studies in history and ethnologystudies in history and ethnology tbilisi _ 2016 tbilisi _ 2016 2 udc...

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY

istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani

XVIII

STUDIES IN HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY

Tbilisi _ 2016TBILISI _ 2016

2

UDC 39 (=353.1)+94(479.22)

(082) i885ISSN 1512-2727

istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis warmodgenili XVIII nomeri, wina gamocemebis msgavsad, eZRvneba saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis sakiTxebs. krebuli gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiis mkvlevarTaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis.

redaqtori: xaTuna ioseliani istoriis doqtori

saredaqcio kolegia: avTandil sonRulaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori lavrenti janiaSvili istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori rusudan labaZe istoriis doqtori medea gogolaZe istoriis doqtori

recenzentebi: gela saiTiZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori vaxtang goilaZe istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

Editor in chief: Doctor of History Khatuna Ioseliani

Editorial board: Doctor of History Avtandil Songulashvili

Doctor of History Lavrenti Janiashvili Doctor of History Rusudan Labadze Doctor of History Medea Gogoladze

Reviewer: Gela Saitidze Doctor of History Vakhtang Goiladze Doctor of History

krebuli gamocemulia avtorTa xarjiT

© avtorTa jgufi, 2016

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didebuli ivane javaxiSvilis es suraTi pirvelad qveyndeba. aRniSnuli foto devi berZeniSvilis arqividanaa; Tavis droze, neba momca, asli gamekeTebina. fotoze, ro-melsac srulad ar vbeWdavT, ivane javaxiSvilis gverdiT, sxvebTan erTad, gamosaxulni arian niko berZeniSvili, simon janaSia da devi berZeniSvilis deda, Tamar kalaSni-kova.

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redaqtorisgan

Cveni krebulis winasityvaoba, garkveulwilad, asa-xavs samecniero sferoSi mimdinare procesebs, ker-Zod, kvleviTi institutebis winaSe mdgar problemebs da siaxleebs. tradicias arc amjerad davarRvevT. Cveni, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eT-nologiis instituti, ukve axal misamarTzea gan-Tavsebuli _ universitetis quCa #2, korp. 11, Tsu biblioTekis SenobaSi.

rogorc iqna, damtkicda kvleviTi institutebis samoqmedo debuleba, rac garkveul (mxolod mini-malur) damoukideblobas aniWebs universitetis qud-qveS myof, didi samecniero tradiciis mqone kvleviT institutebs. mosalodnelia konkursi, romlis piro-bebic bolomde ar aris naTeli. winaswari infor-maciiT, qarTvelologiuri dargis mecnierebisTvisac savaldebulo pirobas SeiZleba warmoadgendes uc-xour, maRalreitingul Jurnalebsa da impaqt-faqto-ris mqone gamocemebSi gamoqveynebuli publikaciebi. pirdapir unda iTqvas, rom es ara mxolod Semafer-xebeli faqtoria qarTvelologiuri dargebis ganvi-TarebisTvis (ukve TiTze CamosaTvleli mecnierebis-Tvis, TiTqmis gadaulaxavi barieris xelovnurad Seqmna), aramed sakuTari samecniero kontigentisadmi upativcemulo damokidebulebis gamoxatulebac. qar-Tvelologiur samecniero dargebSi piriqiT unda iyos _ swored pativcemuli ucxoeli kolegebi unda sargeblobdnen Cveni mecnierebis rekomendaciebiT da Cven samecniero JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli publika-ciebiT (darwmunebuli var, ucxoel qarTvelolo-gebsac aseTi azri eqnebaT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT).

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vinaidan, ucxoeli mecnierebis sakmaod didi tradi-ciisa da dainteresebis miuxedavad, qarTvelologiuri mecnierebis verc erTi dargi ver ganviTardeba sxva qveyanaSi ise, rogorc saqarTveloSi. Cven ki, Cveni mecnierebis kompetenciis damadasturebel sabuTs saz-RvargareTis qveynebidan viTxovT.

`istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis~ XVIII nomeri eZRvneba didebuli, Rvawlmosili mecnieris, ivane javaxiSvilis 140-e wlisTavs. qarTvelebi ganebivrebu-lebi varT saxelovani winaprebiT, romelTac waruS-leli kvali datoves Cveni qveynis istoriaSi, dide-buli ivane erT-erTi maTgania. gadauWarbeblad SeiZ-leba iTqvas, rom ivane javaxiSvili, Tavisi RvawliT, daviT aRmaSeneblis, SoTa rusTavelisa da ilia WavWavaZis gverdze ikavebs adgils. aseve, amSvenebs mi-si moRvaweoba saerTaSoriso humanitarul samecniero sazogadoebas, visganac qarTveli mecnierebi, saukuno-vani tradiciis mqone qarTvelur dargebSi aRiarebas da muSaobis uflebis Sesaxeb nebarTvas velodebiT.

`istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis~ XVIII nomeri, wina gamocemebis msgavsad, sainteresoa Tematurad. we-sisamebr, gamocdili mecnierebis SromebTan erTad, ibeWdeba axalgazrda avtorebis statiebic. aRvniSnavT, rom krebulis saredaqcio kolegia ar ereva avtorTa samecniero mosazrebebSi, TiToeuli avtori pasuxis-mgebelia Tavis naSromze, rac, cxadia, amave dros, gadis recenzirebas.

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xaTuna ioseliani

`iese baraTaSvilis cxovreba-anderZi,~ rogorc eTnografiuli wyaro (nawili II1)

iese baraTaSvilis `cxovreba-anderZi~ mniSvnelo-vani wyaroa rogorc istoriuli, ise eTnografiuli informaciis TvalsazrisiT. naSromi originaluria imiTac, rom iese baraTaSvili sakuTar cxovrebas aR-wers, gadmoscems Tavis damokidebulebas cxovrebisad-mi, saxelmwifosa da mefisadmi, romlis karzec is jer dawinaurebuli moxelea (mdivan-mwignobari, mosa-marTle), Semdeg _ Serisxuli da mere _ Sewyalebu-li. am kuTxiT, iese baraTaSvilis nawarmoebi, qarTu-li saistorio mwerlobis gamorCeuli Zeglia. amasTa-nave, avtori bunebrivad aRwers Tanadroul movle-nebs, yofisa da kulturis mTel rig sakiTxebs. Txroba imdenad Sinaarsiani da mdidaria informaciu-li TvalsazrisiT, rom avtori verc warmoidgenda, raoden mniSvnelovan masalas afiqsirebda XVIII sau-kunis qarTl-kaxeTis Sesaxeb.

iese baraTaSvilis memuaruli nawarmoebis gamoce-mebisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb vrceli mimoxilva gvqonda wina statiaSi. imave statiaSi ganxiluli iyo `cxovreba-anderZis~ monacemebi Cacmisa da kvebis kul-turis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisi terminologiiT da sxva.

1 nawili I wakiTxuli iqna akademikos malxaz abduSeliSvilis dabadebidan 90 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaze: `kavkasiis anTropologia da eTnologia~. moxseneba daibeWda konferenciis masalaTa krebulSi, Tb., 2016.

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amjerad, ganvixilavT `cxovreba-anderZis~ cnobebs XVIII saukunis socialur-ekonomikuri sferos rigi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

iese baraTaSvili (1728-1786 ww.) TviTmxilveli da monawilea qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gaZlierebisa da ekonomikuri dawinaurebisa. warmatebulma reformebma (rac saarqivo masalebis monacemebiTac dasturdeba), maleve gamoiRo Sedegi. ganviTarda vaWroba, xelos-noba. savaWro urTierTobebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ara mxolod mezobel, aramed Soreul qveynebTan da qalaqebTan hqonda: ganja, erevnis saxano, baqo, Sama-xia, irani, CrdiloeT kavkasia, ruseTi, erayi, baRda-di, basra, indoeTi, siria [2;544-545].

samefo xelisufleba yvelanairad xels uwyobda savaWro urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. icavda saqaravno gzebs, ris sanacvlodac awesebda sabaJo gadasaxads. SegviZlia davimowmoT saintereso monacemebi Tbili-sis sabaJo gadasaxadis Sesaxeb: `Tu 1760 wels Tbi-lisis sabaJo Semosavali 3200 maneTs udrida, 1769 wels igi 10 aTasamde gaizarda. baJi ki, sabazro Ri-rebulebis 2, 52%-s Seadgenda~ [2;545].

am monacemebis moxmobiT, imis Sexseneba gvindoda, rom XVIII saukunis qarTl-kaxeTi, ekonomikurad sak-maod Zlier samefos warmoadgenda, rac, bunebrivia, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donezec aisaxeboda, gansakuT-rebiT, maRal fenebze. Cans, isini sakmaod kargad da fufunebiT cxovrobdnen, razec qvemoT gveqneba sauba-ri. aq ganvixilavT finansuri sferos erT sakiTxs, romelic Zalian gavrcelebuli Cans aRniSnuli perio-dis qarTl-kaxeTSi.

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miuxedavad kargi Semosavlisa (rac ZiriTadad sa-meurneo da savaWro sferodan iqmneboda), mravals Wirdeboda `savaxSo~ momsaxureoba.

iese baraTaSvili, romelic sapasuxismgeblo da Se-mosavlian Tanamdebobaze muSaobda (samefo karis mwig-nobari, mosamarTle), amave dros, eweoda kerZo saqmi-anobas (werda sabuTebs da xelSekrulebebs), Tavisi Semosavlis umetes nawils mamulebis SeZenisTvis xar-javda, Tumca Cans, rom mas amisTvis Tavisi Semo-savali ar hyofnida da iZulebuli xdeboda xSirad esargebla mevaxSeebis momsaxurebiT.

`cxovreba-anderZidan~ kargad Cans, rom XVIII s-is qarTl-kaxeTSi mevaxSeoba da sesxis aReba friad gav-rcelebuli saqmianoba yofila. sesxis aReba, ZiriTa-dad, xdeboda `sargebliT~ (procentiani vali), rac damtkicebuli iyo TamasuqiT. sesxis gadaxdis gasamya-reblad xdeboda an TavdebSi vinmes Cayeneba, an giraos Cadeba. Tu Tamam daskvnas gamovitanT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XVIII saukuneSi sabanko sistemis safuZveli ukve saxeze gvaqvs.

wyaros monacemebi ar iZleva saSualebas gavarkvi-oT, farTod gavrcelebuli fulis sesxeba mevaxSeoba iyo Tu ara. sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis mi-xedviT, mevaxSeobasa da sargebliT fulis sesxebas Soris, garkveuli sxvaoba SeimCneva. `vaxSi valis sargeblis sargebeli, uweso; uweso valis sargeblis sargebeli~ [4;259]. `vaxSis~ sapirispiroa `vasxi~, `wesieri valis sargebeli~ [4;257]. qarTuli enis gan-martebiT leqsikonSi `mevaxSeoba~ ganmartebulia, ro-gorc `fulis gasesxeba didi sargebeliT (procen-tiT)~ [7;630], Tumca, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT iese ba-

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raTaSvilis kategoriulad uaryofiT midgomas fulis sesxebisa da TavdebSi dgomis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba viva-raudoT, rom mevaxSeobac, fulis wesierad gasesxebis formasTan erTad, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli.

aq sainteresoa erTi aspeqti: iese baraTaSvilis damokidebuleba mevaxSeobisadmi, misi mware gamocdi-leba, agreTve, kategoriuli darigeba Svilebisadmi (misi nawarmoebi, ZiriTadad, anderZia), rom aravis da-udgnen TavdebSi da ar aiRon `sargebliT~ vali. miu-xedavad amisa, TviTon, mamulebis Sesasyidad xSirad iRebs sesxs, agiravebs Zvirfas nivTebs, raTa iyidos miwa. iese baraTaSvili kargad ganmartavs, Tu ratom yidulobs miwebs, imasac aRniSnavs, rom bevrs ukvirda misgan TiTqmis usargeblo alagebis yidva; Cans, ojax-Sic mosvlia am niadagze konfliqti, magram iese Sesa-niSnavad afasebs Seqmnil viTarebas, kargad icis miwis fasi da SeiZleba iTqvas, jiutad ganagrZobs saxnav-saTesi, saagarako mamulebis Sesyidvas. amis mizezs ki, mSvenivrad da lakonurad gadmoscems: `TviTo orols Tumans viSovebdi, arc Tavs movaxmarebdi, arc saxlsa da kerZobas, maSinve mamuls viyiddi. vxedevdi, vinRa iSoida ase mamulsa da raRa dro mova aseTi, rom sa-qarTveloSi es mamulebi sasyidlad Caigdos kacma~[1;21]. Cans, ieses ojaxSic akritikebdnen amis gamo da sazogadoebaSic: `axla rom am mamulebs syidva davuw-yev, ra giTxra, mouTmeneli brZola yovlis Cemis ke-Tilismyofelisgan, mravaljer Cemi yuriT Cemis sax-lisagan Cemi wyeva gamigonia, rom oxersa da xarabas miwebs syidulobs da Cven sulebi amogvxuTao... mra-valjer mtirali mixilavs am ambavzed, rom oxers ma-mulebs syidulobso da mwyevlida... Cemi suli gavim-

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ware da es mamulebi ase Semovkribe TeTriT, syidviT, garjiT da WkuiT. kacs rom yoeli kaci damSleli hyvandes da TviT Tavisi saxlica da iom kacma kidev amdeni Tavisi Tavi da guli gairkinos rom eseebi qnas... erTxel ase miTxres: _ qveyanam sasacilod agigdoo. mewyina didad, mara Cemi ar daviSale~ [1;47].

rogorc wyarodan Cans, sesxis sanacvlod miRebu-li yofila TavdebSi dgoma `sargeblis~ (procentis) gadaxda, Tamasuqis micema da girao. iese baraTaSvilis mama, ose baraTaSvili, swored TavdebSi Cadgomis gamo gakotrebula, romelic `oris qisis~ [1;3] (qesa – ud-rida 500 piastrs anu 30 Tumans [1;112] Tavdebad dadgomia barZim erisTavs, risTvisac Tavisi dedis `margaliti Zvirfasi giraod miucia~ [1;3]. amdenad, TavdebSi dadgoma garkveuli faseulobiT xdeboda. Cans, vali barZim erisTavs ar gadauxdia da TavdebSi mdgom oses es `ori qesi~ Tavs daedva, ris gadasax-deladac saxlidan Zvirfasi nivTebis gayidva, saxlis dagiraveba da axali valebis aReba mouwia [1;3]. ro-gorc Cans, `TavdebSi Cadgoma~ maSin sakmaod gavrce-lebuli yofila. amitom, iese Tavis Svilebs katego-riulad afrTxilebs, rom aravis arasdros TavdebSi ar Caudgnen [1;50]; aseve, misTvisac ucxoa vinmesTvis TavdebSi Cadgoma [1;25,16].

fulis sesxebis sargebeli gansazRvruli yofila. iese baraTaSvili Tavis cxovrebis detalurad aRwe-rilobaSi, wlebis manZilze, sargeblis erTnair ode-nobas asaxelebs: Tumanze aTi Sauri [1;5, 6]. am Tanxis gadaxda ieses Zalian gaWirvebia, vinaidan `diaR bevri Seiqmna es sargebelio~ [1;5], aRniSnavs iese bara-TaSvili.

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sesxis damadasturebeli sabuTi Tamasuqi iyo (Ta-masuqi [arab.] xelwerili, romliTac kisruloben gan-sazRvrul vadaSi garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdas [6;514] (sulxan-saba orbelianTan es termini ar gxvdeba). Ta-masuqiT, gansazRvrul vadaSi valis gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebisamebr xdeboda sargeblis dama-teba, rac aseve Tumanze aTi Sauri iyo [1;6].

XVIII saukuneSi gavrcelebuli Cans uZrav-moZravi qonebis dagiravebis wesic. agiraveben rogorc mamu-lebs, saxlebs, ise Zvirfas nivTebs, _ samkaulebs da sufris WurWels (girao sxvaTa enaa, qarTulad windi hqvian; girao somexT enaa, qarTulad windi hqvian [4;161]; windi valisTvis mZevali [(5;379]; windi igi-vea, rac girao [7;1220]). rogorc iese baraTaSvili aRniSnavs, mas sesxis aReba, ZiriTadad, mamulebis Se-saZenad uwevda da amis gamo, riskze midioda. moTxro-bilia sxva adamianebis mier saxlebis da miwebis dagi-ravebis Sesaxeb, rac valebis gastumrebisa da ojaxis rCenis aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

komfortis moyvaruli iese (mas uyvarda kargi Cacma-daxurva da Zvirfasi WurWeli), sufris ver-cxlis WurWels agiravebs da sesxs iRebs sargebliT, razec sinanuliT aRniSnavs, rom `sufris iaraRi ganviZarcveo~ [1;63]. Tavis droze, valis gamo, saxls agiravebs ieses mamac.

amdenad, aRniSnuli wyaros monacemebiT, kargad Cans, rom XVIII saukunis qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Tanxis gasesxebis srulad Camoyalibebuli forma ar-sebobs, rac moicavs saprocento gadasaxads, doku-ments (Tamasuqi), sesxeba gamyarebulia TavdebSi mdgo-mi piris arsebobiTa da qonebiT (girao).

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`cxovreba-anderZis~ monacemebiT, kargad Cans XVIII saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebis yofis mravali aspeq-ti. maRali fenis warmomadgenlebi sakmaod kargad da fufunebiT cxovroben. Cacmisa da kvebis kulturis garda, amaze metyvelebs bavSvis aRzrdis wesi, rome-lic masiurad Cans gavrcelebuli. maRali sazogado-ebis ojaxebs bavSvis gaCenisTanave ahyavdaT ZiZa, rac soliduri Tanxa jdebodaT. iese baraTaSvili, rome-lic mravalSviliani mama iyo, miuTiTebs, rom yvela bavSvisTvis ayvanili hyavda ZiZa, romelic ZuZuTi kve-bavda, uvlida da zrdida bavSvs. es informacia sru-liad bunebrivadaa gadmocemuli da eWvs ar badebs, rom iese azviadebs faqtebs. misive Txrobidan Cans, rom ZiZa yvela sxva ojaxsac hyavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom gadaxda uWirT. avtors dasaxelebuli aqvs zus-ti Tanxebic, Tu ramdenis gadaxda uwevda ZiZisTvis, magaliTad: `giorgis saZiZao~ mas 15 Tumani dajdomia saWmel-sasmelis gareSe [1;54], rac imas niSnavs, rom ZiZas gasamrjelos garda, saWmliTac uzrunvelyof-dnen. meore Svilis ZiZis gasamrjelod TveSi dasaxe-lebuli aqvs `12 abazi da ori minalTuni~ [1;59]. aR-werilia SemTxveva, rodesac mamuls yidis mepatrone, romelic ieses SesCivis, rom ZiZam bavSvi saxlSi mo-ugdo da mSieri hyavs~ [1;36].

iese Tavisi sami wlis Svilis gardacvalebis ambis Txrobisas aRwers, rom misi saZiZao Svidi Tumani da-ujda. aRniSnavs, rom ZiZas xSirad ucvlida da bavSvi `aqa-iq TrevaSi moukvda~, vinaidan zog ZiZas rZe ga-uSra, zogi _ avad gaxda [1;82]. sainteresoa, ratom ar zrdida aseT viTarebaSi mainc Svils deda?

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am cnobebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ZiZa an saxlSi mohyavdaT, an ZiZas TavisTan atandnen bavSvs. ZiZa aucileblad ZuZuTi kvebavda da uvlida aRsazrdels. mas gasamrjelos garda, zogierT Sem-TxvevaSi, uzrunvelyofdnen sakvebiT da sacxovrebliT (ojaxSi). ase damkvidrebuli da gavrcelebuli wesi ZiZis ayvanisa, umTavresad, metyvelebs maRali fenis ekonomikur SesaZleblobaze. is faqtebi, rom Zi-ZisTvis fulis gadaxda uWirdaT, magram mainc ayavdaT SvilebisTvis, garkveulwilad, aCvenebs maRali fenis-Tvis am wesis aucileblobas.

`cxovreba-anderZi~ saintereso cnobebs Seicavs XVIII s-Si qarTl-kaxeTSi gavrcelebuli sneulebebis Sesaxeb. avtori aRwers, Tu ra daavadebebis gadatana mouwiaT mas da misi ojaxis wevrebs; am kuTxiTac, es wyaro sando unda iyos.

ZiriTadad, gavrcelebuli Cans cieb-cxeleba da sa-xadi, romlis saxeldebis qveS Cveulebrivi infeqci-uri daavadebebi igulisxmeba, agreTve, wiTela da yva-vili. erTxelaa naxsenebi Wleqi da cofi.

iese baraTaSvilis mixedviT, Znelia garkveva, ra igulisxmeba cieb-cxelebasa da saxadis qveS. `saxadi~, rac sityvis Sinaarsidanac kargad Cans, niSnavs `mo-saxdels~, `gadamdebi daavadeba (wiTela, yvavili, qun-TruSa da sxva), romelic erTxel moxdis Semdeg, aRar emarTebaT~ [7;878].

sulxan-sabasTan es termini ar gxvdeba. asevea gan-martebuli specialur samecniero literaturaSi: `imunitetis mimniWebel daavadebebs: yvavils, wiTelas, yivanaxvelas, qunTruSas, ybayuras, Cutyvavilas da wi-Turas, zogadad saxads, saxdurs, saxdiels uwodeben

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imitom, rom vinc erTxel moixdida, mas aRar Sexvde-boda~ [3;29]. iese baraTaSvili ki, xSirad aRniSnavs, rom mas, colsa da Svilebs saxadi hqondaT. 1773 wels, `Cemi Zmis ioanes saxadi gamomyoloda... Sin rom movel, cxra suli damxvda avadmyofi, merme de-daTqvens Seeyara~ [1;62]. momdevno wels isev aRwers, rom meuRle, Svili da ZiZa isev saxadiT gaxdnen avad; aseTi cnobebi xSirad meordeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom wiTelas da yvavils calke aRniSnavs, SeiZ-leba davuSvaT, rom saxadis saxeliT, Cveulebriv ga-ciebasac gulisxmobs. wiTela mis Svilebs yvelas er-Tad damarTiaT, xolo sami wlis Svili umsxverplia kidec 1777 wels [1;82]. 1778 wels, yvavili Cans gav-rcelebuli [1;87]. iese baraTaSvili ar gvaZlevs in-formacias mkurnalobis Sesaxeb, ubralod, aRniSnavs, rom Zlivs Soulobdnen eqims. sayuradReboa is faqti, rom saxadis dros, avadmyofis izolirebas axdendnen da sxva saxlSi gadahyavdaT, rom danarCenebs ar gada-debodaT. simptomebad aRniSnuli aqvs sicxe da ofli-anoba.

CamoTvlili daavadebebis garda, iese baraTaSvili axsenebs cieb-cxelebasa da `Wirvebas~. `cieb-cxele-biT~ TviTon gamxdara avad; ise cudad yofila, rom mRvdeli mouyvaniaT, aRsareba uTqmevinebiaT da sasik-vdilod gamzadebula. Tumca, movla-patronobam uSve-la da gamomjobinda. mis cnobas Tu gaviziarebT, iese daaxloebiT eqvsi Tve yofila avad cieb-cxelebiT [1;27-28]. n. mindaZis daskvniT, romelic Tavis mxriv samecniero literaturasa da eTnografiul masalas eyrdnoba, cieb-cxeleba malariaa da misi aRmniSvneli qarTuli terminebia cieba, cieb-cxeleba, xaSmi, cxro

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[3;52]. misive TqmiT, `qarTveli mosaxleoba kargad icnobda malariis bunebasa da xasiaTs, rac Tavis-Tavad, saqarTveloSi malariis farTod gavrcelebaze metyvelebs [3;37].

saintereso cnoba aqvs daculi iese baraTaSvils TbilisSi gavrcelebuli romeliRac epidemiis Sesaxeb. 1737 wels TbilisSi `aseTi Wirveba astyda, rom naxe-vari qalaqi amoswyda~ [4], rasac ieses umcrosi dac emsxverpla. cxra wlis iese senis gadavardnamde qa-laqidan gauxiznavT [1;4].

iese baraTaSvilis `cxovreba-anderZis~ mravalmxri-vi kvleva, bevr saintereso informacias mogvcems XVIII saukunis qarTl-kaxeTis yofisa da kulturis Sesaxeb.

17

wyaroebi da literatura

1. iese baraTaSvilis `cxovreba-anderZi~, teqsti ga-mosca SesavliT, SeniSvnebiT, leqsikoniT da saZi-eblebiT avTandil ioselianma, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1950.

2. g. akofaSvili, vaWrobis, mrewvelobisa da saqala-qo cxovrebis ganviTareba; sin, t. IV, Tb., 1973.

3. n. mindaZe, qarTveli xalxis tradiciuli samedi-cino kultura, Tb., 2013.

4. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I, Tb., 1991.

5. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. II, Tb., 1993.

6. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeu-li, nawili I, Tb., 1990.

7. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeu-li, nawili II, Tb., 1990.

18

Khatuna Ioseliani

`THE LIFE AND THE LAST WILL OF IESE BARATASHVILI~ AS THE ETHNOGRAPHICAL

SOURCE (PART II)

Summary

`The Life and the Last Will of Iese Baratashvili”, work of the memoir character dated to the eighteenth century, is an original and remarkable Georgian historical monument. The author of the work belonged to the upper-class and was the head of king’s office and judge. Iese Baratashvili was well-rounded, well-educated person and endowed with the talent of the writer. He described his own life and thus current events in most of which participated himself. He described everyday life of those days, social and family relations and etc.

In this article we studied data the historical source gives us about etiquette, forms of punishment, daily life of family and common diseases. In his narrative the author naturally, as ongoing events, tells us about the above mentioned.

In the above mentioned period the fallowing diseases we-re spread in Georgia: relapsing fever, measles, smallpox, fever. In 1736 plague was spread in Tbilisi. According to Iese plague killed nearly the half of the population of Tbilisi. Only once is mentioned tuberculosis and rabies.

It is worth to be mentioned that fosterage was widely spread custom and was compulsory form of child upbringing in a high society. Each child of an each family had its nanny who was highly paid.

According to Iese Baratashvili main punishment seems to be physical punishment. Dead penalty is not mentioned.

19

According to the same historical source in the eighteenth century Georgia private commercial structure, lend of money in loan at an interest or mortgaging, was established. It seems that the foundation of the subsequently developed banking was laid down from the beginning of the eighteenth century.

20

avTandil sonRulaSvili

eTnokonfliqtebi XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi1

bolo periodSi sul ufro metad izrdeba intere-si iseTi problemisadmi, rogoricaa eTnokonfliqtebi. es gamowveulia im vakuumis Sevsebis mcdelobad, rac SeiniSneba am mimarTulebiT kvlevis sferoSi.

konfliqti aris urTierTmimarTeba or an orze met iseT mxares (pirovnebas an jgufs) Soris, ro-melTac aqvT, an fiqroben, rom aqvT, urTierTSe-uTavsebeli miznebi [1;66].

rogorc konfliqtebis analizis Sedegebi adastu-reben, konfliqts iwvevs an mis zonaSi arsebuli ga-momwvevi romelime mopirdapire mxare, an garedan ar-sebuli ,,mesame Zala~.

konfliqtSi monawile subieqtebis da Zalebis urTierTdapirispirebaSi, misi Semdgomi warmarTvis da saboloo Sedegebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis sim-ravle calke ganxilvis sagania. erTi cxadia, am farul brZolaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs kon-fliqtebis gamowvevaSi dagrovili gamocdileba, ,,saazrovno centrebis~ akademizmi, sadazvervo samsa-xuri da a. S. [2;25-26]. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqar-TveloSi saukuneebis manZilze erTmaneTis gverdiT uamravi sxvadasxva eTnikuri, Tu religiuri aRmsa-reblobis jgufi Tanacxovrobs, es jgufebi urTierT kulturul Rirebulebebsa da monapovrebs an Zalian

1 aRniSnuli statia daiwera rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi mopovebuli grantis (# FR/148/2-101/14) farglebSi.

21

sustad an ki, saerTod ar icnoben. ar icnoben arc erTmaneTis istoriul warsuls da arc saqarTvelos teritoriaze maTi dasaxlebis istorias. ufro metic, xSirad SesaZloa, Tavad ama Tu im eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebs ar hqondeT sruli da swori war-modgena saqarTvelos teritoriaze maTive winaprebis dasaxlebisa da saukunovani cxovrebis Sesaxebac ki [3;59]. qarTveli xalxis tradiciuli istoriuli yofa araviTar safuZvels ar iZleoda, rom gabato-nebul eTnoss daeCagra vinme saqarTveloSi Semoxiz-nuli. piriqiT, saqarTvelo mudam iyo amierkavkasiis Cagruli mosaxleobis TavSesafari, amitomac garkve-ul teritoriaze Tavi moiyara sakmaod Wrelma eTni-kurma mravalferovnebam [4;22].

saerTod, Tu romelime erma Tavisze Zlieri mezoblisagan gaTavisufleba scada, Zlieri susts mis miwa-wyalze e. w. eTnokonfliqts mouwyobs, aujanyebs mcire eTnosebs, mxars dauWers amboxebulebs (sam-xedro ZaliT, iaraRiT, msoflio sazogadoebrivi azris dezinformirebis saSualebebiT) da Tavisuf-lebamowyurebul (,,urC~) ers misi samSoblos nawile-bidan ayris. amiT ,,Zlieri~ batonobis survils ramdenadme daikmayofilebs, ,,urCi~ daisjeba da... mov-lenaTa filosofiuri aspeqti ki, SeumCneveli rCeba [5;22].

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom konfliqturi kerebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Cndeba saxelmwifos sasazRvro zolSi, iq, sadac kompaqturad cxovroben aradomi-nanti eTnosis warmomadgenlebi _ erovnuli umcire-soba, _ romelic Tavisi erovnuli SemadgenlobiT ena-Tesaveba am teritoriis mosazRvre saxelmwifos

22

mosaxleobas. aseT regionebSi ufro advilad iCens Tavs separatistuli moZraoba, imisda miuxedavad, aq daZabuli viTarebaa, Tu ara. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelos sasazRvro zolia.

rodesac sustdeba politikuri da ekonomikuri stabiluroba, eTnikuri umravlesobisa da umcire-sobis warmomadgenlebSi amoqmedebas iwyebs eTniku-robis yvelaze saSiSi forma _ nacionalizmi, romlis saTaveSic demagogi politikosebi dgebian [6;2]. kon-fliqtebSi vlindeba garkveuli miznebis mqone adamia-nebis, an adamianTa jgufebis ukmayofileba maTTvis araxelsayreli garemos mimarT. es maSin xdeba, ro-desac Tavs iCens is sadavo sakiTxebi, romelTa Sesaxeb molaparakeba SeuZlebeli, an TiTqmis SeuZle-belia. amis Sedegia adamianTa jgufebis iseTi qceva, romelic seriozul zians ayenebs rogorc individebs, aseve sazogadoebebs, erebs da emuqreba maT fizikur, Tu fsiqologiur usafrTxoebas. dapirispireba sxva-dasxva formiT vlindeba: quCis ZaladobiT, mkvlelo-bebiT, religiuri omiT, eTnikur urTierTobaTa gam-wvavebiT, teritoriuli eqspansiiTa da erTaSorisi konfliqtebiT [6;7].

Tu erovnuli umciresoba TavianTi istoriuli samSoblos mimdebare teritoriaze cxovrobs da kri-tikul situaciaSi iqidan realuri daxmarebis imedi aqvT, am dros mravalerovani sazogadoebisaTvis dama-xasiaTebeli dapirispireba _ ,,Cven~ da ,,isini~, Zalze mZafrdeba [7;63].

saqarTveloSi araqarTveli mosaxleobiT kompaq-turad dasaxlebuli eqvsi sasazRvro regionia: afxa-zeTi, Sida qarTlis Crdilo nawili (e. w. samxreT

23

oseTi), qvemo qarTli, javaxeTi, pankisis xeoba da yvarlis raioni.

sabWoTa reJimma ignorireba gaukeTa sxvadasxva ers, erovnebasa da erovnul jgufs. saerTo saxel-mwifoebrivi interesebis droSiT nergavda unita-rizms. erovnuli dapirispirebis mkveTrma gamwvavebam gamoiwvia represiebi, pirvel rigSi, mTeli xalxebis ZaldatanebiTi gadasaxleba. komunisturi xelisuf-leba dumiliT xvdeboda..., riTac xels uwyobda saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxva erovnebis warmomadge-nelTa im antiqarTul konsolidacias, romelsac isini kompartiaSi gaerTianebiTa da komunisturi lo-zungebiT faravdnen. am garemoebas yuradReba miaqcia S. nucubiZem da amxila ,,wiTeli droSis tarze daki-debulTa~ antiqarTuli miswrafebebi. S. nucubiZe pre-sis furclebze aRniSnavda: ,,frTxilad! qvemZromni Tavisas ar moiSlian~, ,,komunisturi droSis qveS xdeba axali Semoseva saqarTveloze, qarTvelebis mo-Zule elementebisa~ [8;44].

cnobilia, rom mZafri krizisi, romelsac ganicdis yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleoba, erovnuli ur-TierTobis aspeqtSi, pirvelad daiwyo mTian yara-baRSi, sadac situacia mwvavdeboda aTwleulebis man-Zilze. is gaxda naTeli gamoxatuleba warsuli wle-bis politikisa, rodesac erovnuli sakiTxebi da problemebi wydeboda administraciul-biurokratiuli meTodebiT, zewoliT. amitom yarabaRis sakiTxis ga-dawyvetis Zieba (da ara marto yarabaRisa) ar Rirs ganuxrelad davukavSiroT 80-ian wlebSi iq mimdinare movlenebs [9;17]. somxebi da azerbaijanelebi, sabWoTa reJimis dros, ,,megobrulad~ cxovrobdnen 1957 wlam-

24

de. dapirispireba daiwyo amave wels, rodesac azer-baijanis umaRlesma sabWom gamosca brZaneba mTian yarabaRSi saqmis warmoebis azerbaijanul enaze ga-dasvlis Sesaxeb, risTvisac gamoiyena Sesabamisi Zalismieri RonisZiebebi. da es simptomaturi gaxda ara mxolod somxur-azerbaijanuli urTierTobi-saTvis... swored am periodSi, 1956-1957 wlebSi mZlavrad Seirya ,,sabWoTa~ erebisa da erovnebebis urTierTobis faqtori [10;152].

komunistebis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebSi saqar-Tvelos eTnikuri umciresoba nomenklaturuli da, aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri privilegiebiT sargeb-lobda. gansakuTrebiT SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis peri-odSi. is, rogorc Tavmowonebuli internacionalisti da WeSmariti komunisti, moqmedebda stalinis lo-zungiT _ ,,urtyi Senians, rom sxvas eSinodes~. e. SevardnaZe xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave mweralTa kavSiris tribunidan kremlis komunistur medaviTneTa warmomadgenlis, vinme Sauros TandaswrebiT daemuqra qarTvel xalxs da Savi dRe ayara ,,nacionalist~ mwerlebsa da kinematografistebs. osebs, azerbaijane-lebs da nawilobriv, somxebs, roca kompaqturad dasaxlebul adgilebSi socialuri pirveloba gainaR-des, imis pretenziac gauCndaT, rom es samudamod daekanonebinaT [11;14-15].

sabWoTa kavSirSi e. w. ,,perestroikis~ dawyebis Semdeg, adgilze erTaSorisi urTierTobaTa gamwva-vebis Zlieri faqtori gaxda ,,centris~ politika mokavSire respublikebisadmi avtonomiebis dapirispi-rebisa, ukanasknelTa, rogorc kavSiris subieqtebad cnobis gziT. mcirericxovan erebze zrunvis sababiT,

25

imis gauTvaliswineblad, Tu ra realuri safuZveli arsebobda saamisod ama Tu im avtonomiaSi.

,,samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiur olqSi eqstremis-tuli organizacia ,,adamon nixasi~ (saxalxo taZari), jer kidev 1979 wels Camoyalibda araformaluri jgufis saxiT. misi saqmianoba gansakuTrebiT gaaqti-urda rokis gvirabis gaxsnis Semdeg, 1986 wlis zamTridan, roca CrdiloeT oseTTan urTierToba gaadvilda. maSin kvlav momwifda ,,ori oseTis~ gaer-Tianebis sakiTxi. ukve simptomaturi iyo, rom Tan-daTan gaqra qarTuli warwerebi, gansakuTrebiT, javis raionSi.

1988 wlis dasawyisSi osuri inteligenciis erTi nawilis (a. CoCievi, a. cxovrebovi, z. abaeva, a. jigaevi da sxva) mier ukve organizebulad yalibdeba araformaluri politizirebuli moZraoba ,,adamon nixasi~ alan CoCievis xelmZRvanelobiT da maSinve ayenebs CvenTvis axla ukve kargad cnobil moTxovnebs. 1989 wlis ivnisSi ,,adamon nixasma~ oficialur registracias miaRwia da mkveTrad gaaZliera provo-kaciuli aqciebi mdgomareobis destabilizaciis miz-niT. 1988 wlis monacemebiT, swored am araforma-luri Sovinisturi gaerTianebis wyalobiT, yofili olqis politikuri mmarTvelobis biurokratiul aparatSi 140 wevridan 85 osi erovnebis iyo, 34 qarTveli, xolo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis 227 wevridan 176 osi iyo, 43 ki _ qarTveli.

osi mosaxleobis inteleqtualur birTvs warmoad-gendnen pirovnebebi, romelTac cnobiereba Camouya-libdaT rusul-osuri ,,bilingvizmis~ safuZvelze, ramac ganapiroba olqis osuri mosaxleobis mniSvne-

26

lovani nawilis orientacia CrdiloeT oseTze, rogorc rusuli saxelmwifos ganuyofel nawilze [12;158-159].

