbs axe lxgejreb anljk rè nejkr` li rè marexgan. sl ràr

{èj rè marexgan gs hejr anljk grs w apgs. as s`l{j gj igkuxe 12. rè srxajbs axe srxercèb. ajb

tnaceb ujbex rejsglj* R`gs acrglj causes aj enecrxgc igenb rl he kejexareb*

Rè slir marexgans clme gj r{l bgiiexejr yaxgerges. rè xekunax marexgan. ajb a hg-mlxt` marexgan*

Rè hg-mlxt` marexgan gs lje gj {`gc` r{l li rè xekunax slir resr marexgans axe tnaceb gj a

sajb{gc`. {gr` a àxb tgece li marexgan gj her{eej* Rè sajb{gc` marexgan gs ness ràj *49 gjcès

r`gco* Essejrgannw rè beygce gs r{l slir marexgans cljjecreb gj taxannen* Rè mgbbne marexgan gs

muc` àxbex ràj rè xekunax resr marexgans. ajb sgjce rè tgevlenecrxgc enemejrs axe hljbeb rl gr.a kxearex srxagj gs tnaceb utlj rè marexgans ajb rèxeilxe `gkèx lurtur ylnrake gs seej ixlm r`gs

beygce*

Igkuxe 136 Slir TVR Rwte 5a Marexgan _59]


43/74



GGUC

2*3 Hasgc Cgxcugrxw Mlben

Tgevlenecrxgc marexgans ep`ghgr enecrxgcan txltexrges. {`gc` caj he mlbeneb hw equgyanejr cgxcugrs

clmtxgsgjk catacgrgye ajb xesgsrgye enemejrs* Rèw àye a beigjeb catacgrajce. xesgsrajce. ajb

gjbucrajce. ajb rèxeilxe ep`ghgr aj enecrxgcan xesljajce. {èxe rè enecrxl-mecàjgcan clutngjk

teaos* Rèse càxacrexgsrgcs axe bgxecrnw xenareb rl rè axea ajb rè tgevlenecrxgc mlbunus e _5;]*

Rè equgyanejr cgxcugr enemejr equargljs ilx a tgevlenecrxgc marexgan ar enecrxlmecàjgcan

xesljajce axe s`l{j gj equargljs 82'. 85' ajb 89' ilx rè xesgsrajce. gjbucrajce ajb

catacgrajce. xestecrgyenw* Equarglj 8;' s`l{s rè jaruxan catacgrajce li rè marexgan* Igkuxe 15.

19 s`l{s rè rlran equgyanejr cgxcugr ilx rè marexgan ar xesljajce*

XmO

Ae

nX

882'

sNs

m OAe

nN

8

8

885'

sOcOcn

Ae

C ccm

18

89'

n

ACl

8;'

{èxe6 c = enasrgc cljsrajr? s = clmtngajce cleiigcgejr?

e = tgevlenecrxgc srxess cljsrajr? A = axea?

n = ègk`r li rè marexgan? ts = suxiace mass bejsgrw? = ygsclsgrw

Igkuxe 126 Slir TVR Nlabgjk Bgakxam? Ujgrs axe gj Gjcès _59]


44/74



GGUC

Gj a tl{ex kejexarglj cgxcugr maflx clmtljejrs gjylnyeb {lunb he aj AC,BC xecrgigex. a ignrex

catacgrlx. ajb a BC-BC cljyexrex* Rè AC,BC xecrgigex cljyexrs rè AC sgkjan ixlm rè tgevl-

sluxce gjrl BC cuxxejr* Rè ignrex catacgrlx smllrès enecrxgcan inl{ ajb rè BC-BC cljyexrex gs

{àr annl{ rè harrexw rl srlxe rè ejexkw* Mlsr li rè tl{ex cljyexsglj clmes gjrl tnaw gj rè

BC-BC cljyexrex* Ixlm rè harrexw rè BC tl{ex gs cljyexreb gjrl AC tl{ex hw usgjk ajgjyexrex* Igkuxe 1; s`l{s rè hasgc cgxcugr bgakxam li tl{ex kejexarglj ixlm a TVR marexgan*

Igkuxe 156 Tgevlenecrxgc marexgan equgyanejr cgxcugr _50]

