CHAPTER II

STUDY AREA: A PROFILE OF

TUTICORIN COAST

38

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

CHAPTER II

STUDY AREA: A PROFILE OF TUTICORIN COAST

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The present chapter describes a detailed profile of the study area, the Tuticorin

Coastal Zone, with all of its physical, social and economic characteristics. These

characteristics are described using derived information from both the primary and

secondary sources of data. 2.2 LOCATION

Tuticorin Coast, the present study area is located in the south eastern part of

coastal zone of Tamil Nadu State, India. It lies between 8°41’49” N and 9°22’20” N

latitudes and 78°3’56” E and 79°26’6” E longitudes (Figure 2.1 and 2.1a), covering

an area of about 1490 sq km. Apart from the mainland, the study area also includes

Rameswaram Island and the twenty one other tiny reef islands. In the mainland, the

study area is a curvilinear from Mandapam in the northeast to Madikettan Odai in the

southwest (Odai-ephemeral stream in vernacular) with a width of 10 km, running

parallel to the coastline. It is bounded on the east by the Gulf of Mannar and Palk

Bay. In fact, the coastline of the study area forms a part of the Marine Biosphere

Reserve. This is the first reserve area in India as declared by the UNESCO. The

western part of the mainland is bounded by the villages of Tuticorin and

Ramanathapuram Districts, while the southern part is bounded by Tirunelveli District.

Rameswaram and other fringe Islands are located in the eastern part of the study area.

Rameswaram, the largest Island stretching from Pamban in the west to Dhanuskodi in

the east, separates the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar. The other 21 islands are

smaller in their areal extent, not more than 150 ha each, lying parallel to the coast

line.

2.3 TUTICORIN COASTAL ZONE – AN OVERVIEW

The Tuticorin Coastal Zone has been demarcated by 10km, offset distance

towards landward side from the coast line (above the high water line). To carry out

the phase of spatialisation, the littoral environment is considered as an individual

territory which comprises the coastal zone. Subsequently, it has been segmented by

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39

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

taking essentially the geomorphology of the coast into account. By dividing up the

coastal zone, which has been possible to qualify units (sometimes also referred as

littoral regions) which is the most comprehensive scale. In the present study area, the

Tuticorin coast runs for 193 km, including Rameswaram Island. The littoral villages

(facets of human habitants) have an average density of 136 persons per sq km.

The consequences of accelerated urbanisation are various pressures on the

natural spaces and landscape, impermeabilisation of soil, multiplication of

infrastructures, increase in water consumption, wastewater and reuse, atmospheric and

noise pollution. In this perspective, the Tuticorin coast has launched a study in

selecting and applying relevant criteria for dividing up and qualifying the littoral. This

division has led to the definition of 27 homogeneous zones (coastal ecosystems)

within which territorial land management may be implemented taking into account

the range of coastal ecosystems.

The present study area is a part of the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere

Reserve. It is the first marine reserve not only in India but also in the entire south and

south East Asia. It was established jointly by the Government of India and the

Government of Tamil Nadu on 18th Feb, 1989. The Indian part of Gulf of Mannar lies

between India and Sri Lanka and has an area of 10,500 sq km (approx.). There are 21

uninhabited islands lying off the coast in Ramanathapuram and Tuticorin districts.

Most of the islands are of coral origin. The 21 islands altogether have an area of 623

ha. This area is the last refuge of any significance off Indian coast of the highly

endangered sea-mammal, the Dugong. The reserve area is one of the richest areas for

marine biodiversity in India. It encompasses diverse ecosystems like coral, mangrove,

seagrass, and Island ecosystems and resources like sea-algal, ornamental reef fishes,

shell and fin fish, marine mammals and marine turtles. More than 50, 000 fishermen

living on the coast of the Gulf of Mannar depend on the fisheries for their livelihood

(GoM, Marine National Park, 1999). The reserve area is comprised of 560 sq km

core area of coral islands and shallow marine habitat, surrounded by 10 km, wide and

160 km, long buffer zone. The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park comprises the

core area of the Reserve land with 21 uninhabited islands, ranging in size from 0.25

ha to 130 ha. These lie between one and four km offshore, surrounded by shallow

waters. The buffer zone is Gulf waters to the south and an inhabited coastline to the

north.

40

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

Seventeen different mangrove species occur within the reserve and act as

important nursery habitats. Here a number of marine species namely, Pemphis

acidula, seagrass and Enhalus acoroides, a monospecific genus of seagrass are

endemic and are found nowhere else in India. The shallow water of the Marine

National Park has the highest concentration of seagrass species along the Indian

coastline for about 7500km. All six genera and 11 species of seagrass recorded in

India occur in this biosphere. Six of the world’s twelve seagrass genera and eleven of

the world’s fifty species occur here. The same shallow water is also known to have at

least 147 species of marine algae (seaweed). These seagrass and algal beds support

complex ecological communities and provide feeding grounds for many animals,

(globally endangered) including the marine mammal sea cow (Dugong dugong).

Productive fringing and patchy coral reef surrounding the Park’s islands are

composed of at least 91 species of coral belonging to 37 genera. These islands are

habitation for 168 migratory bird species. The sandy shores of most of the islands

provide nesting habitat for sea turtles. This Gulf has 450 species (20 per cent) out of

2200 fish species in Indian water. It is the single richest coastal area in terms of fish

diversity in the Indian sub-continent. Over 79 species of crustaceans, 108 species of

sponges, 260 species of molluscs, and 100 species of echinoderms occur in the Gulf.

According to the experts (M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation MSSRF;

1999), the threat of irreversible damage to some components of the marine ecosystem,

e.g., dugongs, coral reefs and seagrasses, is very real. An international authority on

coral reefs recorded that the current effort at strengthening the management of Gulf of

Mannar Biosphere Reserve (BR) “is almost certainly the last hope that such species

will survive in the Gulf” (Kelleher, 1998).

The Marine-based livelihood of people in the coastal buffer zone partly

depends on coastal and marine resources. However, agriculture and allied activities

still play a major role in providing livelihoods for the poor. The activities of coastal-

based people including fishing, salt making, seaweed collection or other marine-based

activities are gaining importance. Ninety percent of these fisher folk are artisanal

(using wind or small engine powered craft) and 10 per cent are mechanized trawler

fishermen. (Source: Paragraph 8 of GEF project in brief).

Agriculture also plays an important role in the life of the people. The major

part of agriculture thrives is based on the irrigation available through the village tanks.

These tanks have traditional water harvesting structures. There are 71 tanks (1994) in

41

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

this coastal zone irrigating 3,750 ha, which accounts for only 2.9 per cent of the total

study area. As the region is devoid of any other form of agriculture, tanks irrigate

around 80 per cent of the land under cultivation. Almost all the tanks in the reserve

area are in need of rehabilitation.

Financial services for the poor in the existing livelihood related programmes

in the buffer zone continue to ignore the development of sustainable alternatives. In

majority of the cases, people are forced to seek credit from the moneylenders at

prohibitively high rate of interest, resulting in more pressure on the resource to repay

the interest.

Few (Non-Governmental Organisations) NGOs and Research Institutions are

working for the development of the socio- economic condition of this area. There are

also community-based organizations working on banking programmes in the region.

2.4 ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

The administrative units are drawn and compiled based upon the Survey of

India maps (1996). From the administration divisions, Tuticorin coastal zone covers

parts of two districts viz. Ramanathapuram in the north and Tuticorin in the south

(Figure 2.2 and Table 2.1). About 61.5 per cent of the study area falls under

Rameswaram, part of Ramanathapuram and Kadaladi Taluks of Ramanathapuram

District and altogether covers 70 villages. The Tuticorin District covers the rest of the

38.5 per cent of the study area comprising 50 villages belonging to Vilathikulam,

Ottapidaram and Tuticorin Taluks. There are 21 islands in the study area of which 14

islands (Shingle Tivu, Kurasad Tivu, Kovi Tivu, Pumarichan Tivu, Manalipatti Tivu,

Manali Tivu ,Musal Tivu, Mulli Tivu, Valai Tivu, Talari Tivu, Appa Tivu,

Puvarasampatti Tivu, Palliyarumma Tivu and Anaipari Tivu) belong to

Ramanathapuram Taluk, 3 islands (NallaTanni Tivu Shalli Tivu and Uppu Tanni Tivu)

to Kadaladi Taluk and the rest of the four islands belong to Kovilpatti Taluk (Kariya

Shuli Tivu, Vilangu shuli Tivu, Kosuvaritivu and Van Tivu). The mainland of

Kovilpatti Taluk locates away from the study area.