1989 wlis 23 dekembers, aRniSnuli organizaciis erT-erTma moZRvarma, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondentma nafi jusoiTma, rome-lic manmade SeniRbulad moqmedebda, moskovSi, saxal-xo deputatTa meore yrilobaze ganacxada, rom TiTqos, ,,samxreT oseTSi~, qarTvelebi aviwroebdnen osebs, Tavad ki, Zlivs gamoaRwia cxinvalidan, razec mas TviT ssr kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma, v. bakatinma kategoriuli pasuxi gasca da mianiSna, rom operatiuli monacemebiT, iq msgavs SemTxvevebs adgi-li ar hqonda~. v. bakatinma gaaxmovana is, rac sinam-dvile iyo. 23 dekembris Semdeg, mokle xanSi, e. w. ,,samxreT oseTSi~, situacia mniSvnelovnad daiZaba. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom cxinvalis regionis os mecnier-muSakTa da mweralTa umravlesoba antiqar-Tuli organizacia ,,adamon nixasis~ wevrebi iyvnen [13;220].

1990 wlis dasawyisSi, Sida qarTlSi viTarebam kritikul zRvars miaRwia. osi eqstremistebi qar-Tveli mosaxleobisadmi mimarTavdnen yvelaze saSinel zemoqmedebas (sityvieri Seuracxyofa, gaupatiureba, daWra, kacis kvla, banditizmi). 3 invars qarTuli ojaxebis morigi darbevisas, sofel frisSi osebma Caidines gaugonari danaSauli, cecxlsasroli iara-RiT akvanSi mokles 9 Tvis bavSvi. 4 ianvars samar-Tlis saZieblad Tbiliss moaSura eredvis, qurTis, qemertis, frisis da sxva soflebis xalxmravalma warmomadgenlobam, 150-ze metma qalma, kacma,

27

axalgazrdam da moxucma. presis muSakebTan Sexved-risas, Sida qarTlidan Camosulebma iq, qarTvelTa yofis Zalze mZime suraTebi warmoadgines. osi erov-nebis milicielebi monawileobdnen qarTvelebze Tav-dasxmebSi. qarTvelebi, SiSis gamo, cxinvalSi ver Ca-diodnen. iqidan ver xerxdeboda veraviTari sursaTis miReba, yvelaferi osur soflebSi nawildeboda. go-ris raionis dauxmareblad, qarTveloba SimSiliT amowydeboda.

avtomatebiTa da tyviamfrqvevebiT SeiaraRebuli osebi, jgufebad daexetebodnen qarTul soflebSi. ianvris dasawyisSi kexvi, qurTa, Zarwemi da sxva sof-lebi, TiTqmis alyaSi iyo moqceuli [14].

rac Seexeba afsua-afxazebma ki, Tavdapirvelad toponimikuri ,,omiT~ daiwyes separatistuli moZra-oba. ra toponimebi unda SeeqmnaT afsuebs, roca maTi salaparako leqsikis ZiriTadi baza qarTuli sityve-bisagan Seiqmna. mgaliTad, adgili _ a-adgil, atami _ atama, kalaTi _ akalaTa, borbali _ aborbal, xerxi _ axiarx, mizezi _ amizez, kuTxe _ akunTxv, saxe _ asaxia, qeri _ aqiar, kibe _ akiab, gemo _ agiama da sxva [15;19]. 1980 wlis meore naxevarSi mdgomareoba mkveTrad daiZaba afxazeTSi. qarTuli mosaxleobis daSinebis mizniT, sofel bzifisxevis mcxovreb yvela qarTvels afxazma milicielebma CamoarTves registri-rebuli Tofebi da danebi. afxaz Tanasoflelebs ki, igive iaraRi uklebliv dautoves. afxazTa mxridan Tavdasxmis saSiSroeba Seiqmna. qarTvelebma SeZles ori sanadiro Tofis Sovna da yovel Rames, ori qar-Tveli morigeobda [16;195].

28

amave dros, swored ,,centris~ mxriv, adgilobrivi separatistuli Zalebis waqezebis Sedegi iyo e. w. ,,afxazuri werili~ (1988 w. ivlisi), romelic gaeg-zavna skkp XIX partkonferenciis prezidiums daSemdgom e. w. ,,lixnis mimarTva~ (1989 w. marti) sab-WoTa kavSiris yvela umaRles samTavrobo da parti-uli instanciebisadmi. orive am dokumentSi sakiTxi idga saqarTvelodan afxazeTis gamoyofis Sesaxeb, im sababiT, rom TiTqmis saukuneebis manZilze, afxazeTs saqarTvelosTan araferi akavSirebda; adrec da sabWo-Ta xelisuflebis pirobebSic afxazebi qarTvelebisgan mxolod Seviwroebas, ,,agresias~, ,,genocids~ ganic-didnen. amitom, maTTan cxovreba SeuZlebeli iyo [17;156]. politikur-finansuri mafiis mier organize-bul-inspirirebuli afxazuri eqscesi qarTveli eris Seuracxyofa, ciliswameba, istoriis gayalbeba iyo. moaxdines ra afxazTa arsebiTi rusifikacia, akrZales qarTvel istorikosTa Sromebi da yvelanairad waa-qezes falsifikatorebi, reaqciulma Zalebma afxaze-Tis mTavroba da mosaxleobis nawili im antiqarTul agregatad gadaaqcies, romelsac maSin CarTavdnen xolme, roca saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraoba Zli-erdeboda. afxazuri eqscesi provokacia iyo, gaT-vlili imaze, rom sisxli unda daRvriliyo qar-Tvelebsa da afxazebs Soris. Tundac CavTvaloT, rom dRevandeli afsuebi Zveli afxazebi arian da erTad cxovrobdnen Cveni winaprebi. am SemTxvevaSic, ,,rode-sac erT teritoriaze mcxovrebi ori aborigeni xal-xidan erTi iTxovs gamoyofas, es niSnavs arc mets arc naklebs, teritoriis misakuTrebas, teritoriis warTmevas~ [18;93].

29

saqarTvelos erTi ZirZveli kuTxis mitaceba ukve ZaladobiT ganizraxes. 1989 wlis 1 aprili afxaz-Tagan datrialebuli kacTa kvlis uvertiurad iqca. sisxliani dapirispireba ivlisis Sua ricxvebamde gag-rZelda. soxumSi sisxlis niaRvari dadga. yovel sadarbazoSi, yoveli quCis kuTxeSi mkvlelebi hyav-daT Cayenebuli. vin icis, rodemde gastanda udana-Saulo, uiaraRo qarTvelebis araadamianuri, masob-rivi xocva-Jleta, svaneTidan mosuli maSvelTa razmi rom ar gamoCeniliyo [19]. ratom moxda, rom ivlisis traRikuli dReebis Sedegad, daRupulTa Soris ar aRmoCnda arc erTi naRdi afsua _ afxazi gvaris kaci da iyo mxolod yvela afxazi qarTuli gvariT: lasuria, kobaxia, Cqotua, koRonia, kviwinia... yove-live es gamowveuli iyo im privilegiebiT, romlebic miniWebeli hqonda am erT muWa xalxs. afxazoba afxa-zeTSi da lamis mTel saqarTveloSi gaxda socialur privilegiad, upiratesobad, Tumca, marto afxazoba rodi kmaroda afxazeTSi, plus amas aqtiuri brZola qarTvelebisa da yovelive qarTulis winaaRmdeg da karierac garantirebuli iyo [20;164].

am areulobis dros, zogierTma erovnulma umcire-sobamac wamoyo Tavi. magaliTad, qvemo qarTlis azer-baijanulma mosaxleobam regionis, ,,borCalus~ kul-turul avtonomiad gamocxadeba moiTxova, xolo ad-ministraciul centrad rusTavi daasaxela.

,,borCalus~ avtonomiuri erTeulis Seqmnas zogi-erTi azerbaijaneli mecnieri istoriul dasabuTe-basac uZebnis. isini cdiloben qvemo qarTli Turquli modgmis xalxis istoriul samSoblod gamoacxadon. ufro metic, mTel saqarTvelos ganixilaven TurqTa

30

uwyveti mkvidrobis regionad, sadac isini jer kidev II saukuneSi movidnen da amis Semdeg, yovelTvis wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen. VI-VII saukuneebSi maT formirebaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonies xazarebma, XI-XII saukuneebidan _ yivCaRebma da oguzebma. XVI saukunis damlevidan ki, _ osmalebma. calkeul avto-rebs, saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli Turquli modgmis xalxebSi SehyavT qarTuli eTnografiuli jgufebic (mesxebi, aWarlebi, gurulebi da a. S.), xolo rac Seexeba qvemo qarTls, miaCniaT, rom igi uxsovari droidan iyo Turquli modgmis tomis ,,borCalus~ samkvidro. swored am dapirispirebis niadagze, 80-iani wlebis bolosa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aTaso-biT azerbaijanelma iZulebiT datova qvemo qarTli da sacxovreblad azerbaijanSi gadasaxlda [21;141].

rogorc dokumenturi da naratiuli wyaroebidan dasturdeba, XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, Sah-abasma qvemo qarTlSi Camoasaxla `borCalus~ Turqmanuli tomi. mogvianebiT, ZirZveli qarTuli teritoriis am nawils, garkveul periodSi, `borCalos mazras~ uwo-debdnen. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Zveli albaneTis qveyanas, sadac damkvidrdnen saukuneebis win Turquli modgmis eTnosebi ewodeboda arani da Sarvani. XX saukuneSi ki, axali saxeliT moinaTla, romlis avto-ri cnobili qarTveli mecnieri iyo. kerZod, 1917 wels saistorio sazogadoebis sxdomaze wakiTxul moxsenebaSi, pavle ingoroyvam politikur literatu-raSi pirvelad axsena saxeli `aderbejani~. swored man daarqva am garkveul teritoriaze mosaxle xalxs `aderbajenelebi~. faqtiurad, mecnierma aRadgina am teritoriuli arealis odindeli istoriuli saxel-

31

wodeba `adarbada-gani~. mogvianebiT, es termini gav-rcelda jer ruseTis imperiaSi da Semdeg, mTel msoflioSi. amis gamo, `azerbaijanelebi~ pavle ingo-royvas `naTlias~ eZaxdnen [22;66-67].

aRniSnuli movlenebi, mxolod dasawyisi aRmoCnda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, afxa-zebTan da Sida qarTlis osebTan, romlebsac zurgs ruseTi umagrebda, daiwyo SeiaraRebuli dapi-rispireba, ramac savalalo Sedegebamde migviyvana.

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1. m. amirgulaSvili, eTnokonfliqtebis arsi da misi mowesrigebis meqanizmi, ,,saistorio vertikalebi~, #4, Tb., 2003.

2. d. gegeSiZe, s. yuraSvili, religiuri faqtori konfliqtologiaSi, Jurn. ,,politika~, # 8-9, Tb., 1994.

3. s. dundua, z. abaSiZe, eTnikuri da religiuri identobis sakiTxebi da samoqalaqo integraciis problemebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2009.

4. a. dauSvili, soso juRaSvilis ambavi, wigni meore, Tb., 2004.

5. l. dalaqiSvili, kulturis krizisi, eTnizmi da eroba, ,,eTnopolitika~, #1, Tb., 2002.

6. konfliqturi situaciebi polieTnikur sazogado-ebaSi, Tb., 1998.

7. i. jukaSvili, eTnikuri dapirispirebis istoriuli aspeqtis gansazRvrisaTvis, ,,kavkasiologiis saer-TaSoriso samecniero-kvleviTi sazogadoebrivi in-stitutis moambe~, II, monreali-Tbilisi, 2000.

8. g. ciciSvili, Cekisturi braldebebi Salva nucu-biZis mimarT da maTi dokumentur-analitikuri komentarebi, Tb., 1998.

9. Ю. И. Римаренко, По следам `снежнего человека~, М., 1989.

10. Н. Барнабишвили, Кризис, Тб., 1997.11. j. ioseliani, sami ganzomileba, Tb., 2013.12. a. sonRulaSvili, ,,samxreT oseTi~ saqarTveloSi?!,

Tb., 2009.

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13. l. saraliZe, cxinvalis regionis istoriidan (1990-1991 ww.), kr. ,,axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, #2, Tb., 2008,

14. gaz. ,,komunisti~, 1990, 5 ianvari.15. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi,

f. 14, anaw. 26, saq. 380.16. a. sonRulaSvili, saqarTvelos politikuri por-

treti, Tb., 2004.17. Э. Б. Хоштария-Броссе, Межнациональные отноше-

ния в Грузии _ причины конфликтов и пути их преодоления, Тб., 1993.

18. a. silagaZe, saqarTvelo 92, Tb., 1993.19. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1990, 13 apri-

li.20.afxazeTis sisxliani qronikebi, Tb., 1993.21. l. janiaSvili, tradiciuli kultura da unifi-

kaciis globaluri procesi (qvemo qarTlisazerbaijanuli mosaxleobis magaliTze), kr. ,,eTni-kuri da religiur-konfesiuri urTierTobebi sa-qarTveloSi: ,,istoria da Tanamedroveoba~, Tb., 2013.

22.r. CxeiZe, bedi pavle ingoroyvasi, Tb; 1994.

34

Avtandil Songulashvili

ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN GEORGIA 80-S OF THE XX CENTURY

Summary

After the beginning of ,,Perestroika” in the Soviet Union, policy of ,,Centre” in allied republics was the powerful factor for autonomies confrontation. At the end of 80-s Georgian-Ossetian conflict began, which caused the victim. Similarly, Abkhazian-Apsua began confrontation. They demanded to separate from Georgia. In such a situation Azerbaijanis from Under Kartli demanded ,,cultural autonomy”.

These events were only the beginning, later began an armed confrontation.

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giorgi mamardaSvili

GafxazeTSi tradiciuli religiisa da monoTeisturi religiebis urTierTobis aspeqtebi, misi roli TanamedroveobaSi

Aafxazuri tradiciuli religiis mecnieruli Seswavla XIX saukuneSi daiwyo. pirveli metnaklebad samecniero naSromi ekuTvnis afxazuri inteligenciis warmomadgenels, rusuli samxedro ganaTlebis mqone, solomon zvanbas. mis mier Sekrebili masala didad faseulia, Tumca avtori aRwerilobebisgan Sors ar midis da mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi gvaZlevs sakuTar mosazrebebs ama Tu im wes-Cveulebaze da religiur ritualze. gacilebiT siRrmiseulia niko-loz janaSias kvlevebi, sadac didZali masalaa Tavmoyrili da Zalian xSir SemTxvevaSi, mocemulia avtoris mosazrebebi afxazuri tradiciuli religiis Sinaarsis, raobis, misi kavSirebis Sesaxeb. XX saukunis pirvel naxevramde afxazTa religis Sesaxeb cnobebi sakmaod mogvepoveba rus, Tu evropel mogza-urTa aRwerilobebSi, Tumca maTi xasiaTi, ZiriTadad, zedapirulia. sabWoTa periodSi, am sakiTxze muSaob-dnen: lili akaba, Salva inal-ifa, e. ajinjali da sxvebi. TanameroveobaSi afxazuri religiis sakiTxebis kvleva, iseve rogorc afxazeTis istoriisa da eTno-logiis sxva aspeqtTa kvleva, umravles SemTxvevaSi tendenciuri gaxda, rac raRa Tqma unda, mimdinare politikuri movlenebis Sedegia. sakmaod sqeltani-ania, Tanamedrove rusi mkvlevris, aleqsandre kri-lovis naSromi, romelSic aSkarad ikveTeba antiqar-Tuli ganwyoba da mcdeloba imisa, rom afxazuri

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tradiciuli religiisa da afxazeTis mosaxleobis qristianobis istoriaSi waiSalos yovelgvari qar-Tuli kvali. aseTive mizans emsaxureba e. ajinjalis, r. barcicisa da sasuliero piris, afxazeTis ekle-siis avtokefalurobisTvis mebrZoli dorofei dbaris naSromebi. qarTuli mxridan arsebobs givi rogavasa da jemal gamaxarias naSromebi, sadac sakmaod funda-menturadaa Seswavlili aRniSnuli sakiTxi.

afxazTis teritoriis mosaxleobis religiis sa-kiTxTa kvlevis istoria SesaZloa, ramodenime nawi-lad davyoT: 1) XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan XX saukunis dasawyisi – (aq ZiriTadia zvambasa da jana-Sias kvlevebi – metwilad aRwerilobiTi masala, ro-melic Segrovebulia eTnikurad afxazi mkvlevarebis mier. es masala sandoobis didi xarisxis mqonea, radganac orive mkvlevari (gansakuTrebiT ki, niko-loz janaSia) kargadaa gaTvicnobierebuli afxazTa yofis am niuansebSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi, religiuri ritualis monawile da wes-Cveulebis aRmsrule-belicaa); 2) sabWoTa periodis droindeli kvlevebi; 3) afxazur-qarTuli konfliqtis droindeli naSro-mebi. arsebobs XIX saukunemdeli kanti-kunti cnobebi afxazeTis mosaxleobis religiis Sesaxebac. VI sauku-nis bizantieli istorikosi, prokopi kesarieli abaz-gTa Sesaxeb ambobs, rom isini qristianebi arian, Tumca, iqve aRniSnavs, rom maTi azrovneba imdenad gu-lubryviloa, rom isini xeebs scemen Tayvans [5; 100,133]. bizantiuri wyaroebi afiqsireben afSilebis qristianobasac [5;128]. prokopis es cnoba, TiTqos miuTiTebs abazgTa rwmenis sinkretul xasiaTze da imaze, rom maTi religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi qris-

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tianobisa da tradiciuli sarwmunoebis nazavs warmo-adgens. Cveni azriT, bizantieli avtoris mier dafiq-sirebuli es cnoba ufro metad xazs usvams abazgTa tradiciuli religiis mimdevrobas. miT umetes, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze oficialurad qristianobis miRebis periodad VI saukune iTvleba [12;52] da Zalze naklebad savaraudoa, am dros qristianuli religia iseTi mZlavri yofiliyo, rom abazgTa cno-bierebaSi mamapapiseuli rwmenis gverdiT, met-naklebad tol-swori adgili daekavebina. zogierT mecniers, am mosazrebis winaaRmdeg, kargad cnobili da ukve gacve-Tilze gacveTili argumenti mohyavs, _ pirvel msof-lio saeklesio krebas biWvinTeli episkoposi eswre-boda, rac afxazTa mier qristianobasTan ziarebis faqtobrivi dadasturebaao. es argumenti imdenad ususuria, rom argumentadac ver CaiTvleba _ biW-vinTaSi, IV saukunis dasawyisSi saepiskoposos arse-boba ar niSnavs imas, rom adgilobriv mosaxleobas SeTvisebuli hqonoda qristianoba. am mosazrebas, TviT tendenciuri mkvlevarebic ver uaryofen [12;59]. didi albaTobiT, aqauri qristianuli mrevlica da mRvdelmsaxurebac, umetesad, berZnuli iyo, ris Sesa-xebac pirdapiri cnobebi ar gagvaCnia, magram am mxa-reSi qristianobis Semdgomi istoria cxadad gvaC-venebs adgilobrivTa naklebqristianobasa da am axali sarwmunoebis berZnuli samyarodan jer importire-basa da Semdeg ukve, amave berZnuli eklesiis mmarTve-lobis qveS yofnas.

prokopis es `orazrovani~ cnoba, TiTqos memkvid-reobiT gadadis ufro mogviano cnobebzec, _ afxa-zeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis rwmena-warmodgenebi

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istorikosTa, mogzaurTa da CinovnikTa aRwerilo-bebis mixedviT, sinkretulia. afxazTa religiis erTgvar tolerantulobaze, TiTqmis yvela mecnieri Tanxmdeba. azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs sakiTxi, Tu romeli religiis gavlena Warbobs da ra aris mTa-vari Tanamedrove afxazisa, Tu am teritoriis isto-riuli mosaxleobis religiur azrovnebasa da rwmena-warmodgenebSi.

XV saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTaliko-soSi iqmneba cnobili `Sjulismdebeli~ krebuli, `mcnebai sasjulo~, romlis daniSnulebac dasavleT saqarTveloSi da gansakuTrebiT afxazeTis teritori-aze qristianobis safuZvlebis gamagrebas isaxavda miznad. arsebobs mosazreba, rom `mcnebai sasjulo~ mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianuli eklesi-isTvis arsebuli arajansaRi mdgomareobis gamosaswo-reblad Seiqmna [6;95-109]. Tumca, Cveni azriT, am dokumentSi xazgasmulia afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli problemebis simwvave _ `da afxazeTi qris-teanobisgan sruliad midrekil iyvnes, qristes mcnebaTgan ganSorebul iyvnes~ [10;222] da aq saubaria ara saeklesio mmarTvelobis wesis an ierarqiulobis da sxva organizaciuli saqmeebis aRrevaze, aramed TviT qristianobisgan, misi moralisgan ganSorebaze. am azrs kargad exmianeba sxvadasxva mogzaurisa, Tu saeklesio msaxuris cnobebi XVII saukunis afxazTa religiurobis Sesaxeb, _ maT warmarTobas, pirjvaris weris ucodinrobas, iq mRvdlebis aryolas amtkicebs berZeni patriarqis, dosiTeosis, ierusalimis patri-arqis makaris, italieli mogzauris Jan de lukas cnobebi [3;200,201,240-243,245,251]. afxazeTis mo-

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saxleobis raRac dros qristianobas da mis dros uk-ve `kerpobas~ aRniSnavs vaxuStic [1;786]. aseTive cnoba aqvs Semonaxuli Jan fransua gambasac, romlis mixedviT, afxazebi crumorwmuneebi arian [4;79], maTSi bevr ojaxs aqvs SenarCunebuli qristianoba da am qristianobaSenaxuli ojaxebis winaprebad megrelebi iTvlebian [4;88]. afxazeTisa da jiqeTis teritoriaze, am periodSi mimdinare politikuri da kulturul-religiuri procesebi, romlebmac SemdgomSi am mxare-ebis qarTuli garemodan gasvla gamoiwvia, erTob-livad unda ganvixiloT. swored am separatizmis Cana-saxis prevencias isaxavda miznad qarTuli qristi-anuli eklesiis poziciebis gamagrebis mcdeloba da dasavleT saqarTvelos mmarTvelebis samxedro kampa-niebi (xandaxan Zalze warumatebeli) am mxareebSi. Cveni azriT, centraluri xelisuflebis dasustebas, dasavleT saqarTvelos periferiaSi, mis ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi separatizmis gaaqtiureba mohyva. es, pirvelyovlisa, saxelmwifo xelisufle-basTan asocirebul da mis erT-erT mZlavr dasay-rdenTan, eklesiasTan mimarTebaSi unda asaxuliyo. cxadia, eklesiis mesveurni SeSfoTebulni arian afxa-zeTis teritoriaze eklesiis poziciebis damcrobiT da TavianT Zalisxmevas adgilobrivebSi qristianuli sjulis gamyarebisken mimarTaven. zogierTi afxazi mecnieris azriT, dapirispireba qarTul da afxazur samRvdeloebas Soris gacilebiT adre, X saukuneSi, bagrat III-is gamefebiTa da saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesebis dros daiwyo. maTi azriT, es iyo aneqsia, rogorc politikuri, aseve religiuri TvalsazrisiT. es mosazreba imdenad absurdulia, rom komentaric

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zedmetia, Tumca ramodenime, Zalze zedapirul (Rrma wiaRsvlebi am azrTa gasabaTileblad saWiro namdvi-lad ar aris) SeniSvnas gavakeTebT: 1) aranairi pirda-piri an arapirdapiri cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom arse-bobda afxazi samRvdeloeba, ar arsebobs; 2) uargu-mentoa braldeba, TiTqos, qarTulma samRvdeloebam dasavleT saqarTveloSi X saukunidan afxazi mRvdel-msaxurebi qarTvelebiT Caanacvles da afxazurad mim-dinare wirva-locvebi da RvTismsaxureba qarTulad gadaakeTes [18;49]. am procesis gageba Zalian martivia _ afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) eklesiaSi X saukunemde berZnuli ena dominirebda. bizantielTa poziciebis dakninebas dasavleT saqarTveloSi da iq SemdgomSi qarTvelTa mefeebis ganmtkicebas mohyva bunebrivi procesi, _ kulturulad da ekonomikurad win wasulma samxreT da centralurma qarTulma birTvma Tavisken miizida regionis sxvadasxva gaerTi-anebebi. amas isic erTvoda, rom qarTul enas didi xnis sadamwerlobo tradicia hqonda, xolo qristia-noba, rogorc yvelam kargad icis wignieri religiaa. ar arsebobs zepiri, zepirsityvieri qristianoba _ aris mosazreba, rom swored amitom ver SeiTvises qristianoba afxazebma (afxazi terminis sakiTxi prob-lematuria da amjerad, es ar aris statiis sakvlevi sakiTxi), radganac maTTvis jer berZnulad [11;33], Semdeg, qarTulad naqadagebi qristianoba gaugebari iyo [2;595]. am mosazrebas SeiZleba mowinaaRmdegeebic gamouCndes, – imavenairad SeiZleba gaugebari yofi-liyo qarTuli qadageba megrelisa da svanisTvis. es sakiTxi sakmaod saintereso iqneboda, rom ara erTi faqti, – svaneTSi da samegreloSi gvian Sua saukune-

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ebSi qristianuli RvTismsaxureba afxazeTis terito-riisgan (gansakuTrebiT Crdilo-dasavleT nawili) ar Sewyvetila, ar dangreula arc erTi eklesia, piriqiT aq eklesiebi Sendeboda gvian Sua saukuneebSic; anu saqarTvelos am or regionSi qristianobas mZlavri fesvebi hqonda da gasigrZeganebulic iyo. arsebobs erTi cnoba, romlis mixedviTac VIII saukuneSi afxa-zeTis mosaxleoba qristianuli iyo [9;42-43]. sainte-resoa, ras gulisxmobs abos wamebis avtori afxazeT-Si, – sakuTriv afxazeTsa, Tu dasavleT saqarTvelos. Tumca, savaraudod, qristianobis gavrceleba da myari poziciebi afxazeTSic savaraudoa. afxazeTis mefee-bisTvis didmniSvnelovania qristianuli eklesia. isini aqtiurad monawileoben alanTa gaqristianebis pro-cesSi. eklesias iyenebs afxazTa mefe sakuTari gav-lenis gasavrcelebladac aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, _ javaxeTSi, kumurdos eklesiis maSenebeli leon III, afxazTa mefea. amaze metyvelebs eklesiis kedlis warwera, romlis qarTulenovneba kidev erTxel mi-uTiTebs, rom afxazur enas da afxazur eTnoss qris-tianul arqiteqturasTan, RvTismsaxurebasTan aravi-Tari pirdapiri Sexeba ar hqonia. leoni da konstan-tine ixseniebian wirqolisa da samSvildis eklesiebis qarTulad Sesrulebul warwerebSic. maTSi (afxa-zeTis teritoriis mosaxleobaSi) qristianoba jer berZnuli, xolo Semdeg qarTuli prizmis gavlis Se-degad xvdeboda. aqve, Tavi unda vaneboT dRes upopu-larules mosazrebas afxaz mecnierTa Soris, romlis mixedviTac, afxazTa sakaTalikosos avtokefaluro-bis aRdgena gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos daSlis Sem-deg, afxazTa sakaTalikosos imijisa da misi uZve-

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lesi tradiciebis Sedegia [11;115]. am faqts Tanamed-roveobaSi iyeneben, rogorc arguments afxazuri ek-lesiis avtokefaliis kanonikurobisa da sakuTar, `sufTa afxazur~ damsaxurebad miiCneven. Tumca, ro-gorc adrindel movlenebs, am faqtsac araviTari kav-Siri ar aqvs `afxazTan~, afxazeTis anu dasavleT sa-qarTvelos sakaTalikosos aRdgena dasavleT saqar-Tvelos mesveurTa iniciativa iyo, _ imereTSi gamefe-buli bagrationebi amiT xazs usvamdnen, rom arafriT ar Camouvardebian TbilisSi msxdom bagrationebs da isinic imsaxureben sakuTar samefoSi avtokefaluri eklesiis qonas. saxeli `afxazTa sakaTalikoso~ ki, marTla inerciaa imisa, rom VIII-X saukuneebSi dasav-leT saqarTvelos afxazTa samefo erqva.

XVII saukunis cnobili Turqi mogzauri evlia Ce-lebi afxazeTis (igi am qveyanas abazas qveyanas uwo-debs) aRwerisas exeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis re-ligiasac. is islamis, sxva religiebTan SedarebiT, odnav prevalirebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Celebis TqmiT, afxazisTvis imis Tqma, rom is ara musulmani, anu `qafiria~ saSineli Seuracxyofaa, Tumca man ar icis yurani da maincadamainc ar icavs muhamedis rju-liT gaTvaliswinebul normebs [7;106]. rogorc vxe-davT, aqac ramodenime religiis erTobliobaa dafiqsi-rebuli. islamis upiratesi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb cnoba ki, ganpirobebuli unda iyos imiT, rom evlia Celebis, rogorc TurqeTis saxelmwifos oficialur pirs, ZiriTadad, warCinebulTa fenis warmomadgen-lebTan uwevda urTierToba. savaraudod, maT intere-sebSi Turqi oficialuri pirisTvis islamis erTgu-lad Tavis moCvenebac Sedioda. garda amisa, gasaTva-

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liswinebelia is faqti, rom evlia dediT abaza/afxa-zi iyo da misi mxridan mikerZoebuloba Tu ara da am qveynis mosaxleobisadmi simpatiebi da maTi musulma-nur samyaroSi integraciis Sinagani survili gamoric-xuli araa.

evlia Celebis Semdgom, afxazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis religiis Sesaxeb ucxoeli mogzaurebic saubroben, Tumca maTi cnobebi Zalian zedapirulia. rogorc aRvniSneT, solomon zvanbas mier aRwerili ritualebi, Tu rwmena-warmodgenebi ufro naTel war-modgenas gviqmnis imdroindeli afxazis religiuri msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb. unda aRiniSnos, rom zvam-basac axasiaTebs grkveuli tendenciuroba, ufro ki is, rom mas ganaTleba ruseTSi aqvs miRebuli, aris ruseTis imperatoris oficeri da ibrZvis afxazeTSi musulmanuri TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. am gadmosaxedidan advili SesaZlebelia zvambas Teoria, imis Sesaxeb, rom `islamma WeSmariti rwmenis sxivi daabnela~ af-xazeTSi [17;31], gabuqebulad miviCnioT. raRa Tqma unda, afxazeTze TurqeTi did gavlenas axdenda XVI saukunidan, magram islamis `SeWra~ afxazebSi, am re-gionSi qristianobis dakninebis mTavari mizezi ar yo-fila. zvanba iqve ambobs, rom afxazebma ar ician yu-rani, ar icaven araviTar musulmanur rjulis kanons da a. S. anu, is ambobs, rom islami ver aris fexmoki-debuli maTSi da amitomac, misive azris sawinaaR-mdego raimes ambobs _ afxazeTSi, amgvarad susti po-ziciebis mqone islams aranairad ar SeeZlo marTlma-dideblobis `sxivis Caqroba~. zvanba qristianobis Sesaxeb ambobs, rom mas mxolod mTavris saxleuloba misdevs. danarCeni mosaxleoba ki, warmarTuli reli-

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giis mimdevrebi arian. zvamba aqac odnav tenden-ciuria _ misTvis ubralo afxazis rwmena-warmodge-nebSi qristianuli religiis kvalis danaxva SeuZle-belia, is erTgvarad, aidealebs marTlmadideblobas da mis mimdevrad, imdroindel afxazeTSi, SeiZleba marTlac yvelaze ufro marTlmadidebel saxleulo-bas, Tan ruseTis saxelmwifos qveSemrdom, ServaSi-ZeTa ojaxs asaxelebs. zvanbas ar ainteresebs, danar-Cen mosaxleobaSi qristianobisa da tradiciuli re-ligiis sinkretizaciis xarisxi, – misTvis afxazTa umravlesoba warmarTia. misive informaciiT, afxa-zisTvis warmoudgenelia RmerTTan msxverplSewirvis gaeSe damokidebuleba [17;38]. zvanbas ritualebic aqvs aRwerili da am aRwerilobebis TiTqmis bolos, er-Tgvari dasturis niSnad, erT-erTi ritualis Sem-srulebeli afxazis naTqvami mohyavs, _ kiTxvaze, Tu ratom ar iwers is (ritualis Semsrulebeli, mTavari mlocveli) pirjvars, roca loculobs da RmerTs evedreba, mlocveli (kultmsaxuri) pasuxobs: pirjvars ki gadaviwerdi, magram qristiani mRvdeli ras qadagebs ar mesmis, amgvarad, Cemi sityvebiT, xel-gaSlili roca vevedrebi RmerTs codvebis Sendobasa da wyalobas, sindisi miwynardebao.

rogorc vxedavT, zvamba Tavis Tanamemauleebs warmarTebs uwodebs. amave azris damadasturebelia n. janaSias naSromSi dafiqsirebuli cnobebica da Sexe-dulebebic. nikoloz janaSia solomon zvambas mier aRweril ritualebsa da tradiciuli afxazuri re-ligiis panTeons ufro detalurad aRgviwers _ mexis dacemiT gardacvili adamianis, an saqonlis dakrZal-vis wess, samWedloSi daficebasa da samWedlos wmin-

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da adgilad gamocxadebas, gadmocemas, romlis mi-xedviTac mTavari RmerTis deda aris megruli Tava-duri gvaris, mxeiZe-xecias warmomadgeneli da misi meore Svili, anu RmerTis da eSmakTa dedaa, bunebis yvela movlenis gasulierebas, saqonlis, mosavlis, ZaRlTa, mzis, cxenis mTvaris calke `RmerTebis~ yola, Cveni azriT, sakmaod Sorsaa monoTeisturi msoflxedvisgan [16]. amave Sinaarsisaa lili akabas vrceli aRwerilobebi, ramlebic dafiqsirebulia am mkvlevaris or sakmaod moculobiT naSromSi [12;13]. SeiZleba am sakiTxis Sesaxeb davac _ afxazTa tradi-ciuli religiis monoTeistur religiad miCnevis mom-xreTa argumentebi SeiZleba ase JRerdes: tradiciuli afxazuri religia aRiarebs erT RmerTs, ancvas da danarCeni RvTaebebi ara RmerTebi, aramed bunebis ama Tu im movlenaSi gansxeulebuli, gamovlenili RvTis wilia. RmerTi Sedgeba usasrulod bevri nawilisagan. bunebas, xalxs, ojaxs, pirovnebas, _ yvelas Tavisi wili aqvs. mfarveli angelozi, sneulTa mkurnali, mgzavrTa mfarveli, _ amgvari mcnebebi qristianobamac icis. am logikiT, TiTqmis arc erTi winare qristi-anuli religia ar unda CaiTvalos poliTeisturad _ ZvelberZnuli zevsis sxvadasxva gamovlinebebad unda miviCnioT apoloni, hera, dionise da sxvani, romlebic RmerTis sxvadasxva ipostasebi arian da zevsi erTad-erT RmerTad unda vaRiaroT (marTalia, hadesi da poseidoni zevsis Zmebi arian, magram zevsi ufrosia maT Soris da ufro yovlisSemZlea). igive SeiZleba iTqvas qarTul warmarTul panTeonzec. amgvar Sem-TxvevaSi, terminebi _ monoTeizmi, poliTeizmi da warmarToba sityvebiT TamaSi gamova da amitomac,

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saWiroa ganisazRvros ra kriteriumebi unda hqondes religias, rom igi mikuTvnebuli iyos warmarTul religiaTa rigs. mTavari kriteriumi mravalRmerTia-nobaa, Tumca rogorc vxedavT, am azris Sesaxeb SesaZloa, azrTa sxvadasxvaobani. Cveni azriT, erT-erTi mTavari kriteriumi RmerTis, misi wesrigisa da madlisadmi damokidebulebaSia. warmarTulia religia (da cnobierebac), romelic RmerTTan `megobrul~, familarul damokidebulebaSia, mrevlisa da RmerTis urTierToba aq erTgvar `aReb-micemobas~ gavs. amgvari damokidebulebis naTel magaliTad SeiZleba gamoviye-noT TuSeTSi dafiqsirebuli locvis teqsti:

