studies on some medicinal plants used in

Table 1. Chronological and geographcal details of survey and collection of medicinal plants.

Area surveyed Sl.No.

Period of survey State District Region

No.of plants

collected 1 May, 1995 Maharashtra Poona Poona, Kothrod, Ganeshkhind, Deccangymkhana. 10 2 July, 1995 Kerala Ernakulam, Angamaly Kolencherry Manjapra, Ayyampuzha, Thattekkade,

Bhoothathankette, Thavalappara, Kuttanpuzha, Panamkutty Pooyamkutty, Edamalayar, Cherai, Athani.

74

3 December,1995 Idukki Valara, Adimaly, Munnar, Marayoor, Neeryamangalam. .

11

4 January, 1996 Kerala Wyanad Kalpetta,Pookkottuchira, Panmaram,Mananthawady, Sulthanbathery, Kaikatty.

31

5 March, 1996 Tamilnadu Coimbatore Ramanadapuram, Gadhigram, Krishnagiri, Thali.

11

Tamilnadu Salem Perunthura, Salem,Dharmapuri.

13

6 July, 1996 Karnataka Bangalore Banglore, Elahanka, Essarhata, Dhanwantharivanam,

Indiranagar, Whitefield. 22

7 September, 1996 Kerala Malapuram Malapuram, Manjeri, Nilampoor, Vazhikadave. 16 8 Decmber, 1996 Kerala Palakkad Nelliyampathy, Kaikatty, Poothundy, Valayar, Attappady

Patagiri, Sitharagunda, Poothupara, Karappara. 12

9 February, 1997 Kerala Thiruvanantha -puram

Neyyar, Attingal. 4

Kerala Alapuzha Kayamkulam, Thrikunnapuzha, Harippad, Mavelikara , Chenganacheri.

9

10 August, 1997 Kerala Palakkad Mannarkad, Thalapady, Govindapuram, Kollamkode, Vadakkumcherry.

15

11 November, 1997 Kerala Kasargod Neeleswaram, Madikkai, Chalakadavu. 7

Area surveyed Sl.

No. Period of survey State District Region

No.of plants

collected 12 January, 1998 Kerala Wyanad Muthanga, Sultanbatherry, Pulpally, Ambalavayal, Mullankolli,

Nemamkadave, Vaithiri. 13

13 September – October, 1995

Kerala Trichur Athirapally, Ayyanthole, Mannuthy, Vazhachal, Peechi, Sholayar.

43

14 September, 1998 Kerala Kozhikode Kappad, Koilandy, Vadakara, Payyoli. 8 15 September, 1998 Kerala Ernakulam Athani, Iringole, Pattal, Odakkali. 30 16 January, 1999 Kerala Thiruvanantha -

puram Ponmudi, Kovalam. 3

17 January, 1999 Kerala Ernakulam Al,uva, Athani, Malayatoor, Manikamangalam, Perumbavoor, Pattimattom, Kadapara, Ellithode, , Thattekkade, Edamalayar, Malipara, Chelad, Mattancherry, Vypin.

65

18 April, 1999 Karnataka Mysore Mysore, Hussor. 5 Tamilnadu Ootacumund Dodpetta,Coonore. 6 Andhra

Pradesh Hyderabad Puttapurthi. 2

19 July, 1999 Kerala Kannur Iritty, Mattanore, Thalassery. 6 20 August, 1999 Goa Majoda Arrosin. 1

South Goa Madgoa. 2 North Goa Panagi. 1

21 October, 1999 Kerala Kollam Kulathupuzha. 5 Thiruvanantha -

puram Nedumangade, Palode. 4

Pathanamthitta Vyalathala, Konni. 3 Total 432

Table 2. Manurial treatments of Operculina turpethum

Treatment 45 days 3 months 6 months 7 months 10 months

Control - - - - -

FYM - FYM @ 7.5 tons /ha as slurry

- FYM @ 7.5 tons /ha as slurry

FYM @ 7.5 tons /ha as slurry

Fertiliser

NPK @ 62.5 : 62.5 : 62.5 kg/ha

-

NPK @ 125 : 125 : 125 kg/ha -

NPK @ 125 : 125 : 125 kg/ha + K2O @ 90 kg/ha as MoP

FYM = Farm Yard Manure NPK = Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium supplied as N, P2O5 and K2O at the rates

indicated applied in the form of 17:17:17 complex fertiliser MoP = Muriate of Potash

Table 3. Systematic position, source and official part of different rasna drugs

Sl.No

Scientific name Family Common Name

Source Plant part

1 Alpinia officinarum Hance

Zingiberaceae Bengalaratha Commer cial sample

Rhizome

2 Alpinia calcarata Rosc.

Zingiberaceae Nadan chittaratha

Cultivated sample

Rhizome

3 Alpinia galanga Sw. Zingiberaceae Aratha, Peraratha

Wild collection

Rhizome

4 Rheum emodi Wall ex Meissn.

Polygonaceae Chuvannaratha

Commercial Sample

Rhizome

5 Vanda tessellata Loud and Loud

Orchidaceae Vanda Wild Collection

Stem

Table 4. Composition of Rasnerandadi kwath

Name of the drug Sl.No. Scientific Sanskrit Malayalam

Plant part Quantity (g)

1 Alpinia sp. Rasna Aratha Rhizome 50 2 Ricinus communis Eranda Avanakke Root 50 3 Adhatoda beddomei Vasa Adalodakam Root 50 4 Tinospora cordifolia Guduchi Amruthe Stem 50 5 Asparagus racemosus Satavari Satavari Tuberous

root 50

6 Tragia involucrate Duralabha Kodithuva Root 50 7 Strobilanthes ciliatus. Sahachara Karimkurinji Root 50 8 Asteracantha longifolia Kokilaksha Vayalchulli Plant 50 9 Sida rhombifolia

ssp.retusa Bala Kurumthotti Root 50

10 Zingiber officinale Sunthi Chukku Rhizome 50 11 Kaempferia galanga Kachoora Kacholam Rhizome 50 12 Cedrus deodara Devadaru Devataram Heart

wood 50

13 Cyperus rotundus Mustha Muthanga Root 50 14 Aconitum

heterophyllum Athivisha Athividayam Tuber 8

Total 658

Table 5. Composition of Ashtavargam kwath

Name of the drug Sl.

No. Scientific Sanskrit Malayalam Plant part Quantity

(g) 1 Alpinia sp. Rasna Aratha Rhizome 100 2 Ricinus communis Eranda Avanakke Root 100 3 Zingiber officinale Sunthi Chukke Rhizome 100 4 Cedrus deodara Devadaru Devadaram Heart

wood 100

5 Strobilanthes ciliatus Sahachara Karimkurunji Root 100 6 Vitex negundo Nirgundi Karinochi Root 100 7 Sida rhombifolia

ssp.retusa Bala Kurunthotti Root 100

8 Allum sativam Lasuna Veluthulli Bulb 100 Total 800

Table 6. Composition of Rasnasapthakam kwath

Name of the drug Sl.No. Scientific Sanskrit Malayalam

Plant part Quantity (g)

1 Alpinia sp. Rasna Aratha Rhizome 100 2 Tinospora cordifolia Guduchi Amruthe Stem 100 3 Ricinus communis Eranda Avanakke Root 100 4 Cedrus deodara Devadaru Devadaram Heart

wood 100

5 Cassia fistula Aragwada Kanikkonna Stem bark

100

6 Tribulus terrestris Gokshura Njerinjil Fruit 100 7 Boerhaavia diffusa Punarnava Thazhuthama Root 100 Total 700

Table 7. Systematic position, vernacular names and source of plants collected Sl. No.

Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name

Places of Collection

Parts used

1 Naravelia zeylanica Linn.DC. Ranunculaceae Dhanavalli Vathamkolli Athirappilli. Whole plant, root 2 Dillenia indica Linn. Dilleniaceae Bharija Malampunna Dillenia Kalpetta Fruits, bark, Leaf 3 Michelia champaca Linn. Magnoliaceae Champaka Chempakam Michelia Thrissur Whole plant 4 Annona muricata Linn. Annonaceae Mullatha Soursop Aluva, Leaf, flowers, bark 5 Artabotrys hexapetalus(Linn.f) Bhandari Annonaceae Hara champaka Manoranjini Climbing ylang-

ylang Bangalore Leaf, flowers

6 Cananga odorata (Lam) Hook.f & Thoms

Annonaceae Ylang-ylang tree Mavelikkara Flower

7 Polyalthia korinti HK .f .&T.. Annonaceae Athirappilly Root 8 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.)Thw.

var.pendula Annonaceae Ulkatah,

Kashtadaruh Aranamaram Mast or Cemetry

tree Mavelikkara Bark

9 Uvaria narum(Dunal)Wall ex Wight Annonaceae Nilavalli, Vallisakhotah

Narinpanal Athirappilly Root

10 Anamirta cocculus (Linn) Wight &Arn. Menispermaceae Garalaphala Polla Fish berries Peechi seed 11 Cissampelos pareira Linn. Menispermaceae Ambashta Malathangi False pareira,

Brava Kaikatty Root

12 Cocculus hirsutus(Linn.)Diels Menispermaceae Patalagarudah Patalagarudakkadi Broom creeper Kalpetta Root, Leaf 13 Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn)Colebr. Menispermaceae Darvi,

Daruharidra Maramanjal Tree turmeric Peechi Stem, bark, root,

wood 14 Cyclea peltata (Linn) Hook.f & Thomb. Menispermaceae Kakamari,

Patha Kollakaya Pata Athani Root

15 Stephania hernandifolia (Willd) Walp. Menispermaceae Vanatiktika Patavalli Tape vine Pookkoottuchira Root 16 Tiliacora accuminata Miers. Menispermaceae Karaskara lata Vallikkanjiram Sholayar Whole plant 17 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd)Miers ex

Hook f. & Thomas Menispermaceae Guduchi Amruthe Gulancha

Tinospora Athani Stem

18 Berberis aristata DC. Berberidaceae Darvi, Daruharidra

Maramanjal Indian barberry Dodpetta Stem, bark

19 Cabomba aquatica Aubl. Cabombaceae Fish grass Athani Rhizome 20 Nelumbo nucifera Garetn Nymphaceae Ambuja Thamara Sacred lotus,

Indian lotus Mannuthy Rhizome, carpel

21 Nymphaea stellata Willd Nymphaceae Nilolpala Ambal Indian blue water Lily

Athani Rhizome, seed

Sl. No.