2.5 RELIEF

The relief (Figure 2.3) of the study area was deduced from the Survey of India

topographic sheets of 1:50,000 scale and the field survey by using GPS (GARMIAN

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Coa

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43

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

Palm tap). The contours at two metres interval were generated to understand the

topography. Accordingly, two small packets of elevated lands are found near

K.Shanmugapuram village of Ottapidaram Taluk and Thathaneri Village of

Vilathikulam Taluk. The rest of the study area is relatively plain. The maximum

elevation of 28.7m, above MSL is found near K.Shanmukapuram. The Rameswaram

Island is a plain with the highest elevation of 21.5 m, above mean sea level found near

Gadhamanaparvatham. In general, the slope gradually decreases towards the east from

highlands. No island has perceptible relief variation except the central part which is

having a slight elevation.

2.6 GEOLOGY

The study area comprises the rocks and unconsolidated sediments of Archaean

to Recent age, deposited during Recent to late Pleistocene epochs occurring over most

part of the study area which constitutes about 83.5 per cent in the study area. They

have been classified as fluvial, fluvio-marine and marine, having the areal extent of

275 sq km (19.3 per cent), 763sq km (53.5 per cent) and 153sq km (10.7 per cent)

respectively (Figure 2.4). Marine sediments occupy the entire Rameswaram Island

and the area from Mandapam to Killakarai. The width of these marine sediments

narrows down in the southern part (8 km, in the south, near Tuticorin and less than a

kilometer near Killakarai). The fluvio-marine sediments are confined to the southern

and central part of the study area. They lie along a narrow stretch between

Kuliyankarisal of Tuticorin Taluk and Gundar River and parallel to the marine

sediments on the island side. Fluvial sediments lie along the western margin, adjacent

to the fluvio-marine sediment on the island side continuously from the area near

Kottagudi Ar in the northeast up to the area just north of K.Thangamalpuram in the

south. They have been deposited by the rivers such as Gundar, Palar and Kottgudiar.

Apart from these unconsolidated sediments, laterites of Quaternary period are also

found along a narrow stretch between the Kottagudi Ar in the northeast and Palar in

the southwest and the northeast of Kadugusandai and further down southwest between

the villages of S.Tharaikudi and Narippaiyur of Kadaladi Taluk. Calcareous gritty

sand stone and clay are (5.34 sq km, 0.31 per cent) found in the northern rim of

Rameswaram Island. Hornblende-biotite gneiss is (136 sq km, 9.54 per cent) restricted

to the southwestern part towards the west, lying on either side of the Vaippar River.

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44

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

The important minerals of the study area are Clay, Gypsum, Limestone, Shell

limestone, Salt, Illumite and Garnet. Most of the Garnet and Illumite deposits are

confined to the eastern part of the study area, especially near Mandapam,

Periyapattinam and Kanjirangudi of Ramanathapuram Taluk. Garnet deposits are

predominant near Taruvaikulam and Terku Kalamedu villages of the Ottapidaram

Taluk. Gypsum occurs near Tuticorin, Kalamedu and mouth of Pal Ar River. Large

deposits of salts are found near Tuticorin and Valinokkam (Kadaladi Taluk).

Limestone deposits are found near Valinokkam and Shell limestone are restricted to

the areas near the northern tip of Rameswaram Island and the Vaippar river mouth.

2.7 GEOMORPHOLOGY

The geomorphic units were drawn from remotely sensed data (Figure 2.5) and

the doubtful areas are checked in the field and tabulated (Table 2.2). The Tuticorin

coastal zone has been classified into major landforms such as fluvial, fluvio-marine,

marine origins. Fluvial Origin is formed due to the action of running water. The

running water develops certain landforms in the study area such as river, alluvial

plain, flood plain, natural levee, delta, deltaic plain and deep buried pediment.

Alluvial plain occupies more areas than any other landforms in fluvial origin that has

an extent of area 24, 335 ha (16.3 per cent). Natural levee occupies a small area of

915 ha (0.62 per cent). The landforms of Fluvio-Marine Origin in the study area are

estuary and shoal which cover an area of 874 ha (0.58 per cent) and 265 ha (0.18 per

cent) respectively. Marine Origin landforms of the study area formed due to the

action of sea waves, are coastal plain, beach ridge-swale complex, dune, stabilized

dune, salt flat, mud flat, beach, spit, bar, tombolo, marine terrace, cliff, creek, tidal

flat/tidal inlet, island, lagoon/paleo lagoon, and coral reefs. The detailed geomorphic

descriptions of the landforms are dealt in chapter four.

The major landforms of the present coastal zone are swale and ridge complex.

They are marine origin which covers a larger area of 27,453 ha (18.42 per cent).

Tombolo occupies a smaller portion and covers an area of 68.96 ha (0.05 per cent).

2.8 DRAINAGE

The Tuticorin coastal zone is drained (Figure.2.) by the Vaigai Ar, Pal Ar,

Gundar and Vaippar Kottagudi Ar, Korrampallam Odai and Madikettan Odai. Apart

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Van

Tivu

Kos

war

i Tiv

uVila

ngu

shul

i Tiv

u

Kar

ia s

huli

Tivu

Upp

u Ta

nni T

ivu

Sha

li Ti

vuN

alla

Tan

ni T

ivu

Ana

ipar

i Tiv

uP

alliy

arm

unai

Tiv

u

Puv

aras

anpu

tti T

ivu

App

a Ti

vu

Tala

iri T

ivu Vala

i Tiv

uM

uli T

ivu

Mus

al T

ivu

Man

ali T

ivu

Kov

i Tiv

u

Pum

uric

han

Tivu

Shi

ngle

Tiv

u

Kur

usad

Tiv

u

P

a

l

k

B

a

y

G

u

l

f

o

f

M

a

n

n

a

r

TUTI

CO

RIN

Tiru

pulla

niM

anda

pam

Ram

esw

aram

Kad

alad

i

Dha

nusk

odi

Gun d arRr.

Va

i ga

i. R

Ma

dike

ttan

Oda

i

Vaippar R.

Ko ttagu

diAr

C h

a n n

e l

P a l k

Pal

Ar.

Man

ali T

ivu

Kara

mpa

llam

Oda

i

L E

G E

N D

Rev

enue

Vill

age:

Loc

atio

n &

Nam

eS

ayal

kudi

Riv

er

Tank

Stre

am /

Dis

tribu

tary

!

Stu

dy a

rea

Bou

ndar

y

45�

Table 2.2. Tuticorin Coastal Zone: Geomorphology and their areal extent Sl.No Geomorphology Area in

hectare percentage

Fluvial Origin 1 Deep Buried Pediment 16717.33 10.912 River 1210.61 0.813 Natural Levee 915.17 0.614 Alluvial Plain 24334.86 16.325 Flood Plain 2930.57 2.356 Deltaic Plain 7866.73 5.28

7 Delta 2401.78 1.6156377.05 37.89

Fluvio marine Origin 8 Estuary 874.20 0.58

9 Shoal 264.80 0.181139 0.76

Marine Origin 10 Sandy Plain 17832.30 11.8811 Coastal Plain 14614.12 9.8112 Swale & Ridge complex 27453.22 18.4213 Stabilised Dune 4679.96 3.2314 Coastal Sand Dune 681.06 0.4415 Sandy Beach 726.17 0.3816 Marine Terrace 6717.70 4.6517 Spit 1919.31 1.2918 Cliff 110.91 0.0819 Sand Bar 419.94 0.2920 Creek 1152.17 0.7721 Salt Flat 6902.23 4.6322 Mud Flat 439.47 0.2923 Tidal flat/Tidal Inlet 1792.73 1.2124 Tombolo 68.96 0.0525 Islands 767.31 0.5226 Lagoon/ Paleo lagoon 4133.92 2.78

27 Coral Reef 934.77 0.6391346.25 61.35

Total area 148862.03ha or 1488.62 sqkmSource: Compiled by Author based on IRS 1D LISS 3 2003

46

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

from these, a number of minor rivers draining the study area debouch into the tanks

and they form the major source for irrigation. The major rivers of the study area have

their catchment at the Western Ghats and they flow from the west to the east and

empty their surplus water into Gulf of Mannar, during the monsoon seasons. In

general, streams and rivers of the study area are ephemeral.

