study note 2.1 page (60-79)

Financial Accounting60

ROYALTY AND HIRE PURCHASE

STUDY NOTE - 2


This study note includes

● Royalty Accounting

● Hire Purchase and Installment Purchase Systems

2.1. ROYALTY ACCOUNTING

Introduction

The owner of an asset (e.g. mines, quarries, patent, copyright, etc), as a business arrangement,may allow other party (lessee, licencee, publisher, etc) the right to use that asset against someconsideration Such consideration is calculated with reference to the quantity produced or sold.This payment to the owner by the user of the asset is termed as Royalty.

We can therefore say that the royalty is the amount of consideration paid by a party to theowner of the asset in return for the right to use that asset.

For example, when a publisher publishes a book, he makes a payment to the author which isbased on the number of copies sold known as royalty.

The following are some of cases where one party paid to another in the form of Royalty:

1. where the owner of a mine allows another the right to extract minerals from land;

2. where right such as patents or copyrights are licensed in favour of another;

3. where an author, artist or designer gives exclusive rights to another to copy the work.

Common terms Used in Connection with Accounting for Royalty:

1. Minimum Rent / Dead Rent

A contract is entered into between the landlord and the lessee for payment of royalty, usuallycalculated upon the quantum of production or sale at a certain stipulated rate.

So, if there is little or no production or sale, the landlord would receive little or no royalty at all,thus affects the monetary interest of the landlord as well as the lessee. It is normally not accept-able to the owner, since sale or production mostly depends on the capacity of the person to

61Financial Accounting

whom the rights have been given. To avoid such a situation, the landlord and the lessee agreedupon a minimum periodical amount that the landlord will receive from the lessee, even if theactual royalty as calculated on the basis of actual production or sale is less than such minimumamount.

This assured and mutually agreed periodical minimum amount is known as “Minimum Rent”.

Example: Suppose royalty per ton of production is Rs 10 and the minimum (annual) rent is Rs4,00,000. Now, the actual production is 35,000 tons, then actual royalty would become Rs 3,50,000.In this case the minimum rent of Rs 4,00,000 will have to be paid by the lessee. On the otherhand, if the actual production is 46,000 tons, then the actual royalty would become Rs 4,60,000.In this case Rs 4,60,000 will have to be paid by the lessee.

Thus, as there is a stipulation for minimum rent, then either the minimum rent or the actualroyalty whichever more shall have to be paid by the lessee.

The minimum rent is also called dead rent, certain rent, fixed rent, etc.

2. Short workings / Redeemable Dead Rent

Short workings is the amount by which the minimum rent exceeds the actual royalty. It is thedifference between Actual Rent and Minimum Rent.

In the above example, the short workings is Rs 50,000 (Rs 4,00,000 - Rs 3,50,000). Where there isshort workings in any period the lessee is liable to pay the minimum rent and, in effect, shortworkings becomes the part of the minimum rent and not represented by the use of rights.

The question of short workings will arise only when there is a stipulation for minimum rent inthe agreement.

3. Excess working

It refers to the amount by which the actual royalty exceeds the minimum rent. In the aboveexample, the excess workings is Rs 1,10,000 (Rs 4,60,000 -Rs 3,50,000) if the production is 46,000tons.

4.Ground Rent / Surface Rent

It refers to the fixed yearly or half-yearly rent payable by the lessee to the landlord in additionto the minimum rent.

5.Recoupment of Short workings

Generally the royalty agreement contains a provision for carrying forward of short workingswith a view to adjust it in the future. In the subsequent years, such shortworking is adjusted



against the surplus royalty. This process of adjustment is called recoupment of short workings.The right of recoupment of short workings enables the lessee to recover the excess payment,made in the earlier years to meet the condition of payment of minimum rent. A time is usuallyagreed upon the number of years for which such short workings can be recouped. This timelimit for recoupment of short workings may be fixed or fluctuating. If the short workings can-not be recouped within the specified time, they lapse and are charged to Profit and Loss Ac-count in the year when that specified time limit for recoupment ends.

i) Fixed right:

When the lessee can recoup shortworkings within a certain period from the date of the lease itis known as fixed right. For example, short workings can be recouped within three years fromthe date of the lease. So, after three years from the date of the lease the short workings cannotbe recouped.

ii) Fluctuating right :

In this type of agreement, lessee can recoup short workings of any year during the next follow-ing year(s). For example, shor tworkings can be recouped in the year subsequent to the year ofshort workings.