Parts used

22. Argemone mexicana Linn. Papaveraceae Svarnaksiri, Brahmadanti

Ponnummattu Mexican poppy, Prickly poppy

Ramanadapuram Whole plant

23. Brasssica juncea Czeran.& Coss. Brassicaceae Sarsapah Katuku Indian mustrard Neeleswaram Seed oil 24. Raphanus sativus Linn. Brassicaceae Mulaka Mullangi Radish Perunthura Tuberous root,

Leaf, seed 25. Capparis zeylanica Linn. Capparidaceae Karambha Karthotti Ayyampuzha Root, bark, Leaf 26. Crateva magna(Lour)DC Capparidaceae Varunah Neermathalam Three leaved

caper Adimali Stem, bark

27. Hybanthus enneaspermus (Linn.) F.Muell.

Violaceae Amburuna, Charati

Orila thammara Athani Whole plant

28. Viola odorata Linn. Violaceae Nilapushpa Sweet violet Bangalore Leaf, whole plant 29. Polygala chinensis Linn. Polygalaceae Chuvanna Polygala Athirapilly Root 30. Talinum portulacifolium (Forst)Aschers

ex Schwf. Portulacaceae Sambar cheera Malipara Leaf

31. Camellia sinensis (Linn.) Kuntze Theaceae Syamaparnicha Teyila Tea Ooty Leaf 32. Shorea robusta Gaertn f. Dipterocarpaceae Salah,

Asvakarnah Salaorksham Sal Ayyampuzha Bark, Leaf, fruits,

resin 33. Vateria indica Linn. Dipterocarpaceae Ajakarnah,

Sarjah Vellappayin Indian copal tree Iringole Bark, resin, oil

34. Garcinia gummi-gutta (Linn)Robs. Clusiaceae Vrksamla Kudappuli Pot tamarind Valara Fruit rind 35. Garcina indica Choisy. Clusiaceae Poonampuli Kokam butter tree Panagi Fruits, seed 36. Garcina mangostana Linn. Clusiaceae Mangosteen Mangosteen Cherai Fruits, seed 37. Abelmoschus moschatus Medicus Malvaceae Latakasturika Kasturivenda Maskmallon Mattancherry seed 38. Abutilon indicum(Linn.) Sweet. Malvaceae Atibala Velluram Abutillon,

Country mallow Chelad Plant, Leaf, root

39. Gossypium arboreum Linn. Malvaceae Raksatika Malamparuthi, Kattuparuthi

Tree Cotton Sulthanbathery Leaf

40. Gossypium herbaceum Linn. Malvaceae Karpasa, Kuruparuthi Common cotton, Salem root, Leaf, flowers, seed

Sl. No.



Parts used

41. Hibiscus aculeatus Roxb. Malvaceae Sathambasti Pathimugham Munnar Root, Leaf 42. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Malvaceae Japa, Java,

Rudrapushpam Chembarathi Shoe flower,

Chinese hibiscus Aluva root, Leaf, flowers

43. Pavonia odorata Willd. Malvaceae Hrivera Eruveli Malayatoor Root 44. Sida rhombifolia Linn. Malvaceae Atibala Vankurunthotti Prickly sida Pattal Whole plant 45. Sida rhombifolia Linn.

ssp.retusa(Linn)Borssum Malvaceae Bala Kurunthotti Country mallow Manjapra Root, Leaf

46. Sida spinosa Linn. Malvaceae Mahabala Anakurunthotti Prickly sida Manjaly Whole plant 47. Guazuma tomentosea H.B.&K. Sterculiaceae Rudraksham Banglore Root, fruit 48. Helicteris isora Linn. Sterculiaceae Avarthini Idampurivallpiri East Indian screw

tree Ayyampuzha Fruits

49. Sterculia foetida Linn. Sterculiaceae Putidaru Poothiunarthy Aluva Wood 50. Theobroma cacao Linn. Sterculiaceae Coco Coco Manjapra Seeda 51. Urena lobata Linn. Sterculiaceae Vanabhenda Urakam Urena Thattekkad Leaf, root 52. Waltheria indica Linn. Sterculiaceae Bhuthathankettu Root 53. Corchorus capsularis Linn. Tiliaceae Kalasaka White jute Manjapra 54. Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl. Tiliaceae Dhanurksha

Kottam,Chadachi. Dhaman Iringole Bark, fruits

55. Biophytum sensitivum (Linn.)D.C. Oxalidaceae Lajjalu, Laksh- mane

Mukkutti Common wood-sorr

Aluva Whole plant

56. Aegle marmelos(Linn)Corr. Rutaceae Bilwa Koovalam The bael tree, Holy fruit tree

Manjally Roots, Leaf, fruits

57. Citrus aurantifolia (Christn) Swingle. Rutaceae Brhatjambeera Cherunarakam Lime Iringole Fruits 58. Citrus limon (Linn) Burmf. Rutaceae Matulungah Odichukuthi. Lemon Coimbatore Fruits 59. Citrus reticulata Blanco. Rutaceae Suadunarangah Orange. Loose skinned

orange Bangalore Fruits, flowers

60. Glycosmis arborea(Roxb)DC Rutaceae Kupiluh, Asvasakhotah

Kuttipanal. Sholayar Whole plant

61. Limonia acidissima Linn. Rutaceae Kapitthah Vilarmaram. Wood apple Neryamangalam Bark, Leaf, fruit, gum

62. Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng. Rutaceae Kolasakh Kariveppe. Curry Leaf Aluva Root, bark, Leaf 63. Murraya paniculata (Linn.) Jack Rutaceae Orange jasmine Kovalam Leaf

Sl. No.



Parts used

64. Ruta chalepensis Linn = R. graveolens Linn.

Rutaceae Gucchapatra Aruta Garden rue Bangalore Whole plant, oil

65. Ochna jabotapita Linn. Ochnaceae Kanakachampa Carnival bush Aluva Bark, root 66. Commiphora mukul(Hook ex stocks)Engl Burseraceae Gugguluh,

Mahisaksah Guggulu Indian bedellium

tree Coimbatore Resinous gum

67. Triibulus terrestris Linn. Zygophyllaceae Gokshura Njerinjil Puncture vine, Land caltrops

Coimbatore Fruits

68. Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Meliaceae Nimba Aryaveppe Neem tree, Margosa tree

Perumbavoor Bark, Leaf, flowes, seed oil

69. Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Mahanimba Malaveppe Persian lilac, pride of China

Sholayar Root, Leaf, seed, flowers

70. Naregamia alata Wight & Arn. Meliaceae Triparnika, Amlavalli

Nilanarakam Goanese ipecacunanha

Aluva Whole plant

71. Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Celastraceae Jyothishmati Kiliteenippanji Climbing chaff plant

Kothrod Bark, Leaf, seed

72. Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Badarah, Kolahkoli

Ilantha, lanthappazham

Indian jujube, Chinese date

Manjapra Seed, whole plant

73. Zizyphus oenoplia (Linn.) Mill Rhamnaceae Karkandhuh Tutali, Cheriyalanta

Jackal jujube Kuttampuzha Root

74. Cayratia carnosa(Wall ex Wight) Gagnep.

Vitaceae Gandirah Amarchakodi Fox grape Iritti Whole plant

75. Cissus quadrangularis Linn. Vitaceae Asthisrinkhala Changalmparanda Edible stemmed vine

Kaikatty Stem, root

76. Vitis vinifera Linn. Vitaceae Drakha Mundiri Wine grape Bangalore Ripe fruits, Leaf, stem, flowers

77. Allophylus serratus (Roxb)Kurz Sapindaceae Triputah Mukkannapperuky, Mukkannanpelu

Sholayar Whole plant

78. Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. Sapindaceae Indravalli Valliuzhinja Balloon vine, Hearts seed

Athani. Whole pant, seed

79. Dodonaea angustifolia Linn. Sapindaceae Unnataruvi Pooyamkutti Leaf 80. Sapindius laurifolius Vahl. Sapindaceae Phenilah,

Aristakah Urulinci, Urunci Soapnut tree Sholayar Root, bark, fruits

81. Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken. Sapindaceae Mukulakah, Raktamrah

Poovam Lac tree, Ceylon oak

Sulthanbatherry Bark, oil

Sl. No.



Parts used

82. Anacardium occidentale Linn. Anacardiaceae Vrkkabijah, Vrkkaphalah

Kasumavu Cashewnut tree Ayyampuzha Root, bark, Leaf, fruits, seed

83. Buchanania lanzani Spreng. Anacardiaceae Priyalah, Tapasya

Mural, Mungapera Almond tree, cheronjee

Ayyampuzha Root, Leaf, fruits

84. Holigarna arnottiana Hook.f. Anacardiaceae Kattuchere Ayyampuzha seed 85. Lannea coromandelica(Houtt) Merr. Anacardiaceae Thigini KarasuKalasu Wodier, Thingam Koilandy Bark, Leaf 86. Semecarpus anacardium Linn. f. Anacardiaceae Bhallataka Chere, henkotta Marking nut tree,

Oriental cashew Ayyampuzha Fruits

87. Spondias pinnata (Linn, ) Kurz. Anacardiaceae Amratakah Ambazham Wild mango,Hog plum

Ayyampuzha Bark, Leaf, fruits

88. Abrus precatorius Linn. Fabaceae Gunja Kunni Indian liquorice Ayyampuzha Roots, Leaf 89. Abrus pulchellus Wall. Fabaceae Gunja Vellakunni Muthanga seed 90. Arachis hypogaea Linn. Fabaceae Bhucanakan Nilakkadala Groundnut Munnar seed 91. Butea monosperma(Lam.)Taub. Fabaceae Palasa Plase Flame of the

forest, Bastard teak

Kalpetta Bark, Leaf, flowes, seed

92. Cajanas cajan(Linn.)Millsp. Fabaceae Adhaki Thuvara Red gram, pigeon pea

Salem Leaf, seed

93. Cicer arietinum Linn. Fabaceae Chanakah Kodala Bengal Gram, Chick pea

Salem Leaf, seed

94. Clitoria ternatea Linn. Fabaceae Aparajitha Sankhupushpam Butterfly pea Peechi Roots, Leaf, seed 95. Crotalaria alata Buch- Ham. Fabaceae Mannuthy Leaf, seed 96. Crotalaria juncea Linn. Fabaceae Sana Wuckoonar Sunn, Sann,

Hemp Mannuthy Leaf, seed

97. Crotalaria retusa Linn. Fabaceae Sanapuspi Kilukiluppa Rattle wort Mannuthy Whole plant 98. Crotalaria verrucosa Linn. Fabaceae Athani Whole plant 99. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Fabaceae Sihmsapa Etty Sisso Malayatoor Root, Leaf, bark,

wood 100. Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC. Fabaceae Prsniparni Orila Desmodium Valayar Root 101. Desmodium latifolium DC. Fabaceae Prsniparni Orila Desmodium Vazhachal Root

Sl. No.



Parts used

102. Desmodium motorium Merrill Fabaceae Ramanamappacha Vazhachal Leaf 103. Desmodium triflorum (Linn.) DC Fabaceae Hamsapati Nilamparanda Vazhachal Whole plant 104. Erythrina indica Linn. Fabaceae Paribhadra Murikke Indian coral tree Angamaly Bark.Leaf 105. Flemingia grahamiana W&A Fabaceae Malayatoor 106. Indigofera tinctoria Linn. Fabaceae Neeli Neelamari Indian indigo Manjapra Leaf, roots 107. Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. Fabaceae Kulatthah Muthira Horse gram Valayar Seed 108. Muccuna monosperma DC. Fabaceae Khatavanji Malanthelli Kothrod 109. Mucuna pruriens Hook. Fabaceae Atmagupta Naykkurnam Common cowitch,

cowhage Iringole Leaf, seed, hairs

110. Pongamia pinnata(Linn.)Pierre Fabaceae Karangah Unge, Ponge. Indian beach, Pongam oil tree

Mattannore Root, bark, Leaf, seed oil

111. Pseudarthria viscida(Linn)Wight&Arn. Fabaceae Salaparni Moovila. Mattannore Root 112. Psoralea corylifolia Linn. Fabaceae Bakuchi Karkolari. Kothrod Seeds 113. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae Asana Venga Indian kino tree,

Malabar kino tree Malayatoor Leaf, heart wood,

gum 114. Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. Fabaceae Raktachandan Rekthachandanam Red sandal wood Bangalore Heart wood 115. Sesbania grandiflora(Linn)Poir. Fabaceae Agastyah Agathi Swamp pea,

Sesban Salem Root, bark, Leaf,

fruits, flowers 116. Tephrosia purpurea(Linn)Pers. Fabaceae Sarapunkha Kozhinjil Wild indigo,

purple tephrosia Eliithode Whole plant, root

117. Uraria picta Desv. Fabaceae Prsniparni Orila Vaithiri Root 118. Vigna pilosa Baker Fabaceae Mudgaparni Katttupayar Ayyampuzha Root 119. Vigna radiata (Linn.) Wilczek

var.sublobata (Roxb)Verdc. Fabaceae Masaparni Kattuzhunne Wild black gram Ayyampuzha Root

120. Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilezeck Fabaceae Mudgah Cherupayar Green gram Ayyampuzha Seed 121. Zornia diphylla Pers. Fabaceae Kalakomban Athani Root, bark 122. Bauhinia purpurea Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Kanchanara Mandaram Butterfly tree Aluva Root, bark 123. Bauhinia variegata Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Kanchanara Mandaram Orchid tree Aluva Root, bark

Sl. No.