Igkuxe 196 Cgxcugr xetxesejrarglj li a TVR marexgan _57]


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GGUC

2*2 Tl{ex cljyexsglj cgxcugr besgkj

Rè TVR hejbex txlbuces aj anrexjargjk cuxxejr. {`lse amtngrube yaxges acclxbgjk rl rè

amtngrube li rè accenexarglj ajb rè ixequejcw li yghxarglj* Lj rè lrèx àjb. enecrxljgc nlabs

cljjecreb ar rè lurtur xequgxe a BC ylnrake {gr` xenargyenw nl{ amtngrube* Rùs. r{l srets li a

tl{ex cljyexsglj axe gjeygrahne* Rè AC,BC xecrgigex gj rè igxsr srake Taxr G' cljyexrs rè

yaxwgjk AC lurtur ylnrake bengyexeb hw rè TVR hejbex gjrl a BC lurtur* Rè BC,BC cljyexrex

gj rè secljb srake Taxr GG' sexyes as a sret-bl{j li rè txgmaxw BC ylnrake rl a xequgxeb lurtur

ylnrake* Rè txgjcgtne li rè tl{ex cljyexsglj gs betgcreb gj rè Igkuxe 10*

A cgxcugr scème ilx rè taxr G gs s`l{j gj Igkuxe 10. {`gc` gs aj ujcljrxlnneb xecrgigex

cljsgsrgjk li bglbes gj a hxgbke cljigkuxarglj* Sgjce {e jeeb rè mapgmum tl{ex ixlm TVR.

ujcljrxlnneb xecrgigex gs txeiexxeb gj r`gs besgkj* Rè makjgrube ajb ixequejcw li gjtur ylnrake

ilx rè xecrgigex yaxges gj a {gbe xajke betejbejr utlj rè accenexarglj gmtlseb rl rè hejbex*

Igkuxe 106 Txgjcgtne li tl{ex cljyexsglj _94]

Igkuxe 1;6 Cgxcugr xetxesejrarglj li kejexarglj li enecrxgcgrw _94]


46/74



GGUC

Rèxeilxe. a BC,BC cljyexrex gs xequgxeb rl ker srahne BC lurtur* @l{eyex. rè BC ylnrake

kejexannw gjcnubes ylnrake xgttnes ràr inucruares a r{gce `gkèx ràj rè ixequejcw li rè AC

gjtur ylnrake* Rè xgttnes caj he iuxrèx xebuceb {èj a catacgrlx gs cljjecreb gj taxannen rl

nlabs* @l{eyex. rè ylnrake ar catacgrlx caj epceeb a ngmgr kgyej hw gjtur ylnrake li rè

ilnnl{gjk BC,BC cljyexrex* Ilxrujarenw. rè BC,BC txesejrs a cljrgjulus nlab ràr gs attngeb

rl rè BC ylnrake* Clujrexmeasuxe {gnn he rè use li aj abbgrgljan Vejex bglbe ràr cnamtstlrejrgan lyex-ylnrake ar rè gjtur li rè BC,BC cljyexrex ràr caj he kejexareb hw rè TVR

hejbex*

Ujbex cljsgbexarglj li rè ylnrake kejexarglj li rè TVR hejbex. ajb rè nlab txligne

xequgxemejr ràr rè lurtur ylnrake s`lunb he 3*3Y. rè cljyexreb AC ylnrake s`lunb he sretteb

bl{j Huco' cljyexrex as rè taxr GG xetxesejrs* Kejexannw. rè xargl li rè cljyexrgjk ylnrake

her{eej rè gjtur ajb lurtur gs ness ràj 3. sl rè txltex senecrglj li rè rltlnlkw s`lunb he

raoej gjrl acclujr ilx aj ltrgman besgkj li rè cgxcugr* Gj abbgrglj. eiigcgejcw gs lje li gmtlxrajr

cxgrexga* Gi rè eiigcgejcw gs nl{. rè tl{ex caj he ljnw cljsumeb hw ltexargjk rè BC,BC cgxcugr

ajb jl tl{ex caj he rxajsilxmeb rl rè acruan nlab*

Lje tlssghne c`lgce ilx rè BC,BC cljyexrex gs MAP924 majuiacruxeb hw Mapgm

Gjrekxareb Txlbucrs* Acclxbgjk rl rè bara sèer txlygbeb hw rè majuiacruxex. rè eiigcgejcw caj

xeac` ut rl 75% ujbex jl nlab cljbgrglj*

Igkuxe 176 Cgxcugr Bgakxam ilx rè Taxr G _94]