6. Strike and Lockout, etc :

If agreement so provides, the minimum rent may be proportionately reduced in the event ofstrike and / or lockout. So special entry is required for the same except the adjustment ofminimum rent for that particular year.

Accounting Entries in the Books of the Lessee/Licencee/Publisher etc.

1. Where a minimum rent exists with right to recoup short workings

(a) Where the actual royalty is less than the minimum rent

(i) Royalties (payable) Account Dr. [Actual royalties for the period]Short workings Account Dr. [Minimum rent - Actual royalties ]To Landlord Account [Minimum rent]

(ii) Landlord Account Dr. [Minimum rent]To Bank Account [Net amount paid]To Income Tax Payable Account [Tax deducted at source]

(iii) Manufacturing / Profit & Loss Account Dr. [Transfer] To Royalties (payable) Account [Actual royalties for the period]


If the user is a manufacturer and royalties are calculated on the basis of production, the actualroyalties are debited to Manufacturing Account. Where royalties are calculated on the basis ofsales, they are debited to Profit and Loss Account.

In case of a limited company, which does not prepare Manufacturing Account separately, theactual royalties are debited to Profit and Loss Account and they are shown in production ormanufacturing section of the Profit and Loss Account.

Treatment of Short workings

As per agreed terms, short workings can be recouped in the year when the actual royalty ismore than the Minimum rent. Any short workings, which cannot be recouped within the speci-fied period becomes irrecoverable and it should be charged to Profit and Loss Account in theyear in which the period ends.

However, the recoupable short workings should be carried forward and they are shown in theBalance Sheet as a Current Asset.

The relationship between Minimum rent, Actual Royalty and Royalty payable are in below:

Minimum rent = Actual Royalty + Short workings.

(b) Where the actual royalty is more than the minimum rent:

(i) Royalties (payable) Account Dr.

To Landlord Account

[Actual royalties for the period]

(ii) Landlord Account Dr

To Short workings Account

(Short workings, if any, recouped)

(iii) Landlord Account Dr

To Bank Account

To Income Tax Payable Account

(iv) Profit & Loss Account Dr

To Short workings Account

(Short workings, which can not be recouped)

(v) Manufacturing / Profit & Loss Account Dr

To Royalties (payable) Account



Important Points to note:

1. When the royalty agreement does not contain a clause for minimum rent, the question ofshort workings and its recoupment does not arise.

2. The landlord is always entitled to get either the minimum rent or the actual royalty which-ever is higher subject to any adjustment for short workings recouped.

Illustration 1

The Bihar Coal Co. Ltd. holds a lease of coal mines for a period of twelve years, commencingfrom 1st April 2002. According to the lease, the company is to pay Rs 7.50 as royalty per tonwith a minimum rent of Rs 150,000 per year. Short workings can, however, be recovered out ofthe royalty in excess of the minimum rent of the next two years only. For the year of a strike theminimum rent is to be reduced to 60%. The output in tons for the 6 years ending 31st March,2008is as under:

2002-03 : 10,000; 2003-04 : 12,000; 2004-05:25,000; 2005-06: 20,000; 2006-07: 50,000; and 2007-08:15,000 (strike). Write up the necessary Ledger Accounts in the books of Bengal Coal Co. Ltd.