Parts used

124. Guilandina bonduc (Linn.)Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Lathakarancha Kazhanchi Fever nut, bonduc nut

Ayyampuzha Root, bark, seed, Leaf

125. Caesalpinia sappan Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Patarangah Chappangam Sappan wood, Brazil wood

Odakkali Heart wood

126. Cassia alata Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Elakajam Ring worm senna, Canda labara bush

Sholayar Leaf, seed

127. Cassia auriculata Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Avarthaki Avara The tanners cassia, aviram

Sholayar Root, Leaf.flowers

128. Cassia fistula Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Aragwadha Kanikonna Indian laburnum Malayatoor Bark, root 129. Cassia mimosoides Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Padarchunda Madikkai 130. Cassia occidentalis Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Kasamarda Nataram, Takara Negro coffee,

Stinking wood Iritti Leaf, root, whole

plant 131. Cassia sophera Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Kasamarda Ponnaveram Manjapra Root 132. Cassia tora Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Chakramarda Thakara Foetid cassia Mattanoor Leaf, seed 133. Saraca asoca (Roxb)de.Wilde Caesalpiniaceae Asokah Asokam Ashoka Malayatoor. Bark, Leaf, flowers,

seed 134. Tamarindus indica Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Tintrini Puli, Kolpuli Tamarind tree Aluva Leaf, fruits, seed 135. Acacia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Arivelam Cassie flower Payyoli Bark, heat wood,

kath 136. Acacia catechu (Linn.f)Wild. Mimosaceae Khadirah Karingali Cutch tree,

catechu Dharmapuri Bark, heat wood,

kath 137. Acacia nilotica (Linn.)Willd .ex Del. Mimosaceae Barburah Karivelam Babul, Black

babool Dharmapuri Bark, gum

138. Adenanthera pavonia Linn. Mimosaceae Kucandanah Manchadi Coral wood tree, wead wood tree

Thalapady Bark, Leaf, seed, heart wood

139. Albizia lebbeck (Linn.)Benth. Mimosaceae Sirisah Nenmenivaka Siris tree Malayatoor Bark., flowers, seed 140. Neptunia oleracea Lour. Mimosaceae Alambusa Nirthottawadi Sensitive water

plant Govindapuram Whole plant

141. Rosa centrifolia Linn. Rosaceae Saumyagandha, Satapatra

Rosa Cabbage rose Manjery Root, Leaf, flowers

142. Bryophyllum calycinum Salesb. Crassulaceae Elamulachi Life plant Malayatoor Leaf

Sl. No.



Parts used

143 Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.)Pers. Crassulaceae Parnabigah Elamulachi Thalassery Leaf 144 Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Rhizophoraceae Paniccha Kandal,

Pikandal True mangrove Vypin Bark

145 Calycopteris floribunda Lam. Combretaceae Susavi Pullanni Athani Leaf, fruits 146 Quisqualis indica Linn. Combretaceae Rangoon creeper Aluva Fruits, seed 147 Terminalia arjuna(Roxb.ex.DC)Wight &

Arn. Combretaceae Arjuna Neermaruthe Arjun Ganeshkhind Bark

148 Terminalia belerica(Gaertn.)Roxb. Combretaceae Bidhitaki Thanni Belleric myrobalan

Iringole Bark, fruit rind, seed oil

149 Terminalia catappa Linn. Combretaceae Grahadruma Nattubadam Country almond, Indian almond

Iringole Kernal oil

150 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Haritaki, Pathiya,

Kadukka Chebulic myrobalan

Elahanka Mature fruit rind, immature fruit

151 Terminalia crenulata Roth. Combretaceae Chagakarnah Thembavu Black murdah Muthanga Bark 152 Careya arborea Roxb. Myrtaceae Kumbi,

Katabhi Pezhu Kumbi Malayatoor Bark, Leaf, flowers,

fruits 153 Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae Nilaniryasa Yukkali Maram Blue gum,

Eucalypt Marayoor Leaf, oil

154 Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. Myrtaceae Cajput tree Deccangymkhana Bark, Leaf, oil 155 Pimenta officinalis Lindl Myrtaceae Sarvasugandhi All spice Ambalavayal Flowr buds, Leaf 156 Psidium guajava Linn. Myrtaceae Mansala Pera Guava tree Kaikatty Root, Leaf, flowers,

fruits 157 Punica granatum Linn. Myrtaceae Dadima Mathalanaragm Pomegranate Sivajinagar Fruit, Fruit rind 158 Syzygium aromaticum(Linn.)Merrill. &

Perry Myrtaceae Lavangam Karayambu Clove tree, clove Thrissur Dried flower bud,

oil 159 Syzygium cumini (Linn) Skeels. Myrtaceae Jambuh Njaval Jaman, black

plum Manjery Bark, Leaf, fruits,

seed 160 Melastoma malabarthricum Linn. Melastomaceae Kalathi Melastoma Peechi. 161 Osbeckia rosea Fys. Melastomaceae Mavelikara Whole plant

Sl. No.



Parts used

162 Ammania multiflora Roxb. Lythraceae Kurandika Nirumelneruppu Ayyampuzha Leaf 163 Lagerstroemia flos - reginae Roxb. Lythraceae Manimaruthe Koothupara Bark 164 Lawsonia inermis Linn. Lythraceae Madhavai Mayilanchi Hena Aluva Leaf 165 Woodfordia fruticosa(Linn.)Kurz. Lythraceae Dhataki Thathiri Fire flame wood,

woodfordiaa Madgoa Dried flowers

166 Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.)Raven. Onagraceae Bhulawanga Kattu karayambt Poothundy Whole plant 167 Turnera ulmifolia Linn. Turnerace Cheravathali West Indian holy

sager rose Thalapady Whole plant

168 Passiflora edulis Sims. Passifloraceae Passion fruit Passion fruit Patagiri Fruit, seed, fruit rind

169 Passiflora foetida Linn. Passifloraceae Poochapazham Stinking passion flower

Manarkkad Fruit

170 Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn Cucurbitaceae Koosmanda Kumbalam Ashgourd Manjery Fruit, seed 171 Diplocylos palmatus (Linn) Geffry =

Bryonia laciniosa Linn. Cucurbitaceae Lingini Neyyunni Bryoms Nilampoor Fruit

172 Coccinia grandis (Linn.) Voigt = Cephalandra indica Naud.

Cucurbitaceae Bimbika, Bimbi

Koval Little gourd Thavalappara Leaf, fruit, root

173 Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrader Cucurbitaceae Visala Kattuvellari Colocynth Vazikadavu Fruit, seed, root 174 Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi Cucurbitaceae Amlavetasah Njerinjampuli Athirapilly Leaf, root 175 Trichosanthes lobata Roxb. Cucurbitaceae Thiktapatola Kattupadavalam,

Kaipan padavalamWild snake guard Munnar Whole plant

176 Anethum graveolens Linn = Peucedanum graveolens Linn.

Apiaceae Satapushpa Satakuppa Dill Salem Fruit

177 Centella asiatica (Linn) Urban = Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn.

Apiaceae Mandukaparni Kudangal, Kudavan

Indian pennywort Aluva Whole plant

178 Coriandrum sativum Linn. Apiaceae Dhanyakam, Dhanyaka

Kothampalayari, Malli

Coriander Salem Fruit

179 Daucus carota Linn. Apiaceae Garjarah Carrot Carrot Bangalore Tuberous root, seed

180 Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Spraugue= Trachyspermum involucratum Wolf. non Marie.

Apiaceae Ajmoda Ayamodakam Ajowan Banglore Fruit

Sl. No.



Parts used

181 Canthium parviflorum Lam. Rubiaceae Manjerry Bark, Leaf 182 Cattunaregum spinosa (Thunb.) Triv.

= Randia dumetorum (Retz.)Poiret Rubiaceae Madanah Malankara Emetic nut tree Ayyampuzha Bark, fruit

183 Coffea arabica Linn. Rubiaceae Rajapiluh Cheru Kappi Arabian coffee Mysore Seed 184 Coffea robusta Linden Rubiaceae Robusta coffee Mysore Seed 185 Coffea travancorensis Wight & Arn. Rubiaceae Pushkaramulla Malayatoor 186 Gardenia gummifera Linn Rubiaceae Nadihingu Sommanadhi kayam Thrissur Gum 187 Hedyotis herbacea Linn = Oldenlandia

corymbosa Linn. Rubiaceae Chayaparpati Parpadakapullu Chay root Manjerry Whole plant

188 Ixora coccinea Linn. Rubiaceae Paranti Tecci, Chetti, Thetti

Jungle flameisora Edamalayar Root, flower

189 Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb) Korth. Rubiaceae Vitanah Vimpu, Neerkkathampu

Kedal Bangalore Root

190 Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Rubiaceae Manjanathi Cherai Fruit 191 Morinda umbellata Linn. Rubiaceae Peetha daru Cherai Root, Leaf 192 Ophiorrhiza mungos Linn. Rubiaceae Sarpaksi Avilpori Ayyampuzha Root 193 Pavetta indica Linn. Rubiaceae Papata Pavatta White pavatta Kothamangalam Root Leaf 194 Pavetta indica var. tomentosa Hook.f. Rubiaceae Kuttampuzha Root 195 Rubia cordifolia Linn.sensu Hook.F. Rubiaceae Manjishta Manjatty. . Kalpatta Root Stalk & Root. 196 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Asteraceae Nilampoor Whole plant 197 Ageratum conyzoides Linn. Asteraceae Visamustih Kattappa, Appa Goatsweed Pulpalli Plant, Leaf 198 Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clark) Pamp =

Artemisia vulgaris.auct non Linn. Asteraceae Damanakah Makkippuve Worm seed Ootty Leaf, flowering

tops 199 Artemisia parviflora Buch.Ham.ex. Roxb Asteraceae Artemisia Mullamkolli Plant, Leaf 200 Elephantopus scaber Linn. Asteraceae Hastipadi,

Gojihva Anayadiyan Pricly leaved

elephants foot Manjerry Root, Leaf, flowers

201 Elipta prostrata (Linn.) Linn = E. alba (Linn.) Hassk

Asteraceae Bhringaraj Kayyunyam, Kayyunni

Trailing eclipta Manjerry Whole plant

202 Emilia sonchifoila (Linn.) DC. Asteraceae Sarasrutih Muyalchevi Nilampoor Whole plant 203 Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl. Asteraceae Ayapanah Ayappana,

Vishapacha Ayyappana tea Pulpally Whole plant

Sl. No.