2.9 CLIMATE

The climate in Tuticorin coast is hot and dry except the coastal areas, where

the sea breeze mitigates the heat to some extent. The maximum temperature rarely

exceeds 34º C and the minimum temperature drops below 20º C. April to June is the

hottest months. During this season, coastal region enjoys cool sea breeze. The mean

temperature varies from 25.9º C to 30.6º C and the average humidity is 79%. The

lowest temperature is recorded during the period of December to January.

2.9.1 Rainfall The Rainfall characteristic of the Tuticorin Coast has been studied by using 40

(1965-2004) years of monthly rainfall data collected from 7 rain gauge stations

namely, Mandapam, Pamban, Vilathikulam, Mudukulathur, Balamorekulam,

Ottapidaram and Tuticorin, located in and around the study area. Accordingly, the

spatial distributions of the mean annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall of the study

area are dealt in the following paragraphs:

2.9.1.1 Mean Annual: The long term mean annual rainfall of the study area is

691.6 mm (Table 2.3). It is less than 60 per cent, while compared with the state

average mean annual rainfall of 983.3 mm. However, the study area is characterised

by significant variations in the quantum of mean annual rainfall. It is observed that the

mean annual rainfall varies spatially from 541.8 mm (Tuticorin) to 825.6 mm

(Pamban) in the study area. Based on the mean annual rainfall amounts, the study

area has been divided into: zones of high rainfall (>775 mm); moderate (700-775

mm); normal (625-700 mm); low (550-625 mm) and very low (<550 mm) (Figure

2.7). The high rainfall zone covers the areas of the Rameswaram Island and most of

the villages of the Ramanathapuram Taluk that fall within the study area. It extends

all along the coast upto the area just west of Kottagudi Ar. The zone with moderate

rainfall lies further the west and southwest, extending upto the south west of Pal Ar

47

Tab

le: 2

.3. T

utic

orin

Coa

st: L

ong

term

mea

n m

onth

ly (1

965

– 20

03) r

ainf

all (

in m

m)

Sl.N

oR

ain

Gau

ge

Stat

ion

Nam

e

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

W

inte

rM

arch

Apr

ilM

aySu

mm

erJu

ne

July

A

ugus

t Se

ptem

ber

Sout

hwes

tO

ctob

er

Nov

embe

rD

ecem

ber

Nor

thea

stM

ean

annu

alm

m(%

) m

m(%

) m

m (%

) m

m(%

) m

m(%

) m

m(%

) m

m(%

) m

m %m

m(%

) m

m(%

) m

m(%

) m

m(%

) m

m(%

) m

m(%

) m

m(%

) m

m(%

)

1Pa

mba

n 39

.3(4

.76)

24

.0(2

.91)

63

.4(7

.68)

8.

1(0

.98)

48

.4(5

.86)

43

.9(5

.31)

100.

3(1

2.15

)6.

2(0

.75)

13.4

(1.6

2)8.

8(1

.07)

28.3

(3.4

3)56

.7(6

.87)

18

5.4

(22.

45)

241.

3(2

9.22

)17

8.6

(21.

63)

605.

2(7

3.31

)82

5.6

2M

anda

pam

35.5

(4.3

5)

24.0

(2.9

4)

59.5

(7.2

9)

11.0

(1.3

5)

45.0

(5.5

2)

38.0

(4.6

5)94

.0(1

1.52

)7.

0(0

.86)

10.2

(1.2

5)11

.8(1

.45)

28.3

(3.4

7)57

.3(7

.03)

18

1.8

(22.

30)

247.

1(3

0.29

)17

5.9

(21.

56)

604.

8(7

4.15

)81

5.6

3B

alam

orek

ulam

25

.8(3

.27)

27

.3(3

.47)

53

.1(6

.74)

23

.4(2

.96)

43

.5(5

.52)

30

.6(3

.88)

97.5

(12.

37)

3.5

(0.4

4)15

.9(2

.02)

9.6

(1.2

2)30

.6(3

.88)

59.6

(7.5

6)

174.

0(2

2.07

) 23

6.2

(30.

00)

167.

9(2

1.30

)57

8.0

(73.

33)

788.

2

4M

uduk

ulat

hur

17.6

(2.5

9)

23.5

(3.4

6)

41.1

(6.0

5)

18.5

(2.7

2)

36.5

(5.3

8)

33.7

(4.9

6)88

.7(1

3.06

)14

.7(2

.17)

22.2

(3.2

6)34

.9(5

.14)

72.3

(10.

6)14

4.1

(21.

22)

158.

6(2

3.35

) 15

5.2

(22.

84)

91.6

(13.

48)

405.

4(5

9.68

)67

9.3

5V

ilath

ikul

am11

.33

(1.9

7)

18.4

1(3

.19)

29

.74

(5.1

6)

11.7

0(2

.03)

39

.48

(6.8

5)

26.8

1(4

.65)

77.9

9(1

3.53

)5.

23(0

.91)

18.1

1(3

.14)

20.1

9(3

.50)

56.6

5(9

.83)

100.

17(1

7.38

) 16

2.81

(28.

24)

138.

12(2

3.96

)67

.65

(11.

73)

368.

57(6

3.94

)57

6.48

6O

ttapi

dara

m16

.4(2

.66)

20

.4(3

.33)

36

.8(5

.99)

24

.3(3

.96)

39

.9(6

.50)

35

.5(5

.78)

99.7

(16.

23)

5.4

(0.8

8)10

.8(1

.76)

16.4

(2.6

7)49

.0(7

.97)

81.6

(13.

28)

175.

4(2

8.55

) 15

8.1

(25.

73)

62.7

(10.

20)

396.

2(6

4.50

)61

4.4

7Tu

ticor

in17

.9(3

.30)

26

.7(4

.93)

44

.6(8

.23)

25

.1(4

.63)

34

.6(6

.39)

20

.7(3

.81)

80.4

(14.

83)

2.6

(0.4

7)4.

1(0

.76)

4.8

(0.8

8)18

.0(3

.33)

29.5

(5.4

4)

130.

7(2

4.11

) 16

6.9

(30.

80)

89.8

(16.

58)

387.

4(7

1.49

)54

1.8

Mea

n23

.4(3

.27)

23.5

(3.4

6)46

.9(6

.73)

17.4

(2.6

6)41

.1(6

.00)

32.7

(4.7

2)91

.2(1

3.39

)6.

4(0

.93)

13.5

(1.9

7)15

.2(2

.28)

40.4

(6.0

8)75

.6(1

1.25

)16

7.0

(24.

44)

191.

8(2

7.54

)11

9.2

(16.

64)

477.

9(6

8.63

)69

1.6

Not

e: T

he fi

gure

s giv

en in

par

enth

eses

are

per

cent

age

of ra

infa

ll fo

r res

pect

ive

figur

es

48

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

and Valinokkam, followed by the normal rainfall zone (625-700 mm) which lies

further south west, extending upto the area just east of Vembar. Most of the villages

of the Kadaladi Taluk fall under the normal rainfall zone. Further towards south, all

along the coast, the low rainfall zone occurs, which extends in an accurate shape upto

the area just north of Tuticorin. The villages which come under Ottapidaram and

Villathikulam Taluks of Tuticorin District covers this low rainfall zone. Further,

south, the areas of very low rainfall occurs and most of the villages belonging to the

study area that lie in Tuticorin Taluk fall within this zone.