Solution :

Statement showing Royalty Payable

Year Output Actual Min. Excess Shortworkings

Amount

(Tons) Royalties Rent Workings Occurred Recouped Written

off C/F

Payable

2002-03 10,000 75,000 150,000 0 75,000 0 0 75,000

150,000

2003-04 12,000 90,000 150,000 0 60,000 0 0 135,000

150,000

2004-05 25,000 187,500 150,000 37,500 0 37,500 37,500 60,000

150,000

2005-06 20,000 150,000 150,000 0 0 0 60,000 0

150,000

2006-07 50,000 375,000 150,000 225,000 0 0 0 0

375,000

2007-08 15,000 112,500 90,000 22,500 0 0 0 0

112,500

Short

Fig in (Rs)


Dr Landlord Account Cr Date Particulars Amt (Rs) Date Particulars Amt (Rs)

31.03.03 To Bank A/c 150,000 31.03.03 By Royalties A/c 75,000

By Short workings A/c 75,000

150,000 150,000 31.03.04 To Bank A/c 150,000 31.03.04 By Royalties A/c 90,000



To Short workings A/c 37,500

187,500 187,500 31.03.06 To Bank A/c 150,000 31.03.06 By Royalties A/c 150,000 150,000 150,000 31.03.07 To Bank A/c 375,000 31.03.07 By Royalties A/c 375,000 375,000 375,000 31.03.08 To Bank A/c 112,500 31.03.08 By Royalties A/c 112,500 112,500 112,500

Dr Royalties Account Cr

Date Particulars Amt (Rs) Date Particulars Amt(Rs) 31.03.03 To Landlord A/c 75,000 31.03.03 By Profit & Loss A/c 75,000

31.03.04 To Landlord A/c 90,000 31.03.04 By Profit & Loss A/c 90,000







Illustration 2 :

SKG Oil. Ltd. holds a lease of Oil field for a period of twenty years, commencing from1st April 2002. According to the lease, the company is to pay Rs 20.00 as royalty per ton with aminimum rent of Rs 250,000 per year. Short workings can, however, be recovered out of theroyalty in excess of the minimum rent of the 1st four years from the date of operation. Theoutput in tons for the 6 years ending 31st March,2008 is as under:

2002-03: Nil; 2003-04: 12,000; 2004-05: 15,000; 2005-06: 20,000; 2006-07: 22,000; and 2007-08 :11,000.

Write up the necessary Ledger Accounts in the books of SKG Oil Ltd.Solution Statement showing Royalty Payable

Fig in Rs

Dr. Short workings Account Cr. Date Particulars Amt (Rs) Date Particulars Amt (Rs) 31.03.03 To Landlord A/c 75,000 31.03.03 By Balance c/d 75,000 75,000 75,000 1.4.03 To Balance b/d 75,000 31.03.04 By Balance c/d 135,000 31.03.04 To Landlord A/c 60,000 135,000 135,000 1.4.04 To Balance b/d 135,000 31.03.05 By Landlord A/c 37,500 By Profit & Loss A/c 37,500 By Balance c/d 60,000 135,000 135,000 1.4.05 To Balance b/d 60,000 31.03.06 By Profit & Loss A/c 60,000 60,000 60,000

Rate : Rs/MT 20 Fig in Year

ended Output Actual Min. Excess Shortworkings

31.03 (Tons) Royalty Rent Short

Workings Occurred Recouped Written

off C/F 2003 0 0 250,000 0 250,000 0 0 250,000 2004 12,000 240,000 250,000 0 10,000 0 260,000 2005 15,000 300,000 250,000 50,000 0 50,000 210,000 2006 20,000 400,000 250,000 150,000 0 150,000 60,000 0 2007 22,000 440,000 250,000 190,000 0 0 0 0 2008 11,000 220,000 250,000 0 30,000 0 30,000 0


Dr. Short workings Account Cr. Date Particulars Ant (Rs) Date Particulars Amt (Rs) 31.03.03 To Landlord A/c 2,50,000 31.03.03 By Balance c/d 2,50,000 2,50,000 2,50,000 1.4.03 To Balance b/d 250,000 1.4.03 By Balance c/d 260,000 31.03.04 To Landlord A/c 10,000 31.03.04 260,000 260,000 1.4.04 To Balance b/d 260,000 1.4.04 By Landlord A/c 50,000 By Balance c/d 210,000 260,000 260,000 1.4.05 To Balance b/d 210,000 1.4.05 By Landlord A/c 150,000 By Profit & Loss A/c 60,000 210,000 210,000 31.03.08 To Landlord A/c 30,000 31.03.08 By Profit & Loss A/c 30,000 30,000 30,000