`dResam dReoba visia wmindisa giorgisia,ymaTaR umate giorgi ginda mosaxeleni! pursa umate giorgi Tu ginda kodni savseni! cxvarsaR umate giorgi Tu ginda rqa jangiani!~ [8]

ase mimarTaven wminda giorgis laSarobis dros TuSur simRera-locvaSi da aq kargad Cans is simar-tive, rac warmarTul cnobierebas axasiaTebs. aseTive Sinaarsisaa afxazi mlocvelebis locvis teqstebi, isini msxverplSewirvis samagierod RmerTisgan gamo-iTxoven keTildReobasa da baraqas [16;24,25,27] [18;III Tavi]. Cveni azriT, ancvas gaerTRmerTeba, mTavar da yovlismomcvel RmerTad qceva afxazebSi swored monoTeisturi religiebis gavleniT unda aixsnas _ jer qristianobis SeRweviT, mere ki, islamis mcire gavleniT. am mxriv, sainteresoa isev da isev Weqa-quxilis RmerTisadmi miZRvnili ritualis dros Sesrulebuli simRera, romelsac „anCva riSva“ [17;33], anu RmerTis simRera ewodeba. afi, Weqa-quxilis Rmer-Tis da ancva, mTavari RmerTis gaigiveba, _ xom ar

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aris es mimaniSnebeli imisa, rom Weqa-quxilis Rmer-Tis funqcia odesRac mTavari RmerTis xelSi iyo, an Tavad Weqa-quxilis RmerTi edga saTaveSi panTeons? am varaudis dasturad SeiZleba sxva xalxebis reli-giebSi mTavari RmerTisa da Weqa-quxilis mbrZaneblis erTi da igiveoba moviSvelioT (ZvelberZnuli zevsi, Zvelrusuli peruni da sxva). SesaZloa, qristianuli religiis gavleniT xdeba mTavari RmerTis ideis gaaq-tiureba da misgan Weqa-quxilis RmerTis `gamoyofa~, rogorc Cans, tradiciuli religiidan, isev da isev qristiaobis susti gavlenis gamo, ver ganidevna Weqa-quxilis gamgebeli RmerTi. afisa da ancva/anCvas gai-givebis, an urTierT aRrevis meore faqti dafiqsire-buli aqvs Cursins _ misi mTxroblis informaciT, afis dedad miiCneva xecias sagvareulos qali [19;49], afxazuri tradicia ki, xecias ancvas dedad miiCnevs [16;23].

zvanbas mier moyvanil magaliTs SeiZleba davama-toT igive Sinaarsis cnobebi Tanamedrove kvlevebidan. rusi mecnieris, krilovis erT-erTi aWandareli res-podenti ambobs: `alahi yvela xalxis RmerTia, Cven-Tvis mTavari RmerTi didrifSia, romelic aqve axlos didrifS-nixas mTaze cxovrobs.~ aegr-lapir-nixas qu-rumi, oficialurad musulmani zolotinska cimcba ki, ambobs: `musulmani var, magram araviTar wess, bairam-mairamis (stili daculia) magvars ar vatareb, me marto winaprebis tradiciebs mivyvebi~ [18;II Tavi].

dRes, sakmaod moduria Teoria, romlis mixedviTac afxazuri tradiciuli religia ar aris warmarTuli [14;9] [15;57-59]. is monoTeisturia da afxazuri msoflgagebiT, mTavari RmerTi, anCva erTaderTi da

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udidesia. am Teoriis avtorebi, TiTqos ufrTxian tradiciuli religiis warmarTobad gamocxadebas, TiTqos amiT daamcireben afxazi xalxis msoflmxed-velobas. ufro metic, bevri maTgani ambobs, rom tradiciuli monoTeisturi religia aRmoCnda is sa-fuZveli da niadagi, sadac kavkasiaSi yvelaze adre naqadagebma qristianobam mZlavrad gaixara [11;34-35]. anu afxazma qristianoba miiRo da Tan Tavis tradi-ciul rwmenaze amozarda, TiTqos qristianobamde maT qristianuli filosofia hqonodaT. Sedegad, pirveli qristianebi kavkasiaSi isini gaxldnen. erTi periodi, regionSi wamyvani qristianuli qveyana afxazeTi iyo. iyo Cavardna, rodesac XI-XII saukuneebSi saqarTve-los eklesiam Caylapa afxazeTis eklesia, magram Semdeg, XIII-XIV saukuneebSi, kvlav aRdga avtokefa-luroba da afxazeTis eklesia Tavisi brwyinvale istoriiT dResac imsaxurebs damoukideblobas, _ ai martivi sqema, romliTac iqmneba Tanamedrove afxazis erovnuli siamayis (am aspeqtSi) mcdari „samecniero“ safuZvlebi.

afxazur warmarTul ritualebs Zalian bevri garegnuli msgavseba aqvs qristianulTan. isini Ziri-Tadad emTxvevian, an raime damokidebulebaSi arian qristianul dResaswaulebTan, ritualis aucilebeli nawilia sanTeli da sakmeveli, xSirad rituali miZ-Rvnilia ama Tu im qristianuli wmindanisTvis. magram amave dros, afxazisTvis ucxoa pirjvari, xolo qris-tianul wmindanebze warmodgenac ki ar gaaCniaT. XIX saukunis afxazisTvis, jer kidev aratradiciulia yvela qristianisTvis aucilebeli saaRdgomo misal-meba: `qriste aRsdga~. isini aRdgoma dRes Cveulebri-

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vad, keTili survilebiT esalmebaian erTmaneTs: `mo-maval wels kargad SevxvedrodeT erTmaneTso~ [16;36] [15;58]. qristianobisgan ase Sors dgoma, Cveni azriT, gamowveulia imiT, rom maTgan qristianoba erTgvarad, nasesxebia da nasesxebia megrulenovani mosaxleobis-gan, visTanac Tanaarseboba uwevdaT xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. ara gvggonia, rom VIII saukuneSi ioane sabanisZis mier aRwerili afxazTa marTlmorwmuneoba (Tuki am cnobas abazgebzec gavavrcelebT) exebodes im xalxis uSualo winaprebs, romlis Sesaxebac aq gvaqvs saubari. VIII saukunidan moyolebuli, XV-XVI saukunemde afxazeTSi qristianobis Seviwroebis ara-nairi gare faqtori ar arsebobda. erTaderTi saf-rTxe CrdiloeTidan, adiReuri modgmidan arsebobda da mtkiceba imisa, rom qristianobis Suqi afxazeTSi islamma Caaqro usafuZvloa, _ es poeturi fraza ekuTvnis solomon zvanbas, Tumca is am frazidan oriode winadadebis Semdeg aRniSnavs, rom islamis mimdevrebi afxazeTSi TiTze CamosaTvlelebi ariano. e. i. islams ver davadanaSaulebT afxazeTis qristia-nobis damcrobaSi. erTaderTi, rasac SeiZleboda gamo-ewvia am teritoriaze qristianobis safuZvlebis Ser-yeva CrdiloeT kavkasiidan warmarTuli cnobierebis mosaxleobis TandaTanobiTi infiltraciaa. am mosaz-rebis sapirispiro argumenti gaaCnia rus mkvlevars aleqsandre krilovs. misi kontrargumenti daaxlo-ebiT ase JRers: warmarTulia qarTveli mTielebis ritualebica da rwmena-warmodgenebic da es faqti unda avxsnaT imiT, rom isini gadmosaxlebulebi arian CrdiloeT kavkasiidan? ra Tqma unda, krilovma Tava-dac kargad uwyis am kiTxvaze pasuxi: is, rom aRmo-

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savleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi warmarTuli kvali didia, damsaxurebaa imisa, rom qristianobam Tavidanve ise myarad ver moikida fexi mTaSi, rogorc barSi, xolo gaerTianebuli samefos daSlisa da saxelmwifo struqturebis dasustebis Semdeg, am warmarTobis re-animacia moxda. Tvals Tu gadavavlebT da SevadarebTafxazebisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa ri-tualebs, msgavsebasac davinaxavT da gansxvavebasac _ msxverplSewirva orivegan umTavresi nawilia ritua-lisa, locvis teqstebi gansxvavebulia _ afxazebs martivad aqvT _ es aris ubralo gamoTxovna Rmer-Tisgan, an romelime RvTaebisgan sikeTisa. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi teqstebi rTulia da aSkarad etyoba qristianuli kanonikuri locvebis gavlena. pirjvars, Tumca damaxinjebuli formiT, magram qar-Tveli mTielebi iweren, agreTve sisxliT ganaTvlis dros, tradiciulia sisxliT jvris gamoxatva Sub-lze da xelebze. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielis gaxalxurebuli qristianoba ar aris eTnikurad sxva tomis infiltraciis Sedegi.

afxazebis saritualo leqsikaSi uamravi nasesxobaa megrulidan, rac TavisTavad metyvelebs megrul gav-lenaze. miqamgario _ miqelgabrielis megruli forma, gouTano abJueli afxazebis dResaswauli _ gouTanu megrulad sisxam dilas, riJraJamde periods hqvia [17;39]. sainteresoa, rom am dResaswauls abJuelebi, e. i. samurzyanosTan axlos mcxovrebi afxazebi aRniS-naven, zvanba amas pirdapir megrul gavlenas ukav-Sirebs, guri nixva _ igivea, rac gulis locva, aRva-zal _ saritualo Rvezelia, akubar _ yvibari, pata-ra moculobis saritualo qvevri, amiTkma _ moTqma,

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asakumal _ sakmeveli, akalantar _ kelaptari, aSum-kat _ saritualo magida, romelsac ritualis Semdeg sam fexs erTi dartymiT aWrian, anu megrulad sum samia da kvaT _ moWras niSnavs, CaCxadil – JaSxadi-la, xeCxvam _ Rejxvama, aiTar _ anTar.

qristianobis gavrcelebis da misi rolis Sesaxeb kvlevebi da maTi tendenciebi sakmaod didi Temaa. qristianobis miRebis periodi, gavrcelebis xarisxi, RvTismsaxurebis ena, afxazuri avtokefaluri ekle-siis raoba, _ ai, is sakiTxebi rasac afxazi da rusi mecnierebi ayalbeben, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, gverds uvlian. ara da, aranairi dasturi imisa, rom biWvin-Tis saepiskoposos, anu kavkasiaSi pirveli qristianu-li saepiskoposos mrevli afxazTa winaprebi iyvnen ar arsebobs. da Tundac damtkicebuli faqti iyos, rom afxazTa winaprebi im periodSi cxovrobdnen biWvinTis midamoebSi sruliad SesaZlebelia rom mrevli zRvis-pireTSi mcxovrebi berZnebi da savaWro dawesebule-bebis sxva eTnikuri kuTvnilebis xalxi yofiliyvnen. verc is faqti, rom erT-erTi bizantieli avtori VI saukuneSi abazgebs moixseniebs romaelTa mokavSire-ebad da qristianebad, ver migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu ra mdgomareoba iyo imxanad afxazeTis teritoriaze, ub-ralo xalxSi da gansakuTrebiT, am qveynis Sida regionebSi. saandoobis xarisxi aqvs iaone sabanisZis cnobas, romlis mixedviTac, afxazTa samefos mosax-leoba keTili qristianebi arian. am dros, marTlac savaraudoa, qristianobis simtkice dasavleT saqar-TveloSi da kerZod, afxazeTSi, Semdgom periodebSi afxazTa mefeebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi qristianobis gavrcelebisTvis iRwvian da raRac periodSi afxaze-

52

Tis eklesia avtokefaluric xdeba. ai, es faqti aqvT daxveuli xelze dRes antiqarTulad ganwyobil mec-nierebs da afxaz samRvdelo pirebs. ramodenime av-tori kirion saZagliSvilis sityvebs iSveliebs. kiri-oni, TiTqos imiT xsnida afxazuri eklesiis mcxeTis eklesiisadmi daqvemdebarebis kanonierebas, rom TiT-qos, afxazebis gaqristianeba qarTvelebis mier moxda da amitomac isini unda daeqvemdebaron mcxeTis saka-Talikosos (es sakiTxi daisva ruseTSi revoluciisa da qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg). kirionis es fraza pirdapiri gagebiT simarTles ar Seefereba, Tumca, afxazebi am frazas iyeneben imis-Tvis, rom religiuri TvalsazrisiTac qarTveli ko-lonizatorad warmoaCinon. arc erTi afxazi da rusi mkvlevaris naSromSi ar aris xseneba imisa, rom mo-ciqulebi, andria da simoni, dasavleT saqarTveloSic qadagebdnen qristianobas; rom afxaz mefeebis mier aSenebul taZrebze qarTuli warwerebia, rom afxazTa eklesiis damoukidebloba mcxeTis eklesiisgan didi qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg, Sedegia ara afxazuri eklesiis avtoritetulobis inerciisa, ara-med dasavleT saqarTvelos politikuri mmarTvelebis ambiciebisa, rom gvian Sua saukuneebSi, swored adgi-lobrivi afsua da Camosaxlebuli adiRe macxovreb-lebis yaCaRuri bunebis, Zarcva-glejvis da qristia-nobisadmi arc Tu Tbili damokidebulebis gamo, uq-mdeba biWvinTis sakaTalikoso taZari da drandis sae-piskoposo, yovelnairad niRbaven imas, rom swored es faqtori iyo qristianobis Suqis Camqrobi afxazeTSi da ara islamis da TurqeTis gavlena. aseve, xelze aqvT daxveuli erTaderTi cnoba, romlis mixedviT

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rusi saeklesio piri TavianTTvis RvTismsaxurebis sakuTar enaze Catarebis uflebis mosapoveblad, kon-stantinepolSi ambobs (IX-X saukune?), rom arian erebi romlebic ara berZnulad, aramed sakuTar enaze aRavlenen locvebs, magaliTad, abazgebio [11;70-71]. didi Sansia, rom abazgeTSi igulisxmebodes saqarTve-lo da es asec rom ar iyos, sad aris Tundac erTi afxazuri warweris mciredi kvalic ki, afxazeTis ek-lesiebze.

dResdReisobiT, afxazeTis mosaxleobis religiu-robis Sesaxeb ar gagvaCnia sando wyaroebi. xelT gvaqvs krilovis mier Catarebuli anketirebis Sede-gebi. anketireba Catarda gagraSi da gudauTaSi, so-fel aWandaraSi da lixnSi. anketebis mcire nawili Seivso soxumSi, merxeulSi da kvitoulSi (oCamCiris raioni). saboloo jamSi, dagrovda 23 erovnebis res-podentis mier Sevsebuli 1 448 anketa. mizanmimarTul tendenciurobaze Semdgom ufro vrclad visaubrebT, aq ki, mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom mkvlevris im 23 erovnebis warmomadgenels Soris, romlebmac anketebi Seavses 30 qarTveli, 8 megreli da 4 svanuri erovne-bisaa. advili misaxvedria, rom krilovs es triuki sakuTari kvlevisa da savele masalebisTvis farTo masStabebis SesaZenad da masSi mravali eris Svilebis CarTulobis dasturad ar dasWirvebia. aSkarad anti-qarTuli tendenciebi, mcire-mcire dozebiT, mis kvle-vas Tavidan bolomde gasdevs. gamokiTxulTa 55 % Tavs qristianad Tvlis, 17 % _ musulmanad, 14,6 % aTeistia, 7,4 %-s gauWirda raime religiisadmi Ta-visi rwmenis mikuTvneba, 2 % afxazuri tradiciuli religiis mimdevaria. eTnikur afxazebs Soris 49,3 %

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qristianobas aRiarebs, 28,7 % _ musulmania, 2 % warmarTad Tvlis Tavs, 1,2 % ki, tradiciul afxa-zur religias miakuTvnebs sakuTar rwmenas. aq cota-Ti gaugebaria warmarTisa da tradiciuli afxazuri religiis urTierTmimarTeba _ advili savaraudoa, rom gamokiTxulebs erTmaneTSi areodaT tradiciuli afxazuri religia da warmarToba. rTulia imis warmodegenac, Tu ra kriteriumiT mijnavda krilovi am ori mimarTulebisadmi visime kuTvnilebas, miTu-metes, rom samecniero wreebSi arsebobs sxvadas-xvaoba afxazuri religiis Sesaxeb, – zogierTebi mas, aSkarad, warmarTulad Tvlian, zogni miiCneven mono-Teistur religiad, zogierTi, sulac winaaziuri religiebis memkvidred. sainteresoa, anketirebis mona-cemebi qarTvelTa religiurobis Sesaxeb: 73,3 % qristiania, 6,7 % _ musulmani, 3,3 % _ warmarTi. es monacemebi undoblobas iwvevs da, albaT, yovlad gaumarTlebeli iqneba, Tu mas mTel afxazeTSi mcxov-reb qarTvelebze gavavrcelebT. Mmusulman da warmarT qarTvelTaPprocentuloba, marTlac, daujerebladJRers, Tumca SesaZloa, gamokiTxul 30 qarTvels So-ris 2 kaci musulmani da erTic warmarTi aRmoCnda, rac Sesabamisad, gamokiTxulTa 6,7 da 3,3 procents udris [18;Sesavali; 16].

krilovisve informaciiT, tradiciuli religi-isTvis sakraluri adgilebis, anixebis sjera afxaze-bis 2%-s. Cven, es monacemebi arazusti gvgonia, radganac misive cnobebi afxazTa Soris tradiciuli religiisadmi, misi sakraluri adgilebisadmi rwmenisa da mowiwebis mraval faqts adasturebs. afxaz gamo-kiTxulTa Soris, tradiciul sagvareulo Sekrebebs

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43,5 % yovelTvis eswreba, 21 % ki, xandaxan. es sak-maod didi procentuli maCvenebelia _ sagvareulo Tavyrilobis erT-erTi mTavari arsi da daniSnuleba gvaris mfarvelisadmi da mTavari RmerTisadmi locvis aRvlena da maTgan keTildReobis gamoTxovaa [18;I Tavi]. qristianul dResaswaulebs XX saukunis miwuruls Zalian cota afxazi Tu eswreboda. magali-Tad: 1997 wels mariamobas sul raRac 30 kaci es-wreboda. gacilebiT metia tradiciuli religiis sakulto dResaswaulebze damswreTa ricxvi. afxa-zisTvis, dResac ar aris ucxo xatze (anixaSi) daficeba, vinmes dawyevla. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom kri-lovis informaciiT, eklesiaSi da meCeTSi afxazma SeiZleba tyuilze daificos, rac anixaSi TiTqmis gamoricxulia. TanamedroveobaSi aris qristianulimRvdelmsaxurebisa da tradiciuli religiisa da we-sebis mimdevarTa dapirispirebac.

afxazuri religiuri cnobiereba, erTgvarad mar-Tla tolerantulia. XIX saukunis cnobebidanac ir-kveva, rom xSiri iyo afxazur ojaxebSi wyvilTa sxvadasxva aRmsareblobisadmi kuTvnileba. aseTive faqtebia dafiqsirebuli Semdgom periodebSic [15;57]. Cvens mier aWaraSi mcxovreb afxazebTanac dafiqsirda igive SemTxveva: ojaxSi mama arc erTi religiis mim-devari ar iyo, ufro metic, is ambobda warmoSobiT afxazi var, magram pasportSi qarTveli Caviwere, radgan qarTvelic varo. mas meuRle, aWareli musul-mani hyavda, gogona _ qristianulad monaTluli, xo-lo Svidi wlis biWi ki, Txovda, rom musulmanad mo-enaTlaT. afxazTa religiur cnobierebas Tanamedro-veobaSic sinkretulobis garkveuli niSnebi axasia-

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Tebs, _ Seicavs rogorc tradiciuli, aseve monoTe-isturi religiis niSnebs. amgvari sinkretuloba, re-ligiuri tolerantizmi gamowveuli unda iyos imiT, rom es teritoriebi karga xnis ganmavlobaSi ar kon-troldeboda xelisuflebis mier, ar arsebobda erTi gabatonebuli religiuri moZRvreba, regioni iyo da-nawevrebul-daqucmacebuli, ramac warmarTobis did-xans SenarCunebas, qristianuli cnobierebis rTulad SeTvisebas da am ori religiis xangrZlivi Tanaar-sebobis pirobebSi, maT defuzirebas Seuwyo xeli.

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ganuli nawilia, Tb., 2008.7. evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~, Tb., 1971.8. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis eTnografiuli

kino-foto-fono arqivi, dokumenturi filmi `qar-Tuli xalxuri dReobebi da wes-Cveulebebi _ Tu-SeTi.~

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10. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II t. Tb. 11. Аджинджал Е. К., Из истории христианства Абхазии,

Сухуми, 2000, veb-gverdi _ apsnyteka.org.12. Акаба Л. Х., Исторические корни архаических риту-

алов абхазов, Сухуми.13. Акаба Л. Х., У истоков религии абхазов, Сухуми,

1979.14. Барцыц Р. М., Абхазский религиозный синкретизм в

культовых комплексах и современной обрядовой практике.

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15. Басария С., Абхазия в географическом, этнографичес-ком и экономическом отношении, изд. «Наркомпро-са» С.С.Р Абхазии, Сухум-кале, 1923.

16. Джанашия Н. С., Статьи по этнографии Абхазии, Сухуми, 1960.

17. Званба С. Т., Абхазские этнографические этюды, Сухуми, изд. «Алашара», 1982.

18. Крылов А. Б., Религия и традиции абхазов, Москва, 2001, veb-gverdi _ apsnyteka.org.

19. Чурсин Г. Ф., Материалы по этнографии Абхазии,Сухуми, 1957.

59

Giorgi Mamardashvili

ASPECTS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND MONOTHEISTIC RELIGIONS

IN ABKHAZIA AND ITS ROLE TODAY

Summary

For Georgian scientists it is very difficult to study the problems of religion of the modern population of Abkhazia. Because of the political situation and biased books by the Russian and Abkhaz authors, uploaded to the Internet are the only opportunity for Georgian researchers to get acquainted with this issue. Despite this, based on old sources (as well as some modern authors), the generally accepted and popular point of view among contemporary Abkhazian scholars that the Abkhazian traditional religion was not paganism, is re-jected. It, also is denied that the Abkhazian traditional re-ligion was tolerant to the adoption of Christianity. It was also said and proved by statistical materials that there is no monotheistic religion, that strongly prevails among Abkha-zians.

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medea gogolaZe

`moqcevai qarTlisais~ erTi adgilis sargis kakabaZiseuli interpretacia

`...s. kakabaZem mTlianad ver moargo sakuTar Semoq-medebas yvelaze mowinave meTodologia – marqsistu-li meTodologia, bevr rameSi man didxans uerTgula burJuaziuli istoriografiis sxvadasxva skolis tradiciebs...“ dRes aseTi Sefaseba, erTgvar kompli-mentad aRiqmeba, istorikosisa, romelic principul mecnierul pozicias politikuri koniunqturis sa-sargeblod ar cvlida. sargis kakabaZis roli qarTu-li istoriografiis ganviTarebaSi saTanadod aris Sefasebuli, Cveni mizani ki, mxolod misi erTi, Zalian saintereso mecnieruli dakvirvebis warmoCena-ganxilvaa. Tavis `saistorio krebulis~ erT-erT TavSi: `Ziebani qarTvelTa IV-VII saukunis istoriis Sesaxeb~, qarTlis gamgeblebis ambebisa da maTi zeobis daTariRebis kvlevisas, stefanozis erismTavrobis erT pasaJze Cerdeba, romelic `moqcevai qarTlisais~ Satberdul redaqciaSia daculi: `hambavi moxda, vi-Tarmed baRdadi agareanTa daipyreso, da amisTvis ber-ZenTa queyanai jorsa ahkides da wariRes saberZneTa~ [2;97]. s. kakabaZis ganmartebiT, `termini baRdadi aq Semdegdroindeli glosa unda iyos, radgan uZvelesi variantis Semcveli Wel. xnweris (WeliSuri xelna-weris) redaqcia iqve da sxva adgilasac baRdadis ma-givrad babilovns warmogvidgens. safiqrebelia amitom, rom aqac uZveles redaqciaSi baRdadis magivrad babi-lovni iqneboda. xolo aq moxsenebuli babiloni, ro-melic ewodeboda egvipteSi mdebare qalaq memfiss,

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arabebma waarTves berZnebs didi omis Semdeg 641 w. am wels maT daikaves TviT qalaqi, xolo cixe kidev berZnebis xelSi darCa 642 w. 25 martamdis, rodesac isic aRebul iqmna arabebis mier~ [5;42]. aq yvelaze mniSvnelovani ara baRdadis glosad aRmoCenaa, aramed babilonis swori geografiuli lokacia, mecnieri samarTlianad Tvlis mas egviptis uZveles qalaqad da ara SuamdinareTis cnobil qalaq babilonad.

aq, babilonis SuamdinareTis qalaqad miCneviT, gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom igulisxmeba, VII sau-kunis 30-ian wlebSi arabTa mier sparseTis damar-cxeba da maT mier qtezifonis da SuamdinareTis babi-lonis dapyroba, Tumca, s. kakabaZis swori dakvir-vebiT, sxva istoriul movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme; kerZod, arabTa (agareanTa) mier berZnebis (bizantie-lebis) winaaRmdeg egvipteSi warmoebul brZolebTan. sparselTa damarcxebis Semdeg, arabebma axlo aRmosav-leTis bizantiuri samflobeloebi, siria, palestina, qalaqebi, damasko, antioqia, ierusalimi daipyres da 639 wlidan egviptes Seuties. arabi sardali, siriis mmarTveli iazid amri ibn al asi bizantielTa Zlier winaaRmdegobas waawyda egviptis Zveli dedaqalaqis memfisis regionSi, romelsac icavdnen, rogorc adgi-lobrivi bizantiuri jarebi, ise, imperator herakles mier gagzavnili damxmare Zalebi, ganlagebulni babi-lonSi, Zveli qalaq memfisis maxloblad [6;293]. berZenTa didi winaaRmdegobis gamo, xalifa omarim sardal amris damatebiTi samxedro Zalebi daaxmara, heraklemac axali mTavarsardali, Teodore gagzavna. cbierma amrim mainc SeZlo bizantielTa gamotyueba babilonidan da heliopolisTan maTi damarcxeba. bi-

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zantielebi babilonis citadels jer kidev inarCu-nebdnen, Tumca qalaqi arabebis xelSi moeqca. egvip-teSi areuloba daiwyo. mosaxleobis didma nawilma da berZenTa jarmac kargad gamagrebul aleqsandrias Seafara Tavi. egviptis olqebi arabebiT ivseboda. 641 wels imperatori heraklec gardaicvala. konstantine-polSi dawyebulma areulobam da paralelurad lan-gobardebTan ommac daasusta bizantia, romelmac, 642 wlis martSi, babilonis citadelic dakarga. bizantiadamarcxda da arabebTan dadebuli zaviT aleqsandriac datova. egviptes arabebi daepatronen.

egviptis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari g. brugSi, aRniSnavs babilonis arsebobas egvipteSi VII sauku-neSi. saxeldobr, egviptis faraonma ramzes II-m azi-idan egvipteSi sirieli tyveebi Camoasaxla memfisis maxloblad, sofel xerauSi (xerxau). tyve asirie-lebma xeraus saxeli gadaarqves da babiloni uwodes, romelic Semdeg cixe-qalaqad gadaiqca. arabTa mier misi dangrevis Semdeg, axali qalaqi gaSenda _ Zveli kairo, dRevandeli kairos samxreTi nawili. brugSis cnobiT, am babilonis saxeli SemorCenilia Zveli kai-ros maxloblad mdebare koptebis monastris saxel-wodebaSi _ `deir-babilon~ [4;664,748]. rogorc vxe-davT, Zvel samyaroSi arsebobda ori babiloni _ me-sopotamiis didi qalaqi babiloni da egviptis cixe-qalaqi babiloni.

brokhauzis da efronis enciklopediis mixedviT, babiloni iyo cixe-simagre egvipteSi memfisTan axlos nilosis marjvena sanapiroze, piramidebis mopirdapire mxares. statiis avtori, saxelwodebas ukavSirebs me-sopotamiis babilons da misi warmomavlobis or va-

63

riants gvTavazobs: 1. ramzes II babiloneli tyveebis nawils aq asaxlebs da cixe-simagres gadascems da 2. ufro misaRebi avtorisTvis: babilonis mefe nabuqo-donosori egviptis dapyrobisas aq ganaTavsebs babi-lonelTa samxedro banaks [3;331].

erTi uzustoba, rac axlavs kakabaZis kvlevas, egviptis babilonis qalaq memfisad miCnevaa. istori-kosi eyrdnoba miuleris cnobas, romelic iperatoris jaris dislokaciad babilons, igive memfiss asaxe-lebs: «Значительных масс императорских войск, рас-положенных в Вавилон, древнем Мемфис». marTalia, miuleri SemdgomSi brugSs iSveliebs da azustebs ba-bilonis mdebareobas memfisTan axlos, magram s. kaka-baZe, rogorc Cans, amas yuradRebas aRar aqcevs (rac principSi arc akninebs mis gamarTul mecnierul kvlevas). mTavaria, dgindeba, rogorc toponimi baR-dadi _ babiloni, ise, arabTa mowinaaRmdege da omis periodi; da, rac aseve mniSvnelovania, zustdeba, `moqcevais~ zemoT motanili citatis bolo frazis, `da amisTvis berZenTa queyanai jors ahkides da wa-riRes saberZneTa,~ azric _ s. kakabaZem ar gaimeora sumbat daviTis Zis Secdoma: `dajda stefanoz da mis-ze queyana qarTlisa aRweres, da wariRes saber-ZneTs. da ambavi moiwia, viTarmed baRdadi daipyres agaris naTesavTao~ [1;375-376] _ da mogvca movlenis swori Sefaseba: `rogorc sCans, 642 wlis zavs da bizantiis saerTo-samxedro mdgomareobis gauaresebas moyva berZnebis mier qarTlis daclac, rac aRnus-xulia kidec m. q.-s qronikaSi~ [5;43]. Cven sruliad veTanxmebiT mkvlevars am pasaJis axsnaSic, davamatebT mxolod, rom wyaros cnobaSi, SesaZloa igulisxme-

64

bodes, an, qarTlis dacla bizantielTa mier, an, egviptidan wasvla, anda, zogadad, bizantielTa mier dapyrobili aRmosavluri mxareebis (iq, sadac ukve arabebma moikides fexi) datoveba.

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1. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955.2. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeg-

lebi, I, Tb., 1963.3. Энциклопедический словарь, т. 5, изд. «Брокгаузъ»,

Ефронъ, 1891.4. История фараонов, Бругша, С-Пб, 1880.5. saistorio krebuli, II, tf., 1928.6. А. Мюллер, история ислама с основания до новейших

времен, т. 1-2, С-Пб, 1895.

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Medea Gogoladze

THE INTERPRETATION OF ONE PASSAGE OF THE `CONVERSION OF KARTLI~ BY SARGIS

KAKABADZE

Summary

In his `Historical Collection”, while trying to date the pe-riod of government of Kartli rulers, Sargis Kakabadze focu-ses on a fallowing passage of `Conversion of Kartli” – `It happened when Agarians1 captured Baghdad and Greeks lo-aded donkey with the country andtook it to Greece.” Glossy here is used for Baghdad. It is widely shared opinion in his-toriography, that here Glossy is used for Baghdad and most of historians believe that war between Arabs and Iranians was a war of Babylon for Mesopotamia. S. Kakabadze was the first, who considered mentioned Babylon not as the fa-mous town of Babylon but the Egyptian fortress town Ba-bylon near Memphis. There was one inaccuracy. He believed Babylon of Egypt was Memphis. He was guidedby an epi-sode of the war of Arabs and Byzantine for Egypt in 639-642, when Byzantines left the fortress town Babylon, left finally Egypt and returned back to Greece. Taking this data into consideration S. Kakabadze gave us the correct locali-zation of Baghdad (Babylon).

1 Georgians in old times called Arabs and Muslims Agarians.

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daviT WiTanava

pirsaxelebi da gvarsaxelebi `jgalis cixis sakaTalikoso gamosavlis~ nusxis mixedviT

(1616-1621 wlebi)

winamdebare naSromSi warmodgenilia megrul pir-saxelTa da gvarsaxelTa kvleva XVII saukunis pir-vel meoTxedSi Sedgenili dokumentis _ ,,sacaiSvi-los gamosavlisa da mosakreblis~ davTarSi war-modgenil `jgalis cixis sakaTalikoso gamosavlis~ nusxis mixedviT1.

1 `92. [nusxa jgalis cixis sakaTalikoso gamosavlisa] [1616-1621 ww.] ,,q. wyalobiTa da SewevniTa RmrTisaTa da Svid caTa umaRlesisa

biWvintisa RmrTis-mSoblisaTa. aris saqoCaq[i]Zeo dadianis batonis levanis wyaloba mamuli Tavs jgalis cixe, sasaxle; aris jgalis cixis gamosavali.marTebs jgalis cixis Semavals kacebsa begara: 1. marTebs saklias

umfros-umcrosi saklavi, qaTami, 11 sawyavi Rvino, 11 jami Romi, 1 jami puri, goWkomuri rarigadca Tavi esaxelebodes. 2. facxlias savlios isreve sZes. 3. ulvinia odiSarias marTebs 1 saWmeli. 4. Taimazas ferTexias marTebs zroxiani saWmeli 5. jgergekis ferTezias isreve marTebs. 6. eCakoCis Sonias marTebs umcros-umfrosi saklavi, qaTami, 11 foxali Rvino, 11 jami Romi, 1 jami puri da goWkomuri. 7. Tolias buRavas isreve imas marTebs. 8. wyorias buRavas isreve imas marTebs. 9. jimadis buRavas isreve imas marTebs. 10. xuxulias Sonias isreve imas marTebs. 11. xuxulias msubuqiasisreve imas marTebs. 12. xuxuas msubuqas isreve imas marTebs. 13. gvaniSias totobinavas isreve imas marTebs. 14. mamulias xubulias isreve imas marTebs. 15. gurmixiliasa belqanoas isreve marTebs. 16. ptonibis miraqas isreve imas. 17. aTs kvamls kacsa xmeli begara marTebs. 18. xuTs kuamls kacsa xatisas trapezi marTebs, TviTo saklavi batonisa.q. marTebs jgalis sasaxlis midgomsa kacebsa begara: 19. marTebs

Samibias bumbuvasa umfros-umcrosi saklavi, qaTami, 11 jami Romi, 1 jami puri, rarigadca Tavi esaxelebodes, imisTana goWkomuri. 20. kidev sams amis gnayofsa asreve marTebs. 21. maxutolias Tofurias

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adamianis saxelebi, istoriis manZilze, drois viTarebidan da wes-Cveulebis cvlilebidan gamomdi-nare, xSirad qreba da icvleba axliT. ucvleli rCeba mxolod is faqti, rom yvela droSi darqmeuli saku-Tari saxeli uklebliv yvela Cveulebrivi sityvebi-sagan aris miRebuli, Sesabamisad, maTi warmomavlo-bisa da mniSvnelobis codna Zalze mniSvnelovania mosaxleobis, rogorc enobrivi da eTnikuri kuTvni-lebis, ise, socialuri statusis dasadgenad. amgvari kvleva Cven mier aseve gakeTda `afxazeTis sakaTali-koso glexebis didi davTris~ (XVI s. meore naxevari _ 1621 w.) mixedviT [9;85_112].

1614 wlis miwisZvris Semdgom, levan dadianis mier caiSis taZrisa da saepiskoposos aRdgenisTanave, caiSis mamulebis saerTo gujarSi ucvniaT (Seuyva-niaT) jgalis `sakaTalikozo jgalisa da misi adgilmamulis sazRurisa da gardasaxadisa~ [1;41].

jgalis cixe, romelic XV_XVI saukuneebSia age-buli, mdebareobs jgalis TemSi (walenjixis muni-

kideve asre marTebs. 22. xviCeliavas asmavias kideve asre marTebs. 23. koCiloas midorias isreve imas marTebs. 24. goSorTias asmavas isreve imas marTebs. 25. moirdias gigidavas isreve imas marTebs. 26. kutavas gvaxavas isreve imas marTebs. 27. mordilias buRavas isreve imas marTebs. 28. kideve amas gareT marTebs am begris 1/2. 29. imarcaliasisreve marTebs. 30. xerias savlias isreve mas marTebs. 31. uskvamabis gegidavas isreve imas marTebs. 32. SuSania gegidavas isreve imas marTebs. 33. amarcalias qucuravasa isreve imas marTebs. 34. uRvanobas kerSilavas isreve imas marTebs. 35. uRvimas mWiTavas isreve imas marTebs. 36. xixulias furTuxias marTebs 6 foxali Rvino, 6 jami Romi, goWkomuri. 37. gurmixilias Tusmelias marTebs 1 saWmeli. 38. s˜lis mamulis marTebs 1 saWmeli~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, teqsti gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1970, gv. 478-480).

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cipaliteti), lesales ubanSi da gamomdinare aqedan, cixes dRes eZaxian lesales cixes. adgilobrivTa gadmocemiT, am adgilebSi Zvelad ucxovriaT qursue-bis gvars [7;369-371].

pirvel rigSi, Cven yuradRebas iqcevs am doku-mentSi moxseniebuli saqoCqakiZeo, romelSic aSkarad Cans samegrelos feodaluri gvari, qoCakiZe. rogorc Cans, am dros, jgalis cixis marTva-gamgeoba levan II dadians uboZebia Tavad qoCakiZeTaTvis. qoCakiZeTa aq mosaxleobaze metyvelebs jgalis cixesTan axlos dResac SemorCenili toponimi saqoCakiZeo. am gvaris istoriaze amjerad, Cven ar gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, ramdenadac maTze kvlevis nawili Cven mier calke naSromSia mocemuli [8;325-331], xolo sruli saxiT ibeWdeba krebulSi `istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-tutis Sromebi~ (t. XIV).

am dokumentSi CamoTvlili gvarebidan dRes jga-lis TemSi da imave cixe-simagris maxloblad cxov-roben: 1. saliebi, romlebic dokumentSi s˜li –saklia-s formiT ixseniebian. 2. beluqaniebi anu belqaniebi. 3. Tofuriebi, romelTa aq gansaxlebas aseve gvidasturebs Cven mier mopovebuli onomasti-kuri masala da erT-erT ubans SemorCa saxelwodeba `leTofure~ (dRes iq ar mosaxleoben da saarqivo masaliTac, arc XIX saukuneSi Canan). 4. aseve, Soni-ebis gvaris gansaxlebis areali (dRes aRar saxloben jgalis TemSi) dgindeba onomastikuri masaliT, ker-Zod, mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT, jgalis erT-erTi sof-lis, _ lexarCiles aRmosavleTiT mdebare sofels hqvia leSone.