In general, the mean annual rainfall receives maximum in the northeastern part

of the study area (Figure 2.7) of Rameswaram Island and it gradually decreases all

along the coast towards the west and southwest.

2.9.1.2 Winter Season: Rainfall during winter season is relatively meager

(46.9 mm) and is very less among all seasons. The season contributes an average of

only 6.7 per cent of the annual rainfall. Among the rainfall stations of the study area,

the winter rainfall varies from 29.7 mm in Villathikulam to 63.4 mm in Pamban.

Further, the rainfall is relatively high in the Rameswaram Island (Figure 2.8) which

records 60 mm rainfall. Moderate rainfall is ranging from 50 mm to 60 mm occurs in

the areas of Ramanathapuram Taluk. The normal rainfall which ranges between 40

mm and 50 mm is found in the areas of Kadaladi Taluk and along the narrow coastal

stretch, extending upto the southern margin of the study area. Most part of the area

that falls within the Ottapidaram Taluk and western part of Villathikulam Taluk

receives low winter rainfall. Thus it is evident that the winter season rainfall in the

study area gradually decreases towards the south along the coast and the west of the

southern portion of the study area.

2.9.1.3 Summer Season: The mean summer rainfall of the study area is 91.2

mm which accounts for 13.4 per cent of the mean annual rainfall. Though the rainfall

during this season is less, it contributes significantly to the annual rainfall, unlike the

winter season. In the study area, the summer rainfall is the maximum in Pamban

which records 100.3 mm, closely followed by Ottapidaram 99.7 mm (16.2 per cent),

Balamorekulam 97.5 mm (12.4 per cent) and Mandapam 94 mm (11.5 per cent)

respectively. The summer rainfall is very less at Villathikulam which records 78 mm.

The rainfall during this season is relatively high (>100 mm) in the entire

Rameswaram island (Figure 2.9) whereas it is moderate (90-100 mm) in the mainland,

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a

n

n

a

r

TUTI

CO

RIN

Tiru

pulla

niM

anda

pam

Ram

esw

aram

Kad

alad

i

Dha

nusk

odi

Gun d arRr.

Va

i ga

i. R

Ma

dike

ttan

Oda

i

Vaippar R.

Ko ttagu

diAr

C h

a n n

e l

P a l k

PalA

r.

L E

G E

N D

Rai

nfal

l in

Mill

imet

ers

Abo

ve 7

75 (H

igh)

625

- 700

(Nor

mal

)

550

- 625

(Low

)

700

- 775

(Mod

erat

e)

Bel

ow 5

50 (V

ery

Low

)

Rev

enue

Vill

age:

Loc

atio

n &

Nam

eS

ayal

kudi!

Man

ali T

ivu

Kara

mpa

llam

Oda

i

49

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

i.e. the entire coastal stretch except the western portion of the southern part of the

study area. This zone includes the entire area of Tuticorin Taluk. Areas with normal

rainfall of 80-90 mm during this season are confined to the western part of

Ottapidaram and Villathikulam Taluks. The areas of low rainfall of below 80mm

during this period, is restricted to a small portion on the western part of Villathikulam

Taluk. In general, the eastern parts of the study area receive relatively more rainfall

and it gradually decreases towards the western portion in the southern part of the

study area. It is very low, compared with the State mean summer rainfall (132.4 mm

or 13 per cent).

2.9.1.4 Southwest Monsoon Season: During this season, the study area

receives only 75.6 mm of rainfall which is less than the rainfall of the summer season.

In several parts of the State, though the southwest monsoon is the predominant rainy

season, its contribution to the mean annual rainfall is very less (11.2 mm) for the study

area. It is below the State average of 393.9 mm (40 per cent) rainfall. Among the rain

gauge stations of the study area, the amount of rainfall during the season varies

considerably (Figure 2.10). It ranges from 29.5 mm in Tuticorin to 144.1 mm in

Kadaladi. The rainfall during the winter and summer seasons is relatively higher than

the southwest monsoon in the western, interior parts, especially in the western parts of

Kadaladi and Villathikulam Taluks.

2.9.1.5 Northeast Monsoon Season: The rainfall of the northeast monsoon

season is 477.9 mm, much higher than even the total rainfall of the other three seasons

and hence, it is the predominant and the most important rainy season of the study

area. This season contributes about 68.6 per cent of the total annual rainfall which is

above the State average northeast monsoon rainfall of 41 per cent (404.7 mm).

Among the rain gauge stations, the distribution of the rainfall varies from

368.6 mm in Villathikulam to 605.2 mm in Pamban. However, the percentages of the

season’s rainfall to the annual rainfall give a different picture; the percentage of

rainfall during this season ranges from 59.7 per cent for Kadaladi to 74.1 per cent for

Mandapam. In general, the rainfall gradually decreases from the northeast towards the

west, south west and southern parts of the study area (Figure 2.11). A trend is much

similar to the mean annual rainfall and hence the northeast monsoon season is

important for all agricultural activities.

! O!

!

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500

400

600

Pam

ban

Erv

adi

Idam

bada

l

Say

algu

di

Sira

ikul

am

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kkai

yurM

eena

ngud

i

Valin

ocka

m

Mul

lakk

adu

Per

iaku

lam

Ala

vang

ulam

Nar

ippa

iyur

Than

ichi

yam

Kad

ugus

anda

i

Man

dapa

m (U

)P

anay

diye

ndal

Atti

mar

apat

ti

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iyan

karis

al

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ppan

vala

sai

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hana

ipag

am U

sila

ngul

am

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RTH

EAST

MO

NSO

ON

SEA

SON

(196

5-20

04)

TUTI

CO

RIN

CO

AS

T

9° 15'

N 9° 0' N 8° 45'

N

79°

15'E

79°

0'E

78°

45'E

78°

30'E

78°

15'E

79°

15'E

79°

0'E

78°

45'E

78°

30'E

78°

15'E

9° 15' N 9° 0' N 8° 45' N

F i g

. 2.1

1

km0

510

Van

Tivu

Kos

war

i Tiv

uVila

ngu

shul

i Tiv

u

Kar

ia s

huli

Tivu

Upp

u Ta

nni T

ivu

Sha

li Ti

vuN

alla

Tan

ni T

ivu

Ana

ipar

i Tiv

uP

alliy

arm

unai

Tiv

u

Puv

aras

anpu

tti T

ivu

App

a Ti

vu

Tala

iri T

ivu Va

lai T

ivu

Mul

i Tiv

uM

usal

Tiv

u

Man

alip

utti

TivuK

ovi T

ivu

Pum

uric

han

Tivu

Shi

ngle

Tiv

u

Kur

usad

Tiv

u

P

a

l

k

B

a

y

G

u

l

f

o

f

M

a

n

n

a

r

TUTI

CO

RIN

Tiru

pulla

niM

anda

pam

Ram

esw

aram

Kad

alad

i

Dha

nusk

odi

Gun d arRr.

Va

i ga

i. R

Ma

dike

ttan

Oda

i

Vaippar R.

Ko ttagu

diAr

C h

a n n

e l

P a l k

Pal

Ar.

L E

G E

N D

Rai

nfal

l in

Mill

imet

ers

Abo

ve 6

00 (H

igh)

400

- 500

(Nor

mal

)

Bel

ow 4

00 (L

ow)

500

- 600

(Mod

erat

e)

Rev

enue

Vill

age:

Loc

atio

n &

Nam

eS

ayal

kudi!

Man

ali T

ivu

Kara

mpa

llam

Oda

i

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75

100

50

125

125 Sik

kal

Kal

ari

Iruve

li

Vala

nur

Kad

alad

i

Kal

lura

ni

Mel

man

dai

Idam

bada

l

Say

algu

di

Vepp

alod

ai

Ned

ungu

lam

That

hane

ri

Sira

ikul

am

Soo

rang

udi

Per

iaku

lam

Mila

vitta

n

Nar

ippa

iyur

Mel

akid

aram

Than

ichi

yam

San

kara

pper

i

Kila

Ara

sadi

Vala

sam

udra

m

Mel

a M

arud

ur

Viru

sam

patti

Kad

ugus

anda

iMel

asel

vanu

r

Kee

laki

dara

m

Terk

u K

alm

edu

Kan

nira

jpur

am

Kut

hira

imoz

hi

Pan

aydi

yend

al

Tutic

orin

VII

Vaip

par P

art-I

Pat

tana

mar

udur

M.S

hanm

ugap

uram

E.V

elay

udha

pura

m

D.D

urai

swam

ipur

am

Than

gam

mal

pura

m.K

.