Dr. RoyaltyPayable Account Cr. Date Particulars Amt (Rs) Date Particulars Amt (Rs)

31.03.03 To Landlord A/c 0 31.03.03 By Profit & Loss A/c 0 31.03.04 To Landlord A/c 240,000 31.03.04 By Profit & Loss A/c 240,000 31.03.05 To Landlord A/c 300,000 31.03.05 By Profit & Loss A/c 300,000 31.03.06 To Landlord A/c 400,000 31.03.06 By Profit & Loss A/c 400,000 31.03.07 To Landlord A/c 440,000 31.03.07 By Profit & Loss A/c 440,000 31.03.08 To Landlord A/c 220,000 31.03.08 By Profit & Loss A/c 220,000



Note: Short workings beyond fourth year can not be recouped since the right of recoupmentexpired after fourth year. So, the short workings in fifth year to be written off and need notbe carried forward.

Landlord Account Dr Cr Date Particulars Amt (Rs) Date Particulars Amt (Rs)

31.03.03 To Bank A/c 250,000 31.03.03 By Royalties A/c 0





To Short workings A/c 50,000

300,000 300,000 31.03.06 To Bank A/c 400,000 31.03.06 By Royalties A/c 400,000 400,000 400,000 31.03.07 To Bank A/c 440,000 31.03.07 By Royalties A/c 440,000 440,000 440,000 31.03.08 To Bank A/c 250,000 31.03.08 By Royalties A/c 220,000


250,000 250,000


Accounting Entries in the Books of the Landlord / Lessor

1. Where a minimum rent exists with right to recoup short workings

(a) Where the actual royalty is less than the minimum rent

(i) Lessee Account Dr. [Minimum rent]

To Royalty Receivable Account [Actual Royalties for the period]

To Royalty Suspense Account/ [ Short fall in Royalties ]

Or Shortworkings Allowable A/c

(ii) Bank Account Dr. [Net amount paid]

Tax Deducted at source Dr. [Tax deducted at source]

To Lessee Account [Minimum rent]

(iii) Royalties Receivable Account Dr.

To Profit & Loss Account (Transfer)

(b) Where the actual royalty is more than the minimum rent:

(i) Lessee Account Dr. [Minimum rent]

To Royalty Receivable Account [Actual Royalties for the period]

(ii) Royalty Suspense Account/ Dr.

Or Short workings Allowable A/c

To Lessee Account (Recoupment of Short workings, if any)

(iii) Bank Account Dr [Net amount paid]

Tax Deducted at source Dr. [Tax deducted at source]

To Lessee Account

(iv) Royalties (Receivable) Account Dr.

To Profit & Loss Account (Transfer)

(v) Royalty Suspense Account/ Dr.

Or Short workings Allowable A/c

To Profit and Loss Account

(Short workings, which can not be recouped)



Illustration 3 :

For the same figures as given in illustration 1, prepare necessary accounts in the books ofLandlord.Solution :

Date Particulars Amt. Rs Date Particulars Amt. Rs

31.03.03 To Profit & Loss A/c 75,000 31.03.03 By Bihar Coal Co.Ltd 75,000






Dr. ROYALTY RECEIVABLE ACCOUNT Cr.

Bihar Coal Co. Ltd. Account

Dr Cr

Date Particulars Amt (Rs) Date Particulars Amt(Rs)

31.03.03 To Royalties Receivable A/c 75,000 31.03.03 By Bank A/c 150,000To Shortworkings Susp.A/c 75,000

150,000 150,000

31.03.04 To Royalties Receivable A/c 90,000 31.03.04 By Bank A/c 150,000To Shortworkings Susp.A/c 60,000 0

150,000 150,000

31.03.05 To Royalties Receivable A/c 187,500 31.03.05 By Bank A/c 150,000

By Shortworkings Susp.A/c 37,5001,87,500 1,87,500


150,000 150,000


375,000 375,000


112,500 112,500


Date Particulars Amt (Rs) Date Particulars Amt (Rs) 31.03.03 To Balance c/d 75,000 31.03.03 By Bihar Coal Co. Ltd 75,000 1.4.03 By Balance b/d 75,000 31.03.04 To Balance c/d 135,000 31.03.04 By Bihar Coal Co. Ltd 60,000