47/74



GGUC

Càtrex 5

Ejexkw @axyesrgjk Rec`jlnlkw

5*1 Gjrxlbucrglj

A tgevlenecrxgc haseb ejexkw scayejkgjk inllx rgne ràr àxyesrs ejexkw ixlm illr srxgoes gs rè

magj lhfecrgye li r`gs rèsgs* Teltne {anogjk lj rè inllx cljrgjulusnw. rè rgne {gnn àxyesr rè

ejexkw cxeareb hw rè tgevlenecrxgc srxgts* Rxabgrgljan cexamgc tgevlenecrxgc marexgans axe yexw

hxgrrne. ajb àye nl{ enecrxgcan ejexkw lurturs tex ujgr srxagj* Marexgans xeseaxc` ajb rec`jlnlkw

gmtxlyemejrs àye càjkeb rè texstecrgye ejrgxenw. ajb rè attngcarglj li tgevlenecrxgc rl amunrgrube li je{ attngcargljs gs heclmgjk aj ac`geyahne tlssghgngrw gj ngk`r li rèse

rec`jlnlkgcan hxeaor`xluk`s* Slme epamtnes gjcnube acrgye smaxr stlxrgjk kllbs. jepr

kejexarglj agxcxair. aurlmlhgnes. mlrlxcwcnes. {gxeness sejslxs. aclusrgcan equgtmejr. stlxrs

keax. gjbusrxgan equgtmejr. gjixasrxucruxe. attaxen ajb mlxe* A clmtajw hw rè jame li

Abyajceb Cexamerxgcs ACG' gj Namhexrygnne. JF _91] gs a tgljeex gj r`gs rec`jlnlkw

hxeaor`xluk`* Rèw txlbuce a clmtlsgre marexgan {gr` aj anumgjum suhsrxare. ajb TVR

tgevlenecrxgc ighexs stuj gjrl rè marexgan* A kxlut li Sreyejs Gjsrgrure li Rec`jlnlkw

acclmtajgeb {gr` ACG successiunnw gmtnemejreb rè ejexkw àxyesrgjk swsrem*

5*8 Mlben Xequgxemejr

Rè txlrlrwte ilx r`gs txlfecr cljsgsreb li a inllx rgne mabe lur li Nepaj gj {`gc` ilux

tgevlenecrxgc srxgts {exe mlujreb gjsgbe usgjk aj abfusrahne anumgjum mlujrgjk hnlco.

enecrxgcan clmtljejrs {exe mlujreb rl rè sgbe{ann li rè inllx rgne. ajb aj acruarglj hax {as

mlujreb sl ràr gr {as fusr ejluk` rl ingco rè srxgts usgjk rè acruarglj swsrem* Rè enecrxgcan

clmtljejrs cljsgsreb li ilux xecrgigexs cljjecreb rl rè tlsgrgye ajb jekargye ejbs li rè

tgevlenecrxgc srxgts* Rè lurturs li rè xecrgigexs {exe cljjecreb gj taxannen rl txlygbe tl{ex rl

rè ejexkw àxyesrgjk mlbune. {`gc` srlxes rè ejexkw ixlm rè teltne srettgjk lj rè inllx rgne*

R`gs secrglj {gnn txlygbe beragneb besgkj ajb iujcrgljangrw stecgigcargljs li rè magj clmtljejrs

li rè txlfecr* Rè igxsr clmtljejr gs rè lscgnnargjk tgevlenecrxgc srxgt* Rl gjcxease lurtur

ylnrake. 2 tgevlenecrxgc srxgts axe gjclxtlxareb gjrl rè igjan txlrlrwte*

Resr xesunr s`l{s aj ayexake lurtur li 37 ylnrs ixlm a sgjkne srxgt {èj beinecreb* Rè lurtur

ixlm eac` srxgt {as cljjecreb rlkerèx. tasseb r`xluk` gjbgygbuan xecrgigexs. ajb ejrexeb rè