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facxlia savliო da xeria savlia. facxlia _ pirsaxeli Cans, romelic SesaZloa, momdinareobdes megruli facxala-sagan, romelic susti aRnagobis da saqmeSi mousvenar kacze ityvian. savlia ki, gvarsaxel salias identurad migvaCnia da adamianis sakuTari saxelisagan (sale//sala) Cans nawarmoebi.

ulvinia odiSaria – ulvinia, SesaZloa, iyos uR-vinia-s SecdomiT gadmocema da momdinareobdes megru-li sityvidan uRvenoba _ ùpovaroba, siRaribe, xel-mokleoba~. odiSaria ki, gvarsaxelia, romelic dRe-sac farTodaa gavrcelebuli samegreloSi (1540 suli) ZiriTadad, senakisa da martvilis raionebSi. maT yvelaze did da ZirZvel samkvidrod p. cxadaias TqmiT, iTvleba nosiris Temi (senakis r-ni). avtori-save azriT, odiSari niSnavs odiSels. kolxuri -ar sufiqsi, iseve, rogorc qarTv-eli, awarmoebs sadau-roba-warmomavlobis saxelebs. aseve, arsebobs forma odiSeli da odiSeliZe [6;119].

Taimaza ferTexia da jgergeki ferTezia – Taimaza, sayovelTaod dResac gavrcelebuli pirsaxel Tamazis formaa, xolo jgergeki ferTexia//ferTezia gvarsaxe-lia da identuri formebi Cans (albaT, sworia fer-Texia), Tumca am formiT dRes samegreloSi ar fiqsirdeba. isic metsaxelidan momdinare Cans, rac megrulSi _ ùxorco~, `susti aRnagobis adamianis~ epiTetia.

eCakoCi Sonia da xuxulia Sonia _ eCakoCi, a. qobalias megrul-qarTul leqsikonSi ganmartebulia, rogorc èrTkaci, TavkerZa~, romelic Semdgom, albaT, pirsaxelad iqca. xuxulia _ samegreloSi farTod gavrcelebul pirsaxel xaxus moferebiTi

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formaa, romelic SesaZloa, momdinareobdes megruli sityva xaxuteli-dan//`moqarguli, Wreli~; xolo So-nia, samegreloSi dResac farTod gavrcelebuli gvarsaxelia (7648 suli). rogorc zemoTac aRvniS-neT, Soniebi dRes jgalSi ar cxovroben, Tumca le-xarCeleSi Cven davafiqsireT toponimi leSone, rome-lic maT iq odesRac mosaxleobaze miuTiTebs. p. cxadaia jgalis TemSi am toponims (leSone) aTavsebs lesaleSi, kerZod, misi TqmiT, is aris borcvis sa-xelwodeba Waniswyali-ZanZelis wyalgamyofze. am sa-xis toponimebi (leSonie, leSone) samegreloSi mrav-lad aris fiqsirebuli da istoriul sabuTebSic gvarsaxelis saxiT (Sonia) ukve XVI saukunidan das-turdeba samegrelosa da afxazeTSi [9;131]. p. cxadaia, gvar Sonias fuZes udarebs megrulSi svanebis aRmniS-vnel satomo saxels `Soni~, romelic misive azriT, metaforulad aRniSnavs brazians, mouxeSavs da am mniSvnelobiT SeiZleboda, metsaxeladac qceuliyo [6;148].

Tolia buRava, wyoria buRava, jimadi buRava da mordilia buRava – buRava nawarmobia megruli gvar-saxelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli va sufiqsiT, Tumca, am formiT dRes samegreloSi ar dasturdeba. p. cxa-daia, mas udarebs forma buRaSvils, romlis msgavsi variantia buRasqua. toponimi sabuRasquo fiqsirebu-lia ubani sofel Zvel xibulaSi (xobis r-ni) [6;64].rac Seexeba pirsaxelebs: Tolia _ sityvasityviT meg-rulidan moferebiT _ `Tvalians~ niSnavs; wyoria _ SesaZloa, igive megruli `wyorili~-s `wyalnarevi~ Sesatyvisia, rac adamianis TvisebisTvis damaxasiaTe-bel moferebiT pirsaxelad iqca; jimadi _ megrulSi

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sityva-sityviT niSnavs did Zmas (saerTod, megrul naTesaobis sistemaSi ixmareba dedis Zmis, mamis Zmis, anu biZebis aRsaniSnavad) da am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, pirsaxeli Seerqva Zmebs Soris misi ufrosobis gamo; mordilia _ sityva-sityviT niSnavs `gazrdils, moz-rdils~, SesaZloa, axal dabadebuls misi fizikuri `mozrdilobis~ resp. `sididis~ gamo Searqves. saer-Tod, aRsaniSnavia, rom pirsaxel mordilia-dan nawar-moebi patronimiuli danayofebi, Cven mier mopovebu-li eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT, uamravi megru-li gvarisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli `mordiliaTu-ri~-s saxelwodebiT.

`xuxulia msubuqia~, `xuxua msubuqa~. msubu-qia//msubuqa-s formis gvarsaxeli samegreloSi dRes-dReobiT ar dasturdeba, is sakuTari saxeli unda yofiliyo XVI_XVII saukuneebSi. arc xuxulias formis gvarsaxelia cnobili. SeiZleba, aqedan iyos nawarmoebi samegreloSi farTod gavrcelebuli gvar-saxelebi xuxia, xuxua da xuxuni, romelic pirsaxel xuxu-sagan Cans warmoqmnili. gvaris am formebis winamorbedi formebi dasturdeba istoriul sabuTeb-Si XVII saukunis pirveli naxevridan afxazeTsa da samegreloSi [9;124]. xuxulia niSnavs `xuxula~-s.

gvaniSia totobinava – am saxis gvarsaxeli sameg-reloSi dRes ar aris fiqsirebuli, Tumca arsebobs msgavsi formebi toCia//totoCava-s saxiT. vfiqrobT, totobinava nawarmoebia megruli sityvisgan `toti~ _ TaTi, xolo totobinava iqneba `TaTiani damianis~ aRmniSvneli, anu sxvebisgan gamorCeulad `didi TaTebis~ qonis gamo Seerqva. gvaniSia _ ki, momdina-

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reobs megruli sityvidan gvanili _ `msuqani~, gvani-Sia ki, moferebiT niSnavs `msuqana~-s.

gurmixilia belqanoa _ belqanoa, igive dRevan-deli jgalis TemSi mosaxle belqanias forma unda iyos. am mosazrebaze dgas p. cxadaiac [6;59]. gur-mixili _ pirsaxelia, misi pirveli nawili gur _ `guli~-is mniSvnelobis unda iyos, xolo meore _ mixili, SesaZloa, megrulSi `mxiarulebis momtanis~ mniSvnelobiT avxsnaT (`gulmxiaruli~ xasiaTis adami-ani).

ptonibi miraqa. am formis arc gvarsaxeli da arc pirsaxeli dRevandel samegreloSi ar dasturdeba. sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas moiTxovs.

Samibia bumbuva – am formis gvarsaxelebi samegre-loSi ar dasturdeba. Samibia pirsaxeli Cans, mis etimologia Semdgom kvlevas moiTxovs, Tumca Samibia-sTan dakavSirebiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom is SeiZleba gvar Samugias winamorbedi forma iyos. bumbuvas ki, SesaZloa, kavSiri qondes megrul burbus-Tan, romelic niSnavs `umweos~, `Cvils~ [3;69].

maxutolia Tofuria. maxutolia samegreloSi mo-ferebiTi sakuTari saxelia da niSnavs `Casaxu-tebels~. Tofuria ki, samegreloSi dResac farTod gavrcelebuli gvarsaxelia (3225 suli). gvaris war-moSoba, rogorc Cans, momdinareobs megruli sityvidan Tofuri _ `Tafli~. isini dRes jgalis TemSi ar arian gansaxlebulni, Tumca, gvaris aq odesRac mosaxleobaze dResac miuTiTebs toponimi leTofure, romelic Semdgom Seerwya jgalis Temis kidev erT, leTofures mosazRvre sofel kanTs da leTkanTis saxiT dResac arsebobs. Tofuriebi XVII

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saukunidan arian moxseniebulni sefieTis mTavarange-lozis eklesiis xucur warwerasa da sxva sabuTebSi, romelic calke kvlevas moiTxovs [7;499-501].

xviCeliava asmavia da goSorTia asmava pirsaxel xviCeliava-Si Cven unda gvqondes megruli xviCali _ `farTo, CaxCaxa~ adamianis metsaxeli. pirsaxel go-SorTias etimologia saZebnia. asmavia//asmava, samegre-loSi dResac mcxovrebi arc Tu ise mravalricxovani gvarsaxelis _ asmavas (40 suli) Zveli forma Cans. etomologia saZebnia. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom p. cxadaias cnobiT, swored jgalis TemSi Waniswylis marcxena Senakads ewodeba leasme, aseve, saasme ubani yofila kojorsa da xamuas Sua, sadac esaxlnen asma-vebi. avtorisave aRniSvniT, pirsaxeli asma, asman da-fiqsirebulia kolxeTSi [6;53].

koCiloa midoria. pirsaxeli koCiloa SesaZloa, gavigoT kninobiT metsaxelad koCi _ `kaci~, koCilia iqneba `kacuna~, `patara kaci~. midoria gvarsaxeli Cans, Tumca, am formiT, dResdReobiT samegreloSi ar dasturdeba.

moirdia gigidava//uskvamabi gegidava. gigida-va//gegidava-s formis gvarsaxeli samegreloSi dRes fiqsirebuli ar aris, Tumca, gigi fuZidan momdinare gvarsaxelebi samegreloSi jer kidev XV saukunis bolodan aris cnobili (gegeberia//gigiberia) [2;611] da es gvari XVII saukuneSi farTod Cans gavrcele-buli afxazeTSic [4;438-477,612,770]. maTi yvelas identurobis mtkiceba rTulia da etimologia saZeb-nia. moirdia ki, moferebiTi pirsaxelia, romelic meg-rulidan niSnavs `gagizarde~. pirsaxelad qceuli

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zedmetsaxeli uskvamabi-s ki, `ulamazo~ adamianze it-yvian.

kutava gvaxava. gvaxava-s formis gvarsaxeli samegreloSi ar dasturdeba. misi amosavali unda iyos pirsaxeli gvaxa, romelic SesaZloa, momdina-reobs megruli gvaxili-dan, romelsac `muTaqasaviT msuqan~ kacze ityvian. xolo pisaxelad qceul zed-metsaxel kutavas fuZe unda iyos kuta, romelic niSnavs `patara, mokle adamians.~

imarcalia//amarcalia qucurava. qucurava-s formis gvarsaxelis identuri miaCnia p. cxadaias dRes sa-megreloSi (Cxorowyus r-ni) arsebuli gvari qucu-rua; avtorisave ganmartebiT, qucurava cocxali sityvaa megrulSi, romelic niSnavs `patara tanis da gamxdar, gasacodavebul~ adamians [6;142]. pirsaxeli imarcalia//amarcalia megrulidan pirdapir TargmanSi iqneba `aq myofiviT~.

uRvanoba kerSilava. kerSilavas _ formis gvar-saxeli samegreloSi dRes ar dasturdeba, Tumca, rogorc p. cxadaia miuTiTebs, misi identuri Cans keSelava. sakeSala yofila saxnavi texuris WalaSi (eweri, taleris Temi), nakeSile, seri melisquris marjvena mxares (Taia). avtorisave aRniSvniT, 1904 wlis aRweris monacemebiT1, dRvanaSi, nobulevsa da RalaSi (nafiCxovos Temi) mcxovrebi keSilavebi aznaurebi iyvnen, misive ganmartebiT, keSi keratia, keSila metsaxeli Cans [6;94]. vfiqrobT, metsaxeli kerSilava momdinareobs megruli sityva ,,kerSi~-dan

1 Cven migvaCnia, rom es aris ara 1904 wlis, aramed 1873 wlis aRwe-riloba.

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_ `daukodavi~. pirsaxeli uRvinoba, igive uRvenobaa, rac `siRaribis, arqonis~ gamomxatvelia.

uRvimas mWiTavas. mWiTava, samegrelosa da dRevan-del afxazeTSic farTod yofila gavrcelebuli [9;115] da is gvarsaxel WiTanavas erT-erTi Zveli formaa. -m warmoadgendes ubralo fonetikur wana-zards (magaliTad, m-barua//barua `barva~) [5;478]. arsebobs mosazreba, rom gvarsaxeli WiTanava momdi-nareobs megruli WiTa `wiTelidan~ da TiTqos, misi identuria wiTlanaZe [6;321], Tumca, vfiqrobT, wiTe-lTan misi dakavSireba Wirs da etimologia saZebnia. jgalis TemTan dakavSirebiT ki, aRvniSnavT, rom so-fel saCinoSi fiqsirdeba toponimi naWiTu – Cais plantacia vejinjSi [6;163]. pirsaxeli uRvima ki, igive Cans, rac uRvanoba//uRvenoba (ix. zemoT).

xixulia furTuxia. furTuxia-s formis gvar-saxeli samegreloSi dRes ar dasturdeba. SesaZloa, misi identuri iyos furTuxia. p. cxadaias azriT, furTux, furdux svaneTSi cnobili pirsaxelebia da ar aris gamoricxuli samegreloSic yofiliyo gav-rcelebuli. furTuxia, a. qobalias ganmartebiT, meg-rulSi `uxeiro, mifuCeCebuls da uwesrigos~ niS-navs. metsaxeli xixuli SesaZloa, momdinareobdes megruli sityva xixo-dan, romelsac `miamit, ga-uTlel~ adamianze ityvian.

gurmixilia Tusmelia. Tusmelia – am formis gvar-saxeli samegreloSi ar dasturdeba. sityva Tusmelia a. qobalias ganmartebuli aqvs, rogorc `goWisa da melas Tvisebisa~ [3;321]. gurmixili ixileT zemoT.

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1. s. kakabaZe, sacaiSlo gamosavlis davTari, tf., 1913.

2. pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 1991.3. qobalia a. megruli leqsikoni, Tb., 2010.4. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, teqsti gamos-

ca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. do-liZem, Tb., 1970.

5. i. yifSiZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, Tb., 1994.6. p. cxadaia, gvarebi da gvarTa dasaxlebani samegre-

loSi, Tb., 2000.7. d. WiTanava, eklesiebi da TavdacviTi nagebobebi sa-

megreloSi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb., 2010.8. d. WiTanava, qoCaqiZeTa saTavados Tavdapirveli

gansaxlebis areali onomastikuri da werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, kr. `qarTveluri onomastika~, t. VI, Tb., 2013.

9. d. WiTanava, odiSSi gavrcelebuli pirsaxelebi da gvarsaxelebi `afxazeTis sakaTalikoso glexebis didi davTris~ (XVI s. meore naxevari, 1621 w.) mixedviT, kr. `odiSi~, t. 4, naw. 4. Tb., 2015.

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David Chitanava

NAMES AND SURNAMES, ACCORDING TO THE LIST OF “JGALI CASTLE CATHOLICATE

CLOSING” (1616-1621 YEARS)

Summary

This paper presents the research of Mengrelian names and surnames According to the list of “Jgali castle catho-licate closing”, which is part of the ledger, composed in the first quarter of XVII century, called “Satsaishvilo” closing and taxes.

Respective studies are very important we think, because human names often disappear and are replaced with new ones through history, due to the changes in the time settings and customs. The only fact remains the same, that at all times absolutely all given names are obtained from the ordinary words, accordingly knowledge of their origin and the meaning is very important, in order to determine popu-lation’s linguistic and ethnic background, as well as social status.

The work presented in this document refers to the ety-mology of up to sixty names and surnames, majority of which is not widespread in the surname form in Samegrelo and along with changes in the time and circumstances of social life _ given nicknames explainable in Mingrelian language have faded away.

After the earthquake of 1614, just after Tsaishi Church and Episcopacy restoration by Levan Dadiani, “Jgali catho-licate” was united to the Tsaishi estate.

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Jgali castle, built in XV-XVI centuries, is located in Jgali community (Tsalendjikha Municipal District), in Lesale area and according to this, is now called Lesale castle.

From the names listed in this document, these live currently nearby Jgali community and the same Jgali castle (fortress): 1. Salia surname, who are mentioned in the document in “s~li –saklia-s” form; 2. Belukania same as Belkania surname; 3. Topuria surname, whose resettlement is also confirmed by obtained onomastics data and one of the districts has remained the name “Letopure” (Today it is not populated, neither was from the XIX century, as can be seen from the archival materials); 4. Also, Shonia surname housing area (no longer live in Jgali community) is determined from onomastics data, in particular – reportedly, eastwards of one of the Jgali rural villages – Lekharchile, is situated the village, named Leshone.

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irma kvaSilava

raÁ ars saxeli Seni?

(anTroponimiis religiuri aspeqtebi)

cnobilia, rom anTroponimi adamianis an adamianTa jgufis sakuTari saxelia, rogoricaa pirovnuli sa-xeli, gvarsaxeli, metsaxeli, zedwodeba, fsevdonimi, kriptonimi, fiqtonimi da sxva. sakuTari saxeli oni-mi/onima sityva an Sesityveba, romlis daniSnulebaa saxeldebuli obieqtis gamoyofa, gamocalkeveba msgavs obieqtTa simravlidan, misi individualizacia da identifikacia [18;17].

saxels didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc pirovnebi-saTvis, ise sagnisa da movlenebisaTvis. amjerad, saxe-lis religiur funqciasa da daniSnulebaze SevCerde-biT.

bibliuri WeSmaritebis mixedviT, `naTels RmerTma uwoda dRe da bnels uwoda Rame... myars RmerTma uwoda ca, xmeleTs miwa (dab. 1, 5, 8, 10). adamsac saxeli man daarqva... Semdeg ki RmerTma metyvelebis unari da saxeldebis ufleba, cocxal arsebaTa Soris Tavis xatad da msgavsad Seqmnil adamians uboZa, ro-gorc Sesaqmis gvirgvins. adamma saxeli daarqva pi-rutyvebs, cis frinvelT da velis cxovelT, aseve mis Semwed Seqmnil qals; dacemis Semdeg adamianma sa-xelebi uwoda Tavis STamomavalT, sagnebs, garemo samyaros da a. S.~ [14;6].

bibliuri gagebiT, adamianis cxovreba iwyeba ara misi dabadebidan, aramed Casaxvidan. e. i. saxeldeba xdeba RvTisgan. `vidre mucelSi gamogsaxavdi, gamo-

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garCie, vidre saSodan gamoxvidodi, wmida gyavi~ (ieremia 1:5). niSandoblivia, rom macxovris _ ieso qristes da misi winamorbedisa da winaswarmetyvelis ioane naTlismcemlis saxelebic, dabadebamde iyo cnobili. àha, qalwuli miudges da Sves Ze da uwo-dian saxeli misi emmanuel, romel ars TargmanebiT: Cven Tana RmerTi~ (maT. 1, 23-24). `hrqua mas ange-lozman man: nu geSinin zaqaria, rameTu Seismens vedrebanni Senni da colman Senman elisabed giSves Sen Ze da uwodi saxeli misi iovane~ (luk. 1, 13) [3;4,98].

saxelebs Tavisi simboluri datvirTvac aqvs, ro-melic pirovnebasTan kavSirsa da mis bunebasac gamo-xatavs. saxeli ìeso~ (ebr. ehoSua), `macxovars~, `cxovrebis momcemels~ niSnavs. qriste zedwodeba ki, `cxebuls~, `mironcxebuls (ebr. `maSiax~, anu `me-sia~); berZnulad _ qriste [13;392]. ioane ki _ gvrits niSnavs. saxeli sityva wminda werilSi xSi-rad gvxvdeba. saxeldobr: `wmida iyavn saxeli Seni~ (maT. 6, 9). àdide saxeli Seni~ (ioan. 12, 28). `gamo-ucxade saxeli Seni kacTa~ (ioan. 17, 16). `mravalTa hrwmena saxelisa misisa~ (ioan. 2, 23). `kurTxeul ars momavali saxeliT uflisaÁTa~ (maT. 21, 9). `mra-valni movidodian saxeliTa CemiTa~ (maT. 24, 5). me moved saxeliTa mamisa CemisaÁTa~ (ioan. 5, 43). `dai-cven eseni saxeliTa SeniTa~ (ioan. 17, 11). `saxelebi Tqueni daiwera caTa Sina~ (luk. 10, 20) [9;526-527].

wminda werili usaxelod, umniSvnelod ixsenebs pirovnebebs sityviT `vinme~ igivea viRaca. mag: `mTava-ri vinme mouxda~ (maT. 9, 18). `mdidari vinme morbi-oda misa~ (mark. 9, 49). ìyo vinme baraba~ (mark. 15,

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7). `ukueTu vinme ara Segiwynarnes Tquen~ (mark. 10, 14). `nu vinme gacTunnes Tquen~ (amrk. 24, 4) da sxva [9;201].

pirovnebis saxeliT vlindeba misi rogorc dade-biTi, ise uaryofiTi Sefaseba, anu naTeli da bneli mxareebi. aseTia: saxelxeneSi – saxelgatexili, cud-saxeliani. sapirispiro saxelovani, saxelganTqmuli. saxelmtyuvari – crusaxeliani Sead. saxeltkbili, saxelSuenieri [17;313]. saxelxeneSi _ avadsaxsenebeli [15;186]. saxelboroti _ saxelborotman sircxvili da kdema daimkvidros (zir. 6, 1). gvaqvs agreTve, sa-xeldidi _ `saxeldido ufalo~ [1;383].

saxels ukavSirdeba wyevlis erTgvari forma, ro-goricaa saxelgasaqrobi, saxelgasawyveti [16;954].

arqaul sazogadoebaSi, warmarTul samyaroSi saxe-lis codnas didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. saxelis codniT adamiani pirovnebaze garkveul Zalauflebas iZenda. gavrcelebuli iyo `saxelis mojadoebis~ praq-tika, romelic maincdamainc mxolod miTiur da ma-giur warmodgenebTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli. yovel-dRiur urTierTobebSic saxeliT mimarTva sruliad sxva xarisxobriv kavSirebs gansazRvravda. rakiRa iTvleboda, rom saxelis borotad gamoyenebas cudi Sedegebis motana SeeZlo, ebrael erSi, qristes mos-vlis wina periodSi RmerTis saxelis gamoTqma aikrZa-la [7;72]. magiuri kanonebis Tanaxmad, saxelis mos-poba niSnavs, am saxelis matarebeli adamianis mos-pobas. faraonma egvipteSi winafaraonis saxelis dasa-viwyeblad, daangria yvela taZari, TviT mamamisis age-buli taZrebic ki [6;15].

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dResac adamianebi raime seriozuli uTanxmoebisas erTmaneTs ukrZalaven saxeliT mimarTvas, moxseniebas _ ar axseno, daiviwye Cemi saxeli. es erTgvari ganka-noneba _ dasjis uwyinari formaa, romelic Rrmad da-gafiqrebs axlobeli adamianis dakargvis saSiSroe-baze.

xSirad Zvirfasi adamianis saxelis xseneba netare-bas gvaniWebs, vcdilobT davarqvaT CvenTvis sayvarel adamianebs. xdeba piriqiTac; Semawuxebeli, maWirve-beli adamianis saxelis gagoneba usiamovno gancdebs iwvevs, xelmeored mosmenas aRarc ki visurvebT. rao-den sakvirvelic ar unda iyos, amisTana gansxvavebul emociebs, gulisTqmebs, azrebs, sul erTi sityva gana-pirobebs _ pirovnebis saxeli, idumalebiT moculi sakuTari saxeli.

amdenad, saxels ukavSirdeba, rogorc Sesaxeleba, dafaseba da pativiscema ise saxeldaudebloba _ usa-xeloba, avadsaxsenebloba. mainc rogor unda moviqceT axalSobilisaTvis saxelis SerCevisas? am SemTxvevaSi, ufro metad religiuri midgoma gvmarTebs. adre sa-xelebs TviTneburad, ucnaurad, uwesrigod, arasaT-nod irCevdnen. `RvTiurad ki ase unda moxdes. saxeli im wmindanis xsenebis dReebis mixedviT unda SeirCes, romelic bavSvis dabadebas, naTlobas an maT Soris dReebs emTxveva. aseT SemTxvevaSi yovelive adamianuri mosazreba gamoiricxeba da ise iqneba, rogorc RmerTi mogvcems, rameTu dabadebis dReni uflis xelTaa~ [2;247].

Tu saxeli erTdroulad ramdenime wmindans hqvia, angelozis dRed iTvleba am adamianis dabadebis dRis Semdegi yvelaze axlo dRe, roca Tanamosaxele

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wmindanis xsenebaa. swored es wmindania misi zeciuri mfarveli da sadResaswaulo trapezic ki, am dRes unda imarTebodes.

wmindanTa saxelebs kalendarul saxelebs uwode-ben, romelic bizantiaSi Sedgenili kalendris gziT saqarTveloSic gavrcelda. `TiToeul kalendarul saxels Tavis enaSi garkveuli mniSvneloba hqonda, magram roca es saxeli gadadioda sxva xalxSi iq igi kargavda Tavis zogad leqsikur mniSvnelobas da gamoiyeneboda mxolod, rogorc sakuTari saxeli. Tav-dapirvelad xalxi ver egueboda aseT saxelebs, rad-gan isi ucxo, uSinaarso da Zneli dasaxsomebeli iyo. amitom xSirad mSoblebi ar emorCilebodnen eklesiis moTxovnas da surdaT SvilisTvis daerqmiaT TavianTi SerCeuli, maTTvis axlobeli da nacnobi saxeli. am uTanxmoebas xSirad is Sedegi mohyveboda, rom ax-loblebi bavSvs eZaxdnen arakalendarul saxels, saeklesio wignsa da sabuTebSi ki is gatarebuli iyo sul sxva saxeliT. xSirad es saxelebi ise gansxvav-debodnen, rogorc ca da dedamiwa~ [19;15].

erTi pirisaTvis ramdenime saxelis darqmevis Cveu-leba mravali xalxis anTroponimiaSi miRebulia da mas sxvadasxva mizezebi aqvs. qarTul anTroponimiaSi mravalsaxelianobis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens xevsureTSi vinme baliaurisTvis xuTi saxelis dar-qmeva: kalendaruli _ petre, sulisa _ daviTi, xa-tisa _ giorgi, rZlisa _ xirCla, bicolasi _ bewi-kua [10;193]. aRniSnulTagan, apotropeuli saxelis saxeobebia xatisa da sulis saxelebi. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi scodniaT e. w. sulis saxeli, anu micvale-buli winapris saxelis darqmeva, rasac qristianoba

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maincdamainc ar amarTlebs. qristianuli msoflmxed-veloba mxars uWers sulTa kavSiris saidumloebas, winaprebis amags da Sesabamis pativs miagebs xolme. fSavSi meore sulis saxelis darqmeva dakavSirebulia micvalebulis sulis `Semombrunavis~ rwmenasTan. `bav-Svi Tu Wirveulia da mtirala, fSavlebi ityvian, bavSvs micvalebulis suli `enukvis~, rom misi saxe-li daarqvano... xalxis rwmeniT, micvalebulis suli saiqiodan `mosaxeles swyalobs~, patronobs. mosaxe-le ki, _ visi adgili daiWira saaqaos imisi mamgone da pativismcemeli unda iyoso, romelic mas mudam sufras da `saxelsac Sasdebs~ [11;160].

saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi (mag: samegreloSi), rZali, bicola saxelebs ucvlian mazls an mazlis-Svils, rac maTdami pativiscemis gamoxatulebaa.

arsebobs metsaxeli igive Tikuni, romelic adamia-nis gansakuTrebul unars, an Cveni misdami gansakuT-rebulobas asaxavs, rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi TvalsazrisiT.

yvela saxeli garkveul mizezTa gamo warmoiqmna, magram maT Soris, ZiriTadi is saxelia, romelic naTlobisas gveZleva. `am saxeliT RmerTi adamians iZens. naTlobis saxeli adamians RmerTTan akavSirebs, imitom rom misi miRebisas adamiani qristesTan erTad kvdeba da aRdgeba. magram es saxeli uamrav sxva ada-mianTanac gvakavSirebs, imaTTan, vinc am saxels ata-rebda da gansakuTrebiT im adamianTan, vinc es warmar-Tuli (qristianobamdeli, i. k.) saxeli qristianulad aqcia: _ pirvel wmindanTan, romelmac es saxeli eklesiaSi Semoitana~ [12;18]. arsebobs mosazreba, rom zecaSi adamianebi swored naTlobis saxeliT moixse-

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niebian da sasurvelia, wesisamebr mivmarToT, oficia-luri saxeldebiT. amavdroulad, naTlobis saxeliT mimarTvisas, mis zeciur mfarvel wmindans movixse-niebT. amitomac, qristianma dabadebis dRis aRniS-vnisas, misi mfarveli wmindanis xsenebis dRes unda mianiWos upiratesoba da saTanado, sazeimo trapeziT aRniSnos.

saxelebisadmi mistikuri midgoma arqauli xanis sazogadoebaSic axasiaTebdaT, vinaidan saxelebs RvTa-ebrivi Zala miewereboda. `araerTi rwmena-warmodgena saxelsa da suls erTmaneTTan aigivebda. amiT iyo ganpirobebuli pirovnuli saxelebis tabuireba. nam-dvil saxels mtrisgan, avi adamianebisgan, avi sule-bisgan saidumlod icavdnen~ [8;18].

gasaidumloebuli iyo xolme naTlobis saxelebic. rasakvirvelia, TiToeul rwmena-warmodgenas arsebobis ufleba da gamarTleba aqvs, magram udaod, saxelebi did saidumlos inaxaven. ase rom ar iyos, advili ga-sagebi iqneboda mociqulTa cxovrebidan erT-erTi epi-zodi: ratom ewoda wmida maTe maxarobelis sastik mdevnels, mtanjvels, qalaqis meTaur fulbianes naT-lobisas maincdamainc maTe wmindanis saxeli? an kidev, pirveli saukunis wmindani didmowame irine, romelic peneloped iyo saxeldebuli, ratom mimarTavda mSo-bel mamas, romelic mravalgzis aiZulebda kerpebi-sadmi Tayvaniscemas: `me irine var, esreT mixmobda xilvasa Sina angelozi da Jamsa wmidisa naTlisRebi-sasa ase miwodes. amisTvisca msaxur ar veqmnebi eS-maksa, romelsa Sen RmerTad racx. erTia RmerTi Cemi da mas ekuTvnis Tayvaniscema Cemi da sasiZo Cemi say-vareli, ufali ieso qriste~ [4;10].

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saxelebisadmi aseTi interesi imiTacaa gamowveuli, rom locvisas Cven RmerTTan saxelebi migvaqvs da sxva araferi, Tumca es saxelebi azriTaa damuxtuli. mag: mosaxsenebeli, romelic saRvTo liturgiis dros cocxalTa da gardacvlilTaTvis sakurTxevelSi ig-zavneba. saxelovani mwignobris, ioane xelaSvilis (1770-1835 ww.) `mosaxsenebeli wigni~, romelSic RvTis winaSe Sesawyalebeli adamianebis vrceli siaa mocemuli. sayuradReboa, rom jer saxeli aqvs naxse-nebi da mere patronis vinaoba. mag: aleqsi dekanozi, zaqaria mRvdeli, anna dedofali, daviT reqtori, ev-staTi Tavadi, svimeon omSi mokluli, irodion tyve-obaSi momkvdari da a. S. [5;174].

umTavres sakiTxs warmoadgens imis garkveva, rome-lia saxelis ZiriTadi funqcia: socialur-ganmasxva-vebeli, Tu ritualur-qarizmuli? saxelis ZiriTadi funqcia sazogadoebaSi adamianTa, pirTa identifika-ciaa. mis gareSe saxeli azrs dakargavda da dakar-gavs [8;42]. saxelis ritualur-qarizmul funqcias zrdis kidev erTi saxeli, romelic Cven ar viciT. gaixseneT nawyveti gamocxadebidan (gamocxadeba wmi-disaÁ maxarebelisa da RmrTismetyvelisa iovanesi, romeli gamoucxada mas RmerTman), `romelsa hqonanyurni, isminen rasa etyvis suli eklesiaTa, viTarmed: romelman sZlos, mivsce mas mananaÁsa misgan dafaru-lisa da mivce ricx spetaki da ricxusa mas Tana sa-xeli axali dawerili, romeli aravin uwyis, garna romelman miiRos (ioan. 2, 17) [3;437]. e. i. momaval samefoSi TiToeuli TeTr qvas miiRebs da am qvaze mi-si saxeli iqneba dawerili, romelic mxolod RvTisTvis da misTvis iqneba cnobili, vinc mas mii-

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Rebs. es arc metsaxelia, arc gvari da arc naTlobi-sas miRebuli saxeli, aramed is, rac srulad agvsa-xavs da Cveni identuria, is aris _ Cven... SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es is sityvaa, romelic RmerTma maSin warmoTqva, rodesac Cveni yofierebaSi mosvla ineba. is aris Cven da Cven varT _ is. es saxeli RmerTTan Cven absolutur, ganumeorebel mimarTebas gansaz-Rvravs. aravis SeuZlia am saxelis codna, iseve ro-gorc saboloo jamSi, aravis SeuZlia gvicnobdes ise, rogorc RmerTi gvicnobs. amasTan, am saxelidan moe-dineba yovelive danarCeni, rac SeiZleba Cven Sesaxeb iyos Secnobili [12;19].

yovlismomcveli saxeli, romelic mxolod amqvey-niuri cxovrebis dasasrulisas gveZleva da erTgvari Sefasebaa im daniSnulebisa, ris gamoc adamianad mo-vevlineT am samyaros, SesaZlebelia iyos `keTili,~ an `brZeni~, an `avi~, an `netari~, `Rirsi~, `RvTismoyva-re~ da misTana.

arsebobs friad sagulisxmo bunebrivi sakuTari saxelebi, romelic bunebrivi enobrivi kanonebisa da tradiciebis Sesabamisad warmoiqmneba. aseTia: RvTisa-vari, qristesia, mzevinari, mzeqala, mzisadari, ciuri, ciskara, qristine, xatia da a. S. isini tradiciul pirovnul saxelebadac SeiZleba miviCnioT.

qarTuli tradiciebisa da wes-Cveulebebis masul-dgmulebeli qristianobamdeli, Tu qristianuli mar-Tlmadidebeli religia iTvleba da is Tavis monopo-lias anTroponimul sistemaSic avlens.

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1. i. abulaZe, Zv. qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1937.2. aTasi kiTxva deda eklesias, Tb., 2006.3. axali aRTquma, Tb., 2005.4. daujdomeli sagalobeli wmidisa didmowamisa iri-

nesi, Tb., 2002. 5. v. dondua, saistorio Ziebani, Tb., 1985. 6. a. donini, adamianebi, kerpebi da RmerTebi, Tb.,

1965. 7. v. vardiZe, fundamenturi Teologia, Tb., 2011.8. r. TofCiSvili, saxelebis eTnologia da istoria,

Tb., 2010. 9. i. imnaiSvili, qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia _ leq-

sikoni, Tb., 1986. 10. s. makalaTia, xevsureTi, Tb., 1990.11. s. makalaTia, fSavi, Tb., 1985. 12. mitropoliti antoni, locva maSin cocxldeba,

rodesac masze, rogorc Soreulze ki ara, axlo-belze vfiqrobT, Jurn. `karibWe~ #14, Tb., 2014.

13. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis enciklo-pediuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2008.

14. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis, ilia II-is saSobao epistole, Tb., 2016.

15. z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1995.

16. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 1988.17. qarTuli enis SeerTebuli leqsikoni, Tb., 2008. 18. p. cxadaia, onomastikur terminTa ganmartebiTi

leqsikoni, Tb., 1988.19. z. WumburiZe, ra gqvia Sen? Tb., 1982.

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Irma Kvashilava

WHAT IS THY NAME?(ANTHROPONIMS RELIGIOUS ASPECTS)

Summary

The development of individual names istraced since ancient times, which on the background of public and social relations, was gradually changing. Names importance is so great that it becomes the research subject of a number of scientific fields. A summing, manual work has been publi-shedon the ethnology and history of names. Our attention was drawn to the religious aspects of the names and to its religious importance. This article is an attempt, while deter-mination the main functions of the name, to give a special place to its religious-mystical significance. Obviously, a cer-tain religious beliefs are reflected in Anthroponims, but in this case biblical truth appears to be starting point again and again. The work reflects the scriptures and theological outlook towards the function and purpose of personal names.