135,000 135,000

31.03.05 To Bihar Coal Co.Ltd 75,000 1.4.04 By Balance b/d 135,000 To Profit & Loss A/c 37,500 31.03.05 By Bihar Coal Co. Ltd 37,500 To Balance c/d 60,000

172,500 1,72,500 31.03.06 To Profit & Loss A/c 60,000 1.04.05 By Balance b/d 60,000 60,000 60,000

Dr. Shortworkings Suspense Account Cr.

SUB-LEASE

In some cases the lessee transfers a part to its right of lease to an another party to complete thework under lease with terms and condition as agreed between himself and that party.

In these cases, there are three parties, viz. Landlord, lessee and sub-lessee. So far accountingentries are concern, the status of lessee with the sub-lessee is like a landlord.

Accounting Entries

a> In the books of Landlord:

Same as before. Payment to landlord will depend on the total production /sell made by lesseeas well as sub-lessee.

b> In the books of the Lessee. In this book both royalty payable and receivable account to be opened since he has two status.He has to maintain,if any, both short workings and Royalty suspense account.

c> In the books of sub-lessee.

In this case the entry will be from the view point of lessee in normal cases as explained earlier.



Statement showing Royalties Payable

Illustration 4 :

On 1.4.2003 Mayami got a mining lease and from that date a part of the mine was sub-leased toPathan. The terms of payment and the production of 5 years are as below.

Particulars Lessee Sub-Lessee

Royalty (Rs/Tonne) 2.00 3.00

Dead Rent per anum(Rs) 15,000 10,000

Short working recoverable(Years) 3 2

Production (Year ended....31.3.)

2004 1,000 1,000

2005 3,000 2,000

2006 12,000 5,000

2007 9,000 2,000( strike)

2008 5,000 12,000

In case of strike, royalty earned will discharge all liabilities for the year only.Show ledger accounts in the books of Mayami.

Solution :

In the Books of Mayami

Year Output Actual Min. Excess AmountEnded Written31.3 (Tons) Royalties Rent Workings Occurred Recouped off C/F Payable

2004 2,000 4,000 15,000 0 11,000 0 0 11,000 15,0002005 5,000 10,000 15,000 0 5,000 0 0 16,000 15,0002006 17,000 34,000 15,000 19,000 0 16,000 0 0 18,0002007 11,000 22,000 15,000 7,000 0 0 0 0 22,0002008 17,000 34,000 15,000 19,000 0 0 0 0 34,000

Shortworkings

Fig in Rs


Year Output Actual Min. Excess AmountEnded Written31.3 (Tons) Royalties Rent Workings Occurred Recouped off C/F Payable

2004 1,000 3,000 10,000 0 7,000 0 0 7,000 10,0002005 2,000 6,000 10,000 0 4,000 0 0 0 11,0002006 5,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 5,000 2,000 0 4,0002007 2,000 6,000 6,000 0 0 0 4,000 0 -2008 12,000 36,000 10,000 26,000 0 0 0 0 36,000

Shortworkings

Fig in Rs

Statement showing Royalties Receivable

D ate Particulars A m t (Rs) D ate Particulars A m t (Rs) 31.03.04 To Landlord A/c 11,000 31.03.04 By Balance c/d 11,000 11,000 11,000 1.4.04 To Balance b/d 11,000 31.03.05 By Balance c/d 16,000 31.03.05 To Landlord A/c 5,000 16,000 16,000

1.4.05 To Balance b/d 16,000 31.03.06 By Landlord A /c 16,000

(recouped) 16,000 16,000

Dr. Shortworkings Account Cr.