Parts used

204 Pleuchea lanceolata C.B.Clarke Asteraceae Rasna Poona Leaf 205 Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Asteraceae Mundi,

Sravani Adakamani East Ubduab

glole-thistle Peechi Whole plant

206 Spilanthes acmella Murr. Asteraceae Kuppamanjal Kalpetta Flowers 207 Vernonia anthelmintica Willd =

Centratherum anthelminticum (Linn) O.Ktze

Asteraceae Arayajeera, Aranya

Kattujeerakam Purple, fleebane Vazhachal Seed

208 Vernonia cinerea (Linn.) Less. Asteraceae Sahadevi Puvamkuruntila Ash coloured fleebane

Peechi Whole plant

209 Wedelia chinensis (Obseck) Merrill Asteraceae Pitabringaraj Manjakayyunyam, Attingal Whole plant 210 Scaevola taccada Roxb. Goodeniaceae Bhadraksha Bhadraksham Chalakadavu Leaf, fruit, root 211 Plumbago auriculata Lam. Plumbaginaceae Neela koduveli Plumbago Mannutyhy Root 212 Plumbago indica Linn. Plumbaginaceae Chitrakah Chithikaduveli Rosy flowered

leadwort Pattimattom Root

213 Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Plumbaginaceae Chitrakah Vellakkoduveli White plumbago Pattimattom Root 214 Achras sapota Linn. Sapotaceae Sapota Sapodilla plum Mannuthy Fruit 215 Chrysophyilum cainito Linn. Sapotaceae West indian star

apple,Butter lime Mannuthy Fruit

216 Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) Macbride Sapotaceae Madhukah Illipp Irippa South Indian mahoca

Krishnagiri Flower, bark, fruit

217 Mimusops elengi Linn. Sapotaceae Bakulah Elanji Bullet wood tree Kothamangalam Flower, bark, fruit 218 Sideroxylon tomentosum Roxb. Sapotaceae Aluva 219 Jasminum angustifolium (Linn.) Willd. Oleaceae Vanamallika,

Asphota Kattumulake Wild jasmine,

Spanish jasmine Odakkali Flower, Leaf

220 Jasminum grandiflorum (Linn.) Kobuski Oleaceae Jati, Malati Pichakam Common jamine, catalonian jasmine

Odakkali Flower, Whole plant

221 Jasminum muttiflorum (Burm.f) Andr. Oleaceae Kundah Kurukkuthimulla Downy jasmine Peechi Leaf, flowers 222 Jasminum sambac (Linn.) Ait Oleaceae Mallika Mulla Arabian jasmine,

Tuscan jasmine Kappad Root, Leaf, flowers

223 Nyctanthes arbor- tristis Linn. Oleaceae Parijatah Parijatam Flight jasmine, coral jasmine

Bangalore Flowers, Leaf

Sl. No.



Parts used

224 Calotropis gigantea (Linn) R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Arka Erukke Calotropis Athani Leaf, root 225 Ceropegia tuberosa Roxb. Asclepiadaceae Somalata Somalate Moon plant,

Moon creeper Kalpetta Whole plant

226 Cosmostigma racemosa Wight Asclepiadaceae Vattuvalli Kappad Root, bark 227 Cryptolepis buchanani Roem & Schult Asclepiadaceae Karanta. Kallipalvalli Manjapra Leaf 228 Cynanchum callialata Han. ex Wight. Asclepiadaceae Wyanad Leaf, root 229 Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Mashasringi,

Madhunasini Chakkarakkoli, Madhurmkolli

Periploca of the woods

Mananthawady Leaf, whole plant

230 Hemedesmus indicus R.Br Asclepiadaceae Sariba Naruneendi Indian sarasaparilla

Kayyamkulam Leaf, root, stem

231 Holostemma ada-kodien Schultes Asclepiadaceae Jivanti, Arkapushpi

Adakodiyan, Adapathiyan

Ayyampuzha Tuberous root, Leaf

232 Leptadenia reticulata Wight & Arn. Asclepiadaceae Jivanti Bangalore Leaf, root 233 Pergularia daemia (Forsk) Chiov =

P.extensa (Jacq) N.E.Br Asclepiadaceae Kurutakah,

Uttamarni Velipparuti Neelaswaram Whole plant

234 Sarcostemma acidum (Voight) Voigt Asclepiadaceae Somalatha Somalatha Moon plant, Moon creeper

Vadakancherry, Palakkad Dt.

Whole plant

235 Tylophora indica (Burm.f) Merrill Asclepiadaceae Lataksiri Vallippala Emetic swallow wort

Pookottuchira Leaf, root, flowers

236 Watakkakka volubilis (Linn.f) Stapf. Asclepiadaceae Madhumalathi Vatakkaka kodi Pullpalli Leaf, root, flowers 237 Strychnos nux – vomica Linn. Loganiaceae Karaskarah Kanniram Strychnine tree,

snake wood Kappad Bark, Leaf, seed

238 Alstonia scholaris R.Br. Apocynaceae Saptaparnah Ezhilampala Devils tree, Dita bark

Athani Bark, latex

239 Alstonia venenata R.Br. Apocynaceae Vishaghni Analivegam Nelliyampathi Bark, latex 240 Cascabella thevetia ( Linn.) Lippold Apocynaceae Asvaghna Mancha arali Lucky nut tree,

Yellow oleander Attingal Leaf, root

241 Catharanthus pusillus G.Don Apocynaceae Sankhi Kapavila Aluva Whole plant 242 Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G.Don =

Vinca rosea Linn. Apocynaceae Nithyakalyani Ushamalari Perwinkle Athani Leaf, root

Sl. No.



Parts used

243 Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon.) Alston. Apocynaceae Murva, Morata Perumkurumba Nelliyampathi Root 244 Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.Ham)

Wallich ex Don= H.antidisenterica (Roxb ex Fleming) Wall ex D C

Apocynaceae Kutaja Kudakapala Kurchi, Conessi Ayyampuzha Bark, seed

245 Ichnocarpus frutescens (Linn.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Krishna sariba Palvalli Athani Leaf, root, flowers 246 Nerium oleander Linn. Apocynaceae Karavirah Arali Indian Oleander Hussor 247 Plumeria rubra Linn. Apocynaceae Lal chamba Ezhachampakam Temple or Pagoda

tree Coimbatore Bark, Leaf, flower,

root 248 Rauwolfia serpentina (Linn.) Benth ex

Kurz. Apocynaceae Sarpagandha Sarpagandhi Rauvolfia root,

Serpentine root Edamalayar Root

249 Rauwolfia tetraphylla Linn. Apocynaceae Malappuram Root 250 Tabarnaemontana divaricata (Linn)

R.Br ex Roem & Schultes . Apocynaceae Nandivriksha Nambiyarvattom Forbidden root Athan Root, flowers,

latex 251 Vallaris solanacea Kuntze. Apocynaceae Bhadravalla Mavelikkara Bark, latex, seed 252 Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb) R.Br. Apocynaceae Svetakutagah Dandappala Pala indigo plant Peechi Leaf, bark, seed 253 Wrightia tomentosa Roem. & Schult. Apocynaceae Neelampala,

Milampala

Peechi Bark, seed

254 Heliotropium indicum Linn. Boraginaceae Vrscikali Tekkada Common heliotrope, Cherry pie

Ponmudy Whole plant

255 Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f) Boji. Convolvulaceae Vridhadaru Samudrapacha The elephant creeper

Puttaparthi Leaf, root,

256 Evolvulus alsinoides (Linn.) Linn. Convolvulaceae Vishnukranthi Vishnukranthi Iringole Whole plant 257 Evolvulus nummularius (Linn.) Linn. Convolvulaceae Krishakranthi Iringole Whole plant 258 Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq.

= I .paniculata R.Br Convolvulaceae Vidari Palmuthukke Giant Potato Ayyanthol Tuberous root

259 Ipomoea pes - tigridis Linn. Convolvulaceae Pulichuvadi Tiger foot plant Bhoothathankette, EKM

Whole plant

260 Ipomea sepiaria Roxb. Convolvulaceae Laxmana Thiruthali Malayattoor Whole plant 261 Merremia tridentata (Linn.) Hall. f.ssp.

tridentata Convolvulaceae Prasarani Prasarani Athani Whole plant

Sl. No.



Parts used

262 Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso

Convolvulaceae Trivruth Trikolpakonna Indian Jalap, Turpeth

Kothrod Root

263 Brunfelsia calycina Benth .var. macrantha Raffill

Solanaceae Yesterday Today tommorrow

Kalpetta Root

264 Cestrum nocturnam Linn. Solanaceae Nisagandhi Queen of the night

Angamaly Leaf

265 Datura metel Linn. Solanaceae Durdhura Ummam Thorn apple Athani Leaf, seed, whole plant

266 Nicotiana tabacum Linn. Solanaceae Tamakhuh Pukayila Tobacco plant Madikkai Leaf 267 Solanam nigrum Linn. Solanaceae Karamthakali Manithakali Black night shade Madikkai Leaf, fruit, whole

plant 268 Solanam anguivi Lam.

= S .indicum Linn. Solanaceae Brihati Putharichunda Poison berry Kulathupuzha Root

269 Solanum melongena Linn. var incanum (Linn.) Kuntz.

Solanaceae Vartaku Vazhuthana Brinjal Kollam Root, fruit

270 Solanum seaforthianum Andr. Solanaceae Potato creeper Kalpetta Whole plant 271 Solanum surattense Burm.f. Solanaceae Kantakari Kandakari Yellow berried

night shade Kappad Whole plant

272 Solanum trilobatum Linn. Solanaceae Alarka Tutuvalam Salem Whole plant 273 Withania somnifera Dunal. Solanaceae Aswagandha Ammukkuram Winter cherry Whitefield Root 274 Artanema sesamoides Benth. Scrophulariaceae Manjapra Whole plant, root 275 Bacopa monnieri (Linn.). Pennel Scrophulariaceae Brahmi Brahmi Thyme leaved

gratiola Athani. Whole plant

276 Limnophila aromatica (Linn) Merr.= L.gratissima Blume

Scrophulariaceae Amragandha Manganari Kollam Whole plant

277 Utricularia aurea Lour. = U.flexuosa Vahl.

Lentibulariaceae Patagiri Whole plant

278 Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Benth ex Kuntz

Bignoniaceae Syonaka Palakapayyani Indian trumpt tree Malayatoor Roots, Leaf, fruits, seed

279 Stereospermum colais (Buch) Ham.ex Dillw.

Bignoniaceae Padala Paathiri Trumpet flower tree, Yellow snake tree

Malayatoor Root, Leaf, flowers, seed

Sl. No.



Parts used

280 Pedalium murex Linn. Pedaliaceae Kakkamulle, Anajerinjil

Tiger Claw plant Attingal Root, fruit, whole plant

281 Sesamum indicum Linn. Pedaliaceae Tila Ellu Gingelly, Sesam seed

Kayyamkulam seed, oil, Leaf, flowers

282 Acanthus illicifolius Linn. Acanthaceae Harkusa Chakkaramulli Sea holly Cherai Leaf, root 283 Adhatoda beddomei C.B.Clarke Acanthaceae Vasa Chittadalodakam Odakali Leaf, root 284 Adhatoda zeylanica Medicas. Acanthaceae Vasa Adalodakam Malabar nut Athirapally Leaf, root 285 Adhatoda zeylanica Medicas

(Manjapra Eco – Type) Acanthaceae Vasa Adalodakam Malabar nut Manjapra Leaf, root

286 Andrographis lineata Nees. Acanthaceae Kozhikode 287 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall

ex. Nees. Acanthaceae Bhunimba Kiriyath Green chiretta,

Kalmegh, Creat Nilampoor Whole plant

288 Blepharis boerhaavifolia Pers. Acanthaceae Murikooty pacha Panamaram Whole plant 289 Callacanthus grandiflorus (Dalz.)Radik Acanthaceae Panamaram Root 290 Ecobolium virde (Forsk.) Merrill Acanthaceae Odiyamadantha Malapuram Root 291 Gendarusa vulgaris Nees. Acanthaceae Nilanirgundi Vadamkolli Malapuram Leaf 292 Hygrophila auriculata (K.S.chum) Heine

= Astercantha longifolia (Linn) Nees. Acanthaceae Kokilaksha Vayalchulli Longleaved

barleria Ayyanthol Root whole plant,

seed 293 Niligiranthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek =

Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees. Acanthaceae Sahashrah,

Sairayaka Karimkurunji Munnar Root

294 Peristrophe bicalyculata Nees. Acanthaceae Kaikatty Plant, root 295 Rhinacanthus communis Nees. Acanthaceae Yuthikaparni Nagamulla

,Puzhukolli

Angamaly Whole plant

296 Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Verbenaceae Priyangu Cheruthekke Ayyampuzha Root, fruit 297 Clerodendrum inerme (Linn.)Gaertn Verbenaceae Kundali, vangai Neernochi Vazhachal Leaf 298 Clerodendrum phlomoides Linn. Verbenaceae Panamkuthi 299 Clerodendrum serratum (Linn) Moon Verbenaceae Bharnji Cheruthekke Ayymapuzha Leaf, root 300 Premna corymbosa Rottl. Verbenaceae Agnimandha Munja Muthanga Root 301 Vitex negundo Linn. Verbenaceae Neergundi Karinochi Fiveleaved chaste

tree Nelliyampathy Leaf, root

302 Vitex trifolia Linn. Verbenaceae Threeleaved chaste tree

Nelliyampathy Leaf, root

Sl. No.