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mzia tyavaSvili

politikuri viTareba axlo aRmosavleTSi da saqarTvelo (XVIII saukunis bolo _ XIX

saukunis dasawyisi)

XVIII saukunis bolos, maxlobeli aRmosavleTi msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebis dapirispirebis asparezi gaxda. am periodSi, osmaleTi umZimes mdgo-mareobaSi imyofeboda.Qqveynis SigniT arsebul prob-lemebs daemata xifaTis Semcveli sagareo faqtorebi. 1798 wels safrangeTis jarebi xmelTaSua zRvaSi Se-vidnen da daipyres malta, ioniis kunZulebi, Semdeg ki, jer egvipteze, Semdgom ki, siriaze ganaxorcieles Seteva, rac indoeTisken mimavali gzis xelSi Cagde-bis operaciad moinaTla. nawilobriv, es asec iyo, Tumca, daeWvebis sababs, am mimarTulebiT safrangeTis mmarTveli wreebis mier gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji, _ osmaleTis nominalur daqvemdebarebaSi myof egvip-teSi jarebis Seyvana _ iZleoda.

msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebis mier, es garkve-ulwilad SeiZleboda gagebuliyo rogorc signali osmaleTis imperiis danawilebis dawyebisa, miTumetes, rom XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan, saerTaSoriso wreebSi sakmaod aqtiurad ganixileboda es sakiTxi.

ruseTis saimperatoro kari, aRniSnul problemas didi yuradRebiT ekideboda da cdilobda am momentis dadgomas momzadebuli Sexvedroda. am mimarTulebiT, saxelmwifo uwyebebis mudmivi muSaobis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba iyo ekaterine II-is periodSi Seqmnili e. w. `berZnuli proeqti~, romelic osmaleTis evro-pul nawilSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas

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exeboda [1;215-216]; ruseTis saxelmwifo aparat-SiAarsebobda rus politikosTa garkveuli jgufi, romelic sapirispiro mosazrebas gamoTqvamda da miiC-nevda, rom ruseTma Tavis bunebriv sazRvrebs ukve miaRwia da mas axali miwebi aRar Wirdeboda, amitom peterburgs osmaleTis teritoriis danawilebisTvis ki ara, imdroindel sazRvrebSi misi SenarCunebisTvis unda Seewyo xeli, radganac ruseTs dasustebul os-maleTze ukeTesi mezobeli ar eyoleboda [2;874]. es mosazreba konkretuli saerTaSoriso viTarebidan ga-momdinareobda da damuSavebisa da argumentirebuli dasabuTebis Semdeg, maRali albaTobiT, mocemul mo-mentSi, SesaZloa, ruseTis saxelmwifoebriv kursadac qceuliyo.

yvela es koncefcia ar iyo axali da warmoadgenda XVI saukunis dasawyisSi wamoyenebul `moskovi _ mesame romis~ ideis saxecvlil variants da misi rea-nimaciis mcdelobas. Tu gavixsenebT, rom sul axali damTavrebuli iyo poloneTis danawileba (1770, 1793, 1795) [6;449], cxadi gaxdeba, rom msoflios ukve hqonda teritoriuli gafarTovebis aseTi midgomis (`gadanawilebis~) warmatebiT ganxorcielebis gamoc-dileba.

safrangeTis agresiiT SeSfoTebulma osmaleTma, daxmarebisTvis ruseTis imperator, pavle I-s mimarTa. 1798 wels, sulTnis TxovniT, ruseTis floti sru-teebis gavliT, xmelTaSua zRvaSi Sevida da fran-gebisgan gaaTavisufla ioniis kunZulebi, malta da mTeli rigi dasaxlebuli punqtebi [6;454-455]. 1799 wels abuqirTan gamarTul brZolaSi ki, britanelebma safrangeTis floti gaanadgures.

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rusebisa da britanelebis gamarjvebebs egviptidan franguli jarebis gayvana mohyva, Tumca, safrangeTi mcire aziis saqmeebSi Carevas agrZelebda, rac am regions Zlieri saxelmwifoebis aqtiuri moqmedebis centrSi aqcevda. ruseTi aq mimdinare movlenebis pasiuri mayureblis rolSi ver darCeboda _ Savi zRvis regionsa da sruteebze gabatoneba misi sau-kunovani ocneba iyo. sul sxva sakiTxi iyo, rodis miecemoda amisi ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. ruse-Tis saxelmwifos imdroindeli samxreTi sazRvrebidan gamomdinare (Crdilo kavkasiispira stepis zona da dablobi raionebi, yirimis naxevarkunZuli), osmale-Tis gadanawilebis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis per-speqtiva arc Tu saxarbielod gamoiyureboda.

napoleonis SiSiT, 1799 wels or Seurigebel mxa-res: osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris gaformda kavSiri, romelic gaZlierebuli safrangeTis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. ruseTma safrangeTis ganeitralebaSi osma-leTisTvis micemuli daxmarebis dapirebis sanacvlod, am ukanasknelisgan amierkavkasiaSi moqmedebis Tavisuf-leba miiRo. 1806 wlamde osmaleTi icavda am SeTan-xmebas da ar ereoda ruseTis amierkavkasiur politi-kaSi [12;803]. ruseT-osmaleTis kavSirs maleve Seuer-Tdnen didi britaneTi da avstria, Tumca am saxel-mwifoebs Soris garkveuli dapirispireba arsebobda da TiToeuli maTgani aRniSnuli koaliciis sakuTari interesebisTvis gamoyenebas cdilobda [10;20].

ruseTma isargebla osmaleTTan kavSiriT da 1799 wels jarebi Seiyvana qarTl-kaxeTis teritoriaze [13;385], rasac mosaxleoba sixaruliT Sexvda, rad-ganac qarTvelebi qveyanaSi sparselebis SemoWras

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elodnen [14;107] da maT mogeriebaSi did mniSvnelobas ruseTis jars aniWebdnen, _ TbilisSi jer kidev ar iyo ganelebuli 1795 wels aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdas-xmis dros gancdili SiSi.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi jaris SemoyvaniT ruse-Tis saimperatoro karma, osmaleTis teritoriebis ga-danawilebis SemTxvevaSi, faqtiurad pretenzia ganac-xada portas gavlenis sferoSi Semaval kavkasiur sam-flobeloebze. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, marTalia, sparseTis daqvemdebarebaSi moiazreboda, magram aq myofi rusuli jari, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, advilad SeZlebda dasavleT kavkasiasa da osmaleTSi SeWras da sabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyebas.

sparseTis mxarisTvis ruseTis jaris qarTl-kaxeTSi Semosvla aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan urTi-erTobis kidev ufro gauaresebis mizezi gaxda. rusu-li jaris gayvanis moTxovniT, Sahi elCobas elCobaze gzavnida qarTl-kaxeTsa da ruseTSi. misi moTxovnis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi ki, omiT imuqreboda [14;106].Mmocemul momentSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi Seq-mnili viTareba, gansakuTrebiT ki, osmaleT-didi bri-taneTisa (ost-indoeTis kompaniis gadamtereba sparse-Tis ekonomikas da sagareo politikas kargs arafers uqadda) da osmaleT-ruseTis kavSiri (1798-1806) mis-Tvis seriozuli xifaTis Semcveli iyo.

osmaleTSi didi britaneTis poziciebis ganmtkice-bis Semdeg, maSin Tu es ukanaskneli Sahis kars daupi-rispirdeboda, sparseTi umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoC-ndeboda _ aRmosavleTidan avRanelebi da ost-indoe-Tis kompania, dasavleTidan, didi britanelebi da os-malebi, CrdiloeTidan ki, rusebi da kavkasiis xalxe-

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bi mis saxelmwifoebriobas seriozul safrTxes Seuq-mnida. Cveni azriT, ZalTa aseTi gadajgufebiT, osma-leTma, faqtiurad, Tavidan airida teritoriuli gadanawileba, romlis safrTxis qveSac ukve sparseTi dadga.

vfiqrobT, swored es politikuri gaTvla gaakeTes ruseTis saimperatoro karze, rodesac aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze (sparseTis gavlenis sfe-roSi) jarebis Semoyvana gadawyvites.

qarTul istoriografiaSi miCneulia, rom ruseTis jarebis qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Semosvlis mizezi aq Seqmnili umZimesi saSinao viTareba da giorgi XII-is aragonivruli sagareo politika iyo. Cveni azriT, qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri sisuste, qarTl-kaxeTSi ruseTis damkvidrebisTvis mxolod xelSem-wyobi faqtori iyo da ara mTavari. is, rom kavkasiis SeerTeba peterburgis sagareo politikis umniSvne-lovanesi sakiTxi iyo, amis Sesaxeb uamravi dokumen-turi da samecniero literatura arsebobs da am kuTxiT, axals verafers vityviT, Tumca, am periodSi Zneli dasajerebelia, rom es mis `programa minimumSi~ Sesuliyo.

meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis, jer samxreTis mimarTu-lebiT ruseTis saxelmwifos politikur kursze Sev-CerdebiT.

XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, maSin rodesac ruseTs osmaleTTan da sparseTTan saerTo sazRvrebi ar hqon-da, misTvis `gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo molodi-nis reJimSi yofna, iqamde mocda, sanam evropasTan da aziasTan mudmiv omebSi Cabmuli osmaleTi dasustde-boda da daasustebda sxvebsac. amasobaSi, ganze mdgomi

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ruseTi gaZlierdeboda politikurad, gafarTovdeboda teritoriulad da gaumezobldeboda osmaleTs, rac gauadvilebda masTan brZolas... ruseTis winaSe XVI saukunis bolos, wina planze idga msoflio politi-kuri procesebis kontroli da Tavisi interesebis Se-sabamisad warmarTva. sabrZolo moqmedebebSi uSualo Careva momdevno etapis amocana iyo da niadagis Semza-debas saWiroebda. Tumca, ruseTSi yovelTvis mzad unda yofiliyvnen xelsayreli viTarebisTvis da auci-leblobisTvis~ [5;115].

XVIII saukunis bolos, ruseTs osmaleTTan da sparseTTan saerTo sazRvari kavkasiaSi kvlav ar hqonda, rac niSnavs, rom mas ar SeeZlo da aqedan ga-momdinare, arc surda mcire aziis am or saxelmwi-fosTan masStabur omSi Cabma amierkavkasiis terito-riaze (is osmaleTs upirispirdeboda balkaneTSi, radganac am regionSi evropuli saxelmwifoebis war-matebebis eSinoda da maqsimalurad aridebda Tavs me-ore frontze _ kavkasiaSi _ brZolas), Tumca, hqonda lokaluri xasiaTis dapirispirebebi maTTan.

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi ruseTi daCqare-buli tempiT emzadeboda Crdilo kavkasiaze Setevis-Tvis da azovidan kaspiis zRvamde sakordono xazebs aSenebda, sadac kazakebs _ meomar da meurne xalxs _ asaxlebda [7;13]. am RonisZiebiT, is aRniSnuli teri-toriis aTvisebas uwyobda xels da samxreTiT teri-toriis gafarTovebisTvis xelsayrel placdarms qmni-da. grZeldeboda ivane IV-is mier dasaxuli kursi da saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gazrda ara naxtomiseburad, aramed nabij-nabij, misTvis Cveuli meTodiT _ mezo-beli teritoriis SeerTebis xarjze xdeboda, rac

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imas niSnavda, rom ruseTi jer Crdilo kavkasiis dab-lob raionebs SeierTebda, Semdgom mTiswineTs da a. S. amdenad, amierkavkasiaSi misi Semosvla da aq damkvid-reba maSindeli qarTveli politikosebis mxridan, Zne-lad prognozirebadi iyo.

qarTvelebs, petre I-isa (1722) [3;165-166] da graf v. zubovis xelmZRvanelobiT, darubandSi mowyobili samxedro eqspediciebic (1796) kargad axsovdaT, ro-desac ruseTma daipyro, magram isev datova amierkav-kasiis umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqti. yoveli-ve es qmnida imis iluzias, rom am etapze, ruseTs amierkavkasia ar ainteresebda da mxolod adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da Tavisi mokavSire mmarTvelebis usaf-rTxoebas icavda. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, istorikosebi imperator anas adanaSauleben da darubandidan rusu-li jarebis gasvlas (1735) misi samxreTis sakiTxebiT dauintereseblobiT xsnian [15;189]. pavle I-is mier zubovis laSqris ukan gawvevac sakmaod aradamajere-beli argumentiT _ ekaterine II-is sikvdiliTa da axali imperatoris mxridan dedis pirovnebisa da am ukanasknelis mier dasaxuli sagareo politikuri kursis miuReblobiTaa _ Semagrebuli [7;15].

Cven am mosazrebebs ar viziarebT da migvaCnia, rom rogorc pirvel, aseve meore SemTxvevaSi, mTavari ru-seTis saxelmwifoebrivi politika iyo da ara ruse-Tis mmarTvelebis pirovnuli Tvisebebi da subieqturi gancdebi.

rogorc petre I-is, aseve v. zubovis laSqrobebi darubandSi aucileblobiT iyo gamowveuli. 1722 wels, amierkavkasiaSi SemosvliT, ruseTma osmaleTis zomaze metad gaZliereba SeaCera. aRniSnul sakiTxze

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erT-erT naSromSi ukve gamovTqviT mosazreba [4;184-185].

amjerad, meore SemTxvevaze, _ v. zubovis laSqris ukan gawvevaze _ gavakeTebT komentars, miTumetes, rom es faqti saqarTveloSi ruseTis jaris Semos-vlamde sul raRac sami wliT adre moxda, rac am ori movlenis (1796 wels rusuli jarebis amierkav-kasiidan gayvanasa da 1799 wels qarTl-kaxeTSi maT Semoyvanas) erTmaneTTan Sedarebas aadvilebs.

1796 wlis samxreTis laSqroba daugegmavi iyo da aucileblobas _ 1795 wels aRa-mahmad-xanis saqarTve-loze Tavdasxmas _ mohyva. is peterburgis saimpera-toro karma amierkavkasiis xalxebSi ruseTis presti-Jis SenarCunebisa da sparseTis dasjis mizniT moaw-yo.AaRa-mahmad-xanis mier, TbilisSi datrialebuli tragediiT Sewuxebuli darubandis (zogadad, aRmosav-leT amierkavkasiis) mosaxleoba sparselebis Tavdas-xmas eloda da gamudmebiT svamda kiTxvas _ ratom ar miaSvela ruseTma jari Tavis mokavSire qarTl-kaxeTs [15;217]. ruseTs darubandSi momxreTa sakmaod didi armia hyavda. amierkavkasielTa nawili, maT Soris qar-Tvelebic, mas mxsnelad miiCnevda. ruseTisTvis arasa-surveli iyo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi mis mimarT arsebuli keTilganwyobis dakargva. mas, amave dros, imis demonstrirebac surda, rom mtrebis saTanadod dasasjelad Zalac erCoda da gonierebac. rusuli jaris warmatebam es daadastura da adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi ruseTis mimarT eWvebi gaaqarwyla.

laSqrobis mimdinareobisas, misi iniciatori ekate-rine II gardaicvala. amdenad, Znelia imaze msjeloba,

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ras moimoqmedebda es ukanaskneli, _ gamoiyvanda Tu ara jarebs amierkavkasiidan? Cven mxolod sakuTari mosazreba SegviZlia gamovTqvaT: laSqrobam Tavisi mi-zani, _ kavkasiis xalxebSi ruseTis prestiJis amaR-leba da ruseTis samxedro siZlieris demonstrireba _ Seasrula da peterburgis saimperatoro karisTvis ufro gonivruli iqneboda jaris sawyis poziciaze dabruneba, rac gaakeTa kidec.

rac Seexeba politikur da teritoriul dividen-debs, amaze saimperatoro karze, rogorc Cans, sakuTa-ri mosazreba hqondaT da darubandSi ruseTis jaris mudmivi yofna naadrevad da aragonivrulad miaCndaT (Cveni azriT, argumentebi igive iyo, rac imperator anas dros, romelsac, savaraudod, pavle I-c gaiTva-liswinebda) [4;185-186]. mocemul momentSi, ruseTs awyobda erTmaneTTan mudmivad wakidebuli sparseT-osmaleTi da kavkasieli xalxebi. aRniSnul periodSi, am regionSi raime radikaluri politikuri cvlileba ar iyo mosalodneli, amitom, ruseTi sawyis pozicias daubrunda da samxreTis mimarTulebiT Tavisi ZiriTa-di amocanis, _ Crdilo kavkasiis dablobisa da mTis-wineTis aTviseba gaagrZela. miTumetes, rom evropaSi gamoCenili revoluciuri aCrdilis winaaRmdeg igi mTavari Zala iyo, sadac mravalricxovani jaris da-bandeba uwevda.

rac Seexeba sami wlis ASemdeg, 1799 wels pavle I-is mier rusuli jarebis qarTl-kaxeTSi Seyvanas, ismis Semdegi kiTxvebi: ratom SeaCera pavle I-ma 1796 wlis samxreTis laSqroba, Tu sami wlis Semdeg ru-sul jars isev ukan Semoiyvanda? Tu pavle I 1796 wels ruseTis jaris amierkavkasiaSi Sesvlas Secdo-

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mad uTvlida ekaterine II-s, TviTon ratom gaimeora igive?

vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti iyo maxlo-bel aRmosavleTSi evropuli saxelmwifoebis gaaqtiu-reba da maTi mxridan osmaleTis gadanawilebis rea-luri safrTxe. amis gamo, peterburgis saimperatoro karma gegmebi Secvala, _ igi iZulebuli gaxda proce-sebi daeCqarebina da politikuri daZabulobis centrs miaxloveboda, rac amierkavkasiaSi Semosvlis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. rusuli jaris qarTl-kaxeTSi gamo-Cena iyo erTgvari gafrTxileba evropuli saxelmwi-foebisTvis, rom ruseTi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mim-dinare movlenebis pasiuri mayureblis rolSi yofnas ar apirebda.

amierkavkasiaSi poziciebis gamyareba ruseTma qarTl-kaxeTidan da ara darubandidan daiwyo, miuxe-davad imisa, rom am ukanasknel samflobeloSi misi damkvidreba ufro advili iyo. ruseTis jars, am mi-marTulebiT, ramdenime warmatebuli laSqrobis ga-mocdileba ukve hqonda, hyavda momxreebi, hqonda flotis mxardaWeris SesaZlebloba, mravalricxovani jaris gadaadgilebisTvis Sesaferisi gza da a. S. er-Ti sityviT, sakmaod mravali xelSemwyobi faqtori, maSin rodesac yovelive amas moklebuli iyo aRmosav-leT saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi (gzas, flotis gamoye-nebas da a. S.).

iqidan gamomdinare, rom ruseTis interesis mTavar obieqts Savi da xmelTaSua zRvis regionsa da osma-leTis imperiaSi mimdinare movlenebSi Careva Sead-genda, am saqmeSi misTvis darubandi araefeqturi iyo da prioritetuls warmoadgenda saqarTvelo, romlis

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geografiuli mdebareoba dasaxuli miznis ganxorci-elebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda (mniSvnelovani iyo, ra Tqma unda, qarTvelebSi arsebuli ruseTis jaris qarTl-kaxeTis teritoriaze Sesvlis survili). mo-cemul momentSi, XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, qarTl-kaxeTSi Semosuli, spar-seTisa da osmaleTis zurgSi Casafrebuli ruseTi mo-lodinis reJimSi imyofeboda, is amierkavkasiaSi pozi-ciebs imagrebda da mcire aziaSi mimdinare movlenebs akvirdeboda, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, masSi Care-uliyo.

napoleonma egvipteSi samxedro operaciis waruma-teblobis Semdeg, Tavis aRmosavlur gegmaSi koreqti-reba Seitana. kerZod ki, indoeTis xelSi Casagdebad, laSqroba xmeleTis gziT dagegma [8;17-18, 10;45]. am miznis miRweva sparseTis teritoriis gverdis avliT ver moxerxdeboda. napoleons am sakiTxze sparseTis SahTan SeTanxmebis miRwevis imedi hqonda, miTumetes, rom am periodSi, mudmivad osmaleTTan dapirispire-baSi da samoqalaqo omis zRvarze myofi sparseTi Zlier mokavSires namdvilad saWiroebda.

safrangeTis SeTavazebas mokavSireobaze sparseTSi dadebiTi gamoxmaureba mohyva. napoleoni Sahis keTil-ganwyobis mopovebas cdilobda da sparseTisTvis me-tad mtkivneuli _ qarTl-kaxeTis sakiTxis mogvare-baSi daxmarebas pirdeboda [10;103]. frangi diploma-tebi abas-mirzas aimedebdnen, rom sparseTis teri-toriaze frangi jariskacebis gadasxmis nebarTvis mi-Rebis SemTxvevaSi, es ukanasknelni SeiWrebodnen sa-qarTveloSi da gandevnidnen iq myof rusebs. Sahi

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sparseTSi safrangeTis samxedro kontigentis Ses-vlaze kategoriul uars acxadebda.

aRniSnul periodSi, saerTaSoriso asparezze arse-buli viTareba elviseburad Seicvala, rac Zveli koa-liciebis daSlasa da axlis SeqmnaSi gamoixata. 1800 wels ruseTi darwmunda, rom misi saSualebiT, did britaneTs xmelTaSua zRvaze gabatoneba surda, ris gamoc maTi kavSiri dairRva. amis Semdeg, ruseTi dau-axlovda safrangeTs. didma britaneTma ki, 1801 wlis ianvarSi ost-indoeTis kompaniis saSualebiT, samokav-Sireo xelSekruleba gaaforma (malkolmis monawile-obiT) sparseTTan, romelic ori: politikuri da eko-nomikuri nawilebisgan Sedgeboda [10;50-54].M

saerTaSoriso viTarebis analizze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba gamovTqvaT mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom am periodSi, ruseTis faqtori gaxda is mizezi, romlis garSemoc SeiZleba SeTanxmeba miRweuliyo iseT dapi-rispirebul qveynebs Soris, rogorsac warmoadgendnen saukunovani mtrebi: osmaleTi da sparseTi. amis niSnebi ukve XIX saukunis dasawyisSive gamoikveTa [10;91]. oficialuri dokumentebis mixedviT, ruseTis diplomatiuri korpusi did muSaobas atarebda am ori saxelmwifos gaerTianebis winaaaRmdeg [2;889]. ruseTi cdilobda, rogorme daedo SeTanxmeba spar-seTTan, rom Tavi daeRwia or frontze omisTvis. Tumca, am sakiTxze ruseTis diplomatiuri korpusis muSaoba yovelTvis uSedegod mTavrdeboda [14;132].

did britaneTsa da safrangeTsac gauCndaT saerTo interesi, rac ruseTis ganeitralebas ukavSirdeboda. aRniSnul periodSi, orive saxelmwifos mesveurebis azriT, amierkavkasiaSi ruseTis winsvlisTvis zRvaris

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dadeba mxolod osmaleT-sparseTisa da amierkavkasi-eli xalxis gaerTianebuli brZoliT iyo SesaZlebe-li. maT am brZolis poligonad amierkavkasia esaxebo-daT. swored aq unda momxdariyo dapirispireba.N

n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavda, rom `exla saqarTvelo, misi kavkasieli mezoblebiT, or moqiSpeTa urTierTis winaaRmdeg Seteva-Tavdacvis ukidures dasayrdens ki ar warmoadgenda mxolod, rogorc es iyo am Zvel mtacebelTa politikuri Zlierebis xanaSi, aramed ma-Ti Tavdacvis didmniSvnelovan poziciasac Crdiloe-Tidan momavali axali Zalis winaaRmdeg. amave dros, Tavs iCenda sxva axali garemoebac: rac dro gadioda da ruseTis moqiSpe burJuaziuli saxelmwifoebi sparseT-osmaleTSi fexs ikidebdnen, am ukanasknelTa yuradRebis gaaqtiureba amierkavkasiis qveynebis mi-marT sul ufro da ufro SesamCnevi xdeboda~ [11;246].

msoflios mowinave saxelmwifoebi, aRniSnul peri-odSi ar dauSvebdnen istoriuli sparseTisa da osma-leTis teritoriaze sabrZolo moqmedebebis gadata-nas, radganac es ukve niSnavda ruseTis erTpirovnul liderobas mocemul regionSi. am ukanasknelebis da-marcxebis SemTxvevaSic ki, ruseTis mmarTvel wreebs yovelTvis eqneboda am faqtiT spekulirebis saSuale-ba, rac xelSekrulebis dadebisas, yovelTvis moutan-da mas garkveul teritoriul, ekonomikur Tu poli-tikur dividendebs. savsebiT gasagebia, Tu ra mohyve-boda ruseTis gamarjvebas.

arc ingliss da arc safrangeTs, an msoflios ne-bismier sxva qveyanas mocemul momentSi ar SeeZloT teritoriulad iseT daSorebul regionSi, rogorsac

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kavkasia warmoadgenda, farTomasStabiani da grZelva-diani samxedro Careva ganexorcielebinaT. maT ar hqondaT TavianTi bazebi arc mis momijnave teritori-aze (osmaleTi da sparseTi igulisxmeba). amisi waru-matebeli mcdeloba maT mxolod XIX saukunidan da-iwyes, rasac drodadro daTmobebis miuxedavad, spar-seTisa da osmaleTis mxridan Zlieri winaaRmdegoba axlda. es maSin, rodesac ruseTs ukve Seqmnili hqon-da kavkasiaze Setevis saimedo placdarmi azov-mozdokis sakordono xazi Tavisi uamravi ganStoebiT, didi muSaoba hqonda Catarebuli kavkasiis mosaxle-obis misamxrobad, Seswavlili da gamokvleuli hqo-nda aRniSnuli regionis geografiuli, istoriuli, klimaturi Taviseburebebi da Camoyalibebuli hyavda dapyrobebsa da teritoriebis aTvisebaze orientire-buli, uSualod imperatorze daqvemdebarebuli, er-Tguli da organizebuli, mravalricxovani privile-girebuli samxedro fena kazakobis saxiT.

ruseTi inglis-safrangeT da sparseT-osmaleTTan dapirispirebis epicentris amierkavkasiaSi gadmotanas cdilobda, ris Semdegac igi faqtiurad, rCeboda kav-kasionis qeds miRma, riTac Tavis teritorias cxeli wertilebisgan moSorebiT tovebda. aseTi manevriT is-toriuli ruseTi, faqtiurad daculi rCeboda spar-seTisa da osmaleTis Tavdasxmebisgan, Tanac msoflio batonobaze pretenziebs ara marto SefarviT acxa-debda, aramed misi ganxorcieleba Tavis politikur dRis wesrigSi ukve realurad Sehqonda. ruseTis po-litikurma wreebma, faqtiurad, moxazes ruseTis ge-ografiuli sazRvrebi da kavkasionis qedis Crdi-loeTiT gansaxlebuli, jer isev daupyrobeli xalxi

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azrobrivad, TavianTi saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Se-iyvanes, amierkavkasia ki, bufer saxelmwifod da didi saxelmwifoebis samxedro dapirispirebis adgilad aq-cies.

XIX saukunis dasawyisidan aSkara gaxda, rom ic-vleboda msoflio wesrigi.Gpolitikur procesebSi ganyenebuli da odnav gaurkveveli rolis mqone sa-xelmwifo angariSgasawev Zalad yalibdeboda. misi Se-Cerebis berketi ki, ar arsebobda.

ruseTis winaaRmdeg msoflios wamyvan evropul saxelmwifoebs ar awyobdaT:

_ osmaleT-sparseTis mudmivi gaerTianeba, rac am regionSi maTi politikuri winsvlisTvis mudmivi da gadaulaxavi barieri gaxdeboda. es ki, maT msoflio liderobaze pretenziebs zRvars daudebda. maTTvis gacilebiT xelsayreli iyo ruseTTan gamudmebiT, oRond cal-calke mebrZoli (samxedro kuTxiT im zRvramde gaZlierebuli sparseTi da osmaleTi, rom ruseTTan dapirispireba SeZlebodaT da TavianTi sa-xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobac SeenarCunebinaT) sparseTi da osmaleTi. Tumca, mocemul momentSi, am ori saxelmwifos droebiTi SeTanxmebisTvis isini Zal-Rones ar iSurebdnen da gulwrfelnic iyvnen;

_ ar awyobdaT ruseTis, sparseTisa da osmaleTis mier kavkasiis xalxis dapyroba. maTTvis gacilebiT misaRebi iyo naxevrad damoukidebeli kavkasia, rome-lic CrdiloeTiT ruseTs, samxreTiT ki, sparseTsa da osmaleTs eomeboda;

_ Cveni dakvirvebiT, maTTvis miuRebeli ar unda yofiliyo amierkavkasiaSi SemoWrili da oTxmxriv mebrZoli ruseTic, romelic samxreTiT osmaleTsa da

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sparseTs (Sesabamisad arapirdapiri gziT safrangeTsa da ingliss), CrdiloeTiT, _ Crdilokavkasiel xal-xebs, amierkavkasiaSi ki, adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan gamudmebul omebSi iyo Cabmuli, rac mocemul regi-onSi misi samxedro potencialis dabandebasa da dro-Ta ganmavlobaSi qveynis politikur dasustebas gamo-iwvevda. umZimes mdgomareobaSi myofi kavkasia, osma-leTi, sparseTi da ruseTi _ aseTi bolo uCanda am periodSi kavkasiasa da mcire aziaSi mimdinare mov-lenebs. es ki, samomavlod, ara marto osmaleTis, ara-med sparseTisa da kavkasiis samflobeloebis gadana-wilebis SesaZleblobasac ar gamoricxavda.

vfiqrobT, msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebisTvis sruliad misaRebi iyo kavkasiaSi iseTive politikuri viTarebis, politikuri rukis SenarCuneba, rogoric XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Seiqmna. maT amocanas Sead-genda esargeblaT Seqmnili situaciiT da mocemul regionSi sakuTari politikuri gavlena diplomati-uri da ekonomikuri muSaobis gaaqtiurebiT Seemagre-binaT. mudmivi dapirispireba, amisTvis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida.

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1. d. WumburiZe, v. kiknaZe, x. qoqraSvili, l. sara-liZe, saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi, w. I, Tb., 2016.

2. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической Ко-миссией, т. II, Тифлис, 1868.

3. m. tyavaSvili, ruseTis samxreTis laSqroba (1722) da saqarTvelo, kreb. `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 1 (18), Tb., 2016.

4. m. tyavaSvili, kaspiispireTis sakiTxi rusul-qarTuli urTierTobis WrilSi, kreb. `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2 (19), Tb., 2016.

5. m. tyavaSvili, ruseTTan kaxeTis samefos urTier-Tobis politikuri aspeqtebi, `kavkasiis eTnologi-ri krebuli~, XVII, Tb., 2016.

6. История СССР, под редакцией В. В. Мавродина, ч. 1, М., 1979.

7. История Народов Северного Кавказа (конец в. – 1917 г.), под редакцией А. Л. Нарочницкий, М., 1988.

8. n. qorTua, saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, Tb., 1964.

9. l. Sengelia, amierkavkasia da iran-ruseTis urTi-erToba XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi, Tb., 1979.

10. z. SaraSeniZe, iranis Sinapolitikuri viTareba da sagareo urTierTobani XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, Tb., 1984.

11. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, w. II, Tb., 1965.

12. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 1978.

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13. n. berZeniSvili, v. dondua, m. dumbaZe, g. meliqiS-vili, S. mesxia, p. ratiani, saqarTvelos istoria, Tb., 1958.

14. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической Ко-миссией, т. I, Тифлис, 1866.

15. Козубский Е. И., История города Дербента, Темир-Хан-Шура, 1906.

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Mzia Tkavashvili

POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE NEAR EAST AND GEORGIA (THE END OF THE XVIIIth AND THE

BEGINNING OF THE XIXth CENTURY)

Summary

At the end of the XVIIIth century France, which had been strengthened by that time, first invaded the territory of the Mediterranean Sea and then Egypt and Syria which nomi-nally were under the influence of the Ottoman Empire. The leading countries of the world considered it as the starting point of reapportion of the Ottoman Empire because of what the region found itself in the middle of the political tension. Russia did not want to be a mere observer and led troops in Kartl-Kakheti kingdom that caused an irritation of Persia. The peace agreement with the Ottoman Empire in 1798 was a chance for the Petersburg Imperial Court to direct all efforts against Persia, with which it launched the war in 1804. The Ottoman Empire too started military operations in the South Caucasus against Russia in 1806. The local popu-lation opposed Russia as well. Activation of the Great Britain and France in the Near East played a great roil to strengthen positions of Russia. We think that the same political situation in the Caucasus as it was in the beginning of the nineteenth centurywas completely acceptablefor the leading countries of the world. Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Persia, countries fighting against each other and permanently opposing them the Caucasian peoples was a suitable situation for activation of the diplomatic and economic activities to support their political influence in the region.

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nato sonRulaSvili

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi1

XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi da gansakuTrebiT, mis bolo etapze, mniSvnelovnad aqtiuri gaxda qarTvel-Ta erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba. Tumca, aR-niSnul faqts maSinve mohyva ruseTis gamoxmaureba im TvalsazrisiT, rom daiwyo sxvadasxva nabijebis ga-dadgma erovnuli moZraobis Sesaferxeblad. pirvel rigSi man eTnokonfliqtebis gaZlierebas Seuwyo xe-li. mis mizans warmoadgenda daenaxvebina da daerwmu-nebina araqarTuli eTnosi, rom saqarTvelos damouki-deblobis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi, maTi mdgomareoba gar-Tuldeboda.

qarTul erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas mxolod es problema ar hqonda. miznis misaRwevad aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda specialuri de-bulebebis, programebis Sedgena da misi praqtikaSi danergva. qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis mTavari ideologebis ZiriTad amosaval princips warmoad-genda: 1. pirvel rigSi, ruseTis xelisuflebis gav-lenis Sesusteba xalxis cnobierebaSi, 2. sabWoTa moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqma, 3. saerTaSoriso mxarda-Weris mopoveba. sabWoTa sistema, miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa nel-nela gavlenas kargavda. Tumca, amas xeli ar SeuSlia sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis, eTno-konfliqtebis gaRvivebiT, SeenarCunebina gavlena mis

1 aRniSnuli statia daiwera rusTavelis erovnul samecniero fondSi mopovebuli grantis (# FR/148/2-101/14) farglebSi.

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daqvemdebarebaSi myof saxelmwifoebSi. aRniSnuli mcdelobis gamovlinebas warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebi. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sabWoTa reJimi, marTalia, dasasruls uaxlovdeboda, Tumca mainc didi gavlena hqonda mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof saxelmwifoebze.

ra ganapirobebda sabWoTa sistemis dasustebas?1. marTalia, XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi naTlad

gamoikveTa sabWouri politikis uaryofiTi mxareebi, Tumca es procesi mxolod aRniSnuli periodisaTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli da garkveuli safuZveli gaaC-nda. kerZod, XX saukunis II naxevridan moyolebuli, sabWoTa sistemaSi gaerTianebuli erebi nel-nela iw-yeben sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas.

rac Seexeba 80-ian wlebs: 2. aRniSnul periodSi, xelisuflebis xelmZRvanelobaSi sami mmarTveli ga-moicvala: andropovi, Cernenko da gorbaCovi. amaTgan, andropovisa da Cernenkos dros, araferi gakeTebula reJimis SesanarCuneblad da gasaZliereblad. maTi asakidan gamomdinare, amis resursi aRar gaaCndaT. isi-ni, marTalia, Zveli wesebis SenarCunebas eswrafvod-nen, Tumca, msoflioSi dawyebuli axali etapidan ga-momdinare da agreTve, TviTon sistemaSi mimdinare movlenebiT, radikaluri nabijebis gadadgma aucileb-lobas warmoadgenda. erTi mxriv, sabWoTa xelisuf-lebaSi myofi jgufi acnobierebda, rom sistemaSi arsebobda garkveuli krizisi, magram meore mxriv, amis aRmofxvris SesaZlebloba da unari ar gaaCnda.

maTgan gansxvavebiT, mixeil gorbaCovs hqonda imis mcdeloba, rom axali reformebis ganxorcielebiT Se-

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enarCunebina arsebuli saxelisuflebo sistema, Tumca aRniSnul faqtsac realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia.

3. ismis kiTxva, vis awyobda xelisuflebaSi iseTi pirebis mosvla, rogorebic iyvnen: andropovi da Cer-nenko? pirvel rigSi, savaraudoa, rom es yvelaferi misaRebi iyo Zveli nomenklaturisTvis sakuTari gav-lenis SesanarCuneblad da meore, sistema imdenad iyo dasustebuli, rom mcdelobebisda miuxedavad realu-ri Sedegi ar mohyolia.

ra warmoadgenda qarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-lebeli brZolis mizans?

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan iwyeba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-obis axali etapi, romlis mTavar mizans saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena warmoad-genda. Seiqmna erovnul-politikuri organizaciebi da partiebi: ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba, meoTxe dasi, saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia, saqar-Tvelos erovnuli samarTlianobis kavSiri, wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoeba, saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis partia.

erovnuli moZraobis ganviTarebis axal etapze, qarTuli politikuri elita radikaluri nabijebis gadadgmiT gamoirCeva. dRis wesrigSi dgeba saqarTve-los saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena. aqe-dan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva politikuri partiebis beWdur organoSi Cndeba mowodebebi qarTveli xalxi-sadmi. rac mTavaria, erovnuli Zalebis gaaqtiureba mxolod saqarTvelosTvis ar yofila damaxasiaTebeli da es yovelive qarTul erovnul Zalebs brZolis stimuls aZlevda.

