J:K.A. U.: Mar. Sci.. Vol. 4, pp. 165-179 (1413 A.H./1993 A.D.)

Studies on the Cultivation of A vicennia marina Mangrove

*A.K.M.. KHAFAJI, A.M.N. EL-NAKKADI, S.Z. EL-AoAMY and M. ILYASFaculty of Marine Science, King Abdulaziz University,

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,' and * Faculty of Agriculture,

Assiut University, Egypt

ABSTRACT. This paper studies the most suitable environmental factors formangrove seedlings growth. It describes the influence of indole acetic acid,indole butyric acid, gibberellic acid, quinine and benzyladenine on thegrowth rate. Seed had been germinated in running water and tissue cultureexperiments were carried out to overcome inhibition effect of the phenoliccompounds and infection of the seeds. The inhibition effect had been con-firmed by experiments on germination of cucumber seeds. Results pointedout that best growth (1.86:!: 0.58cm) occurred by using soil consistsof25%sand + 65% peatmoss + 10% clay accompanied with fresh water irrigation.Treatment with different hormones gave negative results as compared tothe control. Also no significant results were obtained when the seedlingscultivated in the green house. Tissue culture experiments gave positive re-sults after eliminating infection and phenolic compounds.

Introduction

The mangrove forest affect the socioeconomic status of the area, where they existed.The Saudi Red Seacoast is one of the areas suitable for mangrove growth. A. marinamangrove occurs along the whole Saudi Red Sea coast, from Gizan (south) up toHaqul (north). In the past, mangroves were dense all along this coast but nowadayssuch dense growth occurs only in the southern section, however, the central andnorthern mangroves became lesser. The climatic conditions in these areas havereached up to the..maximum limits of their tol~rance (Mandura et af. 1987, 1988). Thesituation prevail the stunted growth and uneven distribution which resulted as di-minishing the mangrove forest gradually. Besides the unfayorable situation, there isa plenty of area which could be converted into the mangrove swamps.

165

167Studies on the Cultivation of Avicennia marina Mangrove

Plan of work showing the sea water dilutions and different soil types used in the growth exper.iment of A. marina.

TABLE

S : SandP : PeatmossC : Clay

SW : Sea waterFW : Fresh water

effects on the germination t;)f mangrove seeds and growth of the seedlings, accord-ingly. The IAA, GA3 and IBA were dissolved in 50% ethanol and then required vol-ume was made with distilled water, while remaining hormones (0 and BAR) weredissolved in minimum quantity of 2N HCI and volume was made-up with distilledwater.

The Effect of Hormone on the Growth of Mangrove Seedlings

Preparation of the experimental soil

The soil composing of 25% sand, 65% peatmoss and 10% clay (chosen from theprevious experiment), the above mentioned soil was mixed thoroughly in bulk andspreaded in the canal made in the green-house.

Green-house

Green-house was constructed as half oval shape shade covered with poly-acrylsheets and equipped with the air filter along with two ventilation fans (their size andpower. are according to the capacity of the green house). In this green house an areaof 1 x 20 meter was excavated upto the 50 cm depth, filled with the experimentalplots, each measuring 1 m sq.

Growth Experiments

The two concentrations (10 and 20 ppm) of the GA, Q and BAR were tried fortheir effect on the growth of mangrove seedlings.

169Studies on the Cultivation of A vicennia marina Mangrove

ositol (0.1 g/1), indole acetic acid (1 mg/i) and thiamin-HCI (0.4 g/l). pH of mediumwas adjusted.to 5.6-5.8 and then agar was added as 7.5 g/i. The medium was pouredinto the culture tubes or flasks (20 ml medium for each) and sterilized.

Sterilized embryos were cultured onto sterilized medium and incubated in cultureroom under routine light, 1500 Lux for 16 hours/8 hours dark and temperature of 24::t 2°C.

Seed cultures indicated some contamination, therefore, cotyledons as well as seedcoat were removed to eliminate probable contamination sources. In addition,browning due to inducing phenolic compounds (exudates) of excised parts of seeds(embryos) occurred. Therefore, antioxidant solution consisted of 100 g/i ascorbicacid + 150 mg/i citric acid was prepared for dipping embryos in. Medium was alsosupplemented with 5 g activated charcoal to eliminate browning problem.Moreover, in order to promote explant growth the following were added to themedium:

2 mg/i gibberellic acid, 0.1 mg/i benzylamino purine and 0.5 mg/i indole butyricacid.

Shoot Apices Culture

Newly grown mangrove shoots (2-3 cm long) were brought from Oahban area andplaced into petri dishes with sterilized distilled water. Such shoots were cleaned andcut to 2-5 mm long explants and were then sterilized'with 1 % sodium hypochloritesolution and few drops oftween-20 for 10 minutes, such sterilization was found insuf-ficient to eliminate pathogens, therefore, sterilization procedures were changed tothe following: Explants were dipped into 70% ethanol for 1 minute then soaked in0.01 % mercuric chloride solution for 4 minutes and then sterilized rinsed in sterilizeddistilled water (3 times).

Results and Discussion

The main purpose of this research is to know the best circumstances for mangrovegrowth in order to cultivate it by the usual methods used for other seeds. Reports ofArabian Oil Company and Gorm Research Center (1983-1987) for mangrove seedl-ings growth in Khafgi, have mentioned that the climate in that area is not stable andunsuitable for mangrove growth as it is very hot in summer and cold in winter. In ad-dition there is relatively high water salinity. They obtained partial success by usinggreen houses and plastic covers.