SOU

THW

EST

MO

NSO

ON

SEA

SON

(196

5-20

04)

TUTI

CO

RIN

CO

AS

T

9° 15'

N 9° 0' N 8° 45'

N

79°

15'E

79°

0'E

78°

45'E

78°

30'E

78°

15'E

79°

15'E

79°

0'E

78°

45'E

78°

30'E

78°

15'E

9° 15' N 9° 0' N 8° 45' N

F i g

. 2.1

0

km0

510

Van

Tivu

Kos

war

i Tiv

uVila

ngu

shul

i Tiv

u

Kar

ia s

huli

Tivu

Upp

u Ta

nni T

ivu

Sha

li Ti

vuN

alla

Tan

ni T

ivu

Ana

ipar

i Tiv

uP

alliy

arm

unai

Tiv

u

Puv

aras

anpu

tti T

ivu

App

a Ti

vu

Tala

iri T

ivu Va

lai T

ivu

Mul

i Tiv

uM

usal

Tiv

u

Man

alip

utti

TivuKov

i Tiv

u

Pum

uric

han

Tivu

Shi

ngle

Tiv

u

Kur

usad

Tiv

u

P

a

l

k

B

a

y

G

u

l

f

o

f

M

a

n

n

a

r

TUTI

CO

RIN

Tiru

pulla

niM

anda

pam

Ram

esw

aram

Kad

alad

i

Dha

nusk

odi

Gun d arRr.

Va

i ga

i. R

Ma

dike

ttan

Oda

i

Vaippar R.

Ko ttagu

diAr

C h

a n n

e l

P a l k

Pal

Ar.

L E

G E

N D

Rai

nfal

l in

Mill

imet

ers

Abo

ve 1

25 (H

igh)

75 -

100

(Nor

mal

)

50 -

75 (L

ow)

100

- 125

(Mod

erat

e)

Bel

ow 5

0 (V

ery

Low

)

Rev

enue

Vill

age:

Loc

atio

n &

Nam

eS

ayal

kudi!

Man

ali T

ivu

Kara

mpa

llam

Oda

i

50

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

As far as the spatial distribution of northeast monsoon rainfall is concerned,

the Rameswaram Island and a small pocket in the mainland near Mandapam is

relatively high rainfall zone which recorded 600 mm of rainfall. This is followed by

the moderate rainfall of 500-600 mm zone, which includes the entire part of the study

area under Ramanathapuram Taluk, and it stretches upto Valinokkam. The mid

portion of the study area adjacent to the Gundar River falls under the normal rainfall

zone and it receives 400-500 mm of rainfall. In the rest of the areas of the west and

further towards south, the rainfall during this season is relatively less than 400 mm.

2.9.2 Temperature The study area falls under the hot tropical climate. The months of April to July

are the hottest. The temperature declines to some extent on the outbreak of the

northeast monsoon. The study areas mean minimum temperature various from 18.0o C

in January to 26.5o C in June, and mean maximum temperature varies from 38o C in

May to 30.5oC in December. The relative humidity is high at 79% on an average and

it ranges between 80% and 90% in coastal area owing to the coastal nature.

2.10 SOIL AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION

Information regarding the soils of the study area was obtained from the Soil

Survey and Land Use Organisation, Department of Agriculture, Government of Tamil

Nadu State. There are four soil orders (viz, Entisol, Vertisol, Inceptisol, and Alfisol)

based on USDA Classification with 16 soil series found in the study area (Figure

2.12). The characteristics of these soil series and their distribution in the Tuticorin

Coast are described as follows:

2.10.1 Entisol (Recent soil) Entisols are those soils which are developed recently. Soils belonging to this

order are found on steep actively eroding slopes or on flood plains that receive new

deposits of alluvium at frequent intervals. Alluvial flood plains, deltas, shorelines

bordering, lagoons and estuaries usually have these soils. In the study area, these soils

have been drained mainly from the depositional process by the rivers. Within this soil

order, three soil types are found and they include recent soils, recent sandy soil, and

red sandy soil. Each of this soil types can be further subdivided into a number of soil

! H! H

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!

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!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Psuf

Tupt

Tutp

Tupt

Ecsv

Vhsf

Tupt

Rpu

t

Tcsv

Rpu

t

Ecsv

Tfop

Vhsf

+Tup

t+Vu

tp

Rpu

t

Auo

tFh

sf

Tupt

Tupt

Vhsf

+Ecs

v

Tupt

Tupt

Tcsv

Cau

pt

Tupt

Rpu

t

Tutp

Rpu

t

Cau

op

Rpu

t

Tutp

Vhsf

+Fut

p

Rpu

t

Mar

sh

Vhsf

+Fut

p

Rpu

t

Vhsf

Tfop

+Aup

t

Vhsf

+Tup

t+Vu

tp

Cau

op

Ecsv

Cau

op

Vhsf

+Vuo

p

Vhsf

+Tup

t+Vu

tp

Cau

pt

Cau

op

Futp

Cau

op

Vhsf

+Fut

p

Cau

op

Sik

kal

Kal

ari

Pam

ban

Erv

adi

Iruve

li

Vala

nur

Nag

achi

Kal

lura

ni

Poo

sano

or

Vada

natta

m

Moo

kkai

yurP

eria

kula

m

Mee

nang

udi

Valin

ocka

m

Atta

ngar

ai

Kud

akot

tai

Mul

lakk

adu

Pul

iang

ulam

Mel

akid

aram

Than

ichi

yam

Noc

hiyu

rani

Kor

ampa

llam

San

kara

pper

i

Kila

Ara

sadi

Vala

sam

udra

m

S.T

hara

ikud

i

Mel

asel

vanu

r

Kan

jiran

gudi

Ret

taiy

uran

i

Vala

ntar

avai

Man

dapa

m (U

)

Mel

a A

rasa

di

Tutic

orin

VII

Kul

iyan

karis

al

Per

iasa

myp

uram

Kul

athu

r (E

ast)

M.K

umar

asak

kana

pura

m

SOIL

STU

TIC

OR

IN C

OA

ST

9° 15'

N 9° 0' N 8° 45'

N

79°

15'E

79°

0'E

78°

45'E

78°

30'E

78°

15'E

79°

15'E

79°

0'E

78°

45'E

78°

30'E

78°

15'E

9° 15' N 9° 0' N 8° 45' N

F i g

. 2.1

2

km0

510

Van

Tivu

Kos

war

i Tiv

uVila

ngu

shul

i Tiv

u

Kar

ia s

huli

Tivu

Upp

u Ta

nni T

ivu

Sha

li Ti

vuN

alla

Tan

ni T

ivu

Ana

ipar

i Tiv

uP

alliy

arm

unai

Tiv

u

Puv

aras

anpu

tti T

ivu

App

a Ti

vu

Tala

iri T

ivu Va

lai T

ivu

Mul

i Tiv

uM

usal

Tiv

u

Man

alip

utti

Tivu

Kov

i Tiv

u

Pum

uric

han

Tivu

Shi

ngle

Tiv

u

Kur

usad

Tiv

u

P

a

l

k

B

a

y

G

u

l

f

o

f

M

a

n

n

a

r

TUTI

CO

RIN

Tiru

pulla

niM

anda

pam

Ram

esw

aram

Kad

alad

i

Dha

nusk

odi

Gun d arRr.

Va

i ga

i. R

Ma

dike

ttan

Oda

i

Vaippar R.

Ko ttagu

diAr

C h

a n n

e l

P a l k

Pal

Ar.