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qarTvelTa erTianobis gamomxatvelad iqca 1989 wlis 9 aprili, sadac erTxmad moiTxoves saqarTve-los ssr kavSiridan gamosvla, jarebis gayvana Cveni teritoriidan da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da-moukideblobis aRdgena. Tumca, am yovelives safuZ-veli ukve Cayrili hqonda jer kidev 70-iani wle-bidan disidentebis moRvaweobiT, 80-iani wlebis II naxevari ki, ufro radikaluri nabijebis gadadgmiT gamoirCeva. magaliTad, 9 aprilamde erovnuli damou-kideblobis partiam 25 Tebervlis aqciaze daiwyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovnis peticiebze xelmoweris kampania. peticia egzavneboda gaeros, ev-ropis parlaments da im dasavlur saxelmwifoebs, romlebmac `de faqto~ da `de iure~ cnes saqarTve-los demokratiuli respublika. amavdroulad, qar-TvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi gaC-nda mowodebebi erovnuli cnobierebis gaZlierebasTan dakavSirebiT, daiwyo istoriuli mexsierebis aRdge-nis aucileblobis qadageba. erovnuli Zalebis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobi-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli istoriuli erTianobis aRdge-na da erovnuli qveynis Camoyalibeba, romelic demok-ratiuli idealebiT iqneboda warmodgenili. saqar-Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis (1918-1921) maxa-siaTeblebi qarTveli politikuri elitis mexsiere-baSi mkveTrad iyo Cadebuli da Sesabamisad, mizanic gamokveTili: erovnuli, demokratiuli, Zlieri sa-xelmwifos aRdgena da Seqmna, romelic saerTaSorisosistemaSi garkevul adgils daikavebda. aRniSnulis miRweva, rom martiv sakiTxs ar warmoadgenda, amas naTlad acnobierebda yvela da Zal-Rones ar iSureb-

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dnen saqarTvelosTvis Rirseuli, misTvis Sesaferisi adgilis damkvidrebisaTvis. amisTvis specialuri me-Todebi iyo SesamuSavebeli: pirvel rigSi, qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi erTianobis muxtis gacnobiereba iyo sa-Wiro, raTa erToblivi ZalebiT ebrZolaT saqarTve-los gaTavisuflebisaTvis.

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi erov-nuli ideis ganviTareba axal fazaSi gadadis. disi-denturma moZraobam garkveuli pirobebi Seqmna erov-nuli moZraobis aRmavlobis sferoSi. am yovelivem naTlad gamokveTa sabWoTa reJimis sisuste da ususu-roba. 80-iani wlebidan da gansakuTrebiT, II naxev-ridan erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba aqtiur-deba, rasac xeli Seuwyo ara marto saqarTveloSi, an sabWoTa sistemaSi, aramed mTlianad msoflioSi mim-dinare movlenebma. dasavleTi sul ufro metad gamoxatavda Tavis antikomunistur Sexedulebas da maqsimalurad cdilobda xeli Seewyo demokratiuli ideis ganviTarebisaTvis. faqtobrivad, yvelasTvis cnobili gaxda sabWoTa ruseTis namdvili saxe da is faqtic, rom nel-nela `borotebis imperia~ dasasru-lisaken midioda. Tumca, mizanmimarTuli da gaazrebu-li moqmedeba iyo saWiro, raTa sabWoTa ruseTs, aR-sasrulis gzaze, sxva saxelmwifoebic ar CaeTria. `naZaladevad gaerTianebuli imperia ufskrulisaken mieqaneba, magram mas jer kidev realuri da saSiSi Za-la aqvs. is mudam mzad aris erovnuli moZraoba erebs Soris konfliqtad da namdvil omad gadaaq-cios. mzad aris Cveni yoveli auwonavi da gauTvalis-winebeli moqmedeba gamoiyenos, moawyos provokacia, rasac SemdgomSi `erovnul umciresobebsa~ da `erebs

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Soris konfliqts daarqmevs~ da SesaniSnavi sababi miecema erovnul moZraobasTan angariSsworebisa. Cven yvelanairad unda vecadoT, rom ar mivceT kremls formulis `gaTiSe da ibatone~-s gamoyenebis saSu-aleba~ [1;1].

qarTveli xalxis mTavari ideologebi _ erovnuli moRvaweebi cdilobdnen saqarTvelos damoukideblo-bisaTvis brZolaSi dasavleTis mxardaWera miepove-binaT. marTalia, dasavleTi, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Tavis antikomunistur ganwyobilebas calsaxad gamo-xatavda, Tumca radikaluri nabijebis gadadgmisagan mainc Tavs ikavebda. amitom, qarTvelebs mcdelobisda miuxedavad, faqtobrivad, marto uxdebodaT brZola Tavisuflebis mopovebisaTvis. qarTveli koresponden-tis kiTxvisas, amerikeli jem qlansis mimarT: Tu ras ambobs amerikeli xalxi 9 aprilis Sesaxeb, igi Sem-degnairad pasuxobs: `me ver getyviT, rom es dRe xalxTa Tanxmobis dRea: Cemi azriT, es dRe aris sa-qarTvelosTvis mebrZoli xalxis gaerTianebis, so-lidarobis dRe. es aris 9 aprils dacemul mamu-liSvilTa gaxsenebis dRe. dRevandeli dRe marto sa-qarTvelos dRe ar aris, es yvela TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli xalxis dRea~ [8;2].

qarTveli erovnuli moRvaweebisaTvis da ara mxo-lod maTTvis, ukve naTeli iyo sabWoTa sistemis miz-nebi, ufro sworad, ruseTis, romelic sabWoTa reJi-mis lozungiT gamodioda da masSi gawevrianebul erebs kvlav ardaSlisaken mouwodebda. faqti iyo, rom ruseTma Tavisi saxe kidev erTxel gamoaCina, Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas, es faqti ucxo ukve aRara-visTvis iyo, magram maT Zalebs aRemateboda brZola

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ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg. 1990 wlis gazeT `Se-moqmedSi~ vkiTxulobT: sabWouri azrovnebis stili Tavisi bunebiT demagogiuria, raTa Seeqmna iluzia da daefara Tavisi namdvili zraxva, rac imperiuli saw-yisis SenarCunebaSi gamoixateba, man TviTneburad Se-icvala saxeli mxolod da ruseTis nacvlad sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri dairqva. isic unda vicodeT, rom es saxeli mxolod da mxolod Sina moxmarebisTvis Tu gamodgeba, Torem msoflio saxelmwifoebisaTvis is isev da isev ruseTad rCeba da masSi Semavali yvela respublika nawilia mTelisa. is, rom respublikebis suvereniteti fiqciaa, kargad gamoaCina e. w. `perestroikis~ politikam, romlis mi-zanicaa sabolood mouRos bolo imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis swrafvas damoukideblobisaken. mTeli sab-Wouri istoria sxva araferi ar iyo, Tu ara xal-xebisaTvis yvelaze sanukvari ocnebebis damaxinjebis, deformaciis cda. damoukidebeli erovnuli kulture-bis nacvlad Seiqmna e. w. sabWouri kultura, ro-melmac ganadgurebamde miiyvana nacionaluri TviT-Segneba da erovnuli xasiaTi. erTianma sabWoTa sa-xelmwifos cnebam moswyvita Tavis fesvebs da isini katastrofis winaSe daayena. daikarga mamulis Seg-rZneba, ramac imperiaSi mcxovrebi adamiani marTlac rom iaraRis mkeTebel cxovelad gadaaqcia, amas dama-tebiT Seuwyo xeli politikurma, Sinsaxkomurma sis-temam, mTeli Taobebi moeqcnen fsevdo-marqsistul-leninuri ideebis tyveobaSi~ [8;3].

raSi mdgomareobda gamosavali?1. erTi ram faqti iyo, sabWoTa reJimi Zveli

wesebiT cxovrebis stils nel-nela cvlida. mixeil

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gorbaCovi saxelmwifoebriv sistemaSi demokratiuli elementebis SemotaniT, arsebulis SenarCunebas da amasTan, axlis damkvidrebas cdilobda. sabWoTa reJi-misTvis wlebis manZilze damaxasiaTebeli diqtato-ruli mmarTveloba axali e. w. liberalur-demokra-tiuli ideebis SemotaniT icvleboda. sazogadoebis farTo fenebi cdilobdnen daeZliaT SiSis sindromi, romelic mTel 70 wlian periods gasdevda. sabWoTa kavSiris namdvili saxe yvelasTvis cnobili iyo, misi ideologia im masStabiT veRar moqmedebda, rasac sta-linidan moyolebuli mtkiced icavdnen xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi. sazogadoebam naTlad dainaxa, rom arsebobs sxva samyaro, sadac meti Tavisuflebaa da misi mopovebisTvis brZola daiwyo. bunebrivia, es brZola mxolod XX saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca Tavisi intensivobiT es periodi, udaod gamorCeulia. es brZola gamoixate-boda ara SeiaraRebuli gamosvliT, aramed ideurad. magaliTad, qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita cdilobda erovnuli faseulobebis wina plan-ze wamoweviT da sazogadoebis cnobierebis formire-biT, saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi daer-wmunebina mosaxleoba. 1989-1990 wlebSi gamosvlas iwyebs sxvadasxva politikuri partiis, Tu gaerTia-nebis beWduri organoebi, sadac im sakiTxebze iyo saubari, rac sazogadoebis mTavar gamowvevas warmo-adgenda.

2. marTalia, sabWoTa reJimi dasasrulisken midi-oda, magram es jer kidev ar niSnavda imas, rom yvelaferi ise wavidoda, rogorc sabWoTa sistemaSi gawevrianebul saxelmwifoebs awyobdaT da maT Soris,

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saqarTvelos. sabWoTa kavSiris mTavari ideologi ru-seTi ar apirebda sakuTari poziciebis martivad daT-mobas da Tavis mxriv, dasavleTic, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, radikaluri nabijebis gadadgmisagan Tavs ikavebda. am fonze, aucileblobas warmoadgenda mizan-mimarTuli da gaazrebuli moqmedeba. gazeT `iveriaSi,~ 1990 wlis ianvarSi, ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba werda: `qarTvelebisTvis mZime, gansacdeliT aRsavse XX saukunem ukanaskneli aTwleulic gadagviSala. ras gvpirdeboda igi: qarTveli eris winaSe, ise ro-gorc am saukunis dasawyisSi, kvlavac dgas umTavresi amocana damoukideblobis mopovebisa. bolSevikTa ba-tonobis sisxlianma xanam Cvens ers fizikuri gadaSe-nebisa da sruli degradaciis aSkara safrTxe Seuqmna, mospo saukeTeso qarTuli genofondi.

msoflio teqnologiurma naxtomma da ruseTis didma CamorCenam am bolo dros, sabWoTa imperiac aiZula dasdevneboda mowinave qveynebs, magram prog-resTan miaxloveba sazogadoebis demokratizaciis ga-reSe SeuZlebelia. demokratizaciis procesebma ki, Tavis mxriv, imperiaSi datyvevebul erTa Tavisufle-bisaken ltolva ganapirobes. gamofxizleba daiwyo qarTvelma ermac. CvenSi drois mcire monakveTSi mra-vali politikuri sazogadoeba da partia warmoiqmna, romlebic mSobeli eris samsaxurSi Cadgnen da er-TaderT wmidaTawmida miznad saqarTvelos Tavisuf-leba daisaxes. sxva sakiTxia ra gziT apireben isini amis mirwevas~ [3;1].

3. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sabWoTa reJimi ukan daxevas ar apirebda da maqsimalurad cdilobda saku-Tari gavlenis SenarCunebas. marTalia, sabWoTa kavSi-

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ris daSla da masSi gawevrianebuli saxelmwifoebis gaTavisufleba yvela am eris ocneba iyo, magram pro-cesi metad rTuli gadasalaxi aRmoCnda. erTia, rode-sac damoukideblobas moipoveb da meorea, misi Senar-Cuneba. bunebrivia, imperiis daSla, romelic 70 wlis manZilze mtkiced Camoyalibebul sistemas warmoad-genda, garkveul sirTuleebs warmoSobda da es asec moxda. gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda erovnuli konfliq-tebi, rasac imperia Tavad uwyobda xels. zurab Wav-WavaZe 1989 wels gazeT `iveriis~ meTormete nomer-Si werda: `umZimesi gamocdis winaSe dgas qarTveli eri. saqarTvelos dauZinebeli mtris waqezebiT afxazeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi erTaSorisi urTierTo-bebis daZabulobam kulminacias miaRwia. da swored ma-Sin, roca afxazeTSic da qvemo qarTlSic sagangebo reJimi iqna SemoRebuli, roca gansakuTrebuli sib-rZne da auRelvebloba gvmarTebda, sulTmobrZavma im-periam Worebisa da dezinformaciis gavrcelebiT sca-da mdgomareobis stabilizacia saqarTvelos sxva re-gionebSi da qarTvelebis wakideba osebTan da le-kebTan. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac zogi provokatori am mizniT, araformalur gaerTianebaTa mier Catare-bul mitingebsac ki iyenebs~ [2;1].

aseT fonze, bunebrivia, rTuli iyo swori poli-tikuri mimarTulebis ganviTareba. imperia ngrevis procesSi iyo da cdilobda, daSlis Sedegebi mis sa-keTildReod gamoeyenebina, magram qarTvelTa swrafvas damoukideblobisaken xels uwyobda is faqtic, rom is marto ar iyo da sabWoTa sistemaSi gawevrianebu-li erebi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen Tavisuflebis mo-povebas. es yovelive qarTvel erovnul moRvaweebs

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biZgs aZlevda da imeds usaxavda brZolis gzaze. qar-Tuli kulturuli da politikuri elita sakuTar movaleobad Tvlida, TiToeuli qarTveli CaerTo sam-Soblos TavisuflebisaTvis mopovebis brZolisas. ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba gazeT `iveriaSi~ 1990 wlis martSi aRniSnavda: `RvTis wyalobiT, sasikeTo movlenebi borotebis imperiaSi da e. w. socialistu-ri banakis qveynebSi imaze bevrad swrafad viTardeba, vidre amas movelodiT. uRvTo politikur struqtu-rebSi mojadoebuli erebi met-naklebi siswrafiTa da energiiT cdiloben ganTavisuflebas, _ ingreva ked-lebi, apatimreben mmarTvel komunistur xrovebs, aq-veyneben saidumlo policiis agentTa siebs da a. S...

...ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba udidesi pativisce-miT ekideba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi aqtiurad Cabmul TiToeul qarTvelsa da yvela WeS-marit erovnul-politikur organizacias. diadi miz-nebis misaRwevad aucilebelia saerTo Zalisxmeva da koordinirebuli moqmedeba. mxolod yovelmxriv ana-lizze dafuZnebuli _ realuri, brZnuli da iliase-uli politika gadagvarCens qarTvel ers. amisaTvis ki, saWiroa moZraobaSi aqtiurad CavrToT dRemde ganze mdgomi nawili qarTvelebisa. nu davafrTxobT maT, daufiqrebeli moqmedebiTa da qceviT. aqtiur po-litikur cxovrebaSi unda CavrToT yvela wesieri qarTveli, visac saamiso unari Seswevs, avimaRloT profesionalizmi am sferoSi~ [4;1].

SesaZloa, gaCndes kiTxva: Wirdeboda Tu ara sau-kuneebis manZilze brZolaSi gamobrZmedil qarTvel ers mowodeba da brZolis aucileblobaSi darwmu-neba? magram, rogorc zemoT aRniSnuli movlenebi

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aCvenebs, sabWoTa reJimis ngrevis bolo etapze xeli-sufleba yovelmxriv cdilobda sakuTari gavlenis SenarCunebas masze daqvemdebarebul erebze da amitom, saWiro iyo swori da mizanmimarTuli moqmedeba, raTa maT provokaciebs Sedegi ar gamoeRo. `dRes, rodesac qveyana moicva demokratiulma moZraobam, ekonomikuri krizisiT Seryeuli imperia iZulebulia raRaca daT-mos, saqarTvelos kidev erTxel daudga istoriuli momenti, raTa dauZvres imperiis klanWebs. urTulesi amocanaa: erTis mxriv, aseTi SesaZlebloba da meore mxriv, darRveuli erovnuli fsiqika. swored dRes yvelam erTad unda vizrunoT erovnuli fsiqikis ga-jansaRebisaTvis. amas sWirdeba wlebi da procesis sworad warmarTva. Tu araswori mimarTulebiT via-reT, CvenSi ar aRmoifxvreba diqtaturis mimarT nos-talgia, romelic sazogadoebis SegnebaSi wesrigTan aris gaigivebuli. Cven unda viswavloT demokratia, umciresobis azris pativiscema, pirovnebis Tavisuf-lebis pativiscema~ [5;5].

1989 wlis gazeT `qarTul qronikaSi~, giorgi Wanturia statiaSi _ `ras upirebs kremli saqarTve-los~ werda, rom saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiul moZraobas gaaCnda ZiriTadi niSnebi. ganvixiloT Ti-Toeuli maTgani:

1. `uaryofa yovelive sabWourisa~ [7;1]. bunebrivia, martivi ar iyo sabWouri politikis gavlenaze uaris Tqma, Tumca qarTveli erovnuli moRvaweebi da maT Soris erovnul-demokratiuli partia, antisabWouri lozungiT gamodioda. am yovelives xels uwyobda is faqtic, rom sabWoTa kavSiri nel-nela daSlisken mi-dioda, amitom aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda

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sworad SemuSavebuli gegmis da ideologiis arseboba, rasac Sedegad saqarTvelos Tavisufleba unda mohyoloda. erovnul-demokratiuli partiis es mowo-deba mniSvnelobas moklebuli namdvilad ar iyo. sa-qarTvelos, romelsac 1989 wlis 9 aprili ukve gav-lili hoqnda, moeTxoveboda ufro radikaluri nabi-jebis gadadgma, rac pirvel rigSi, yovelgvari sabWo-uris uaryofiT da qarTulis wina planze wamoweviT unda dawyebuliyo.

2. `SeniRbvaze uaris Tqma da ukiduresi radika-lizmi~ [7;1]. is dro namdvilad gasuli iyo, rodesac erovnuli Zalebi saaSkaraoze gamosvlas ver bedav-dnen da e. w. iatakqveSa gaerTianebebiT moqmedebdnen. XX saukunis 80-iani wlebi saqarTvelosTvis gamorCe-ulia erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis mniSvnelobiT. jer erTi, grZeldeba disidenturi moZraobis ganviTa-reba 80-iani wlebis I naxevarSi da meorec, II naxev-ridan safuZveli eyreba sxvadasxva organizaciis, Tu politikuri partiis Camoyalibebas, romlebic aqtiu-ri da saxalxo lozungebiT gamoirCevian. erTi sityviT, qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-beli moZraoba brZolis axal etapze gadadis da qar-Tuli kulturuli da politikuri elita sazogado-ebas mouwodebs am procesSi maqsimaluri CarTvisken.

es aris periodi, rodesac sabWoTa ruseTis namdvi-li saxe yvelasTvis cnobilia da isic aSkara iyo, rom sabWoTa reJimis aRsasruli axlovdeboda. ami-tom, xelsayreli saSinao da sagareo mdgomareoba iZ-leoda imis saSualebas, rom yvela qarTvels, visTvi-sac samSoblos interesebis dacva mniSvnelovani iyo ebrZola qveynis damoukideblobisaTvis. bunebrivia, es

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arc ise martivad misaRwevi saSualeba iyo, miTumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom sabWoTa reJimi yvelanairad cdilobda SeenarCunebina sakuTari Zala-ufleba da yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu sistema mainc daiS-leboda, masSi gawevrianebul saxelmwifoebze kontro-li ar daekarga. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTveli eris brZolis aRniSnul etapze gaazrebuli moqmedeba iyo saWiro, Tumca faqti iyo, rom erovnuli moZraoba saaSkaraoze gamodioda da sul ufro da ufro aqti-uri xdeboda.

3. `imperiis transformaciis yovelgvari SesaZleb-lobebis gamoricxva~.

4. `strategiuli miznis, misi realuri ganxorci-elebis SesaZleblobis SenarCuneba Segnebulad daSve-buli taqtikuri Secdomebis fasad~ [7;1].

me-3 da me-4 punqtebSi gatarebulia azri, imperiis namdvili miznebis gaazrebaze da saqarTvelos dasa-xuli gegmis miRwevaze. saWiroebas warmoadgenda sab-WoTa imperiis sruli daSla, radgan raime transfor-maciis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc es `perestroikis~ da `glasnostis~ dros gamoixateboda, is namdvil saxes mainc SeinarCunebda da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis-Tvis Tvalis axveviT, sakuTar SesaZleblobebs mainc gamoiyenebda sakuTari gavlenis SesanarCuneblad.

imperia arsebobis bolo etapze imyofeboda. amas kargad acnobierebda sabWoTa xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebi, amitom isini yovelnairad ecdebodnen daSlis procesi warmarTuliyo ise, rom maTTvis xelsayreli mdgomareoba Seqmniliyo. amitom, amgvari faqtis Tavi-dan asacileblad, aucileblobas warmoadgenda adgi-lobrivi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, saxelmwi-

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foebis iseTi aqtiuroba, rom sabWoTa imperias amgva-ri SesaZlebloba ar miscemoda. Tavis mxriv, qarTvel ers naTlad unda gaecnobierebina is faqti, rom qve-yana nel-nela damoukideblobisaken midioda da frTxili da mizanmimarTuli moqmedeba iyo saWiro. aRniSnulis misaRwevad ki, qarTul kulturul da politikur elitas unda eaqtiura. erovnul-demokra-tiuli partiac da misi warmomadgenlebi erT-erTi maTganni iyvnen. amitom, maT Tavis saprogramo niSnad, es punqtic Seitanes.

5. `erovnuli moZraobis ara sabWour, Zvel struq-turebze morgeba programa-minimumis ganxorcielebis mizniT, aramed axali, demokratiuli struqturebis Seqmnis dawyeba programa-maqsimumis ganxorcielebi-saTvis.

6. uaryofa sruli gaerTianebis iluzoruli moT-xovnisa da erovnuli, WeSmaritad jansaRi Zalebis dapirispireba antierovnul, antidemokratiul, Tu fsevdoliberalur, Semrigeblur ZalebTan~ [7;1].

me-5 da me-6 punqtebSi gatarebulia azri sabWour sistemaze uaris Tqmisa da demokratiuli struqtu-rebis Camoyalibebaze, antierovnuli da antidemokra-tiuli Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaze. sabWouri gav-lenis winaaRmdeg brZola marTlac, metad mniSvnelo-vani iyo. radganac sazogadoeba miCveuli iyo sabWoTa sistemaTa kavSiris daqvemdebarebaSi cxovrebas da masobrivi represiebis meSveobiT daSinebuli da cno-bierebamodunebuli qarTveli erisTvis, mxolod sab-WoTa kavSiris daqvemdebarebaSi 70 wliani yofna ar iyo mxolod mosanelebeli, XIX saukunis dasaw-yisidan moyolebuli, 117 wlis manZilze, qarTveloba

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jer mefis ruseTis, Semdeg 1922 wlidan ki, sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenaSi iyo. gamonaklisi iyo 1918-1921 wlebi _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xana. amgvarad, qveyana dampyrobili iyo wlebis man-Zilze ara mxolod politikurad, socialur-eko-nomikurad, aramed religiuri da kulturuli niS-niTac. dampurobeli wlebis ganmavlobaSi cdilobda qarTvelebisTvis waerTmia ara mxolod politikuri damoukidebloba, aramed erovnuli cnobierebac. ami-tom, ori saukunis manZilze, WidilSi qarTveli eris erovnuli TviTSegneba, misi brZolisunarianoba gar-kveulwilad, Seicvala. rac mefis ruseTma ver SeZlo, sabWoTa kavSirma ganaxorciela. masStaburi da ma-sobrivi represiebiT gaanadgura qarTuli genofondi.

swored amitom, erovnul-demokratebi miznad isaxavdnen yovelgvari sabWouris winaaRmdeg brZolas, demokratiuli ideebis da principebis damkvidrebas. bunebrivia, amgvari brZola martivi namdvilad ar iyo, radgan garda imisa, rom unda ebrZolaT sabWoTa re-Jimis winaaRmdeg, qarTul sazogadoebasac garkveuli momzadeba Wirdeboda. wlebis manZilze modunebuli erovnuli xasiaTis gamoRviZeba da kidev axali for-miT aRorZineba Wirdeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom 80-iani wlebis II naxevarSi dawyebul erovnul moZra-obas win uZRoda disidenturi moZraoba, romlis meS-veobiTac garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga, dasaxuli miznis miRweva realobisgan jer kidev Sors idga. radgan disidentebis moRvaweoba ufro viwro jgu-furi iyo da maTi aralegaluri gamocemebi, garda proklamaciebisa, sazogadoebis farTo fenebSi ar vrceldeboda. amasTan, rTulad misaRwevi iyo demok-

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ratiuli faseulobebis da Rirebulebebis damkvid-reba. qarTuli sazogadoeba amisTvis jer mzad ar iyo. miT umetes, mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi arsebobda azri, bunebrivia, sxvadasxva politikuri partiebis gavleniT, rom damoukidebloba dakargul saxelmwi-foSi demokratiuli ideebi advili dasamkvidrebuli ar iyo. magram erovnul-demokratiuli partia cdi-lobda arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxviT da daZ-leviT mieRwia saqarTvelos srul damoukideblobam-de. amasTan, unda iTqvas, rom saxelmwifoebrivi damo-ukideblobis aRdgena da Tavisuflebis mopoveba mxo-lod maTi mizani ar iyo da yvela erovnulad moaz-rovne Zala iziarebda am azrs. gansxvaveba is iyo, rom Tavisuflebamde misasvleli gzebi da brZolis meTodebi iyo gansxvavebuli.

7. `politikis ufro maRla dayeneba TandaTanobiT, vidre nacionalizmisa (am sityvis arasaukeTeso, obi-vateluri gagebiT).

8. erovnuli xsnisa da erovnuli damoukideblobis ganuyofloba, rameTu Cveni xsna damoukideblobaSia (damoukidebloba mogvitans xsnasac da aRorZinebasac da ara ise, rom `jer unda gadavrCeT, avRorZindeT, risi gakeTebac dRes SeiZleba _ gavakeToT, xolo Semdeg damoukidebloba...)~ [7;1].

nacionaluri idea, qarTvelTa arsebobis manZilze, yovelTvis did rols TamaSobda. saukuneebis manZilze qarTveli eris erovnulma cnobierebam garkveuli formacia da ganviTareba ganicada, Tumca erovnuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirebulebebi: ena, sarwmunoeba yovelTvis mniSvneolvan rols TamaSobda da epoqis gamowvevebidan gamomdinare, ganviTarebis

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sxvadasxva etapze garkveuli wvlili Sehqonda erov-nuli ideis formaciasa da realizaciaSi. sabWoTa ru-seTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, mTeli 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi erovnuli ideologia yovelmxriv uflebaSezRuduli aRmoCnda. is, rac wlebis da sau-kuneebis manZilze qarTvelTa erTianobas uwyobda xels, maqsimalurad meorexarisxovans xdida sabWoTa xelisufleba. TviT mefis ruseTis drosac ki, ar ga-nicdida erovnuli faseulobebi iseT dartymas, ro-gorc es sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi xdeboda. Tumca, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne, ukve disidentur moZrao-bas hqonda mcdeloba qarTvelTa erTobis ganmtkice-baSi da gaZlierebaSi garkveuli wvlili Seetana. 80-iani wlebi ki, ukve praqtikuli nabijebis gadadgmas moiTxovda qarTvelTagan da gansakuTrebiT, im politikuri Zalebisgan, romlebmac erovnul-ganmaTa-visuflebeli moZraobis Camoyalibebas da aRmavlobas Seuwyes xeli. am SemTxvevaSi, erovnul-demokratebis mTavari mizani iyo momxdariyo qarTveli sazogado-ebis transformacia politikur orbitaze da erov-nulTan erTad, politikuri erTobac miRweuliyo. rac martivad misaRwevi saSualeba namdvilad ar iyo da didi muSaoba iyo Casatarebeli am mimarTulebiT. Tumca, ideis am kuTxiT dayeneba wingadadgmuli nabi-ji iyo.

9. politikuri realizmi, rac yovelgvar sxvasTan erTad gamoixateba imaSi, rom Segnebuli gvaqvs _ saqarTvelos gamoyofa ararelauria, damoukideblo-bis, saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena SesaZlebelia mxo-lod imperiis daSlis Semdgom.

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erovnul-demokratiuli moZraobis mizania imperiis daSlis procesebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba da am gziT Tavisuflebis miRweva da ara calkeuli `respubli-kis~ imperiisagan `gamoyofa,~ _ Cven es ararealurad migvaCnia.

Cven mxolod erToblivi brZoliT da imavdroulad mivaRwevT damoukideblobas.

10. moZraobis uaRresad mSvidobiani buneba, de-mokratiuli xasiaTi. Cveni devizia _ `eri da demok-ratia~ [7;1].

qarTuli politikuri speqtri da maT Soris, erovnul-demokratiuli partia, naTlad acnobierebda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aR-dgenis aucileblobas da rac mTavaria, es mizani miiRweoda mxolod qarTveli eris erTobiT, sabWour gavlenaze uaris TqmiT, demokratiul faseulobebze aRebuli orientaciiT.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, qarTuli erovnuli Zalebi yvelanairad cdilobdnen qarTveli eris mobilizebas sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis procesSi garkveuli wvli-li SeetanaT da rac mTavaria, damoukideblobis aR-dgenisaTvis brZolaSi sakuTari sityva eTqvaT. swo-red amitom, me-9 da me-10 punqtSi erovnul-demokra-tiuli partia aRniSnul sakiTxze amaxvilebda yurad-Rebas.

1989 wlis 9 aprili erTgvari winapiroba iyo brZolis Semdgomi gagrZelebisa da gaRrmavebisa. saku-Tari protestiT qarTvelma erma xmamaRla ganacxada, rom Zveleburi wesiT cxovrebas aRar apirebda. es udaod wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. Tumca, am yvela-

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fers gagrZeleba esaWiroeboda da ufro meti mobili-zeba iyo aucilebeli.

marTalia, qarTuli politikuri elitis erT-erTi nawilis, erovnul-demokratebis pozicia, rogorc am punqtebidan ikveTeba, erovnuli moZraobis ganviTare-bis mSvidobian xasiaTSi mdgomareobda, Tumca isic naTeli iyo, rom maT mier saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-deblobis aRdgenaze fiqri da am mimarTulebiT muSa-oba ar awyobda sabWoTa xelisuflebas da Tundac, Tavisuflebis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi, am or Zalas So-ris urTierTobis gamwvavebas gamoiwvevda.

rac Seexeba, erovnul-demokratebis mier demokra-tiul faseulobebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas, zoga-dad es Rirebuleba qarTuli erovnuli moZraobisTvis met-naklebad, axali iyo. marTalia, qarTuli kultu-ruli da politikuri elitis mizani saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena da dasav-leTTan urTierTobis damyareba iyo, sadac demokra-tiuli ideebi didi popularobiT sargeblobda, magram es ar niSnavda imas, rom saqarTveloSic iseTive doziT Semovidoda es ideologia im etapze, rogorc dasavlur samyaroSi iyo, Tumca, am kuTxiT muSaoba da ideis ganviTareba, udaod wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda...

11. `zemodan~ wamosuli yovelgvari `sasikeTo~ re-formisadmi skeptikuri, ufro metic, mtruli damoki-debuleba, radgan `reforma~ anelebs imperiis rRvevis process, qmnis iluziebs, rasac saboloo jamSi to-talitarizmis reanimacia moyveba Sedegad.

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12. saqarTvelos religiur-politikuri misiis aRiareba, imis gacnobiereba, rom Cven mZime jvari gvarguna ufalma, magram es Cveni jvaria~ [7;1].

da bolos, erovnul-demokratebis programaSi gar-kveuli adgili ukavia religias. es SemTxveviTi nam-dvilad ar aris, qarTvelTa SegnebaSi religiis _ qristianobis roli mniSvnelovnad didia da Sesaba-misad, aRniSnuli politikuri partiis programaSic, am ideas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. TiToeuli qarTvelis valia, gaacnobieros is gza, rac sauku-neebis manZilze gaiara da is, ramac gadaarCina. swo-red amitom, religiis arsSi Cawvdoma da misi misiis gamoxatva erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi au-cilebel pirobas warmoadgenda.

amrigad, sabWoTa imperiis arsebobis manZilze, mas-Si gawevrianebul saxelmwifoebs mravali problemis gadalaxva mouwia. am mimarTulebiT, gamonakliss arc saqarTvelo warmoadgenda. XX saukunis 80-ian wleb-Si ganviTarebulma movlenebma sabWoTa sistemaSi myof qveynebs da maT Soris, saqarTvelos saSualeba misca axali forma da mimarTuleba mieca erovnuli moZrao-bisTvis da ganviTarebis axal etapze gadasuliyo. zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebi amis naTel dadasturebas warmoadgens.

bunebrivia, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebli moZraobis aRmavloba-ganviTareba mxolod da uceb XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ar dawyebula da yovelive amas Tavis safuZveli gaaCnda. procesi bevrad adre, II msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi iwyeba da disidenturi moZra-obis CamoyalibebiT grZeldeba. drois aRniSnuli mo-nakveTi ki, erTgvar daskvniT etaps warmoadgenda, ra-

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sac Sedegad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damouki-deblobis aRdgena da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla mohyva.

qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita XX saukunis II naxevridan moyolebuli, maqsimalurad cdilobda saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebas sabWoTa reJi-misagan. yvela naTlad acnobierebda im faqts, rom saqarTvelos, rogorc saxelmwifos, hqonda yvelanai-ri piroba da ufleba yofiliyo damoukidebeli da Tavisufali. es procesi gansakuTrebiT intensiuri xdeba XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, qarTuli erovnu-li Zalebi erovnuli Tavisuflebis da damoukideb-lobis lozungiT gamodian. yvela politikur partias Tu mimarTulebas, Tavisi gegmebi gaaCnda aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad.

yovelive amas xels uwyobda is faqti, rom sab-WoTa reJimis arseboba nel-nela dasasruls uaxlov-deboda. mcdelobisda miuxedavad, sistemis SenarCuneba veRar xerxdeboda. zemoT ukve gavamaxvileT yuradReba andropovis, Cernenkos da gorbaCovis moRvaweobis garkveul naSnebze, amitom aq detalurad aRar Sevud-gebi problemis ganxilvas, Tumca, erTi ram dabeji-TebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, XX saukunis 80-iani wlebi qarTuli erovnuli Zalebis aqtiurobiT gamoirCeva, rac saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgeniT unda damTavrebuliyo. es periodi gamorCeu-lia imiTac, rom sul ufro izrdeboda im adamianebis raodenoba, vinc sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ga-modioda da aRar surda Zveli wesebiT cxovreba. Tu manamde antisabWourad ganwyobili mxolod viwro jgufebi iyo da saaSkaraoze gamosvlas ver bedavdnen, amjerad, saqme sul sxva viTarebasTan gvaqvs. sazoga-

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doebis didi nawili Tavisi surviliT ambobda uars xelisuflebis morCilebaze. `saqvaWrobmontaJis~ ze-inkali beJan TavarTqilaZe xelisuflebas mimarTavda Semdegi gancxadebiT: `1987 wlis ianvarSi mimiRes skkp partiis wevrad e. w. `gardaqmnisa~ da `sajaro-obis~ periodSi. imedi mqonda, rom bolos da bolos, partia, pirvel yovlisa, mTel Zalisxmevas mimarTavda adamianis bednierebaze zrunvisaken, qveynis keTildRe-obisaTvis, da msurda Cemi wvlili Semetana am procesSi.

aRmoCnda, rom yovelive es mxolod ocnebaa, bolodroindelma movlenebma gansakuTrebiT, partiis mier erovnuli da samarTlebrivi principebis sistema-turma ugulvebelyofam, rac mTeli sicxadiT gamoixa-ta konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da Sesworebebis gan-xilvis dros, damarwmuna, rom skkp miznebi ar eTan-xmeba Cemi erisa da konkretuli pirovnebis inte-resebs. amrigad, aRar msurs skkp wevroba da vabruneb mandats~ [6;37].

skkp wevri s. qarqaSaZe 1988 wels xelisuflebas Semdegi Sinaarsis gancxadebiT mimarTavda: `me, soso mixeilis Ze qarqaSaZe skkp rigebSi Sevedi 1979 wels, raTa mebrZola simarTlisaTvis da Cemi samSoblos keTildReobisaTvis.

skkp partiis rigebSi yofnisas me davrwmundi, rom es yvelaferi auxdeneli ocnebaa, radgan komunisturi partia yovelnairad Trgunavs saR azrs, yvelanair iniciativas qvemodan da emsaxureba totalitaruli saxelmwifos Zlierebas, romelsac ara da ar surs gardaqmnisa da sajaroobis periodSic ki, daadges de-mokratiisaken mimaval, Tundac viwro biliks.