48/74



GGUC

ejexkw àxyesrgjk TCH gj sexges* Bue rl usgjk rè ejexkw àxyesrgjk TCH. gmtebajce marc`gjk

{as jl nljkex a cljcexj*

Rè secljb clmtljejr gs rè ejexkw àxyesrgjk cgxcugrxw* Acclxbgjk rl Abyajceb Cexamerxgcs

ejexkw àxyesrgjk TCH E@341' _98] beyenlteb hw ANB clunb àxyesr ejluk` ejexkw rl càxke

a 1444uI catacgrlx gj ljnw a ie{ ingcos li rè tgevlenecrxgc srxgt* Ilx gmtnemejrarglj. rè

tlsgrgye ajb jekargye gjtur ixlm rè tgevlenecrxgc srxgts {as cljjecreb rl rè tlsgrgye ajbjekargye gjturs li rè hxgbke xecrgigex. ajb rèj rl rè TCH* Igkuxe 84 s`l{s a tgevl ejexkw

àxyesrgjk rgne mlben*

Igkuxe 846 ejexkw àxyesrgjk rgne _93]


49/74



GGUC

Igkuxe 81 s`l{s aj ejexkw àxyesreb rgne mlujreb lj a inllx ilx ejexkw scayejkgjk*

5*3 Txlrlrwte Texilxmajce

R`gs txlrlrwte {as ahne rl càxke a 5*3 ylnr catacgrlx ixlm 3*1 ylnrs rl 5*8 ylnrs gj

attxlpgmarenw 84 srets lj rè rgne* [`gne srettgjk lj rè rgne. SGR kxlut {as ahne rl lhsexye aj

ayexake càxke li 144mY tex sret* As eptnagjeb eaxngex. rè àxyesrex càxkes a catacgrlx ajb

{èj rè gjrexjan nlkgc xeclkjgves ràr rè catacgrlx xeacès 5*8 ylnrs. gr hekgjs rl lurtur rè

ylnrake* Usgjk a xecrgigex ilx eac` srxgt. rè kxlut {as successiunnw ahne rl srlxe ejexkw usgjk rè

tgevlenecrxgc lurtur* Rè ream {as ansl ahne rl s`l{ ràr rè NEB sraweb ngr ilx attxlpgmarenw 3

secljbs*

Rè ljnw ltexargjk ngmgrargljs {exe xekaxbgjk rè use li rè rgne* [èj srettgjk lj rè

rgne. gr s`lunb sgmunare xean {lxnb ltexarglj* Sl. airex a sret. rè tgevl srxgts s`lunb he annl{eb rl

srlt yghxargjk heilxe rè rgne gs annl{eb rl he sretteb lj akagj* Srettgjk lj rè rgne xetearebnw. lx

heilxe rè srxgts srlt yghxargjk. {gnn jlr ker rè mlsr ylnrake ixlm rè rgne lx clunb srlt rè tgevl

srxgt ixlm yghxargjk anrlkerèx* Ansl. rè rgne s`lunb he sretteb lj eyejnw sl rè rgne xemagjs

neyen ajb eac` li rè srxgts gs acruareb eyejnw _93]*

Igkuxe 816 Ejexkw àxyesreb inllx _93]


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GGUC

Càtrex 9

Rè Jepr Kejexarglj li Ejexkw sluxce6

Tgevlenecrxgc Ejexkw @axyesrgjk

9*1 Gjrxlbucrglj

R`gs càtrex `gk`ngk`rs txesejr {lxnb tltunarglj kxl{r` xare. {lxnb ejexkw bemajb. {lxnb

ejexkw cljsumtrglj xare. xesexye sluxce li ejexkw ajb grs eptgxarglj rgme* R`gs càtrex {gnn

txesejr a je{ sluxce li ejexkw {`gc` gs tgevlenecrxgcgrw a cljyejgejr sluxce li ejexkw ajb grs

txlstecr axlujb rè {lxnb* R`gs càtrex ansl txlygbes rec`jlnlkw clmtaxgslj her{eej slme

rxabgrgljan tl{ex sluxces ajb tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw àxyesrgjk swsrem* R`gs càtrex ansl txesejrs

slme epamtnes li tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw àxyesrgjk axlujb rè {lxnb*