L E

G E

N D

Ecs

vE

ntic

Chr

omus

terts

(Kov

ilpat

ti (K

vp))

Tcsv

Vert

isol

(Bla

ck s

oil)

Typi

c C

hrom

uste

rts (

Mud

ukul

lath

ur (M

dk))

Auo

t

Cau

pt

Tupt

Entis

ol (R

ecen

t soi

l)A

quic

Ust

orth

ents

(Kee

lapa

vala

m (K

pm))

Cal

cio

Ust

ipsa

mm

ents

(Ram

esw

aram

(Rm

w))

Typi

c U

stip

sam

men

ts

(Man

dapa

m (M

bm),

Tiru

chen

dur (

Tcr)

)

(Bas

ed o

n U

.S. D

epar

tmen

t of A

gric

ultu

re)

Soil

clas

sific

atio

n

Fhsf

Vhs

f+Vu

op

Vhs

f+E

csv

Vhs

f

Alfi

sol (

Red

dish

Bro

wn

soil)

Vhs

f+Fu

tp

Verti

c H

aplu

stal

fs (K

adal

adi (

Kdl

))

Verti

c H

aplu

stal

fs+E

ntic

Chr

omus

terts

(Kad

alad

i (K

dl))

Verti

c H

aplu

stal

fs+V

ertic

Ust

roch

erep

t (Va

nnan

kund

u (V

nk))

Verti

c H

aplu

stal

fs+F

luve

ntic

Ust

rope

pts

(Pan

nerk

ulam

(Pnk

))

Fluv

entic

Hap

lust

alfs

(Mam

alla

kkar

ai (M

lk))

Verti

c H

aplu

stal

fs+T

ypic

Ust

rope

pts+

Verti

c U

stro

pept

s (A

ttank

arai

(Akr

))V

hsf+

Tutp

+Vut

p

Rpu

tR

hodi

c P

aleu

stal

fs (K

uthi

raim

ozhi

(Km

l), S

ayal

kudi

(Syk

))

Psu

fP

sam

men

tic P

aleu

stal

fs (K

udak

otta

i (K

dk))

Tfop

+Aup

t

Tutp

Typi

c Fr

agio

chre

pts+

Aqu

ic U

stip

sam

men

ts

(Tiru

ppul

lani

(Tpl

))

Typi

c U

stro

pept

s (P

aram

akud

i (P

mk)

)

Cau

op

Futp

Ince

ptis

ol (I

mm

atur

e so

il)

Fluv

entic

Ust

rope

pts

(Say

alku

di (S

yk))

Cal

cio

Ust

roch

rept

s (V

edal

ai (V

dl))

Rev

enue

Vill

age

Loca

tion

& N

ame

Say

alku

di!

Mar

sh la

nd

Tfop

Typi

c Fr

agio

chre

pts

(Tiru

ppul

lani

(Tpl

))

Sou

rce:

NB

SS

& S

oil S

urve

y an

d La

ndus

e O

rgan

isat

ion,

Coi

mba

tore

and

com

pile

d by

aut

hour

Kara

mpa

llam

Oda

i

Man

ali T

ivu

Ram

esw

aram

Sec

tor

Man

dapa

m S

ecto

r

Tutic

orin

Sec

tor

Ott

apid

aram

Sec

tor

Vila

thik

ulam

Sec

tor

Kad

alad

i Sec

tor

51

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

series. The important characteristics of these subdivisions and their distribution in the

study area are given in the following section.

3.10.1.1 Aquic Ustorthents-Auot (Keelapavalam): The Keelapalavam soil

series is characterised by dark brown colour, very deep, coarse, loamy, slightly

calcareous and neutral. Areas with these soils possess gentle slope and are prone for

water stagnation. In general, this soil series supports vegetation such as Palm,

Poovarasu and Tamarind. It is mainly found in the Ramanathapuram Taluk, between

Nochiyurani and Kalimankundu. It covers an area of 25.25 sq.km or 1.63 per cent of

the study area.

3.10.1.2 Typic Ustipsamments - Tupt (Mandapam and Tiruchendur): The

Mandapam and Tiruchendur soil series are characterised by deep to moderately deep,

wind transported shingle grain, and calcareous as well as non calcareous, red and

grayish brown and well drained soil. In general, this soil series largely supports

vegetation such as Palmyrah in the study area. It occurs in the Ramanathapuram

Taluk, along the shore line with a width of 1-2 km and distributed for about 788

sq.km. It is a predominant feature in the study area and occupies 50.8 per cent.

3.10.1.3 Calcio Ustipsamments - Caupt (Rameswaram): The Rameswaram

soil series are similar to Typic Ustipsamments (Mandapam and Tiruchendur) except

that they are deep and have unweathered sea shells in the profile. In this soil series the

major vegetations are Palmyrah and Coconut. About 21 sq.km or 1.34 per cent of the

study area comes under this soil series. They mainly occur in the Rameswaram Taluk,

far larger extenting between Pamban and Rameswaram.

2.10.2 Vertisol (Black soil)

Vertisols are commonly referred to as black soils. They are subjected to

cracking during summer season, mostly montmorillenite that shrink and swell over the

rainy seasons. They have wide deep cracks during moisture deficient periods.

Alkaline reaction is common to the various parent materials like calcareous

sedimentary rocks, basic igneous rocks and alluvial deposits. They are usually formed

over gentle slopes. The important soil series of this group found in the coastal zone

are detailed as follows.

2.10.2.1Typic Chromusterts - Tcsv (Mudukulathur): It is locally known as

Mudukulathur soil. It is characterized by black, deep, imperfectly drained, cracking

52

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

dry soils on nearly level land. In general, this soil series supports to raise cotton,

chillies, ground nuts and small millets. It is found in the Idampadal and Siraikulam

area of Ramanathapuram Taluk and covers an area of 18.20sq km that accounts for

0.69 per cent of the total study area.

2.10.2.2 Entic Chromusterts - Ecsv (Kovilpatti): It is called Kovilpatti soil

series. It is black, very deep, calcareous, moderately well drained, heavy textured,

with well developed crumb structure and well defined horizon soils derived from

gneiss. The profile invariably consists of gypsum in various stage of development.

This soil supports to cultivate cotton, chillies and pulses. It covers an area of about

240 sq km and is mainly distributed along the western margin, a little south of

Vaippar River. It occupies 15.4 per cent of the total area of the Tuticorin coastal zone.

2.10.3 Inceptisol (Immature soil)

Inceptisols are imperfectly or very poorly developed soils with indistinct

profile features that retain close resemblance to the parent material. The five major

great-groups soils found in the study area are:

2.10.3.1 Calcio-Ustochropts - Cauop (Vedalai): This soil series is

characterised by light brownish, very deep, coarse to fine loamy, occurring in low

lying swampy lands. They are calcareous and have calcic horizon. They have ochric

epipedon (surface layer has organic matter less than 1 per cent) and Ustic moisture

regime (the soil moisture control section is dry in some parts or all parts for 90 days

or more cumulative days). In general, this soil series supports vegetation such as

Prosopis, Acacia and Palmyra. It is found in the northeastern part of Rameswaram

Island, west and south of Vaigai River that altogether cover an area of 25 sq km or

1.63 per cent of the study area.

2.10.3.2 Typic Fragiochrepts - Tfop (Tiruppullani): The Tiruppullani soil

series is yellowish brown, very deep, coarse loamy, noncalcareous and mildly alkaline

soil. Areas with these soils possess gentle slope and slight erosion and moisture land.

Prosopis and palm are the major vegetations in the soil group. This soil is distributed

for about 14.8 sq km or 0.96 per cent of the total study area. A linear stretch of this

soil is found in Nochiyurani and Kalimankundu of the Ramanathapuram Taluk.

53

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

2.10.3.3 Typic Fragiochrepts+Aquic Ustipsamments – Tfop+Aupt

(Tiruppullani): This soil series is an extended and mixed soil of Typic Fragiochrepts.