Parts used

303 Anisochilus carnosus Wall Lamiaceae Perundurai Leaf 304 Anisomeles malabarica (Linn) R.Br ex

Sims. Lamiaceae Vankunthah,

mahadronah Karimthumba Malabar cat mint Perundurai Whole plant

305 Coleus zeylanica (Benth.) Cramer Lamiaceae Hrivera Eruveli Manjapra Whole plant 306 Mentha arvensis Linn. Lamiaceae Mint Pepper mint Indiranagar Leaf 307 Mentha piperita Linn. Lamiaceae Banglore Plant, oil 308 Ocimum americanum Linn. Lamiaceae Aranyathulsi Kattuthulasi Hoary basil Athani Leaf, seed 309 Ocimum basilicum Linn. Lamiaceae Ramthulsi Ramathulasi Sweet basil Coimbatore Whole plant 310 Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Lamiaceae Vrdhu -tulsi Kattu -thrithavu Shruby Basil Coimbatore Whole plant 311 Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke Lamiaceae Karpoorthulasi Karpoorathulasi Camphor basil Coimbatore Leaf 312 Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. Lamiaceae Surasahlatha Krishnathulasi Holy basil,

Sacred basil Athani Whole plant

313 Plectranthus ambonicus (Lour) Spreng = Coleus ambonicus (Lour.) Spreng

Lamiaceae Karpooravalli Kanchikurka, Panikurka

Country borage, Indian borage

Malayattoor Leaf

314 Pogostemon heyneanus Benth. Lamiaceae Panamaram Leaf 315 Pogostemon cablin Benth.

= P. patchouli Pellet Lamiaceae Pachila Patchouly Trichur Leaf

316 Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Nyctaginaceae Poonarnava Thazhuthama Hogweed, Pigweed

Chenganoor Root, whole plant

317 Mirabilis jalapa Linn. Nyctaginaceae Krishnakela Antimalari Four O'clock plant, marvel of peru

Harippad Tuberous root

318 Achyranthus aspera Linn. Amaranthaceae Apamarga Kadaladi Prickly chaff plant Athani Flower, root 319 Aerva javanica Juss ex Schult. Amaranthaceae Neyyar Whole plant 320 Aerva lanata (Linn.) Juss ex Schult. Amaranthaceae Bhadra Cherula Athani Whole plant 321 Alternanthera sessilis (Linn) R.Br.ex DC Amaranthaceae Matsyksi,

patturah Ponnaganni Kalpetta Whole plant

322 Alternanthera triandra Lam. Amaranthaceae Neyyar Whole plant

Sl. No.



Parts used

323 Cyathula prostrata (Linn.) Blume. Amaranthaceae Raktapamargh Cherukadaladi Small prickly chaffy plant

Athani Root, whole plant

324 Basella alba var rubra (Linn) Stewart Chenopodiaceae Upodoka Vasalaccira Indian Spinach Dhanwanthari-vanam

Whole plant, Leaf

325 Rivinia humulis Linn. Phytolaccaceae Blood berry Palode Berry 326 Antigonon leptopusHook & Arn. Polygonaceae Coral creeper Aluva Tuber 327 Muhlenbeckia bracteata Retz. Polygonaceae Centipede plant Neyyar Whole plant 328 Polygonum barbatum Linn. Polygonaceae Veluthamodalamukku Ayyampuzha Root 329 Polygonum chinense Linn. Polygonaceae Ayyampuzha Root 330 Polygonum glabrum Willd. Polygonaceae Chuvanamodalamukku Ayyampuzha Root 331 Nepenthes khasiana Hook.f. Nepenthaceae Pitcher plant Poona Liquid in the

pitcher 332 Aristolochia grandiflora Sw. Aristolochiaceae Thathamachedi Pelican flower Indiranagar Root 333 Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. Aristolochiaceae Dhumra-patra Aduteendappala Worm killer,The

bracteated birth wort

Arrosin Root, Leaf

334 Aristolochia indica Linn. Aristolochiaceae Eswari Karalakam Indian birth wort Athani Root, Leaf, fruit 335 Herkeria subpeltata Piperaceae Muthanga 336 Piper betle Linn. Piperaceae Thamboolavalli Vettilakodi Betle pepper Kozhikode Leaf, plant 337 Piper chaba Hunter = P. retrofractum

Vahl. Piperaceae Vanpippali Vanthippali Java long pepper Kadapara Dried spikes

338 Piper longum Linn. Piperaceae Pippali Thippali Long pepper Odakali Dried spikes, root 339 Piper nigrum Linn. Piperaceae Maricha Kurumulake Black pepper Athani Dried berries, root 340 Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae Jati, Jatiphala Jati Nutmeg tree,

mace tree Athani Seed, aril

341 Myristica malabarica Linn. Myristicaceae Vanyajati, gostani

Pasupasi, Kattujadi

Bombay mace, false nutmeg

Vaithira Seed, aril

342 Santalum album Linn. Santalaceae Candanah Chandanam Sandal wood tree Essarhata Heart wood, oil 343 Acalypha fruticosa Forsk. Euphorbiaceae Birch - leaved

acalypha Nedumangad Leaf

Sl. No.



Parts used

344 Acalypha indica Linn. Euphorbiaceae Haridhamanja Kuppameni Indian acalypha Athani Whole plant 345 Baliospermum montanum (Willd)

Muell.Arg Euphorbiaceae Danti Nagadanti Malayatoor Root, Leaf, seed

346 Croton tiglium Linn. Euphorbiaceae Danti beejah, jepales

Neervalam Purging croton, croton oil plant

Malayatoor Seed, oil

347 Drypetes roxburghii (Wall) Huresawa = Putranjva roxburghii Wall.

Euphorbiaceae Putranjeeva Puttilanni, Putranjeeva Deccangymkhana Leaf, seed

348 Emblica officinalis Gaertn Euphorbiaceae Amla, Amlaki Nellicka Indian gooseberry Bangalore Fruit, dried fruit rint

349 Euphorbia antiquorum Linn. Euphorbiaceae Vajrakantakah Chathurakalli Triangular spurge Munnuthy Juice, latex 350 Euphorbia ligularia Roxb = Euphorbia

nerifolia auct non Linn. Euphorbiaceae Snuhi Elakalli Common milk

huge Panamkuthi Whole plant, latex

351 Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. Euphorbiaceae Laghudugdhika Nilappala Athani Whole plant 352 Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. Euphorbiaceae Nikumba Atala, Nakadanti Malayatoor Root 353 Mallotus philippinensis (Lam) Muell.Arg Euphorbiaceae Kambilaka Manjana Kamala tree Kalpetta Glandular hairs of

fruit, seed 354 Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn. Euphorbiaceae Bhumi amlaki Keezhanelli Athani Whole plant 355 Ricinus communis Linn.. Euphorbiaceae Eranda Avanake Castor plant Haripad Root, Leaf, seed,

oil 356 Tragia involucrata Linn. Euphorbiaceae Panchamgula,

Dushparsa Kodithoova Indian stinging

nettle Malayatoor Root, seed

357 Laportea crenulata Gaudich Urticaceae Aanaviratti Devil nettle, fever nettle

Nelliyampathy Root, seed

358 Trema orientalis Blume. Urticaceae Jeevanti Ratthi Charcoal tree, Indian nettle tree

Thrissur Root

359 Ceratophyllum desmersum Linn. Ceratophyllaceae Shivala Manjerry Whole plant 360 Antiaris toxicaria (Pers) Lesch Moraceae Arayanjili,

Maravri Upas tree Vythiri Latex, seed

361 Ficus arnottiana (Miq) Miq. Moraceae Kapitanah, Parisah

Kalarayal Valayar Leaf, bark

362 Ficus benghalensis Linn. Moraceae Nyagrodah, vatah

Peral Banyan tree Muthanga Aerial root, bark, Leaf, buds, fruit, latex

Sl. No.



Parts used

363 Ficus hispida Linn. Moraceae Kakodumbarh Parkam Kattathi

Odakali Bark, fruit

364 Ficus benghalensis var. krishna C.DC. Moraceae Vythiri Bark 365 Ficus microcarpa Linn. Moraceae Plaksah Ithi Bangalore Bark, Leaf, root 366 Ficus racemosa Linn. Moraceae Udumbarah Athi Cluster fig, Gutar

fig Vythiri Bark, Leaf, root,

fruit, latex 367 Ficus religiosa Linn. Moraceae Pippalah,

Asvattam Arayal Peepal tree,

Sacred fig Pokottuchira Bark, Leaf, tender

shoot, fruit, seed, latex

368 Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae Sakotah, Patrollekhteru

Paruva, Parakam Siamese rough bush

Kothamangalam Bark, Leaf, seed, latex

369 Cannabis sativa Linn. Cannabinaceae Bhanga Kanjave Truehemp, soft hemp, marijuand

Marayoor Fibre, flowering top of female plant, seed oil, resin.

370 Casuarina eqiuisetifolia Linn. Casuarinaceae Chowka Beef wood Ootty Bark, needles 371 Gnetum ula Brongn Gnetaceae Ingudi Otal Dodpeta Kernal oil 372 Cycas circinalis Linn. Cycadaceae Varaguna,

Hintalah. Intu, Intulnpana Cycus Edamalayar Seed (Sago)

373 Cycas rumphii Miq. Cycadaceae Tutappana Poona Root 374 Cycus revoluta Thunb. Cycadaceae Madanagames wari Malayatoor seed 375 Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Pinaceae Saralah Charlam Chirpine,

Himalayan long leaved pine

Ootty Oil

376 Hydrilla verticillata (Linn.f) Royle Hydrocharitaceae Hydrlla Wild cherry Madgoa Whole plant 377 Vallisneria spiralis Linn. Hydrocharitaceae Vallisnaria Eel grass, Tape

grass Vythiri Leaf

378 Geodorum densiflorum Schlechter Orchidaceae Jilanthi kizhange Kulathupuzha Root, stalk 379 Malaxis acuminata D.Don. Orchidaceae Jivakah Jeevakam Jeevak Muthanga Green swollen stem

base 380 Malaxis muscifera (Lindley) Kuntze Orchidaceae Rsavhakam Edavakam Risavak Muthanga Green swollen stem

base

Sl. No.