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am bolo dros, rodesac faqtiurad, terorizmi aiyvanes saxelmwifos samarTlis doneze, rodesac skkp, ck-is organoebi, presa, radio da televizia aTasgvar sicrues, sibilwesa da monaCmaxs avrcelebs xalxSi, raTa saxeli gautexon naTeli momavlisaTvis mebrZol erovnul-patriotul Zalebs, skkp rigebSi Cemi yofna ara marto danaSaulad, aramed samSoblos Ralatadac mimaCnia. me davkarge rwmena, rom skkp odesme daadgeba simarTlis gzas, realurad daiwyebs xalxTa uflebebis pativiscemasa da dacvas da sabWo-Ta kavSiri gadaiqceva samarTlebriv saxelmwifod. amis brwyinvale magaliTia mis mier ganvlili 71 wlis gza da misi dRevandeli antixalxuri moqmedeba, brZola sakuTari xalxis winaaRmdeg.

amitom, me vtoveb skkp rigebs da gigzavniT Cems mandats, romelic 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi sircxviliT miwvavda jibes~ [6;38].

mTeli samocdaaTi wlis manZilze, qarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba mudmivad arse-bobda, rac gamoixateboda rogorc SeiaraRebuli formiT, aseve ideologiurad. brZola mimdinareobda ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed saqarTvelos far-glebs gareT myofi erovnuli Zalebis mier. XX sau-kunis 80-ian wlebSi qarTuli politikuri elita ufro radikaluri nabijebis gadadgmiT gamoirCeva. bu-nebrivia, mniSvnelobas moklebuli arc zemoT aRniS-nul periodSi mimdinare brZolebi iyo, Tumca drois am monakveTSi, saaSkaraoze gamovida ara mxolod po-litikuri elita, aramed sazogadoeba. es ki, mniSvne-lovnad win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo. 80-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi da gansakuTrebiT, mis daskvniT etapze

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Catarda mravalricxovani demonstraciebi, aqciebi, sa-dac erovnul-politikuri, Tu sazogadoebrivi Zale-bi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis moTxov-niT gamodiodnen.

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1. gazeTi `danaxvisi~, #1, 1990.2. gazeTi ìveria~, #12, 1989.3. gazeTi ìveria~, #20, 1990.4. gazeTi ìveria~, #21, 1990.5. gazeTi ìveria~, #26, 1991.6. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis dokumenturi masa-

lebi, (1988-1990), t. 1, masalebi moiZies, qrono-logiurad daalages da gamosacemad moamzades edi-Ser gvenetaZem da zaza kalandiam, Tb., 2011.

7. gazeTi `qarTuli qronika~, #55, 1989.8. gazeTi `Semoqmedi~, #3, 1990.

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Nato Songulashvili

THE NATIONAL-LIBERATION MOVEMENT IN GEORGIA 80-S OF THE XX CENTURY

Summary

A new stage of the national-liberation movement started in the 80-s of XX century and the main aim was the restoration of state independence of Georgia. Set up the national-political organizations and parties: Ilia Chavcha-vadze’s Society, the fourth troupe, the National Democratic Party of Georgia, The National Justice Union of Georgia, Society of Saint Ilia the Righteous, National-Independence Party of Georgia. For the new stage of development of National Movement Georgian political elite is distinguished with radical steps. In the agenda was restoration of state independence of Georgia. Therefore, in the printing organs of various political parties arose the calls for of the Georgian people. The main thing was that the national forces activity was not characteristic only for Goergia and all these things gave incentive to Georgian national forces.

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maka buliskeria

ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omi da ruseTis evrazionistuli politikis

istoriidan

2008 wlis agvistos omi, uaxlesi periodis ru-seT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. Temis aqtualobas ganapiro-bebs is faqti, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierToba Tanamedrove etapze, 2008 wlis agvistos xuTdRiani omis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis farTo inte-resis sagani gaxda. omis Semdeg, saqarTvelos teri-toriis 20%, droebiT, ruseTis jaris mier aris okupirebuli. rusuli agresia, „mcocavi“ aneqsiis sa-xiT, dRemde grZeldeba. saqarTveloSi arsebuli kon-fliqtebis saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT Seswavla, mi-si istoriuli procesis, samarTlebrivi da koncep-tualur-doqtrinuli safuZvlebis, aseve, ruseTis ev-razionistuli politikis gaanalizeba, 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis politikuri faqtorebis, samxedro konfliqtis mizezebisa da Sedegebis mecnie-ruli analizi, Zalze mniSvnelovania. Temis aqtualo-bas ganapirobebs Semdegi faqtorebi: 1) saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenidan 25 wlis Semdeg, ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos xuTdRiani omis mZime Sedegebis gamo, saqarTvelos momavali, misi ad-gili da roli msoflioSi, saerTaSoriso urTierTo-baTa sistemaSi, jer kidev bundovani rCeba; ruseTis xelisufleba kidev ufro Sors wavida da 2008 wlis 26 agvistos, ruseTis federaciis prezidentma _ di-mitri medvedevma xeli moawera brZanebulebebs, rom-

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liTac ruseTis xelisuflebam, saqarTvelos separa-tistuli regionebis _ afxazeTisa da e. w. „samxreT oseTi“-s damoukidebloba aRiara. 2008 wlis pirvel seqtembers, evrokavSirma, romelic dRemde regionSi konfliqtis daregulirebis erTaderT Zalad rCeba, saqarTvelos Sesaxeb oficialuri dokumenti miiRo, romlis Tanaxmad, dagmo ruseTis erTpirovnuli ga-dawyvetileba afxazeTisa da e. w. „samxreT oseTis“ damoukideblobis cnobis Sesaxeb da sxva qveynebsac mouwoda, raTa separatistuli regionebis damoukideb-loba ar ecnoT. amasTanave, evrokavSiris warmomadgen-loba aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos konfliqtis mSvi-dobiani gadawyveta unda iyos dafuZnebuli saerTaSo-riso samarTlis mier aRiarebuli saqarTvelos damo-ukideblobis, suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTli-anobis dacvaze; 2) afxazeTis da cxinvalis konfliq-turi regionebis sakiTxi, organuladaa dakavSirebuli teritoriebis da gavlenis axal gadanawilebasTan, romelic Tanamedrove msoflioSi, 1990-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, aqtiurad mimdinareobs. afxazeTSi, ca-ristuli, Tu bolSevikuri ruseTis xelisuflebis diversiuli da eTnofabrikaciis politikis Sedegad, sityva „afxazi“-s istoriuli Sinaarsi gayalbebuli iqna da qarTvelTa samxareo sadaurobis aRmniSvneli es saxeli, oficialur erovnebad daudginda, bolo ramdenime saukunis manZilze saqarTvelos teritori-aze, Crdilokavkasiidan imigrirebul mosaxleobas, romelic Tavis Tavs „afsua“-s uwodebs [1;10]. bolSe-vikebis mier, 1922 wels, yovelgvari saerTaSoriso normebis darRveviT, xelovnurad Seqmnili e. w. „sam-xreT oseTis“ avtonomiuri olqi, rus xelisufalTa

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waqezebiT, osma separatistebma, 1990 wlis 20 seq-tembers, ssrk-is suverenul subieqtad, e. w. „samxreT oseTis“ sabWoTa demokratiul respublikad gamoacxa-des da saqarTvelosgan am regionis Camocilebis miz-niT, eTnikuri konfliqti gaaCaRes, romelic dRemde grZeldeba da romlis Sedegadac, daiRupa uamravi qarTveli da sxva erovnebis adamiani. eTnikuri wmen-dis Sedegad ki, qarTveli mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili devnili gaxda. 2008 wlis agvistos omi, swored, am procesebis gagrZelebaa; 3) kvlav aqtua-luri rCeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra interesebi gaaCniaT kavkasiis regionSi msoflio politikis gan-msazRvrel qveynebs. ruseTis xelisuflebis mizania, regionSi hegemoniis ara mxolod SenarCuneba, aramed gafarToeba da sakuTar miznebze morgebuli politi-kis gatareba, saqarTvelos moqceva sakuTari sazRvre-bis zonaSi da ruseTze saboloo mijaWva; 4) saqar-Tvelos teritoriaze arsebuli mougvarebeli eTno-konfliqtebi, kvlav, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis Semaferxebel muxruWad rCeba; 5) „gayi-nuli“ konfliqtebis mogvarebis gzebis Zieba, saqar-Tvelos Tanamedrove politikuri orientacia da saga-reo politikis Camoyalibebaze moqmedi calkeuli faqtorebis analizi, kvlav aqtualuria.

marTalia, msoflio masStabiT, afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis konfliqturi kerebi arc ise di-dia, Tumca Tavisi masStabiT am „patara“ konfliq-turi regionebis magaliTzec, naTlad Cans, uaxlesi drois, msoflio politikuri procesebis majiscema da msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebis miswrafeba kon-fliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT daregulirebis saqmeSi.

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ronald asmusi Tavis wignSi: „mcire omi, romel-mac msoflio SeZra“, met-naklebad obieqturad mimo-ixilavs im movlenebs, romlebmac saqarTvelo, ruseTi da dasavleTi 2008 wlis agvistos omamde miiyvana. avtoris pozicia CvenTvis saintereso TemasTan mimar-TebaSi, SesavalSive Cans, sadac igi mokled mimoixi-lavs kavkasiis regionSi arsebul geopolitikur vi-Tarebas, saqarTvelos imdroindeli xelisuflebis wi-naSe faqtobrivad arsebul arCevans, romlis winaSec saqarTvelo dadga qarTveli xalxisa da xelisufle-bis mkveTri dasavluri orientaciis da aseve, ruse-Tis mxridan wayenebuli ultimatumis gamo. avtori gamokveTs saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri orienti-ris, _ dasavleTis, an ruseTisaken, mniSvnelobas, rac, saboloo jamSi, afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regioniskonfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebis saqmeSi, gadamwyveti faqtori unda gamxdariyo [7;276].

2008 wlis agvistos omiT, ruseTma erTi-or mi-zans miaRwia: erTi mxriv, gaifarTova Tavisi gavlenis sfero cxinvalis regionis teritoriis xarjze, aseve, ukanonod daikava axalgoris raioni da kodoris xe-oba, rac misi evrazianistuli politikis farglebSi,win gadadgmul nabijad CaiTvleba; meore mxriv ki, saqarTvelos „nato“-Si Sesvlis samomavlo Sansebi Seumcira, ramdenadac, arc „nato“-s surs gariskva da ruseTTan konfliqtSi myofi saxelmwifos Tavis ri-gebSi miReba da arc saqarTvelos xelisuflebas aw-yobs, rom Crdilo atlantikuri xelSekrulebis or-ganizaciaSi ori istoriuli regionis gareSe gawev-riandes.

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mkvlevari d. jojua aRniSnavs: „cxinvalis regio-nis geostrategiuli mniSvnelobac ruseTisaTvis, ase-ve, arsebiTia da sagrZnoblad aRemateba am regionis Zalian mcire geografiul moculobas. aq gadis transkavkasiuri magistrali, romelic ruseTs akav-Sirebs Tavis mTavar mokavSiresTan _ somxeTTan. regi-onTan uSualo siaxloves aris, aseve, saqarTvelos samxedro gzac“ [2;80].

mkvlevari m. gabedava, Tavis naSromSi, xazs usvams sakuTar pozicias dasavleTis politikosebis mimarT, 2008 wlis agvistos omTan dakavSirebiT da imeds itovebs, rom evrokavSiris sagamomZieblo komisia omis movlenebs obieqtur Sefasebas miscems. avtors mohyavs uinston CerCilis cnobili azri: „rwmena imi-sa, rom usafrTxoeba SeiZleba moipovo mglebis xro-visaTvis mcire saxelmwifos gadagdebiT, sabediswero Secdomaa“ [4;4].

aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam ar moiwona saqarTvelos xelisuflebis arCevani, Cabmuli yofiliyo omSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli mxare konstituciis farglebidan ar gamosula. aseve, dagmo ruseTis xelisuflebis qmedebac, romelic agresiad, intervenciad, saqarTvelos farglebSi samxedro SeW-rad Seafasa [6;350].

ruseTisa da postsabWoTa sivrcis mkvlevari, mari mendra Tavis wignSi: „rusuli politika. susti sa-xelmwifos paradoqsi,“ aRniSnavs: „SeiaraRebuli kon-fliqti 2008 wels ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris SemTxveviT ar dawyebula. denTis kasri ukve savse iyo, saWiro iyo, mxolod naperwkali“ [5;258].

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miuxedavad mZime Sedegebisa, agvistos omma mniS-vnelovnad daaCqara evrokavSiris mier axali farTomasStabiani iniciativis _ „aRmosavleTis par-tniorobis“ SemuSaveba. saqarTvelos (aseve: ukrainas, moldovas, belorusias, azerbaijansa da somxeTs) es iniciativa evrokavSirTan farTo TanamSromlobis uni-kalur Sanss aZlevs. omma aseve biZgi misca, 2009 wlis ianvarSi, saqarTvelosa da aSS-s Soris strate-giuli partniorobis Sesaxeb qartiis gaformebas. es, albaT, saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi yvelaze mniS-vnelovani saerTaSoriso dokumentia.

ucxoeli eqsperti, iujin kogani Tavis stati-aSi: „rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi da reaqcia ev-rokavSiridan“, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom kremlis xe-lisufleba, rogorc eduard SevardnaZis, aseve, mixe-il saakaSvilisa da irakli RaribaSvilis xelisuf-lebisgan iTxovs mxolod da mxolod dasavlur or-ganizaciebSi integraciaze uaris Tqmas, ruseTisaken „Semobrunebas“ da arafers sxvas. xolo amgvari Se-mobruneba, rom sasikeTos arafers moutans saqarTve-los, es cxadia. samwuxarod, aranairi balansis mcde-loba saqarTvelos mier ruseTsa da dasavleTs So-ris, kremlisTvis misaRebi ar aris [3;14].

2008 wlis agvistos omi, ruseTis evrazionistu-lis politikis nawili da ruseTis xelisuflebis-Tvis aucilebeli nabiji iyo, raTa saqarTvelo ar da-axloeboda „nato“-s da uares SemTxvevaSi, ar momxda-riyo misi gawevrianeba am organizaciaSi. es gaanuleb-da ruseTis kavkasiuri eqspansiis Sansebs da serio-zul safrTxes Seuqmnida mis poziciebs regionalur da globalur doneze. es ki, misi evrazianistuli po-

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litikisTvis miuRebelia. anu, saboloo jamSi, SeiZ-leba iTqvas, rom 2008 wlis omiT, ruseTma miaRwia imas, rac surda. 2008 wlis agvistoSi, rusuli da osuri SeiaraRebuli formirebebis mier, erToblivad ganxorcielebuli agresiis mizani, qarTuli mosaxle-obisgan cxinvalis regionis gawmenda iyo.

2008 wlis agvistos omis Sedegad, gasul wlebSi, saqarTvelodan Tavisi samxedro bazebis gayvanis Sem-deg, kremlma kvlav aRidgina da gaiZliera kidec sam-xedro poziciebi regionSi. ruseTis xelisuflebis mier, soxumisa da cxinvalis reJimebTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesabamisad, ruseTis jari ukve „ka-nonierad“ dgas aRniSnul regionebSi, yvelaze axlos Tbilisidan, 40 kilometrSi, xolo saqarTvelos sa-sicocxlo saavtomobilo magistralidan, sul ramo-denime kilometrSi.

ruseTis xelisuflebam, garkveulwilad, Searyia saqarTvelos, rogorc stabiluri qveynis, imiji, rac, kremlis analitikosebis azriT, mniSvnelovnad zRu-davs saqarTvelos evroatlantikuri integraciis per-speqtivas da mis energetikul satranzito funqcias.

marTalia, destruqciuli gziT, magram ruseTis xe-lisuflebam mainc aRisrula Tavisi geopolitikuri ocneba: 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg, ruseTis mTavrobis kaprizebs, msoflioSi ufro met angariSs uweven. 2008 wlis agvistos omi, mtkivneuli dartyma aRmoCnda TurqeTis xelisuflebisTvisac, radgan, maTi gadasaxedidan, ruseTis samxedro poziciebis gaZlie-reba, uTuod gamoiwvevs regionSi TurqeTis gavlenis Sesustebas. nawilobriv, swored, amiT aixsneba agvis-tos omis damTavrebisTanave, ankaris aqtiuri kontaq-

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tebi moskovTan da kavkasiisaTvis axali samSvidobo platformis SemuSaveba, romelSic TurqeTsa da ru-seTs wamyvani roli eniWebaT. TurqeTis xelisufle-bisTvis, garkveulwilad, iZulebiTi nabijia som-xeTTan diplomaturi urTierTobebis aRdgenac, rasac metad uaryofiTi reaqcia mohyva azerbaijanSi. agvis-tos omma kvlav Seaxsena somxeTis mTavrobas is gare-moeba, rom gare samyarosTan saqarTvelos satranzito derefani, seriozuli riskis matarebelia.

dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi uZlurni aRmoCndnen, rogorc 2008 wlis omis Tavidan acilebis, ise, misi mZime Sedegebis likvidaciis saqmeSi. saqarTvelo maT-Tvis mxolod navTobsadenisa da gazsadenis sartanzi-to derefnad moiazreba. saqarTvelo intensiurad mo-nawileobs transnacionalur ekonomikur proeqtebSi (navTobsadeni, gazsadeni, abreSumis gza, sarkinigzo magistrali, evraziuli derefani da sxva). saqarTve-los xelisuflebam, saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba unda daarwmunos, rom saqarTvelos, garda, satranzito qveynisa da bunebrivi geografiuli derefnis datvir-Tvisa, aqvs ufro mniSvnelovani geocivilizaciuri funqcia. kerZod, mas aqvs Sansi, iqces dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris mudmivi dialogisa da Tanam-Sromlobis transsivrced.

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1. a. sonRulaSvili, afxazi Tu afsua?, gamomcemloba ùniversali“, Tb., 2007.

2. d. jojua, ruseTis samxedro intervencia saqar-TveloSi. 2008 wlis agvistos omi da misi Sede-gebi, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, gamomcem-loba ùniversali~, Tb., 2010.

3. E. Kogan, Russian-Georgian Relation and the Reaction from the European Union, Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies, Tbilisi, 2013.

4. m. gabedava, ruseTis agresia saqarTvelos winaaR-mdeg, 2008 weli, Tb., 2009.

5. M. Mendras, Russian Politics: The Paradox of a Weak State, New-York: Columbia University Press, 2012.

6. o. janeliZe, òms Tu omi ar vuwodeT“, wignSi `narkvevebi saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobos is-toriidan“, goris saswavlo universiteti, gamom-cemloba `saari“, Tb., 2013.

7. R. Asmus, A Little War that Shook the World. Georgia, Russia and the Future of the West, Palgrave: Macmillan, 2010.

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Maka Buliskeria

RUSSIA-GEORGIA WAR IN AUGUST 2008 AND FROM THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA`S EURASIAN

POLICY

Summary

On the basis of the scientific literature and foreign Ex-perts conclusions, the Russian government eurasian policy discussed in the article. The work emphasizes, that Russia's imperial foreign policy in the 21st century has not even chan-ged. The Russia-Georgia War of 2008, its significance goes beyond the regional scale and has great importance for the modern world's security policy analysis. For his geostrategic location, over the centuries, Georgia was the subject as Russia's, a as the Western countries great interest.

The Russia-Georgia War of 2008 represents as one of the most important issues in modern world politics. The interna-tional importance of the Russia-Georgia War indicates the fact, that a lot of things has been written about this conflict, not only Georgian, but also by foreign researchers. The work notes, that at present in the South Caucasus the main regional players are Russia and the European Union, which have their own political and economic interests. After the War of 2008 in August, many politicians feared that the world faced a new Cold War. Analysts believe, that the war could be avoided only in case, if Georgia refused the Western course, and accession in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Russian politicians look with great caution of NATO expan-sion near Russia's borders, because it strongly opposes Russia's eurasian interests. Russia's government the main and permanent interest has always been the preservation and strengthening of geopolitical, geoeconomic and military in-

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fluence in the Caucasus. That is, the Russian government interests sacrificed sovereignty of independent states.

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xaTuna ioseliani

qarTul-somxuri urTierTobebi Tbilisis erTi ubnis magaliTze

(metromSenis dasaxleba)

isnis raionSi, aeroportisken mimavali gzis mar-cxena mxares, ar misuli vazisubnamde, mdebareobs mci-re dasaxleba metromSenis saxelwodebiT. es ubani dRevandeli saxiT, ZiriTadad, XIX saukunis 50-iani wlebidanaa gaSenebuli. Tavidan ewodeboda sabargo dasaxleba, vinaidan adre, sarkinigzo punqtTan siax-lovis gamo, bevri mgzavri iyrida Tavs da TavianTi bargiT, am adgilebSi binavdebodnen. mogvianebiT, met-ros mSenebeli muSebisTvis aigo orsarTuliani kor-pusebi da dRevandeli (Zvelis msgavsad) uSno saxel-wodebac aqedan miiRo. ubani Sedgeba ramodenime didi (kakabeTis, yvarlis, mTisZiris, miqelaZis, amirejibis) da mravali patara quCisgan.

ubans metad xelsayreli mdebareoba gaaCnia, aqedan qalaqis centrSi mixvedras mxolod 15-20 wuTi Wir-deba. aseTi siaxlovis miuxedavad, bevrad umjobesia ekologiuri garemo, daculia transportis gamo-nabolqvisgan da SedarebiT kargad aris gamwvanebuli. dasaxleba, ZiriTadad kerZo, ezoiani saxlebiTaa war-modgenili; TiTqmis yvela ojaxs xexili, vazi da yva-vilnari aqvs gaSenebuli, rac cxadia, dadebiT gav-lenas axdens garemos sijansaReze. mTel ubanSi mxo-lod ramdenime maRalsarTuliani korpusi gvxvdeba. am pirobebis gamo, bolo aTi welia, ubani Semosavliani xalxis yuradRebis qveS moeqca. aSenda aTeulobiT axali, feSenebeluri kerZo saxli, Sendeba axali

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korpusebic (imedia, mSenebloba aqac iseT ukontrolo saxes ar miiRebs, rogorc es dRevandeli Tbilisis-Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli).

dasaxleba polieTnikurobiT gamoirCeva. aq, Ziri-Tadad cxovroben qarTvelebi, somxebi; SedarebiT mci-re raodenobiT: rusebi, berZnebi, azerbaijanelebi, ai-sorebi. erT quCaze dasaxlebuli yofilan `molok-nebi~, romlebic Semdeg sxvagan gadasulan sacxovreb-lad. maTi gamorCeuli wes-Cveulebebi dResac kargad axsovT ubanSi. bolo wlebSi, afxazeTidan devnilebis garkveuli nawilic Casaxlda.

am ubanSi mcxovrebi somxebis didi nawili Tur-qeTis 1915 wlis cnobili movlenebis Sedegad, saqar-TveloSi Semoxiznuli ltolvilebis STamomavlebi arian. 1914-1915 wlebSi, osmaleTis mTavrobam somxe-bis masobrivi xocva-Jleta moawyo. danarCeni mosax-leoba ki, gadaasaxles mesopotamiasa da siriaSi. bev-rma somexma moaxerxa kavkasiaSi gadmosvla. 1914-1916 wlebSi, kavkasiaSi daaxloebiT, 350 aTasi somexi gad-mosaxlda. isini, ZiriTadad, aRmosavleT somxeTSi, saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi damkvidrdnen [2;230-234]. maT ematebaT Tbilisis sxvadasxva ubnebi-dan gadmosuli da iSviaTad, saqarTvelos sxva som-xuri soflebidan gadmosaxlebulni.

rusebi, ZiriTadad, samxedro sferos warmomadge-nelni iyvnen. mTxrobelTa TqmiT, maTi nawili meore msoflio omSi daWrili jariskacebi iyvnen, romlebic saqarTveloSi mkurnalobdnen da mere darCnen sacxov-reblad, danarCeni, Cveulebrivi samxedro mosamsaxu-reebi. isini aq ojaxebiT cxovrobdnen da samxedro samsaxuris damTavrebis Semdeg, aseve darCnen sacxov-

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reblad [mTxrobeli roma petrosiani]. maTTvis Sende-boda patara kotejebi, romelTa nacvlad, nawilma ka-pitaluri saxlebi aaSena.

amdenad, Tbilisis es erTi patara ubani sakmao po-lieTnikurobiT gamoirCeva. Cveni interesic maTma ur-TierTobebma gamoiwvia, rasac ganvixilavT qarTve-lebisa da somxebis magaliTze, romelnic yvelaze mravlad arian warmodgenilni. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom faqtobrivad, veyrdnobiT Cven mier mopovebul eTno-grafiul masalas, vinaidan sxva masalas, an litera-turas, didi Ziebis miuxedavad, verafers mivakvlieT.

upirvelesad, unda aRiniSnos, rom sxvadasxva erovnebebs Soris urTierToba kargia da SeiZleba iT-qvas, eTnikur niadagze mcire konfliqtsac ki, aq adgili ar hqonia.

somxebis ZiriTadi nawili, aq dabadebuli da gaz-rdilia. faqtobrivad, isini samSoblod aqaurobas mi-iCneven. inarCuneben sakuTar enas da wes-Cveulebebs, rac, ZiriTadad, saqorwino da samgloviaro sferos exeba.

saqorwino urTierTobebisas, maTTvis prioritetu-lia sakuTari erovnebis warmomadgenelTan ojaxis Seqmna. unda iTqvas, rom ojaxi aq mcxovreb somxebSi gansakuTrebuli simtkiciT gamoirCeva. gamoxatulia mamakacis da wina Taobis (mamamTil-dedamTili) pati-viscema. muSaoben, ZiriTadad, mamakacebi, qalebi ki, saojaxo saqmeebiT arian dakavebuli. ojaxebi, Ziri-Tadad iqmneba e. w. `maWanklobis~ gziT, raSic gadam-wyvet rols mSoblebi TamaSoben. winaswar xdeba sar-Zlos moZieba da SerCeva, rogorc garegnuli, ise fi-nansuri mdgomareobis mixedviT. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,

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maT saqorwino urTierTobebi aqvT Tbilisis sxva-dasxva ubanSi mcxovreb somxebTan. agreTve, qvemo qarTlis (ZiriTadad, Sulaveris), dedofliswyaros da ruseTis somxur mosaxleobasTan [mTxrobeli areva stefaniani]. iSviaTia, axalgazrdam mxolod sakuTari neba-surviliT Seqmnas ojaxi, Tumca, winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, amisi precedentebic arsebobs.

gvxvdeba Sereuli ojaxebic. eTnografiuli masa-lis mixedviT Cans, rom somxebi yvelaze xSirad ru-sebTan qmnidnen ojaxebs, Semdeg modis qarTul-somxuri ojaxebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom urTierToba am da sxva xalxebs Sorisac am ubanSi keTilganwyobi-lia, Cans, rom yvela eTnosi mainc erideba Sereul qorwinebas. am kuTxiT, gamonakliss warmoadgendnen aq mcxovrebi rusebi, mTxrobelma magaliTad moiyvana erTi rusuli ojaxi, romelsac sami siZe hyavda: rusi, qarTveli da somexi [mTxrobeli bela petrosi-ani].

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT Cans, rom am uban-Si (rac Tbilisis arc erTi mravalerovani ubnisTvis ar aris ucxo) qarTvelebi da somxebi kargad aRiqva-men erTmaneTis wes-Cveulebebs. isini dadian erTmane-Tis qorwilebsa da qelexebSi, epatiJebian erTmaneTs religiur dResaswaulebze. Tvlian, rom radikaluri sxvaoba aq macxovrebelTa wes-CveulebebSi didad ar SeimCneva. arsebuli sxvaobebi ki, ramdenime magaliTis saxiT SegviZlia warmovadginoT.

somxur qorwils, zemoT aRniSnuli faqtorebis garda, gamoarCevs kidev ramdenime detali. maT dRem-de, aucileblad miaCniaT sapatarZlos jer daniSvna, garkveuli drois Semdeg, qorwili. niSnobaze aucile-

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belia sasaCuqre `kalaTis~ gamzadeba, rac sakmaod Zviri ujdeba ojaxs. am `kalaTSi~ sapatarZlosTvis misatanad gamzadebulia saCuqrebi piradi tansacmli-dan dawyebuli, samkauliT da tkbileulobiT damTav-rebuli. am simbolurad `kalaTs~, niSnobis dRes ga-awyoben calke magidaze da yvela stumari aTvali-erebs. saCuqrebiT ojaxi Tavs iwonebs da, garkveul-wilad wardgeba, rogorc momavali moyvrebis, ise sa-kuTari sanaTesaosa da samezoblos winaSe.

aRsaniSnavia somxebisTvis gamorCeuli dReoba `sufsarqisi~, rasac gansakuTrebiT aRniSnaven. `suf-sarqisis~ dReoba moZravia da mTxroblebma misi zus-ti TariRis gamoTvla ar ician, ekiTxebian TavianT sasuliero pirs da amis mixedviT aRniSnaven. am dRe-saswaulTan dakavSirebiT, aqvT lamazi Tqmuleba: `so-mex sarqisas Seyvarebia berZeni qali da moutacia. isini cxeniT gamoqceulan samSobloSi. maleve, gogos sagvareulos mdevari gamoudevnebia. sarqisas Rmer-TisTvis uTxovia Svela. RmerTs ki, qariSxali mouv-lenia maT dasaxmareblad. sarqisa Tavisi cxeniT gza-dagza xan visTan da xan visTan Cerdeboda. saboolod, mSvidobiT CauRwevia saxlSi. im ojaxebs, visTanac Cerdeboda, male bedniereba movleniaT, gogonebi gaT-xovilan, biWebs colebi mouyvaniaT. amis Semdeg, sarqisa bednierebis momtanad iqna miCneuli da mas `suf~ (wmida) sarqisa Searqves. amitom aris, rom `sufsarqisis~ dros, yovelTvis qaria~ [mTxrobeli karlo ambarcumiani]. `sufsarqisas~ dReobis Rames, is ojaxebi, visac gasaTxovari qali an sacole vaJi hyavs, wmindad dafqvil xorbliT savse Tass dadgams karebTan (gareT). diliT, TasSi Tu cxenis naterfali

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iqneba aRbeWdili, es imas niSnavs, rom `sufsarqisa~ ojaxs bednierebas mouvlens. am dRisTvis, aucilebe-lia dafqvili xorblisgan moxarSuli fafa, mariliT da karaqiT Sekmazuli [mTxrobeli marica saakiani], epatiJebian rogorc erTmaneTs, ise sxva erovnebis me-zoblebs.

rac Seexeba maT saqmianobas, ZiriTadad, vaWrobas, xelosnobas da salonebSi muSaobas misdeven. aRsaniS-navia, rom axalgazrda biWebi adreuli asakidanve euflebian romelime xelobas, gansakuTrebiT ki, mewa-Reobasa da xelosnobas.

am ubanSi enobrivi barieri, faqtobrivad, ar arse-bobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom komunisturi reJimis dros, sakomunikacio enas rusuli warmoadgenda, mo-saxleobis umetesma nawilma (ZiriTadad, mamakacebma), icodnen erTmaneTis ena. dRevandeli viTarebiT, axal-gazrdobis umravlesoba Tavisuflad flobs qarTuls. rusuli, rogorc ZiriTadi saurTierTobo saSualeba, aRar gamoiyeneba.

sainteresoa somxebis damokidebuleba saqarTvelos mimarT. gasakviri araa, rom isini TavianT mudmiv sac-xovrebels samSoblosaviT aRiqvamen. miuxedavad imisa, rom ZiriTadi samSoblo aqve, sazRvars miRma aqvT, TiTqmis ar fiqsirdeba migracia somxeTSi. ufro me-tad gadadian ruseTSi, bolo dros, evropis sxva-dasxva qveynebSi, saidanac umetesoba ukan brundeba da aq iumjobesebs sacxovrebel pirobebs. rac Seexeba somxeTTan damokidebulebas da kontaqtebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom winaaRmdegobrivia. aqaurebi Tvlian, rom saqarTveloSi bevrad ukeTesia cxovreba, urTierTo-bebi, klimati, amitom somxeTSi sacxovreblad gadas-

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vlaze arc fiqroben. maTTan aqvT naTesauri, saqmiani, savaWro kontaqtebi da iSviaTi misvla-mosvliT Semo-ifarglebian.

Tbilisis es patara ubani, romelic arasodes gam-xdara Seswavlisa da yuradRebis obieqti, metad mra-valferovania Tavisi polieTnikurobiT da eTnikur-jgufTaSorisi urTierTobiT.


1. x. ioseliani, eTnografiuli dRiuri, Tb., 2014-2017 ww.

2. somexi xalxis istoria, daviT merkvilaZis redaq-ciiT, Tb., 2016.

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Khatuna Ioseliani

GEORGIAN-ARMENIAN RELATIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF ONE OF THE DISTRICTS OF TBILISI

Summary

Tbilisi, because of its location, cultural and economic significance (in fact it was the centre of the South Caucasus), from the very beginning was formed as the polyethnic town. Together with other ethnical groups big amount of Arme-nians leaved here that was determined by many reasons. Most of the Armenians, who left their homeland because of hard times found their shelter in Georgia. Mostly they settled in Samtskhe-Javakheti and Lower Kartli. Some of them have chosen Tbilisi. At the same time, because Tbilisi was the biggest town of the South Caucasus and thus there were profitable commercial conditions and better perspectives, Armenians by their own will used to move here for resi-dence.

`Metromsheni settlement”, one of the districts of Isani (region of Tbilisi) is mostly built in the 30s-50s of the XIX century. Here together with Georgians representatives of many ethnical groups live. These are: Russians (army men with families), Greeks, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Kurds.

On the basis of the ethnographic materials the Georgian-Armenian relations are studied in the article.

This part of Tbilisi is mainly inhabited by the descendants of the refugees who fled massively in 1945-1915 after the notorious events that took place in the Ottoman Empire. There also live the descendants of the Armenians who mo-ved from the other districts of Tbilisi, Lower Kartli and Samtskhe-Javakheti.

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After living together for a long time we can say that friendly neighborhood had established between Georgians and Armenians. Armenians could very well be adapted with the local population. They consider that Georgia is their homeland and they do not even want to hear about the return in Armenia. This was supported by the religious factor as well. Almost, there is not a language barrier. If during the Soviet period Russian was the language for communication, today the language of communication is Georgian. It also must be mentioned that majority of Georgians (men) speak Armenian fluently. More or less there are mixed families. The Georgian way of life and some elements of customs and traditions are shared.

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nanuli azikuri

masalebi TuSuri demonologiidan

xalxuri warmodgeniT, samyaro savsea keTili da avi, boroti sulebiT. es sulebi TvaliT uxilavia, magram sagrZnobi gavlena aqvT TviT adamianis avsa, Tu keTildReobaze. adamiani yovelTvis imis cdaSi iyo, rom keTili sulebis keTilganwyoba mudmivad hqono-da, xolo avi sulebis winaSe didi SiSi aiZulebda mas, daecva garkveuli akrZalvebi da wesebi, raTa ma-Ti risxva, Tu gavlena Tavidan aecilebina. garda,zogadad, keTili da avi sulebis arsebobis rwmenisa, adamians sjeroda, rom TiToeul pirovnebas hyavda Tavisi boroti da keTili angelozebi. xalxis rwme-niT, adamians keTili angelozi marjvena, xolo avi angelozi marcxena mxarze azis.

dRevandeli Cveni moxsenebis mizania, warmovad-ginoT Cven mier, TuSeTSi Sekrebili eTnografiuli da folkloruli masala av sulebze1. ramdenadac vi-ciT, da xeli migviwvdeba, igi TuSeTis magaliTze calke msjelobis sagani ar yofila specialur lite-raturaSi. warmodgenili masala gamouqveynebelia. ma-salebi warmovadgineT klasificirebuli saxiT, sxva pretenzia am moxsenebas ara aqvs. klasifikaciis Zi-riTad principad aviReT avsulTa ufros-umcrosoba, maTi gavlenis sferoebi da vneba-zianis motanis SesaZ-leblobebi. calke gamovyaviT klde-Rreebisa da xeobe-

1 wakiTxulia moxsenebad iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis, arqeolo-giisa da eTnologiis institutis saqarTvelos sameurneo yofisa da materialuri kulturis eTnografiuli Seswavlis ganyofilebis Teoriul seminarze, 1980 wels.