2.10.3.4 Fluventic Ustropepts - Futp (Sayalkudi): This soil series is dark

yellowish brown, very deep, calcareous, moderately well drained, medium textured,

with well developed structure and moderately well defined horizon soil and developed

from old flood plains of river alluvium. In this soil, Cotton, Groundnut, Pulses and

small millets are being cultivated. It occurs in the Sayalkudi, Panaydiyendal,

Melakidaram and Melaselvanur areas of Kadaladi Taluk. It covers an extent of 42.36

sq km, which is about 2.73 per cent of the study area.

2.10.3.5 Typic Ustropepts - Tutp (Paramakudi): It is moderately deep light to

medium textured, non calcareous, brown soils with weak structural development. It is

found in the villages such as Panaydiyendal and Utrakosamangai of the

Ramanathapuram Taluk and covers about 0.89 per cent or 10.12 sq km of the study

area. Small millets are generally being grown in this soil.

2.10.4 Alfisol (Reddish Brown soil)

Alfisol are associated with moisture less continental climatic zones than the

mollisols. They are the most extensive soils found in the study area having mineral

content and usually moist. They have either an argillic or a nitric horizon. The vase

saturation is more than 50 per cent below top. The Alfisols soil orders are described in

the following paragraphs:

2.10.4.1 Fluventic Haplustalfs - Fhsf (Mamallakkarai): The Mamallakkarai

soil series is dark brown, deep, coarse loamy, calcareous and slightly alkaline soil. It

is found in the Kanjirangudi and Palamorekulam areas of the Ramanathapuram Taluk

and covers about 28 sq km or 1.8 per cent of the study area. The prosopis and thorny

shrubs are the major vegetation growing in this soil.

2.10.4.2 Psammentic Paleustalfs - Psuf (Kudakottai): The Kudakottai soil

series is characterized by very deep, loamy soils on flat areas, moderately eroded,

associated with very deep and excessively drained, sandy clay soils. In this soil series

groundnut, coconut, prosopis and acacia are being cultivated. It is mainly found in

Kudakottai, Kumbaram, Karan and Rettaiyurani areas of the Ramanathapuram Taluk.

It is distributed for an area of 22.67 sq.km, which accounts for 2.35 per cent of the

total study area.

54

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

2.10.4.3 Rhodic Paleustalfs - Rupt (Kuthiraimozhi): The Kuthiraimozhi soil

series is very deep, somewhat excessively drained, loamy soils on gentle sloping

areas, moderately and severely eroded, associated with very deep and excessively

drained sandy soils. Acacia, Prosopis and Palms are the common vegetation in this

soil. The areas of Kuthiraimozhi, S.Taraikudi, Soorangudi, Thangammalpuram.K.,

and Sivagnapuram in the Kadaladi Taluk and Kadugusandai, Keelakidaram,

Melakidaram, Melaselvanur, and Thanichyam of the Ramanathapuram Taluk cover

Kuthiraimozhi soils for an area of 44.7 sq.km or 10.2 per cent of the study area.

2.10.4.4 Vertic Haplustalfs - Vhsf (Kadaladi): It is a dark grayish brown, very

fine loamy, calcareous, moderately alkaline soil. It is found in gentle sloping areas

and subjected to slight erosion. Palm and Prosopis are the predominant vegetation

found in this soil series. It occurs in the Sikkal, Kadaladi, Peikulam, Valanur in the

Ramanathapuram Taluk and Meenangudi, Silliyanvagaikkulam, Iruveli and

Archanipagam Usilangulam of the Kadaladi Taluk and altogether covers an area of

19.65sq km, which is about 1.62 per cent of the study area. It is also mixed with

Vertic Haplustalfs+Entic Chromusterts - Vhsf+Ecsv and Vertic Haplustalfs+Vertic

Ustrocherept (Vhsf+Vuop) soils.

2.10.4.5 Vertic Haplusstalfs+Fluventic Ustrocherept - Vhsf+Futp

(Pannerkulam): The Pannerkulam soil series is deep to very deep non-calcareous,

well drained, and medium to coarse textured, well developed structure and moderately

well defined horizons and red soils developed from weathered gneiss. About 10.4

sq.km or 1.2 per cent of the study area is under this soil series. It supports for growth

of Palmyrah, Acacia, Prosopis, Neem, Coconut, Ficus, Opunita, Erukku and

Tamarind. The areas of Kulayankarisal, Milavittan, Maravanmatam and

Ramasamypuram of the Tuticorin Taluk are covered with this soil series.

2.10.4.6 Vertic Ustropepts+Typic Ustropepts+Vertic Haplustalfs -

Vhsf+Tutp+Vutp (Villathikulam): This soil series is characterized by dark yellowish

brown, very deep, calcareous, moderately well drained, medium textured, with well

developed structure and moderately well defined horizon soils, developed from old

flood plains of river alluvium. It is not subject to any serious erosion. In this soil

series, crops like cotton, groundnut, pulses and small millets are being cultivated. It is

found in Villathikulam Taluk by covering villages Vedapatti, Vaippar, Virusampatti,

Poosanoor, Palakulam, Thathaneri, M. Kumarasakkanapuram, and Nedungulam. It is

55

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

distributed for an area of 42.36 sq.km, which accounts for 2.73 per cent of the study

area.

2.11 GENERAL LAND USE/ LAND COVER

The spatial distribution of land use/ land cover has been brought out (using

Indian Remote Sensing satellite data IRS-1D, LISS-III FCC image) as it the result of

permanent adjustment between constraining properties and socio-economic attributes

of the study area (Figure 2.13). The total area of the coast zone is 14,8865 ha. It could

be brought out under six major land use (Level I) categories. They are Built up lands

covering an area of 6,824 ha or 4.6 per cent, Agricultural lands 72,436 ha or 48.7 per

cent, Forests 9,601 ha or 6.4 per cent, Wastelands 45,611 ha or 30.6 per cent and

water bodies 1, 0054 ha or 6.8 per cent, and others 4,339 ha or 2.9 per cent of the total

study area. The predominant class of agricultural lands is followed by the wastelands.

These wastelands are in the central part and along the coast line of the eastern margins

of the study area. However, the wastelands along the coastline can be utilized if

proper conservation measures or alternatives are taken. They are suitable for scrub

forest. A detailed description of the land use / land cover is discussed in the third

chapter.

2.12 SOURCES OF IRRIGATION

The irrigation sources are Canals, Tanks, Wells and Tube wells. For the

Kalvoi – Sadayaneri (Thoothukudi District), the Government has sanctioned an

amount for the scheme of widening the existing Kalvoi – Sadayaneri Channel upto

Kalvoi Tank and widening the existing Sadayaneri Channel, excavation of Sadayaneri

Extension Channel, improvements to the existing Mudalur Odai from Karumeniyar to

Vairavantharuvai and excavating a link canal from Vairavantharuvai to

Puthantharuvai. For Malattar Anicut Scheme (Ramanathapuram District) and

Narayana Cauvery Channel (Ramanathapuram District), the Government has

sanctioned the scheme for Rehabilitation of Narayana Cauvery Channel and its anicut

(Mandalamanickam Anicut) to feed Sayalkudi tank and other 33 tanks in

Ramanathapuram District. This scheme gives irrigation support to 1942.97 ha of lands

including Mandalamanickam, Kamuthi, Mandalnadu, K.Nedungulam, Seemanendal,

Kundukulam, K.Veppankulam, O.Karisalkulam, Kovilankulam, Koomboothi,

M.Pudukulam and Villanendal villages of Kamuthi Taluk, Sayalkudi,

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56

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

M.Karisalkulam, N.Karisalkulam, A.Usilangulam, S.Vagaikulam, Pillayarkulam,

S.Keerandai and Keela Allikulam villages of Kadaladi Taluk in Ramanathapuram

District.