Parts used

381 Nervilia aragoana Gaudich Orchidaceae Padmajarini Oilathamara Muthanga Whole plant 382 Nervilia plicata (Andr.) Schltr Orchidaceae Kalthamara Muthanga Whole plant 383 Vanda tessellata (Roxb) Hook.ex Don.

=V.roxburghii R.Br. Orchidaceae Rasna, Atirasa Vanda Nilambur Leaf, root

384 Vanilla planifolia Andr. Orchidaceae Vanila Vanila Kolencherry Fruit 385 Agave americana Linn. Amaryllidaceae Kalakantala Panamkattazha American aloe,

Centuary plant Dharmapuri Leaf, root

386 Crinum asiaticum Linn. Amaryllidaceae Nagadamani Kattulli Chelad Bulb 387 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Amaryllidaceae Musali Nilappana Iringole Rootstolk 388 Tacca leontopetaloides (Linn.) Kuntz. Taccaceae Bat flowe, fiji

arrowroot Kolencherry Tubers, Leaf

389 Trichopus zeylanicus Gaertn. Dioscoreaceae Arogyappacha Kulathupuzha Whole plant 390 Aloe barbadensis Mill. Liliaceae Ghirta kumari,

Kumari Kattuvazha , Kattarvazha

Indian aloes Salem Leaf, , juice, elio

391 Allium sativum Linn. Liliaceae Lasuna Velluli Garlic Marayoor Tuberous root 392 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liliaceae Satavari Satavari Wild asparagus Bhoothathankettu Tuberous root 393 Gloriosa superba Linn. Liliaceae Langali, visalya Menthonni Malabar glory

lilly Athani Rhizome, seed

394 Musa paradisiaca Linn. Liliaceae Kadali Kadalivazha Kadali , plantain Kalady Fruit, stem, root stalk

395 Musa superba Roxb. Liliaceae Kalluvazha Wild plantain Malayatoor Seed 396 Sansevieria roxburghiana Schultz.f. Liliaceae Murva Indian bowstring

hemp Aluva Root

397 Smilax china Linn. Liliaceae Dvipantaravaca, Madhusuni

Pavu, Cheenapavu China root Ayyampuzha Rhizome

398 Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. Musaceae Traveller's palm Arrosin Seed 399 Alpinia calcarata Rosc Zingiberaceae Rasna Chittaratha Lesser galangal Odakkali Rhizome 400 Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd Zingiberaceae Rasna Aratha Greater galangal Neriyamangalam Rhizome

Sl. No.



Parts used

401 Alpinia malaccensis Rosc Zingiberaceae Kaikatty Rhizome 402 Curcuma longa Linn. Zingiberaceae Haridra Manjal Turmeric Athani Rhizome 403 Curcuma amada Roxb. Zingiberaceae Amradrakam Mangainchi Mango ginger Bhoothathankettu Rhizome 404 Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Zingiberaceae Aranyaharidra Kasthoorimanjal Wild turmeric Kozhikode Rhizome 405 Curcuma zeodaria Rosc. Zingiberaceae Sati Pula kizhanna Zeodary Kothamangalam Rhizome 406 Costus speciosus (Koeing ex Retz)

J.E.Smith Zingiberaceae Chanda Channakoova Spiral ginger Kaikatty Rhizome

407 Elettaria cardamomum Maton Zingiberaceae Ela Elam Cardamom Nelliyampathy Fruit, seed 408 Kaempferia galanga Linn. Zingiberaceae Sathi, Karchura Kachooram,

Kacholam Kaempferia Thattekkad Rhizome

409 Kaempferia rotunda Linn. Zingiberaceae Bhuchambaka, hallkah

Chengalneer- kizhange

Indian crocus Vadakancherry Rhizome

410 Maranta arundinacea Linn. Zingiberaceae Tavashiri, tugaksiri

Koova West Indian arrow root

Ponmudy Rhizome

411 Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae Ardrakam Inji Ginger Athani Rhizome 412 Zingiber zerumbet Linn.f Zingiberaceae Vanardraka Kolinji Vazhachal Rhizome 413 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn.f Pandanaceae Ketaki Pookaitha,

Thazhambu Screw pine Harippad Leaf, flower, flower

oil, root 414 Acorus calamus Linn. Araceae Vacha Vayambu Sweet flag,

Acorus Edamalayar Rhizome

415 Arisaema intermedium Blume. Araceae Kattuchena Madikkai Corm 416 Pothos scandens Linn. Araceae Parisa, Paruvakkodi Cherai Stem, Leaf, root 417 Rhaphidophora laciniata (Burm.f) Merr

= Rhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb) Schutt Araceae Spotya-

bhujangam Elittadiyan Chengannore Stem

418 Cyperus esculentus Linn. Cyperaceae Bhadramusta Kuzhimuthanga Chufa, rush nut, Tiger nut

Mananthawady Tubers

419 Cyperus rotundus Linn. Cyperaceae Musta Muthanga Nut grass Athani Tubers

Sl. No.



Parts used

420 Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.)Willd. Poaceae Vamsah Mula , Illi Bamboo Panamaram 421 Coix lachryma jobi Linn. Poaceae Gavedhukah Kattugothambu,

Kakkapalunke Job's tear Athani,. Seed, root

422 Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stap.f Poaceae Bhustrnah Injipullu West Indian lemon grass

Marayoor Whole plant

423 Cymbopogon martini (Roxb) Wats. Poaceae Dhyamakah Sambharappulle Roshagrass, rusagrass

Odakkali Whole plant

424 Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers Poaceae Durva Karuka Barmuda or Conch grass

Manjally Whole plant

425 Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Stap.f Poaceae Darbhah, Kusa Darbha Sacrificial grass Vayalathala Root, whole plant 426 Hordeum vulgare Linn. Poaceae Yavah Barely, Yavam Barley Hyderabad Grains 427 Oryza sativa Linn. Poaceae Sali, Dhanyah Njavaranellu Aluva Grain 428 Panicum sumantrense Roth ex

Roem.et.Schult Poaceae Syamakah Chama Little millet Attapady Grains

429 Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. Poaceae Munjah Ama Devil sugarcane, Reedy sugarcane

Manikamangalam Root, stem

430 Saccharum officinarum Linn. Poaceae Ikshu, Pundrakah

Karimbe Sugarcane Coimbatore Stem, root

431 Saccharum spontaneum Linn. Poaceae Kasah Kusa, Njanjana Thatch grass, Wild sugar cane

Kalady, EKM Dist. Root

432 Zea mays Linn. Poaceae Mahakayah Cholam, Makkacholam

Maize Krishnagiri, Tamilnadu

Grain

Table 8. Growth characteristics of Aloe barbadensis

Dimension (cm) Sl. No. Length Breadth

1 51 4.17 2 50 5.16 3 58 5.66 4 59 5.83 5 48 6.00

Mean 53.2 5.36

Table 9. Leaf yield of Aloe barbadensis in different harvests

Yield (t/ha) Sl. No.

Age at harvest

(months) 1996

planted crop 1997

planted crop1998

planted crop1 6 70.00 79.44 75.56 2 8 83.33 86.67 83.33 3 10 111.67 105.56 107.22 4 14 133.33 128.89 124.44 5 18 154.17 146.67 150.00 6 24 116.67 127.78 133.33

Total 669.17 675.00 673.89 Table 10. Growth and yield characteristics of Alpinia calcarata (1998 planted crop)

Leaf dimension Sl. No.

Plant Height Length Breadth

Rhizome Diameter

(cm)

Fresh rhizome yield(kg/plant)

Dry rhizome yield(kg/plant)

1 150 51 6.0 2.0 7.0 2.5

2 114 45 6.6 2.0 6.5 2.2

3 142 51 4.5 2.0 5.2 1.3

4 128 46 6.3 1.9 5.7 1.6

5 130 39 5.0 2.1 6.3 2.0

Mean 132.8 46.4 5.6 2.02 6.1 1.9

Table 11. Fresh rhizome yield of Alpinia calcarata crops cultivated in four consecutive

years from 1995.

Year of Planting

1995

1996

1997

1998

Mean

Yield (t/ha) 183.0 159.0 171.0 168.0 170.2

Table 12. Growth characteristics of Anisomeles malabarica

Leaf dimensions (cm) Breadth

Sl. No.

Plant height (cm) Length Range Mean

No.of branches

1 127 17.0 3.0 – 4.5 3.8 18 2 123 13.0 2.5 – 3.0 2.6 22 3 112 15.5 1.5 – 2.4 1.9 22 4 117 10.5 3.2 – 4.0 3.5 20 5 186 13.0 2.5 – 3.5 3.1 22

Mean 133 13.8 2.98 20.80 Table13. Leaf yield of Anisomeles malabarica during 1996, 1997 and 1998

Leaf yield (t/ha) for crop planted in Sl. No.

Age at harvest

(months) 1996 1997 1998

Mean

1 3 60.0 56.0 68.0 61.3 2 5 84.0 92.0 88.0 88.0 3 7 96.0 96.0 104.0 98.7 4 10 100.0 104.0 112.0 105.3 5 13 72.0 64.0 80.0 72.0 6 16 44.0 52.0 64.0 53.3 7 20 24.8 28.0 44.0 32.3 8 24 12.4 16.4 21.2 16.7

Mean 493.2 508.4 581.2 527.6

Table 14. Leaf yield of Bacopa monnieri in different harvests during 1997-1999

Yield (t/ha) of crop planted in Sl.No. Age at harvest (days)

1997 1998 1999

1 90 37.5 40.5 32.5 2 135 25.0 35.0 36.5 3 180 25.7 21.2 23.7 4 225 19.5 15.0 15.7 5 270 13.7 10.7 9.0 6 315 10.0 8.75 7.0 7 375 8.0 6.75 5.5

Total 139.4 137.0 129.9 Table 15. Growth characteristics of Holostemma adakodien

Leaf dimension (cm)Sl. No.

Height (cm)

Number of vines /plant

Length Breadth Age at first flowering

1 22 8 6.5 6 121 2 21 14 8.5 8 130 3 23.5 16 5.5 4.8 115 4 26 18 4.5 4.2 120 5 19 14 3.3 2.5 124 6 23 13 4.0 3.0 128

Mean 22.4 13.83 5.38 4.75 123 Table 16. Fruit characteristics of Holostemma adakodien

Size of fruit (cm) Sl.No. No.of fruits /plant Length Breadth

1 13 9.2 6.2 2 20 8.5 6.5 3 18 12.1 7.1 4 18 9.8 4.2 5 16 10.8 7.5 6 14 11.4 8.2

Mean 16.5 10.3 6.6

Table 17. Yield characteristics of Holostemma adakodien

Yield of tuber per plant (g)

Sl. No.

Age at harvest

(months) Fresh weight

Dry weight

Driage (%)

1 8 265 106.00 40.0 2 9 385 157.47 40.9 3 11 408 170.95 41.9 4 15 420 178.50 42.5 5 17 450 192.15 42.7 6 18 460 184.00 42.0 7 20 462 198.19 42.9 8 22 476 204.68 43.0 9 24 488 210.32 43.1

Table 18. Root characteristics of Holostemma adakodien Sl. No. Total no.

of roots No. of

tubers per plant

Total length of

root tubers (cm)

Length at which

thickening starts (cm)

Average diameter of root tuber

(cm) 1 12 3 175 40 1.91 2 10 3 166 42.4 2.61 3 13 4 159 45.1 3.00 4 8 5 148 37.5 2.50 5 10 4 161 39.5 1.98

Mean 11.4 3.4 161.8 42.9 2.40 Table 19. Growth characteristics of Indigofera tinctoria Sl. No. Plant height

(cm) No.of branches Height at branching

stage (cm) 1 85 29 22 2 92 30 24 3 90 21 22 4 88 20 26 5 87 18 21

Mean 88.40 23.6 23

Table 20. Root yield of Indigofera tinctoria Sl. No.