ROYALTY RECEIVABLE ACCOUNT Dr Cr

Date Particulars Amt (Rs) Date Particulars Amt (Rs) 31.03.04 To Royalties Payable A/c 2000 31.03.04 By Pathan A/c 3,000

(1000*2) (1000*3) To Profit & Loss A/c 1,000 3,000 3,000

31.03.05 To Royalties Payable A/c 4000 31.03.05 By Pathan A/c 6,000 (2000*2) (2000*3) To Profit & Loss A/c 2,000 6,000 6,000




Date Particulars Amt (Rs) Date Particulars Amt (Rs)

31.03.06 To Balance c/d 7,000 31.03.02 By Pathan A/c 7,0007,000 7,000

31.03.03 To Balance c/d 11,000 1.04.02 By Balance b/d 7,00031.03.03 By Pathan A/c 4,000

31.3.06 To Pathan A/c 5,000 1.4.05 By Balance b/d 11,000To P& L A/c 2,000To Balance c/d 4,000

11,000 11,000

31.03.07 To P &L A/c 4,000 1.4.06 By Balance b/d 4,0004,000 4,000

Dr. Shortworkings Suspense Account Cr.


Note:

1> Royalty to be paid to Landlord on total production including the production from sub-lessee.

2> Royalties receivable from sub lease to be adjusted against the payable amount to the ex-tent of royalty payable to Landlord.

ROYALTY PAYABLE ACCOUNT Dr Cr


31.03.04 To Landlord A/c 4000 31.03.04 By Royalties Receivable A/c 2,000

(2000*2) (1000*2) By Profit & Loss A/c 2,000

4,000 4,000

31.03.05 To Royalties Payable A/c 10000 31.03.05 By Pathan A/c 4,000 (5000*2) (2000*2) By Profit & Loss A/c 6,000

10,000 10,000


34,000 34,000


22,000 22,000




Dr Cr


31.03.04 To Bank A/c 15,000 31.03.04 By Royalties A/c 4,000

By Shortworkings A/c 11,000


By Shortworkings A/c 5,000


To Shortworkings A/c 16,000

34,000 34,000 31.03.07 To Bank A/c 22,000 31.03.07 By Royalties A/c 22,000 22,000 22,000 31.03.08 To Bank A/c 34,000 31.03.08 By Royalties A/c 34,000 34,000 34,000

Landlord’s Account Dr. Cr.

Pathan’s Account Dr. Cr.

Date Particulars Amt (Rs) Date Particulars Amt (Rs)31.03.04 To Royalties Receivable A/c 3,000 31.03.04 By Bank A/c 10,000

To Shortworkings Susp.A/c 7,000

10,000 10,000


To Shortworkings Susp.A/c 4,000

10,000 10,000


15,000 15,000


6,000 6,000


36,000 36,000


EXERCISEProblems:

1. A colliery is leased to National Coal Syndicate on a royalty of Re. 1 per tonne on theoutput. A minimum rent of Rs. 16,000 a year and allowances for shortworking are pro-vided in the lease. The coal actually raised in a series of years is as follows:

Tonnes1st year 8,0002nd year 10,0003rd year 18,0004th year 28,0005th year 14,000

Draw up Royalty account. Landlord’s account. Shortworking account and Minimum rent ac-count in the books of the Syndicate.

(Shortworking recouped 3rd year Rs. 2,000; 4th year Rs. 12,000;Balance of shortworking at the end of fifth year Rs. 2,000)

2. A Colliery company took a lease of a coal mine for a period of 20 years from January 1.2002 upon the terms of royalty of 50 paise per tonne of the output with a minimum rent ofRs. 8.000 per annum with power to recoup short workings over the first four years of thelease.