2.13 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

The village wise population of the study area (2001 census, Appendix 2.1) was

obtained from the Statistical Department, Government of Tamil Nadu. Accordingly,

the total population of the study area is 5,49,956 persons of which 86, 271 persons or

about 15.7 per cent of the population are in the villages of Tuticorin Taluk, where as

the villages of Ramanathapuram Taluk have 1,90,995 persons which account for 34.7

per cent. The distribution of population (Figure 2.14) in the villages of Ottapidaram,

Vilathikulam and Rameswaram Taluks is relatively less and altogether constitute only

24.4 per cent of the total population of the study area. The part of the study area

which falls under the Villathikulam Taluk possesses very less population among all

taluks. It constitutes only 23,938 persons which is just 4.4 per cent of the total

population of the study area. Accordingly, a large amount of population is

concentrated in the southern part of the study area whereas the central and other parts

have low population. The highest population is found in the Ramanathapuram taluk

which alone constitute (1,90,995 persons) 34.7 per cent of the total population of the

study area. It should be noted that Sippikulam, Alavangulam and Brahmankulam,

villages of the Kadaladi Taluk are uninhabited. The villages with relatively higher

population, that is, more than 10,000 persons are in Milavittan, Sankarapperi,

Tuticorin and Muttayyapuram of Tuticorin Taluk, Ervadi and Sayalkudi of Kadaladi

Taluk. The villages of Kilakkarai, Mandapam, Sakkarkottai and Alagankulam of

Ramanathapuram Taluk, and the villages of Rameswaram and Pamban of

Rameswaram Taluk, the villages of Ottapidaram and Villathikulam Taluks have not

exceeded the population of 100, 00 persons.

2.14 POPULATION DENSITY

The population density of Tuticorin coast is 338 persons per sq km. However,

there exists a wide variation in the population density among the taluks of the study

area. The population density is high in the Rameswaram Taluk (Figure 2.15) where

the density is 772 persons per sq km, followed by Tuticorin Taluk, 529 persons per sq

km and Ramanathapuram, 444 persons per sq km. It is lesser in Ottapidaram and

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“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

Vilathikulam Taluks where the density is 174 and 134 persons per sq km respectively.

The least population density is found in Ottapidaram Taluk which has only 174

persons per sq km.

Among the urban centres, the population density is maximum (45,703 persons

per sq km) in the Tuticorin. The other urban centres such as Killakarai (4,458 persons

per sq km) and Mandapam (1,726 persons) also possess higher population density.

Among the villages, the population density is relatively higher (>1000 persons/ sq

km) in Tuticorin of Tuticorin Taluk, Veerapandipuram, Melmandai, Poosanoor, T.

Subbiahpuram, Vedapatti, Kulathur (North), Kulathur (South), Kulathur (East), M.

Kumarasakkanapuram, Vembar, E. Velayudhapuram, Periyasamypuram,

Virusampatti, Nedungulam and Vaippar of Villathikulam Taluk, and

Enmanamkondan of Ramanathapuram Taluk. The remaining rural villages depicted

lower population density in the study area.

2.15 SEX RATIO

Sex Ratio is expressed as 'number of females per thousands males in the

population'. Sex ratio of the study area is 969 (Figure 2.16). Therefore the female

population is marginally less than the male population. Similar trend is observed for

the Taluks of Kadaladi (989), Ramanathapuram (905) and Rameswaram (936). In

Tuticorin and Ottapidaram Taluks, the case is reverse and the sex ratios are 1043 and

1010 respectively.

Among the villages of the study area, the sex ratio is maximum occurs in

Balamorekulam village of Ramanathapuram Taluk where the sex ratio is more than

1000 in most villages of Tuticorin Taluk. In majority of the villages of Ottapidaram

and Kadaladi Taluks, the sex ratio is less than 1000.

2.16 LITERACY

Literacy rate of population is defined as the percentage of literates to the total

population aged 7 years and above. In the study area, about 72.52 per cent of the

population is literates. However, the percentage of literates varies from 76 per cent to

58.4 per cent among the taluks of the study area (Figure 2.17). The maximum literacy

rate of 75.97 per cent is found in the Tuticorin Taluk followed by Ramanathapuram

Taluk 70.23 per cent, Rameswaram Taluk 68.42 per cent, Ottapidaram Taluk 65.82

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58

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

per cent, and Vilathikulam Taluk 65.80 per cent respectively. The literacy level is

very less in the Kadaladi Taluk which has only 58.43 per cent.

2.17 OCCUPATION

Main workers have worked for the major part of the reference period of 6

months or more and marginal workers have not worked for the major part of the

reference period, less than 6 months constituting about 31.94 and 4.18 per cent

respectively. The non-workers constitute about 56.60 per cent of the total population.

Among the taluks of the study area, the proportion of main workers is more than 40

per cent in Vilathikulam and Ottapidaram taluks whereas its proportion is low (< 25

per cent) in Kadaladi Taluk. Among the villages of the study area, the proportion of

the main workers is high in Tuticorin whereas it is found to be the least (7.7 per cent)

in Thangammalpuram.K., village of Kadaladi Taluk. The villages where the main

workers population is low are 87 per cent (Figure 2.18). The marginal workers

constitute just 4.18 per cent of the total population. Among the villages, the

proportion of marginal workers is maximum (56 per cent) in Thangammalpuram.K.,

village of Vilathikulam Taluk and the least (0.11 per cent) in the Mulur

Muthukumarapuram village of Ottapidaram Taluk. The non-workers population is

high (> 40 per cent of the population) in the Vilathikulam and Ottapidaram Taluks

whereas it is low (< 25 per cent) in Kadaladi Taluk.

Note: All workers that is who have been engaged in some economic activity

during the last one year, but are not cultivators or agricultural labourers or in

Household Industry, are 'Other Workers (OW)'. The workers that come under this

category of 'OW' include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers,

factory workers, plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business,

transport banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests,

entertainment artists, etc.

2.18 TRANSPORT NETWORK

The study area is connected by the road and railway network (Figure 2.19).

The National Highways (NH) No.49 which connects Madurai and Rameswaram

passes through the northern part of the study area. The NH (No. 7A), which passes

through the southern part of the study area connects Tuticorin with other parts of the

State. Apart from this, the East Coast Road which connects Chennai and

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59

“Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Tuticorin Coast, Tamil Nadu, India: Using Geo-spatial Technology”, Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli: geomks16@gmail.com (2010)

Kaniyakumari passes through the study area that runs almost parallel to the coastline.

A number of State Highways (SH) criss-cross the various parts of the study area.

Tuticorin and Rameswaram, the two important urban centres of the study area are

well connected by rail while the Chennai-Tiruchirappalli-Rameswaram broad gauge

line passes thorough the northern part of the study area. Tuticorin being an important

Port town is well connected by sea with other parts of the country and world. The

much narrated Sethu Samundram Canal which is under construction, envisaging

facilitates the movement of larger vessels across the water of the Gulf of Mannar and

Palk Bay, lies closer to the study area.

2.19 TOURISM

The study area is a place of legend because Rameswaram is sacred for both the

Shaivite and Vaishnavite sects of Hinduism. The Ramanathaswami Temple is located

about a hundred meters from the shore. The Kurusadai Islands, west of the Pamban

Bridge are of great interest to marine biologists. The Gulf has been declared a

Biosphere Reserve. The coral reefs are beautiful and provide home to lots of sea-

creatures. Boat rides in the islands can be arranged from Mandapam. The district

headquarters at Ramanathapuram (55 km) is to be visited for the Ramvilas Palace of

Sethupati kings where the walls are very entertaining, with oil portraits of the kings

and murals of such sundry occasions as battles with Marathas and business meetings

with the British. Ervadi (21 km) is a place of pilgrimage for Muslims. It has the tomb

of Ibrahim Syed Aulia. An annual festival in memory of the Saint is held every

December. Uthirakosamangai has a statue of Shiva carved out of emerald and attracts

lots of pilgrims. Kanchirankullam (35 km) is a water Bird Sanctuary and is home to

many species throughout the year and the season is from November to February. The

spot Valinokkam (90 km) is a seaside village largely untouched by consumerism and

tourism. The water is clear and clean and ideal for swimming. The seaside is peppered

with little stalls selling wares of seashell art, corals, conches and palm leaf drawings.

It is hot and humid all through the year as the summer and winter temperatures do not

vary much. However, the months of Jan/ Feb are more comfortable than May/ June.