9*8 Ejexkw carasrxltè axlujb rè [lxnb

Rè xllr cause li {lxnb ejexkw txlhnems gs kxl{gjk {lxnb tltunarglj ajb ejexkw cljsumtrglj

tex catgra* [lxnb tltunarglj gs txesejrnw sngk`rnw lyex 9 hgnnglj ajb eptecreb rl kxl{ rl ar neasr

0-7 hgnnglj. ajb tlssghnw rl 18 hgnnglj. hw rè ejb li rè 81 sr cejruxw* Gr {lunb xeac` 18 hgnnglj hw

rè mgbbne li rè 81sr cejruxw gi rè txesejr 1*5% tex weax kxl{r` xare {exe rl cljrgjue* A

srargsrgcan bara li {lxnb tltunarglj kxl{r` gs kgyej acclxbgjk rl [lxnb Tltunarglj Txlstecrs6

Rè 8440 Xeygsgljs* Igkuxe 88 s`l{s rè [lxnb tltunarglj kxl{r`*


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GGUC

R`gs `uke hunow tltunarglj xequgxes a massgye amlujr li ejexkw* A xeseaxc` {as mabe hw

@lnbxej. GGASA,[EC MGRXE. ajb S`eiigenb lj {lxnb ejexkw bemajb {`gc` gs kgyej henl{ gj

Igkuxe 83* Ejexkw bemajb ujgr gs gj Krle Kgkarljjes li lgn ejexkw equgyanejr tex weax' _95]*

1*85

1*0

8*5

9

7*8

4

1

8

3

2

5

9

;

0

7

14

1054 1744 1754 8444 8454

Tltunarglj(hgnnglj'

Weax

Igkuxe 886 [lxnb tltunarglj kxl{r` xare _92]


52/74



GGUC

[lxnb ecljlmgc kxl{r` ajb knlhan bemajb ilx ejexkw. rè essejrgan ejkgje li ecljlmgc kxl{r`.

axe eptecreb rl kxl{ eyej iasrex buxgjk rè jepr ie{ becabes - hw 3*3 texcejr a weax.

clxxestljbgjk rl a bluhngjk rgme li 81 weaxs _99]* Rè ejexkw {`gc` gs ahslxhs hw rè {lxnb

tltunarglj magjnw clmes ixlm jlj xeje{ahne jaruxan sluxces* Acclxbgjk rl xeseaxc` mabe hw

HT - Srargsrgcan Xeyge{ 8440? GEA [EL 8449. 08% ejexkw clmes ixlm ilssgn iuens* Igkuxe 82

s`l{s rè xeseaxc` xetlxr lj ejexkw cljsumtrglj ixlm bgiiexejr sluxces*

3;%

85%83%

9%2%

3% 4*54% 4*34% 4*84% 4*84%4%

5%

14%

15%

84%

85%

34%

35%

24%

Cljsumtrgljxare

Igkuxe 826 [lxnb ejexkw cljsumtrglj xare ixlm bgiiexejr sluxces _04]*


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GGUC

Srargsrgcs saws ràr rè cljsumtrglj li Lgn gs 14*0 mgnnglj rlj,baw. Jaruxan kas gs 5*0 mgnnglj

rlj,baw. Clan gs 1;*; mgnnglj rlj,baw ajb Uxajgum gs 9;444 rlj,weax _9;] _90]*

[e cljsumgjk r`gs ùke amlujr li {gr`lur ajw cljcexj `l{ majw weax gr {gnn nasrs* Lhyglusnw

rè ejexkw sluxces axe jlr gjigjgrw* Rèw àye a cexragj ngmgrarglj* Aj liigcgan xeseaxc` xetlxr lj

r`gs rltgc maw cneax rè ejrgxe cljcetr* Igkuxe 85 xetxesejrs rè xeseaxc` xetlxr*

Sl ixlm rè ahlye kgyej bara gr gs cneax ràr gi rè {lxnb cljsumes 13*0R[,baw ajb maoes gr

cljsrajr rèj ajlrèx ;9 weaxs rèxe {gnn he jl rejsglj ilx ejexkw cxgsgs* Hur gi rè cljsumtrglj

xare gjcxeases rèj rè scejaxgl {gnn he bgiiexejr* Acruannw gr gs anmlsr bgiigcunr rl cljrxln rè

cljsumtrglj xare ar a cljsrajr xare* Rè kgyej gj rè Igkuxe 85 gs lj rè hasgs li xeseaxc` mabe

hw Ejexkw [arc` Kxlut buxgjk weax 844;* Scgejrgsr maoes a xetlxr lj gjcxemejr li ejexkw

cljsumtrglj weax hw weax ajb grs gmtacr lj xesexye ejexkw* Igkuxe 89 s`l{s rè xetlxr*