Age at harvest (months)

Fresh weight (g/plant)

Dry weight (g/plant)

Driage (%)

1 8 210 77.8 37.04 2 12 268.8 120.9 45.00 3 18 318.7 152.0 47.69 4 24 406 208.0 51.23

Table 21. Leaf yield of Indigofera tinctoria Sl. No. Age at harvest

(days) Yield (t/ha)

1 90 20.0 2 135 56.0 3 180 60.0 4 225 45.0 5 270 40.0 6 330 30.0 7 390 24.8

Total 275.8 Table 22. Growth characteristics of Kaempferia rotunda

Plant height (cm)

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf breadth (cm)

Sl. No.

1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1 25.0 28.0 45 52.0 7.5 8.1 2 20.0 24.5 41 45.5 7.0 6.9 3 19.0 18.5 39 40.0 6.1 6.0 4 28.0 23.0 42 49.2 6.3 5.8 5 26.0 25.0 48 40.5 6.2 6.2

Mean 23.6 23.8 43 45.4 6.6 6.6

Table 23. Yield characteristics of Kaempferia rotunda (1996 crop)

Sl. No.

No. of fingers/plant

No.of ovoid tubers/plant

Yield (g/plant)

1 18.0 90.0 550.0 2 16.0 65.0 520.0 3 20.0 129.0 650.0 4 21.0 130.0 650.0 5 26.0 140.0 660.0

Mean 20.2 110.8 606.0 Table 24. Rhizome yield of Kaempferia rotunda

Sl. No. Year Yield (t/ha) 1 1996 25.2 2 1997 23.9 3 1998 25.2

Mean 24.76 Table 25. Growth and yield characteristics of Operculina turpethum

Height of plant (cm) Sl. No. at vining at flowering

Yield (g/plant)

1 12 630 110 2 15 600 150 3 14.6 620 165

Mean 13.86 616.66 141.66

Table 26. Yield of Pogostemon patchouli in different harvests in 1997-98 and 1998-99

experiments

Leaf yield (t/ha) 1997-98

experiment 1998-99

experiment Mean Sl. No.

Stage of harvest

(days after planting) Fresh Dry Fresh Dry Fresh Dry

1 45 24.5 3.43 24.0 3.50 24.25 3.47

2 120 31.4 4.31 33.9 4.74 32.7 4.55

3 180 40.3 5.15 41.3 5.69 40.8 5.42

4 240 30.9 3.95 34.5 4.55 32.7 4.25

5 360 17.5 2.21 20.5 2.62 19.0 2.42

Total 144.6 19.05 154.2 21.1 149.4 20.07 Table 27. Plant height (cm) of Acorus calamus under different spacings and types of

irrigation water

Type of irrigation water

Spacing (cm)

Fresh Effluent

Mean

30x30 60.66 83.04 71.85 60x60 59.84 84.60 72.22 Mean 60.25 83.82

Table 28. Breadth of leaf (cm) of Acorus calamus under different spacings and types of

irrigation water

Type of irrigation water Spacing (cm) Fresh Effluent Mean

30 x 30 1.59 2.69 2.14 60 x 60 1.58 3.52 2.55 Mean 1.58 3.10

Table 29. Length of rhizome (cm) of Acous calamus under different spacings and types

of irrigation water

Type of irrigation water Spacing (cm) Fresh Effluent Mean

30x30 69.20 75.00 72.10 60x60 71.00 95.60 83.30 Mean 70.10 85.30

Table 30. Diameter of rhizome (cm) of Acorus calamus under different spacings and types

of irrigation water

Type of irrigation water

Spacing (cm)

Fresh Effluent

Mean

30 x 30 1.74 3.5 2.62 60 x 60 1.67 4.9 3.28 Mean 1.70 4.2

Table 31. Rhizome yield (t/ha) of Acorus calamus under different spacings and types of

irrigation water

Type of irrigation waterSpacing (cm) Fresh Effluent

Mean

30x30 18.61 24.28 21.45 60x60 17.07 26.11 21.59 Mean 17.84 25.20

Table 32. Growth and yield characteristics of three cultivated types of Adhatoda

Leaf dimensions (cm) Plant types Habit Height

(cm) Length Breadth

No.of branches

No. of leaves/ plant

Leaf yield (t/ha)

A. vasica Erect 27.5 26.2 7.6 5.60 76.16 47.78 A. beddomei Erect 87.5 10.5 2.68 11.00 57.78 45.22 Manjapra ecotype

Repent 45.0 19.3 5.7 14.40 207.3

6 75.55

Table 33. Chemical characteristics of Holostemma adakodien tubers at different stages of growth

Total carbohydrates Total proteins Total alkaloids Age

(months) Content (%)

Yield per plant (g)

Content (%)

Yield per plant (g)

Content (%)

Yield per plant (g)

8 58.14 154.000 3.94 10.441 1.10 2.915 9 56.50 217.525 8.95 34.457 1.25 4.812 11 56.00 228.480 10.00 40.800 1.40 5.712 15 55.00 231.000 11.00 46.200 1.50 6.300 17 53.00 238.500 11.50 51.750 1.52 6.840 18 53.50 246.100 11.30 51.980 1.40 6.440 20 54.00 249.480 10.21 47.170 1.36 6.280 22 55.76 265.417 8.38 39.888 1.24 5.902 24 56.00 273.280 6.62 32.30 1.16 5.66

Table 34. Yield and protein content of seedlings and clones of Holostemma adakodien at different periods.

Tuber yield (g/plant) Protein content (%) Age at harvest

(months) Seed

propagated Vegetatively propagated

Seed propagated

Vegetatively propagated

11 160 408 3.12 9.38 15 250 418 5.45 10.30 17 295 430 8.84 11.08 18 300 435 10.15 11.25 24 400 440 7.92 7.25

Mean 281 426.5 7.09 9.85

Table 35. Root characteristics and tuber yield of Holostemma adakodien grown in tilled and untilled soil

Total length of root

(cm) Length at which

tuberisation started (cm)

Yield of tubers (g per plant)

Sl. No.

Tilled Untilled Tilled Untilled Tilled Untilled 1 185 132 50 25 210 440 2 176 146 62.4 28 228 420 3 189 143 65.1 30 242 410 4 191 138 57.5 32 255 405 5 179 145 60.5 27 230 425

Mean 184 140.8 59.1 28.4 233 420

Table 36. Establishment and leaf size of May-planted and August-planted Holostemma adakodien

May-planted August-planted

Establishment (%) No. Leaf length (cm)

Leaf breadth

(cm) After 4 months

After 10 months

Leaf length (cm)

Leaf breadth

(cm) 1 6.5 6.0 57.0 22.8 3.2 3.1 2 8.5 8.0 40.0 20.0 3.8 3.5 3 5.5 4.8 56.0 24.0 2.9 2.9 4 4.5 4.2 40.0 24.0 2.4 2.3 5 3.3 2.5 46.0 20.0 2.2 2.0

Mean 4.04 3.64 47.8 22.16 2.9 2.76

Table 37. Yield characteristics of May-planted and August-planted Holostemma adakodien

May-planted August-planted No. No. of fruits

No. of tubers

Tuber yield (g/plant)

No. of fruits

No. of tubers

Tuber yield (g/plant)

1 13 3 410 5 2 120 2 20 3 416 6 1 85 3 18 4 423 8 3 88 4 18 5 392 6 3 62 5 16 4 399 5 2 100.5

Mean 17 3.8 408 6 2.2 91.1

Table 38. Physico-chemical characteristics of market samples of Holostemma adakodien

Dimension of pieces (cm) Length Breadth Sl.

No Source Colour

Range Mean Range Mean

Protein (%)

Alkaloid (%)

A Chirayath Drug House, Trichur

Yellowish brown

2.5-4.7

3.72 0.63-1.52

1.05 6.20 1.20

B R. D. Drug House, Mattancherry, Cochin

,, 0.7-4.5

3.12 0.63-1.91

1.14 4.50 1.18

C C.D. Ouseph & Sons, Trichur

,, 0.65-5.00

3.81 0.82-1.86

1.24 5.00 1.15

D G. D. V. Chett-iyar & Sons, Plakkad

,, 0.95-6.25

4.01 0.28-2.00

1.77 7.15 1.50

Mean -- -- 3.67 -- 1.30 5.71 1.25 Table 39. Growth characteristics of January-planted and May-planted crops of

Indigofera tinctoria

January-planted May-planted Sl. No. Plant height

(cm) No. of

branches/plant Plant height

(cm) No. of

branches/plant 1 38 9 45 12 2 43 9 47 13 3 37 7 53 19 4 39 9 49 17 5 41 11 48 15

Mean 33 7.5 40.33 12.67

Table40. Yield of January-planted and May-planted crops of Indigofera tinctoria

January planted May planted Time of harvest

Time of harvest

Age (months)

Month

Leaf yield

(kg/plot) Age (months)

Month

Leaf yield

(kg/plot)

3 Mar 40 2 July 70 4.5 Apr 100 3 Aug 135 6 June 120 4 Sept 160 7.5 July 90 5 Oct 120 9 Sept 80 6.5 Nov 90

11 Nov 60 8 Jan 60 13 Jan 50 - - --

Total 540 Total 635

Table 41. Colour and absorption maximum of macerated neelamari leaves.

Treatment No. Colour of the extract Absorbance at 604 nm Old leaves Pale yellow 0.010 Young leaves Light violet 3.037 Juice of old leaves Pale violet 2.975 Juice of young leaves Deep violet 2.969

Table 42.Colour and absorbance of neelamari leaves of different age groups Treatment No.

Visual colour Absorbance at 604 nm

T1 Bluish violet 2.975 T2 Bluish violet 2.999 T3 Bluish violet 3.038 T4 Bluish violet 2.969

Table 43. The colour and absorbance characteristics of the oil extract of leaves and herbal ingredients of neelabbhringadi oil separately and in combination

Absorbance at Treatment

Visible colour 670nm 600nm 580nmOil extract of neelamari leaves Bluish violet 1.20 2.70 1.90 Oil extract of other ingredients Greenish

yellow 1.20 2.70 1.90

Oil extract of neelamari leaves with other ingredients

Green 2.60 0.65 0.28

Table 44. Growth characteristics of Mentha arvensis grown in open sunlight and under shade

IN OPEN UNDER SHADE

Leaf dimension

Leaf dimension

Sl.No.