Relatively best mangrove seedlings growth was obtained when we used soil con-sists of 25% sand, 65% peatmoss and 10% clay and irrigation was with fresh water.The growth average was 1.86 :t 0.58 cm (Table 2).

Fresh water had best results than sea water as salinity lessens the rate of growth(Siegel et at. 1.980, Niazi et at. 1985), besides that it also affected plant respiration(Bloom and Epstein 1984). But the net result depend upon the plant roots as man-grove root can absorb 20% of the surrounded salt (Waisel et at. 1986).

.tudies on the Cultivation of A vicennia marina Mangrov.

~ABLE 3.. Growth rates of A vicennia marina seedlings after treating with different hormones

Date

15 October 30 October 15 November 10ecemberTreatment 16 December

AB

AB

AB

AB

AB

AB

AB

AB

130.89 :t 11.32 31.O.

36.O.

29.O.

33.O.

23.O.

17.O.

17.O.

20.O.

31.90:!: 11.300.52:!: 0.50

38.02:!: 16.26!0.62:!: 0.50

26.69:!: 11.490.Z4:!: 0.29

33.59:t 11.050.28:t 0.43 i

23.93:t 9.790.37:t 0.36

18.29:t 6.140.31:t 0.33

18.37:!: 6.000.62:!: 0.48

2O.13:!: 4.480.62:!: 0.45

34.45:t 9.450.33:t 0.30

39.99 :t 17.09

0.83:t 0.81

30.06 :t 11.78

0.54:t 0.51

33.95:t 11.160.37:t 0.37

24.93:t 9.900.56:t 0.46

18.72:t 6.080.48:t 0.35

18.74:t 5.990.37:t 0.28

21.67:t 4.460.55:t 0.40

350

41.

0

300

340

24i 0:

19

0

19

0

220

Seedling in nature

Control 35.23:t 14.541.76:t 2.16

28.38:t 10.470.46:t 0.61

32.98:t 10.710.27:t 0.46

23.13:t 9.82

Treatment No,

Treatment No. II

Treatment No. III

Treatment No. IV 17.37:!: 5.99

Treatment No. V 17.25:t 5.87

Treatment No. V

120.20:!:

4.55

A : Average of plant height.B : Growth average in cm.

TABLE 4. Germination results of Avicennia marina seeds after 10 days from plantation

Number of gemlinatedseeds

The totalnumber of

seeds

Number ofseeds without

coat

NumberoCcracked

coat seeds

Numberof

unchangedseeds

Root

appearance

Water of irrigation

+++

Periodical irrigationwith sea water

Running sea water

29

40

21

35

-6

-1613

Periodical irrigationwith fresh water

Runningfresh water

29

35

27

35

4 15

18

2

11

+ Bare cotyledon.+ Beginning of differentiation of one cotyledon.+ No sign.for growth but the cotyledons started to differentiate.+ Final differentiation of cotyledons.

seed which cause inhibition of germination, this is proved in the present work bycucumber seeds germination (Fig. 2-5) and tissue culture experiments.

33 :f:44i66:!

37 ~

05 :t37 :t31

of

33 :f:

56 i43 :!98

~6O:t

75 :i50 :!51

~46:t

11.260.42

15.540.23

10.900.53

10.850.45

9.850.35

6.060.45

5.960.46

4.610.45

.10

:!:.31

:!:

.11 :!:

.49 :!:

.37 :!:

.35 :!:.25:!:

.30 :!:

.93 :!:

.44 :!:

.30 :!:.51

:!:

.22 :!:

.49 :!:

.33 :!:

66:!:

9.200.31

~7.740.32

11.880.37

11.270.17

9..97

0,296.080.37

6.030.39

4.440.48

Studies on the Cultivation of A vicennio marina Ma.ngrove 173

FIG. 3. Cucumber seeds irrigated with mangrove seed extract (50 ml)

FIG. 4. Cucumber seeds, after soaking in mangrove seed extract.

FIG. 5. Cucumber seeds, after soaking in fresh water.

175Studies on the Cultivation of A vicennia marina Mangrove

FIG. 7. Shows the start of infection with phenolic compounds

FIG. 8. Shows death of parts of the plant due to phenolic effect.

Studies on the Cultivation of A vicennia marina Mangrove 177

FIG. II. Mangrove cmhryos grown on charcoal medium.

Conclusion

It is possible to cultivate mangrove seeds after removing the seed infection by thedouble sterilization followed by tissue culture. Also the influence of the phenoliccompounds must be removed by antioxidizing agents followed by adsorption oncharcoal.

References

Arabian Oil Company, AI Gorm Research Center (1983-1987) A Report on Mangrove Research at Ra.~ al-Khafgi. Report I (1983), Report 2 (1984), Report 3 (1985), Report 4 (1986), Report 5 (1987).

Baeshin, N.A. and Aleem, A.A. (1978) Littoral vegetation at Rabegh (Red Sea Coast). Saudi Arabia.Bull. Fac. .\'ci.. K.A.U. 2: 123-130.

Bloom, A. and Esptein, Emanuel (1984) Varietal differences in salt-induced respiration in Barlcy. Plallt.\'cienceLetters.3S(I): 1-3.

Bondok, A.Z., EI-Agamy, S.Z., Gaber, M.F., EI-Din,I.S. and Khalil, F.A. (1986) In vitro micropropaga-tion of Wardi Red pomegramate. Egypt. J. Hort., 13(2): IO3-IOX.

Bondok, A.Z., EI-Agamy, S.Z. and Gomaa, A.H. (19X7) In vitro propagation of som~ apple S~ions andRootstocks. EgyptJ. Hort.. 14(2): 101-111..

Studies on the Cultivation of A vicennia marina Mangrove 179

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