You are required to prepare the royalty account. minimum rent account and shortworkingaccount in the books of the colliery company assuming the output for the first six year to be asfollows:

2003 6,000 tonnes 2006 20,000 tonnes2004 8,000 tonnes 2007 18,000 tonnes2005 16,000 tonnes 2008 15,000 tonnes

(Shortworking recouped in 2006 Rs. 2,000; Shortworking transferred to profit andloss account in 2006 Rs. 7,000 and in 2008 Rs. 500)

3. On 1st January 2005. the Andal Mines leased some land for a minimum rent of Rs. 3,000 forthe first year. Rs. 5,000 for the second year and thereafter Rs. 10.000 per annum merging into aroyalty of 50 paise per tonne with power to recoup shortworkings over two years after occur-ring of short workings. The outputs were as follows:

2005 3,000 tonnes 2007 22,000 tonnes2006 8,600 tonnes 2008 50,000 tonnes

Show how the accounts would appear in the books of the Andal Mines.



( Unrecouped short workings transferred to P & L account in 2007 Rs. 500;Short workings recouped in 2007 Rs. 1,000; in 2008 Rs. 700)

4. Mr. Butcher developed a software package for a Turnkey project for offshore drilling.

He granted Mr. Joshi a license for 7 years to use the software and sell the same in India onfollowing terms.(1) Mr. Joshi should pay to Mr. Butcher a royalty of Rs. 50 for each software package sold with

a minimum annual payment of Rs. 5,00,000. Account should be settled on 31st December.(2) In any year the royalties amounted to less then Rs. 500.000, Mr. Joshi should have the right

to deduct deficiencies from the royalties payable in excess of that sum in the two followingyears.The number of packages sold were as follows:Year ended 31st March 2005 8,000Year ended 31st March 2006 9,000Year ended 31st March 2007 11,000Year ended 31st March 2008 18,000You are required to prepare(1) Royalties Account,(2) Short workings Account, and(3) Mr. Butcher’s Account in the books of Mr. Joshi which are closed annually on 31st March

(Ans: Short workings 2005: Rs, 100,000; 2006 Rs. 50,000; Recovery of Short workings :2007; Rs.50,000; 2008 Rs. 50,000; Shortworking lapsed: 2007 Rs.50,000)

5. The Ranee Colliery Co. Ltd. leased a property from Atma Ram on a royalty of one rupeeper tonne with a minimum rent of Rs. 30,000 per annum. Each year’s excess of minimumrent over royalties is recoverable out of the royalties of the next five years.

In the event of strike and the minimum rent not being reached the lease provided that theactual royalties earned for the year should be paid. The result of the working were as follows:

Year ending 31stMarch Actual RoyaltiesRs.

2001 NIL2002 9,7502003 27,7502004 33,7502005 42,0002006 52,5002007 28,5002008 45,000

The year 2007 was a strike year. You are required to write up the necessary ledger accounts.

(Answer:


Shortworkings : 2001 to Rs.30,000; 2002-Rs.20,250; 2003-Rs.2,250Shortworkings Recovered : 2004-Rs.3,750; 2005-Rs.12,000; 2006-Rs.22,500; 2008-Rs.2,250Shortworking transfered to P&L A/c: 2007-Rs.12,000 )

6. The lease of a plot of land is granted to Bikash upon the basis of a royalty of 10 paise pertonne on the day extracted, subject to a minimum rent of Rs. 2,000 per annum.A has theright to recoup short workings during the first seven years of the lease but not afterwards.

Bikash granted a sub-lease for the same period, from 31st December. 2004, to PT Ltd. of one-half of the area, for the royalty of 15 paise per tonne merging into a minimum rent of Rs. 1,250per annum. Under the terms of the sub-lease, PT Ltd. can recoup shortworking in any twoyears immediately following that in which short workings accrued. The output in terms forBikash and PK Ltd. was as follows

TonnesBikash PK Ltd.

First year 10,000 6,500Second year 16,000 8,000Third year 20,000 8,200Fourth year 25,000 9,000Fifth year 26,000 9,900

Write the Journal entries in the books of Bikash for all the years.

Answer :

Shortworkings : 1st year Rs.350

Shortworking Recouped : 2nd year Rs.350

Shortworking Suspense : 1st year Rs.2752nd year Rs.503rd year Rs.20

Shortworking Suspensetransfered to P&L A/c : 3rd Rs. 275

Shortworkings SuspenseRecovered : 4th year Rs.70

study note 2.1 page (60-79)

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