Plan

t H

eigh

t (cm

)

Leng

th

(cm

)

Bre

adth

(c

m)

No.

of

bran

ches

/ pla

nt

Inte

rnod

al

Len g

th (c

m)

Plan

t he

i ght

(cm

)

Leng

th

(cm

)

Bre

adth

(c

m)

No.

of

banc

hes /

pla

nt

Inte

rnod

al

leng

th (c

m)

1 28 4.70 1.60 38.0 1.5 34.0 8.80 3.16 26.0 2 2 26 4.80 1.50 23.0 1.5 44.0 5.60 2.35 33.0 2 3 24 4.40 1.60 31.0 1.5 41.0 6.90 2.05 31.0 2 4 25 5.10 1.50 26.0 1.5 34.0 6.30 2.04 36.0 2 5 27 5.30 1.70 26.0 1.5 30.0 6.60 2.07 28.0 2

Mean 26 4.86 1.58 28.8 1.5 36.6 6.84 2.62 28.8 2 Table 45. Yield of Mentha arvensis grown in open sunlight and under shade

IN OPEN UNDER SHADE Sl. No. Age at

harvest (days) Yield (t/ha)

Age at harvest (days)

Yield (t/ha)

1 40 2.86 50 6.762 70 7.50 80 12.503 100 6.00 110 9.504 140 5.10 150 7.505 200 4.50 210 3.25

Total 25.96 39.51

Table 46. Growth characteristics of vegetatively propagated plants of Operculina turpethum

(1997 experiment)

Dimensions of leaf (cm) Replication

No. Length Breadth

Diameter of stem (cm)

Age at flowering (days)

1 12.5 16 1.76 195 2 14 16 2.10 178 3 14.5 17.5 1.68 198 4 16.5 18 0.63 202 5 12 16 0.73 187 6 13.5 15.2 1.92 175 7 12 11.5 1.79 178 8 8 8.3 2.37 184 9 9 7.5 2.00 196 10 7 6.2 2.51 187

Mean 10.82 12.02 1.46 156.67

Table 47. Growth characteristics of seed propagated plants of Operculina turpethum (1997 experiment)

Dimensions of leaf

(cm) Replication

No. Length Breadth

Diameter of stem (cm)

Age at flowering (days)

1 11.8 13.8 1.84 368 2 11.5 13.0 0.92 354 3 12.3 13.2 0.76 347 4 12.0 13.0 0.42 345 5 11.3 12.5 1.94 370 6 6.0 5.0 2.20 385 7 7.0 7.0 1.73 372 8 6.5 6.2 1.76 373 9 7.5 6.5 1.94 382 10 4.5 4.0 2.14 378

Mean 8.22 8.56 1.29 306.17

Table 48. Yield characteristics of vegetatively propagated plants of Opercuilina turpethum

Dimension of

root (cm) Yield of roots (kg/plant)

1997 experiment 1998 experiment

Mean

Sl. No.

Age at harvest (days)

Length Dia. Fresh Dry Fresh Dry Fresh Dry

1 365 97.2 1.62 1.750 1.295 1.720 1.283 1.735 1.289 2 400 97.6 1.78 1.805 1.350 1.825 1.387 1.815 1.369 3 430 98.5 1.95 1.895 1.432 1.860 1.415 1.878 1.424 4 460 98.7 2.03 1.880 1.436 1.730 1.316 1.805 1.376 5 490 98.0 2.03 1.050 0.804 0.950 0.725 1.000 0.765 6 520 70.0 2.02 0.840 0.643 0.785 0.596 0.813 0.620 7 550 55.0 2.03 0.565 0.437 0.325 0.249 0.445 0.343

Mean 321.5 68.33 1.46 1.223 0.925 1.149 0.871 1.186 0.898 Table 49. Yield characteristics of seed propagated plants of Operculina turpethum

Dimension of root (cm)

Yield of roots (kg/plant)

1997 experiment

1998 experiment

Mean Sl. No.

Age at harvest (days) Length Dia.

Fresh Dry Fresh Dry Fresh Dry 1 365 88 1.21 0.890 0.640 1.110 0.793 1.000 0.717 2 400 92 1.36 1.020 0.753 1.210 0.883 1.115 0.818 3 430 93.4 1.46 1.426 1.117 1.390 1.039 1.408 1.078 4 460 98.0 1.71 1.510 1.150 1.585 1.201 1.548 1.176 5 490 97.5 1.84 1.520 1.158 1.610 1.223 1.565 1.191 6 520 98.2 1.88 1.540 1.178 1.660 1.264 1.600 1.221 7 550 96.1 1.87 1.510 1.159 1.620 1.237 1.565 1.198 8 580 78.4 1.90 0.710 0.810 0.619 1.192 0.665 1.001 9 610 45.0 1.91 0.645 0.500 0.540 0.415 0.5925 0.458

Mean 367.08 71.51 1.38 1.077 0.847 1.134 0.925 1.1055 0.886

Table 50. Characteristics of Operculina turpethum under different manurial treatments

Treatment Age at flowering (days)

Age at harvest (months)

Mortality (%)

Diameter of root

(cm)

Fresh Root yield (t/ha)

Control 220 18 10 0.90 7.2 FYM 180 12 5 2.04 66.5 Fertiliser 160 8 20 1.66 40.0

Table 51. Physical characteristics of the market trivrit

Dimension of pieces (cm) Length Breadth

Sl. No.

Source Colour

Range Mean Range Mean 1 SITCO Light brown

to brown 7.0-30.0 15.8 1.5-10.0 7.5

2 Sarada Trading ,, 11.5-24.0 17.1 1.7-9.2 5.2 3 Hindustan

Herbs ,, 11.0-19.0 13.8 2.5-10.3 5.8

4 Sanjay Trading ,, 7.0-19.0 13.1 1.3-14.9 6.1 Table 52. Biochemical characteristics of Operculina turpethum and Marsdenia tenacissima

Sl. No. Sample description Crude

fibre (%)

Chloroform extractables (%)

Acetone extractables (%)

Water extractables (%)

1 O. turpethum, stem, authentic

79.23 5.43 5.08 9.41

2 O. turpethum, root, authentic

33.36 8.01 8.89 21.16

3 O. turpethum, stem, market

28.49 9.13 9.48 21.33

4 M. tenacissima, stem, authentic

48.58 2.65 3.48 9.55

5 M. tenacissima, root, authentic

30.75 5.56 6.09 13.57

Table 53. Growth characteristics of Piper chaba and Piper longum

Sl. Leaf dimension (at 150 days) Fruit dimension (at harvest)

P. chaba P. longum P. chaba P. longum No.

Leng

th

(cm

)

Bre

adth

(c

m)

Leng

th

(cm

)

Bre

adth

(c

m)

Leng

th

(cm

)

Dia

met

er

(cm

)

Leng

th

(cm

)

Dia

met

er

(cm

)

1 17.0 5.3 8.5 6.3 6.0 1.1 3.0 0.8 2 16.0 6.1 8.0 6.1 6.4 1.1 2.0 0.5 3 17.5 5.1 6.5 4.6 5.5 1.1 2.2 0.5 4 14.5 4.1 6.0 5.1 5.0 1.0 3.4. 0.6 5 14.0 4.1 5.8 4.9 5.3 1.1 2.5 0.5

Mean

15.8 4.9 6.9 5.4 5.6 1.1 2.6 0.5

Table 54. Fruit yield of Piper chaba and Piper longum in 1996-98 and 1997-99 experiments

P. chaba P. longum Fresh fruit yield

(t/ha) Fresh fruit yield (t/ha)

Period of harvest (months after planting)

1996–98 experimen

t

1997–99 experiment

Driage (%)

Period of harvest (months after planting)

1996-98 experimen

t

1997-99 experimen

t

Driage (%)

6.5-10 234.5 256.3 28.8 4.5-10 181.5 201.0 20.0 10-18 484.6 463.1 30 10-18 362.0 367.0 15.0 18-24 404.0 443.7 32.5 18-24 352.5 334.8 17.5 Total 1123.1 1163.1 Total 896.0 902.8 Mean 1143.1 30.3 Mean 899.4 16.47

Table 55. Establishment of patchouli seedlings under shaded and unshaded conditions. Treatment Replication

No. No. of plants established

Establishment (%)

Shaded 1 41 82.0 ,, 2 43 86.0 ,, 3 43 86.0

Mean 42.3 84.7 Unshaded 1 21 42.0

,, 2 21 42.0 ,, 3 20 40.0

Mean 20.7 41.3

Table 56. Growth characteristics of Ruta chalapensis at three months age under shade and under direct sunlight.

Planted under 75% agro

pack shade net Open condition

Plant height (cm)

No.of branches

Plant height (cm)

No.of branches

Sl. No.

1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1 77.0 70.60 6.0 6.0 32.0 28.0 6.0 7.0 2 84.0 78.00 6.0 6.0 38.0 35.0 7.0 7.0 3 71.0 82.00 5.0 4.0 29.0 38.0 9.0 8.0 4 77.0 73.50 4.0 5.0 40.0 36.4 6.0 7.0 5 70.5 74.50 4.0 5.0 39.0 33.5 8.0 7.0

Annual Mean 75.9 75.62 5.0 5.2 35.6 34.1 7.2 7.2

Overall Mean 75.76 5.1 34.85 7.2

Table 57. Yield characteristics of Ruta chalapensis under shaded and unshaded conditions

Yield of plant tops (t/ha)

Under Shade In open condition Age at harvest (days)

1995 1996 Mean 1995 1996 Mean 180 88.80 103.70 96.25 40.75 50.30 45.52 240 61.72 67.50 64.61 26.66 38.27 32.46 330 74.07 62.65 68.36 19.75 24.07 21.91 450 32.09 40.43 36.26 5.40 1.38 3.39

Total 256.79 274.38 265.58 92.56 114.04 103.30

Table 58. Yield of Wedelia chinensis at different stages (t/ha)

Age at harvest (days) Spacing (cm) 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 Total

25 x 25 43.3 58.3 75.0 103.3 125.0 89.7 40.8 535.5 50 x 50 0 213.3 125.0 137.7 161.7 186.7 213.3 1037.7

Table 59. Fluorescence characteristics of rasna drugs

No. Source Powder as such Powder with NaOH in methanol and mounted

on glass plate

Powder with NaOH in methanol mounted in nitro-

cellulose paper 1 Alpinia officinarum Greenish yellow Reddish brown Greenish yellow

2 Alpinia calcarata Greenish yellow Reddish brown Greenish yellow

3 Alpinia galanga Greenish yellow Reddish brown Greenish yellow

4 Rheum emodi Ash coloured Dark brown Ash coloured

5 Vanda tessellata Brown Dirty green Dirty green with violet tinge

Table 60. Physico chemical properties of the rasna drugs

Raw drug dimensions (cm)

Sl.No

Scientific name

Length Thickness

Shape Colour Odour Taste Methyl cinnamate

(%)

1 Alpinia officinarum Hance 4.0-9.0 1.9-2.9 Irregularly branched and marked with fine annulations

Reddish brown exterior and pale red interior

Characteristically aromatic

Aromatic pungent

2.12

2 Alpinia calcarate Rose 5.7-8.6 1.2-2.2 Irregularly branched and marked with fine annulations

Reddish brown exterior and pale brown interior

Characteristically aromatic

Aromatic pungent

2.135

3 Alpinia galanga Sw. 7.0-7.5 4.5-6.0 Less branched large and thicker rhizome

Orange brown exterior and pale buff interior

Feeble odour than A.officinarum

Less pungent

1.90

4 Rheum emodi Wall ex Meissn 1.5-3.3 1.3-3.1 Irregularly knoty and some what flat.

Dark brown exterior and brownish red interior

Indistinct Indistinct 0.00

5 Vanda tessellata Loud and Loud

5.0-6.0 1.3-2.4 Cylindrical with distinct nodes and internodes

Whitish to brownish in colour

Slightly fragrant Bitter 0.50

Table 61. Recovery of methyl cinnamate from rasna based formulations.

Sl.No. Formulation Recovery (%) A. 1.

Kwath powder Rasnerandadi kwath powder i. Alpinia officinarum ii. Alpinia calcarata

98.11 98.82

2. Ashtavargam kwath powder i. Alpinia officinarum ii. Alpinia calcarata

89.62 99.29

3. Rasnasapthakam kwath powder

i. Alpinia officinarum ii. Alpinia calcarata

98.58 103.04

B. 1.

Kwath

Rasnerandadi kwath i. Alpinia officinarum ii. Alpinia calcarata

100.00 100.00

studies on some medicinal plants used in

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