23

94

131

04 ;9

4

84

24

94

04

144

184

124

Lgn Jaruxan kas Clan Uxajgum Rlran(gi

13*0R[,bawcljsumeb

axlujb rè

[lxnb'

Weax

Igkuxe 856 Amlujr li xesexye ejexkw ar cljsrajr cljsumtrglj _97]


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55/74



GGUC

9*3 [`w Tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw @axyesrgjk{{{*crsclxt*clm,clmtljejrs,Baras`eers,tgevlrec`txgmex*tbi:*

37*Jlngac*clm* Jlngac Gjc* 9 Bec 8445 >`rrt6,,{{{*jlngac*clm,gjbep*ast

`rrt6,,{{{*ejkgjeexgjk*ucsh*ebu,zngj,tuhngcargljs,hxgbke*tbi:*


73/74



GGUC

29*Iexxaxg. Maxcl* Iexxaxg. Ygrrlxgl* Maxglng. Bajgene* Raxljg. Ajbxea* Mlbengjk. iahxgcargljajb texilxmajce measuxemejrs li a tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw cljyexrex ilx tl{ex àxyesrgjk gj

aurljlmlus mgcxlswsrems* Gjsrxumejrarglj ajb Measuxmejr Rec`jlnlkw CLjixejce.

8445* tt*1098-1099

2;*Lrrmaj. K*O* @limajj. @*I* Hàrr. A*C* Abatrgye tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw àxyesrgjk cgxcugrilx {gxeness xemlre tl{ex suttnw* Nesgeurxe. K*A*? GEEE Rxajsacrgljs lj Tl{exEnecrxljgcs. Ylnume 1;. Gssue 5. Setr* 8448 Takes'6997 9;9

20*Lrrmaj. K*O*? @limajj. @*I*? Nesgeurxe. K*A* Ltrgmgveb tgevlenecrxgc ejexkw àxyesrgjkcgxcugr usgjk sret-bl{j cljyexrex gj bgscljrgjulus cljbucrglj mlbe* GEEE Rxajsacrgljs

lj Tl{ex Enecrxljgcs. Ylnume 10. Gssue 8. Maxc` 8443 Takes'6979 ;43

27*Rawa`g. Mljcei H* Fl`jslj. Hxuce* @lnrvmaj. Mengjba* Caber. Kaxbw* TgevlenecrxgcMarexgans ilx Tl{exgjk Xemlre Sejslxs* Texilxmajce. Clmturgjk. ajb Clmmujgcargljs

Cljiexejce. 8445* GTCCC 8445* 82r` GEEE Gjrexjargljan* tt 303-309

54*Oea{hlljcùaw. C* Ejken. R*K* Enecrxgcan tl{ex kejexarglj càxacrexgsrgcs litgevlenecrxgc kejexarlx ujbex quasg-srargc ajb bwjamgc srxess cljbgrgljs* GEEE

Rxajsacrgljs lj Unrxasljgcs. Iexxlenecrxgcs ajb Ixequejcw Cljrxln. yln* 54. Gssue 14.tt*13;; 1308. Lcr* 8444

51*Oea{hlljcùaw. C* Ejken. R*K* Mapgmum tl{ex kejexarglj gj a tgevlenecrxgc tunsekejexarlx* GEEE Rxajsacrgljs lj Tnasma Scgejce. yln* 31. Gssue 1. Taxr 8. tt* 183 180.

Ieh* 8443

58*Ejken. R*K*? Oea{hlljcùaw. C*? Jujjannw. [*C* Ejexkw cljyexsglj ajb `gk` tl{extunse txlbucrglj usgjk mgjgaruxe tgevlenecrxgc clmtxesslxs* GEEE Rxajsacrgljs lj Tnasma

Scgejce. Ylnume 80. Gssue 5. Lcr* 8

study of piezoelectricity, a new source of energy and its prospect

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