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bis demonebi, cisieri da sacxovrebel saxlTan dakav-Sirebuli sulebi, avkacni, avqarni da kudianebi, bav-SvTa SesaSinebeli „arsebebi~.

eSmakebad wodebuli avsulebi, Zveli TuSuri sa-xeldebiT xiblebi, igive macdurni, miuval klde-Rreebsa da xevebSi saxlobdnen, magaliTad, darTlosa da CiRos Soris aseTi iyo dora’is ჴevi, CiRos _ maWris xevis klde, farsmis win _ kdiskalo, dadi-kurTis ZirSi _ didnafxverTana, beRelaSi _ kepnis Ziris kldeebi, biqu’urTa _ vakisZirs Soris, orcixe-Ziris xuWa’Ta, qumelaurTas _ xoSane, omaloSi kiw-lurT ruvi, SenaqoSi _ Txilovnis xidi, ageurTis Ziri da sxva.

eSmakebi dRisiT uxilavni iyvnen, Rame ki, xalxs adamianis saxiT eCvenebodnen udroo dros da uadgi-lo adgilas, umetesad ki, maT samyof adgilebSi _ xevebSi, xidebTan, wisqvilSi, nafxverTan, kldeebTan... zogjer, dRisiTac eCvenebodnen martod myof adamians an bavSvebs _ miuval, uxvedr adgilebSi.

xalxuri aRweriT, adamianad gardasaxuli eSmakis gamocnoba advili iyo: isini adamianad ki gardaisaxe-bodnen, magram fexebi ukuRma rCebodaT _ fexis ter-febi Sebrunebuli hqondaT da am niSnis mixedviT, swrafad igebdnen mis avsulobas. eSmaks Tavi wagrZe-lebuli, didi frCxilebi, tani da fexebi ki, balniT dafaruli hqonda. xalxur aRweraSi gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia misi didi frCxilebi. amitom iyo, rom bavSvebs xSirad afrTxilebdnen ufrosebi _ frCxile-bi ar gaizardoT, eSmakebs ar daeferneTo _ daemsgav-soTo. „ჴidze ro gazdioded moga¬gondes _ firCxi-leb dasaWrel maqvav, iq und dajdesaod firCxileb

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und di’Wrasav~ [1] _ arigebdnen ufrosebi patarebs. Tavis wilad, eSmakebic uTvalTvalebdnen adamianebs da Tu sadme uadgilo adgilas moWril frCxilebs daudevrad gadayridnen, maT eSmakebi daitacebdnen da waiRebdnen. maT mudam cecxlze edgaT wyliani, mduRa-re qvabi. am frCxilebs Sig Cayridnen da gordilad (mWadis fqvilis moxarSuli kverebi) eqceodaT da Se-Wamdnen. amiT, frCxilebis patrons Zala gamoeclebo-da.

eSmakebi mudmivad imis mcdelobaSi iyvnen, raime ev-noT adamianisaTvis, Wkuidan SeeSalaT _ gaegiJebinaT, moeklaT an daetomebinaT _ gaeTavisebinaT. adamianebs isini erTeulebad eCvenebodnen. eSmakTa samyof adgi-lebSi ki, gvian RamiT, an martod gavlas eridebodnen, radgan iq jgufad, „Jav-JiviT~ icodnen mgzavrze Tav-dasxma. mgzavrs Tavis sakrebuloSi _ erulaSi miiw-vevdnen da Tu aiyoliebdnen, „daitomebdnen“ _ is im dRidan avsulTagan tyveqmnili iqneboda, Wkuaze SeS-lili da Secdenili. erula xelixelCakidebulTa wreze cekva-TamaSi da drostarebaa. eSmakTa erula avsulTa, kudianTa serobaa. TavianT samyof, TavSeyris adgilebSi eSmakebs xSirad eruli hqondaT Cabmuli, rogorc ki vinmes moixelTebdnen, TavisTan Caibamdnen. erulaSi Cabmaze iSviaT adamians „utexdnen nasips~ _ iyoliebdnen. erulaSi nabami kaci mTlad Tavis kilos veRar iyo da „gaeSmiSebuli~ _ gagiJebuli daiarebo-da. eSmakTa eruli da gamoTqma, „erulaSi nabami~ salanZRavi sityvebi iyo _ „Se eSmako, Se kudiano, Se erulaSi nabamoo~ [7] etyodnen ganrisxebisas erTimeo-res. iSviaTad iyo SemTxveva, vinmes gvian RamiT rom mouxdeboda miuval adgilebSi gavla, moeCveneboda eS-

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makTa eruli da Wkvidan cdeboda. erulaSi nabami ga-regnuladac Tma-wveriTa da frCxilebiT eSmaks emsgav-seboda. erT dedas Svili dakargvoda da cxra wlis Semdeg, erulaSi nabami mosvloda saxlSi. imxela frCxilebi hqonda, joxebad idgamdao _ yveba gadmoce-ma [3]. zogjer, Tavisi ubedobiTa da sacodaobiT gabe-Cavebul, gaeSmiSebul _ gonebanaklul qalze an kacze ityodnen _ „erulSi nabamiao~, an kidev, „qmar-Svilni hyvanan erulSio~. aseT ambavsac yvebian: „erT qal yofiliyo ±Q gudaanTas, Sindaberebuli ±. ZroxaSi yo-filiyo±, iq dazZinebiyo-d iq de’tom. qmar-Sviln xyva-nanav icodian, im erula’Siav~ [3].

eSmakebs adamianis erulaSi Cabma uxarodaT da ambebs amazec hyvebian: „erTxenav, Tqvian, gaRmiTaiv erT kac modeniliyov. gamoRmiTaiv eSmakebs eZaxav _ modisav, modisav, erula’Si gavabaTav, nu gu’SvebTav. am kacsac gaRgoni. dabrunebuliyov es kacio-d omalo-Siav wasuliyov daSinebuliv~ [14].

roca Tavis xelSi Cavardnil kacs „nasips ver gautexdnen~ _ ver aasaubrebdnen da ver gaiTaviseb-dnen, eSmakebi uxmobdnen TavianT ufross „dora’is ჴevels~. mas aqvs unari, yvelanairi winaaRmdegoba daZlios. mas SublSi erTi Tvali aqvs da am TvaliT Rame mTel xeobas anaTebs. dora’is ჴevels maSin ux-mobdnen, roca kacs ver gatexdnen. avsulTa ufrosze Cawerili eTnografiuli da folkloruli masala Zi-riTadad, mis, mxolod aRniSnul funqciaze miuTi-Tebs. sxva masala mis rogorobaze da saqmianobaze ver moviZieT. Cven xelT arsebul masalaSi eSmakTa am uf-ros-umcrosobaSi dora’is ჴevelis gavlena da siZlie-re kargad Cans. dora’els SeuZlia gaakeTos is, rasac

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ver akeTebs eSmaki. adamianisTvis vnebis motanis uSe-dego cdis SemdegRa uxmoben eSmakebi TavianT ufross. misi mosvla ki, imiT mTavrdeba, rom bolo eReba ka-cis wamebas _ an daitomeben, an Tu „nasipi ver gaute-xes~, ver gaiTavisianes, ver SeaSines da ver sZlies aucileblad dawyevlian da gauSveben. sruliad bun-dovania da gaugebari leqsis fragmentSi dora’eli: „mze budesa, daTvi xvrelsa, dora’eli Sobad zisa~. erTaderTs imas vigebT, rom is mdedria, „Sobad zis~.

xalxis rwmeniT, eSmakebs basri civi iaraRisa eSi-niaT, axlos ver ekarebian. patara bavSvs deda akvanSi TavqveS danas daudebda, roca sadme midioda, rom eS-maki ar dahpatroneboda. eSmakis mosagerieblad iaraRs marcxena xeliT gaiqnevdnen, marjveniT gaqneuli kacs TviTonve xvdebao. erTxel moqnevaze aJivlebuli Tav-damsxmeli eSmakebi miCumdebodnen, vinc iaraRs gada-urCeboda, ganze dgebodnen da iZaxdnen „sarTi, sar-Tio~, e. i. kidev erTxel gaiqnie iaraRio. es ki, imis niSani iyo, rom mokluli an daWrilebi isev gam-Teldebodnen. am rwmenis mqone kaci meored iaraRs aRar ixmarda da Tavisufldeboda eSmakeuli xilvebi-sagan. amis sailustraciod movitanT mTxrobelisave sityvebs, romelsac Rrmad sjera, rom papamiss es am-bavi namdvilad SeemTxva: „Cem papas omalos pur eWam, Ram wasruliyo ± JvelurTas stumrad ZmasTan. talkves darSCeniyo ± Sinavi±. winav xo priWka’ ar iyo ±. yalion mozdobnebiyo ±. xisos ki, mTel xalx dacudebuli , Sua Rames xisos Wala’Si, gzis mocilebiT, mindvriTa Jav-Jiv modeniliyo ±. asuliyo ±, iq ra’ebimeav, yalionsaR cecxl mu’kidov. imas xalx Rgonebiyo ±. zogniv ჴel-ჴel Cakidebuleb iyvnesav, cecxls urbendesav gareSe-

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moav, zogniv cecxlze frina’obdesav, _ ii, uuav _ kiodesav, is ro SeCeniliyo ±. esTa’ iaraRSi Catyepil kaci ±, gza de’gdo± yvela’s, ganze gamdgariyvnesa-d is kide wasuliyo-d yalionisad cecxl me’kid. is eSmakeb Turme ganzeiTeb exvewebian _ zanzarukiR Semoixsen Sen, Cveno moza’iZeov, erTiR Sen Semotrialdi sapi-riswamle Wrelao. is zanzaruki ± ჴmal iyo ±. imas kiden ame’Ro ± ჴmali-d erTxen ge’qni. iq vinac iyvnes mTel xalxs Se’Jivl _ sarTi moza’iZev, sarTiv _ Turme uJivian. meoredac ro me’qni, Turme gacocxldebod is xalxi ±. wasuliyo ± ZmasTan~ [9].

xmlis garda, zog gadmocemaSi, joxiTac igerieben eSmakebs adamianebi: „winav wisqvilSi dgnian, erT kac wisqvilSi Tavada’ yofiliyov, cecxl a’nTesav eSmakeb-Tav wisqvilis ezoSiav. iqisec sxedanav, aqisecav. „kiwimwvara, kiwimwvara, Cemi wili ki Semwvara~ _ Tqvianad iqav mwvadeb wvianav. iq gadafr-gadmofrin-dianav. kac yofiliyo ± wisqvilSi, de’vlo ± joxisad ჴelid gaRvardniyo±, de’riav. isi’n gayrilan, tufl gaRvardniyo ±Q erTs. erTmav yviril di’wyov _ tufl gamvardav, tufliv. meore dRes ro enaxav _ isim tufl ra’ gu’vardav, iqav tufl ara iyov, viris Cliq iyov~ [3].

garda maxvilisa, avsulis, eSmakis mogerieba Tavisi soflisa, Tu gvaris salocavis moxseniebiTac SeiZle-boda. gansakuTrebiT Trgunavda eSmakeulebs wmida gi-orgis xseneba. gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili kaci uxmobda Tavis salocavs da misi Semdegi xilva iseTia, rom misi salocavidan wamosuli „cecxlis girkali~ ecema eSmakeulebs da kaci Tavisufldeba avsulTa gavleni-sagan. zogjer, mixmobis gareSec, gaWirvebaSi Tavisi

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xati TviTon daeSveleboda Tavis ymas. aki dam-wya¬lobnebis teqstSi arc aseTi SemTxvevaa gamotove-buli _ „miwriel (eSmaki) dagvi¬lagmidiv, gzaukuRm gaubrunidiv~ _ SesTxovda kaci Tavis „jvar-xatebs~.

eSmakebi sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi eCvenebian adamia-nebs. zogjer isini yanaSi muSaoben: „erTxenav Seyri-Ta, gamovediv, omaloTa gamoisev, Txiloanav, Sav-Tav¬Tavian qeris yana iyood imaSi mRerodesav, kio-desaod tyrialia’ gamodiodav celisiv. memr Camovediv Wala’Siav, vfiqrobav _ mand yanas ra’ undav, egew kde-iav~ [15].

eSmakebs, xalxuri warmodgeniT, Cveulebrivi adami-anuri cxovreba aqvT _ Soben da kvdebian kidevac. cu-di iyo, Tu vinme eSmaks Sobisas waawydeboda. aqedan xsnis erTi gza rom kacisaTvis nasipi ar gaetexa _ ar gaegiJebina, Tavisi salocavis daSveleba iyo. ai, ras gviamboben amaze: „ჴidis yurTan movediod’ or qal zisav. Cem cxen ჴidze ar Sedisav. ჴmal amovi-wvadev, igr gamovediv. maRl amovediv, bevr xalx iyov. narCxav gaRmiTa uZaxav _ ga’nebeTav Taviv, ga’nebeTav, cxenim Se’cvlebav patron¬sav, cxenis yismaTm gaSWrav. laSariTa cecxlis Zirkal momxvdav gulzedaod ga-movfxizldiv. Sin wasrulm dedas uTxr, ro cxeniR da’biv. Sobaze mjdarav, iq Sewyvetilxariv _ miTxres, _ laSaris jvar daSvelebiav Tqves, Tvar iqav ga’RivRa¬vebdesav~ [15]. ar SeiZleboda Rame xel-fex da pirnabani wylis gadaRvra „vaiTu eSmaki Sobad zis, daesxmeba da dagwyevliso“ [17].

Tu arc iaraRi hqonda, verc xati daeSveleboda da kacs nasips mianc ver gautexdnen, eSmakebi dora’isჴe-vels hkiTxavdnen, ra vuyoT, davlocoT Tu davwyev-

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loTo. rogorc wesi, yovelTvis wyevlidnen da is wyevla, xalxis rwmeniT, aucileblad asruldeboda. wyevlis formula yvela SemTxvevaSi erTi da igive iyo: „mamaim Svils nu me’swrebaod Sviliv mamas nu me’wevav~ [4].

eSmak-qajebi arc Zalian mSiSaras moeCvenebodnen, arc Zalian gulads, Tumca gamonakliszec gviyveba gadmocema: cnobil gmirs SeTe guluxaiZes wisqvilSi stumrebian eSmakebi: „erT kaci ± qumela’urTas yofi-liyo ± SeTeჲ. ჴmad gasul iyo ± is SeTeჲ gulianobazed. wisqvil efqvi im SeTes xoSanes. memr Ram Turme Ro-melSi cecxl unTi, did cecxlid yaR xqoni, im yaRs swvavs, pur aqv motanili ±. gareTiTa Turme Jav-Jiv modis. erT qal Semosuliyo ± _ „uuh, uuhav _ eTqv, kiwimwvara kiwimwvara, Cemi wili ki Semwvarav~. Tan ჴelebs iTbobs cecxlzed. Se’xed am SeTesad’ ra’s xedavs, ukuRmfeჴian qali±. nigzura’isad ჴel me’vlod edvad gavardniliyo ± karebSi. es qalid mieket kareb am SeTes. _ sarTiv, SeTev, sarTiv-Turme eZaxianad _ sarTic egeaod’ satanicav. memr gareTiTaiv wvrila’ ჴmiT tiril modiodisav erT dia’cisiv _ „winav giT-xar SuSan qalov, mand nu Sexvav, SeTe marჴe kaciav. ra’iTam agiRov awuntis wverzedav, ra’iTam CagiRov qvaჴidis Wala’av~. siiTa si wasrulan dasalevni ±. iJiv-les, iJivles, kai xanaod CaCumdesav~ [9].

eSmaki, xalxis rwmeniT, xSirad mZinare adamiansac dapatrondeboda: „wis¬qvilSi yofiliyo ± erT qali ±, eSmakeb misulyvnesad... im qals sZinebiyo±. ro ge’RviZ, enaxv, iq ra’im da’eldav, gade’farav wisqvilis Tav-zedav. daorsulebuliyo ±... samuSa’oze radar mucel astkivebiyod ge’Cin. memr dedas de’wyo ± ro damaSored

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momaSoreod Senac momSordiv. tyubeb de’Cin, biWebi ±, oqros quCumianebi ±. memr is qali ± wasruliyo ± isTa’i. siacaR ra wavid tyeSiad wisqvilisaki ±. memr eZax _ „tyenod Rrenov, ra’gverc asTa’ rame gamikeTeTaod asr gamჴadeTav barem CamibareTav, ra’ eSmakebid qajeb xarTav, CamibareTav~. memr erT kde gaჴsniliyod erT nabdian kac gamosruliyo± kdeSiiTi ±. me’xvi ჴelid Se’yvanad miketiliyo ± garev is kdeჲ. memr meore, mesame dRei. dedianT Se’nan qalis gagdebaid _ aba sid wavav _ ifiqres. wasuliyo ± deda kvlevnad. inane xqvivnebiyo ±im qals. Turme dadisad iZaxis inaneev... memrinas ge’xedvad kde yofiliyod im kdis win dalaoga’ iyood iq or akavan idgav oqrosiod iq aqanebdav inani akav-nebsav. deda ro axlos wavidav inanes ჴeleb me’xvi akavnebisadad, kde gaჴsniliyod Sig Sesuliyo ± garev. deda gareT damrCaliyo ±. im qals (inanis) emRer, bal-Rebs Turme aqanebsad mReris:

„inane dedo, inane.inanes gamogdebao,inane aras nanobsaoqros akavnis rwebasa~ [8].avsulebi, eSmak-qajebi imaxsovreben kacTagan

miRebul wyenas da Semdeg magiers uxdian maT. „bu-xurTas kac yofiliyo ± erTi CaroxulT CaCauri±. erT-xen Ram cxeniT modeniliyo± gomewriTaჲ. mwvaqesgors ro gadmosrul, unaxav, wyalTSuis gorze eSmakebs cecxl unTiad erul aqvT Cabmuli ±. Caroxula’s cxe-nisad maTraჴ du’kravad cecxlze gadmofrenilad erTtyavkabian dia’c cxenis feჴiT Cu’laჴav. im zamTar meta’ did Tol mosrul. naberalxeTanas erT kac gad-momdgarad uZaxebav _ „Caro¬xula’m CaCaurmav’ da gam-

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ilaჴviav cxensav. arc me davayriv kai dResav wava-Rebiebav cxrasav~. wamosrul zvavid Caroxula’T sax-li ± ჴev-Wala’isad miuci. cxran yofiliyvnes. Tol ro gaSrav Wala’Siav sam-oTx dia’csav feჴze saCeCleb xqondaTav, eCeC Tur beCavebs~ [8].

vnebis garda, asaCuqreben kidevac adamianebs eSma-kebi „erT dia’c wadeniliyv wisqvil. is adgileb su eSmakebiT yofiliyo ± samsvia’i. gzisZiriTa viRacas ame’Zax romev haSura’saR uTxridiv, hagunda’mav biWa’ gagiCinaTav. aba, dReiv yofiliyod im dia’cs arc daSinebiyod araferi ±. wasruliyv asTa’ wisqvil. aba, iq wylis migdebai, wisqvilis Casxmai, imis darTvaid ama’obaSi daRviwyebiyoc, meawav ჲagr ra’mam miZaxav. ro de’s-me’saqmad damjdariyo ± memrea’ moRgonebiyod Ta-visTvis de’Tqv, romev, haSura’saR uTxridiv, hagun-da’mav biWa’ gagiCinaTav. egem ra’s eqvivnav, anam ra’m miZaxav. Tqma amisaid „guda maxarobelsav~ erT viRa-cas samsvea’ guda ame’rek saRo¬reSiiTaჲ. daSinebiyo ±am dia’cs, wame’vl Tavis Wamian gudisad ჴelid rbe-uliyo ± Sinisaki ±. Sin rom wasruliyo ±, iqaia’ gonad mosruliyo ±, rom gudas pir aqv moჴsnilid su dacli-li. ra’zedac ჴel ekid, iqaia’ damrCaliyo ± erT mjiR oqroჲ. im eSmaks oqroT samsvea’ guda ame’rek. amas ki-de gulgaxeTqils Tavis gudis gonebiT is eSmakis guda game’tac~ [16].

eSmakeul saqmeTa Soris asaxeleben Tavis mokvla-sac. xalxis rwmeniT, Tavis mokvla yovelTvis eSma-kisgan Secdenis Sedegia, misi gamarjvebaa da amitom ar SeiZleba. Tavmokluls amisaTvis sxvadasxvagvarad tanjaven: bnel ormoSi Casvamen, daTvis tyavs miugde-ben da zedasxmul bewvebs aTvlevineben, an kidev

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muxlebze wisqvilis qvebs dahkidebdnen da maTraxis cemiT mierekebodnen. mesulTane atyobinebda xolme Wirisufals, Tu ra saxiT sjidnen maTs micvalebuls Tavis mokvlisaTvis im qveyanaSi, suleTSi.

eSmakebTan aigivebda xalxi wylis qajebsac, mxo-lod wylis qajebi wyals sdevdnen yovelTvis, mas ar scildebodnen.

gansakuTrebiT mZlavrobdnen da aireodnen avsulebi kdinis, anu Surisa da xorcis kviras. didmarxvis wina (ianvris me-3-5 kvira mTvaris kalendriT) sam kviras. am dros, sofels moedebodnen eSmakebi. am sam kviras Rame samuSaod didxans ar isxdebodnen, „mze ro zRvad Sevidoda~ (Cavidoda), zogi saerTod to-vebda saqmes. qarian Rames, gansakuTrebiT SiSobdnen da frTxilobdnen, radgan qars „avqari da avkaci moh-qonda~ am kvireebSi. eSmakTagan datomebis SiSiT bav-Svebs Rame gareT aRar gauSvebdnen. arc gafenil sa-recxs datovebdnen gareT, radgan maTac eSmakebi „daasminebdnen~ _ raime avs daswerdnen da misi Camcme-li an gagiJdeboda, an gamwereltyvevdeboda (dabeCav-deboda). eSmakebi samoss xiblavdnen ise, rom mere maT Camcmelze emoqmedaT. xalxis rwmeniT, am sam kviras eSmakebi xmamaRla gamoTqvamen, winaswarmetyveleben, vis ra elis momavali wlis ganmavlobaSi, sofelSi ra ambebi moxdeba da specialurad usmenen maT. maTi xmis gagonebis unari yvelas ara aqvs. esmis da-ZmaSi kenti rigiT dabadebuls, wyvils _ ara. „smina’obad~ _ mosasmenad sagangebod midiodnen. xorcis kviras smina’obad dajdoma ar vargoda, radgan eSmakebi xo-cavdnen xalxs, am dros, maT didi Zala hqondaT. yve-bian konkretul ambebs, rogor daeSva xati xorcis

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kviras smina’obad damsxdari adamianebis misaSveleb-lad. smina’obad ramdenime gogo-biWi gavidoda erTad. saxlidan ukuRma _ ukusvliT gavidodnen. eSmakTa saxelebs dairqmevdnen da mTeli saRamos ganmavlo-baSi, am saxelebiT mimarTavdnen erTimeores. gavrce-lebuli saxelebi iyo _ SuSanqali, CefSita (vaJis saxeli), kiwlura, zereba, hagunda, haSura, miwlikvena da sxva. „yurgdebad~ wasulebi, zogjer qslis, akazmis nawilebis saxelebs dairqmevdnen: gara, saSe-vari, qoWi, beWi, vili...[11]. smina’obad gasuli gogo-biWebi soflis ganapiras dasxdebodnen da miayuradeb-dnen soflidan wamosul xmebs. sxvadasxva xma sxva-dasxva ambis mauwyebeli iyo. magaliTad, kesis (Tavxe) xidis Camtvrevis xma, an riWvna (xorblis tabakiT garCeva) ojaxis ufrosis sikvdils moaswavebda, SeSis ayarisa (erTmaneTze dalagebuli SeSa) da raime nage-bobis ngrevis xmac sikvdilis niSani iyo, kvnesa _ mZime avadmyofobis, Tofis gasrola _ sikvdilis, garmonis dakvrisa da mxiarulebis xma _ qorwilis, bavSvis tirili _ bavSvis dabadebis da a. S. isxdnen smina’obad soflis ganapiras gogo-biWebi da zogi sax-lidan tirilis, zogidan qorwilisa da lxinis xmas ismendnen, imis mixedviT vis ra eloda. Semdeg ki, Si-SiT yvebodnen mosmenilsa da gagonils. zogierT ada-mians es xmebi dRisiTac esmoda.

sami kviris sofelSi navardis Semdeg, xibal-kudi-anebi tovebdnen sofels da Tavis xev-xuvebs ubrunde-bodnen. maT sagangebo ritualiT istumrebdnen _ aRe-bis Rames, xorcis kviris kvira saRamos, diasaxlisebi kotrebs (xaWapuri) gamoacxobdnen da sanTel-zeda-SesTan erTad gaitandnen gareT. kotorze ityodnen

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moisarTa Sesandobars. bavSvebs winaswar gamzadebuli hqondaT isrebi, romelTa wverze bukvani _ fiWvis kvari hqonda mimagrebuli, moisarTa Sesandobris Sem-deg bavSvebi soflis ganapiras gavidodnen, isris wverze mimagrebul bukvnebs cecxls waukidebdnen da soflisaken isrodnen ZaxiliT _ „xibalo kudianebo, kakalo gulianebo, es isari Tqvenamc naCi gCriaTo.~ rogorc gadmogvcemen anTebul isrebs adre ufrosebi isrodnen Turme.

Taviseburi Sexeduleba hqonda xalxs Rameul xmeb-ze. RamiT Tu vinme daiZaxebda, ar pasuxobdnen. xal-xis rwmeniT SuaRamemde eSmakeuli eZaxda adamians, Sua Ramis Semdeg ki _ bedmwereli. araviTar SemTxve-vaSi ar SeiZleboda Rameul xmebze gapasuxeba. Tu xmas gascemdnen, avi saqme SeemTxveodaT, Tu _ ara, Tavisufldebodnen Zaxilisagan. SuaRamemde gagonili xma avsuls _ myivans ekuTvnoda. myivani arasodes ar eCveneboda adamians, misi xma ismoda mxolod, myivanis xma zogjer dumilis SemTxvevaSic zianis momtani iyo. vis xmazec is daiZaxebda, imas moukvdeboda vinme, an visac dauZaxebdnen, imas SeemTxveoda ubedureba. it-yodnen _ „vaჲme wuxr myivanm miZaxaod meta’ ar momჴdebav, ara ki avSWkvavdiv~ [3]. myivans wova-TuSu-rad `diqu ¤rik~ hqvia [12]. Ramis Zaxilze Sua Ramemde rom gaigonebdnen xmas, jer gaCumdebodnen, miayura-debdnen da mere siCume rom Camovardeboda, specialur wyevlis frazas ityodnen: „vinam xari, vinam waxvav, Svid mamamdimc nuRar moxvav, tyis nadiriv, baris bortviv~ _ viTom isi’n dagvxvdenav tyis nadirid ba-ris bortviv, imisad Sewyevai, miZaxesav wuxriv-ician~ [10].

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TuSur demonologiaSi metad kolorituli perso-naJia TebJorika. adamianisagan Zlevis Semdeg TebJo-rika keTili da erTguli xdeboda. TebJorika qalia, gamoirCeva silamaziT, SromismoyvareobiTa da swrafi, kargi xelsaqmiT. igi kargi mqsoveli da mSenebelia. erT, gansakuTrebuli xelovnebiT nageb saxlze, rom-lis agebac aravis axsovs, sofel girevSi dResac ki-dev miuTiTeben, rom TebJorikas aSenebuliao. asevea sxva soflebSic. gamorCeul xelsaqmezec _ lamazad naqsov-naqarg-nakerze icodnen Tqma _ ra aris, TebJo-rikas gakeTebuliao? TebJorikas yolas ramdenime gvarze miuTiTeben girevSi, Senaqosa da verxovanSi. Zlevamde TebJorika uxilavia, RamiT evlineba adami-ans, zogjer oTaxSi fexis xmas, Sesvla-gasvlas ige-ben. xan ki, mZinare adamians zed awveba da ganZrevis saSualebas ar aZlevs, suls uxuTavs, arc xmas aRe-binebs. am dros, adamianma kacis saxeli unda daiZa-xos, Tu SeZlebs, rom TebJorikasgan gaTavisufldes. yovelTvis cdiloben mis daWeras _ marcxena xels ise momuWaven, rom ceri muWSi moiqcios da magrad mouWiros. mere moeCveneba muWidan amosuli sxvadasxva saSineleba _ xan mgeli, xan kata... bolos ki, _ gve-li. Tu yvela moCvenebas gauZlo, ar SeSinda da xeli ar gaSala, TebJorika ukve daWerilia da mis winaSe warsdgeba lamazi qali _ momsaxureo. zogjer igi gaZaliandeba da daabamen 2-3 dRes, zogjer 2-3 Tve-sac aris dabmuli, vidre ar moSinaurdeba. Semdeg mo-aWrian neka TiTis frCxils, romelSiac aris mTeli misi grZneulebis Zala da energia. am frCxils Caag-deben xmlis an satevris qarqaSSi. iaraRs TebJorika axlos ver ekareba da emsaxureba ojaxs manam, sanam

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misi frCxili qarqaSSi devs. TebJorika ojaxSi yvela-nair saqmes akeTebs _ alagebs, asufTavebs, keravs, aSenebs, mindorSi muSaobs, bavSvebs uvlis da racmTavaria, saukeTeso mqsovelia. saqmis davalebisas, mas ukuRma saubari sWirdeba. igi gulTmisania da yvela-fers igebs, vin ras fiqrobs. am Tvisebis gamo, mas xalxSi xSirad ar gaiyvandnen, rom ar Sercxveni-liyvnen, radgan TebJorika sxvis gulisnadebs da gana-fiqrals yovelTvis xmamaRla acxadebda. amaze metad gavrcelebulia TuSeTSi TebJorikas satiralSi wayva-nis ambavi, sxvadasxva monayoliT sxvadasxva TemSia momxdari _ „erT TebJorika’ xyvand girevelT daWe-rili±. erT kac momkvdariyo ±�farsmas. TebJorika’s uTqv tirilad wamoala’ebisad _ meacaR moaliv. _ arav, Sen iq Segvarcxvenav. _ ra’s SegarcxvenTav qaa, movaliod davjdebiv, arasac aras vityviv. we’yvanaT. tirilad arianad erTxena’ erT xmamaRl ge’xaxan TebJorika’s. memrinas mois Turme de’xvivnes yvela’niv _ giTxar-Tawav’ romev Senav Segvarcxvenav. _ qalo ±, gamecinebod mara’iv, erT koWl kac SemoCindad _ emagis fera’sam mainc veRar SevirTavaav _ mi’fiqrav momkvda¬ris colmav~ [5].

TebJorikas qsovaSi Zalian swrafi xeli hqonda. ai, ras hyvebian mis „mbeW¬velobaze~ _ „TebJorika’ xyvaniyov erT dia’csav daWeriliv. qsel de’qsad eT-qvav, amasav ro saRamodav TebJorika’ momiqsovdav, meo-res dRes moqsoil me’ჴelaT. Sinaod goni xyvandis. cxadsaviT ki gviambianad merav, marTalim iyo?“ [3].

TebJorika yovelTvis cdilobda tyveobidan Tavis daxsnas. misi Zliereba qarqaSSi Cagdebul mis frCxilSi iyo, romelsac axlos ver ekareboda, uimi-

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sod ki, versad wavidoda. saWiro iyo im frCxilis isev xelSi Cagdeba, romelic daWerisas moWres da romliTac daimorCiles. ufrosebi, ra Tqma unda, ar daubrunebdnen. gadmocemebiT, TebJorika sawadels yo-velTvis baSvebis xeliT aRwevda, bavSvebs acdenda. rogorc ki qarqaSs gadmoabrunebdnen, frCxili gadmo-vardeboda da TebJorika dastacebda xels da Tavisu-fali iyo, is ukve uxilavi xdeboda da vera Zala veRar daiWerda. gaTavisuflebuli TebJorika dawyev-lida damWeris ojaxs, rac xalxis rwmeniT, „auci-leblad acxaddeboda~. dResac miuTiTeben zogierT gvarze (WvritiZeebi, grigolaiZeebi, cogiaiZeebi) Teb-Jorikas dawyevlilebiao. TebJorikas dawyevlilad iTvleba WvritiZeebis gvari, sofel Senaqodan. ro-gorc gadmogvcemen, TebJorika hyolia am gvars daWe-rili. erTxelac, roca ufrosebi wasuli iyvnen sax-lidan da bavSvebi iyvnen mxolod Sin darCenilni, TebJorikas uTxovia gogonasTvis kedelze dakidebuli xmali CamoiRe da gadmomibruneo. bavSvs uari uTqvams. biWs ki, Txovna Seusrulebia. TebJorikas ojaxi da-uwyevlia _ „biWimce mosaxele nu gamogelevaTaod usaxelo qaliv Svid mamamdev~. an kidev: `anu gamo-ge¬liosTav mebozvara’ qaliod mosaxele ymaiv. mar-Tlac, erT mainc gviriav“ [15]. amis Tqmis umal gaq-ceula. cogiaanebze amboben _ „mowinave cxenimc nu gamoge¬levaTaod usaxelo qaliv~. qals yovelTvis wyevlian, rogorc Txovnis ar Semsrulebels. es wyev-la Tanave locvasac Seicavs. TebJorika biWebze ar aris gajavrebuli, isini xom daexmarnen. maT „mosax-eleobasa~ da `mowinave cxenebs~ usurvebs.

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zogjer, avsuli saxls daepatroneboda. aseTi sax-li sacxovreblad uvargisi iyo. amisagan rom Tavi da-ezRviaT, saxlis aSenebis win, miwaze, sadac libo unda gaeTxaraT, wylian Wiqas dadgamdnen. meore dRes naxavdnen, Tu wyali damSrali iyo, adgils datoveb-dnen, Tu ara da, saxlis Senebas Seudgebodnen.

saintereso masalaa warmodgenili TuSur fol-klorsa da eTnografiaSi saxlis patronebze. yvela saxls patronobda keTili Zala _ „adgilis deda~, „fuZis angelozi~. zogierT saxls, amaT garda, hyavda `myvirali~, igive „mbRavani~ da „kruti~. mbRavani zo-gi saxlisTvis cudis momaswavebeli iyo, zogisTvis _ kargi. es mis Seferilobaze iyo damokidebuli. myvira-li iSviaTad eCveneboda adamians. mas hqonda wiTel-TeTrad Wreli xbos saxe. Savi feris myvirali sax-lisTvis cudi iyo, avis momaswaveblad iTvleboda _ „ubedur miwaiav ician saxlis fuZisad, mona fuZeiav, zogSi mona (cudi) myviraliav. adgilis dedasaviT ra’im yofil ჴmois fera’ iyvisav, zogiv Wrel iyvisav, imas ara uSavdaod Saviv monaiav meta’ecav~ [15]. myvirals Sewyveteba (ucabedi Sexvedra) ar vargoda. xSirad mas saqonlis bagaSi naxulobdnen _ „wiT-ladad TeTrad Wrel ჴmo xo ginaxav, isTa’i myvi-rali±. asTa’ xaTuna’saviT viyvidi ±, kvercxebis moparvad SevediT guTana’T iordaneanTas, orn SevediTad bagaiR davtotnood iq yofiliyo ±. SeRrialad wamoardad ke-dels e’bRat Cveulebriv. balRebT ra’ vicodeT ra’ iyod _ ra’iav? _ Wrel ჴmoiav _ viZaxe¬Tad dia’ceb movidnesad sidaR kia. myviral ginaxavTav, gviTxres. araav karga’iv myviralis yvanaiv fuZeSiav, ician. mainc

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ki vera karg iyvnes. av kacisid av qaris gaCenil Tur iyo±, ar ჴamav ki icodian~ [6].

myvirali saerTod adgilis patronadac iTvleboda da zogjer, mas saxlidan, soflidan mocilebul ad-gilebSic xvdebodnen: „bebom icodis _ erTxenav, Txi-loanav, omalos wasavala’ gzaSi, xidis TavSi, yanebs ro me’mbis gza, iq iwvav, me ro mivawydiv cxenianiv daRrialaod gaqrav~ [15].

myvirali zogis rwmeniT, kargic iyo, oRond iSvi-aTad eCveneboda vinmes: „myviral fuZes xyvand, adgi-lis dedas xyavav-Tqvian. zog ro Sevidod gomurSi, e’sr bages e’bRatebodav, gavardis, di’kargis. ar enax-viebod magr ro SemTxveviT Sa’wydebod _ muuav, Sex-yvirebd. ara uSavd imis naxvas, fuZis patron iyo ±~[10].

aseve, Zunwad aris xalxis rwmenaSi SemorCenili cnobebi „krutze~, romelic aseve saxlis fuZeSi bi-nadrobda. kruti iSviaTad yavda saxls da is aravis moCvenebia. kruts eZaxian mxolod imitom, rom kruxi-sebur xmianobas gamoscemda. misi xma ojaxis wevrebs yvelas ar esmoda, visac esmoda, misTvis kargi iyo, visac ara _ cudis momaswavebeli. kruti saxls pat-ronobda. ai, ras gviyveba mTxrobeli, romelic dar-wmunebuli iyo, rom maT saxlSi kruti budobda: „am Cven saxlSi krut iyvis. erT kuTxezeiTa Sedgisad su mirgvleda’ Semu’aris am saxls krux-kruxiT. Cem qmaris colm icodis _ me ar momdisav. imas eqvs Svil mu’kvd. me ar vici ±, me ara momkvdomi. adgilis dedaiaod ჲagr geCvenebav. wiwila’ebis ZaxiliT dadi-odis „krux-kruxav~. Tavis wesianeb ro viyvnidiT, Cem dedamTilm ar agviyvanis maRl. saxlis SuawelT

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mesmodis is krux-kruxi±. mea’ momdiod. imaT iambian _ Cven ar mogvdisav. Svileb mea’ damrCnesad miTame, vera vici ±~ [15].

motanil masalaSi gamokveTilad mainc ar Cans myviralisa da krutis avsuloba. masalis nakleboba, xalxSi naklebad SemorCenili warmodgena ar iZleva maTi bunebis SedarebiT, srulad warmoCenis saSu-alebas.

miwaze mcxovrebi avsulebis garda, arsebobdnen cis avsulebic. gamoirCeodnen mesxni (CaRma TuSurad), anu megvi (wova TuSurad) _ avsulebi, romlebic mTvares esxmodnen Tavs da misi dabneleba surdaT. mesxdaxveuli mTvare wiTel gvirgvins idebda, Tvi-Tonac Camuqdeboda. mzis dabnelebas ki, gveleSapi iw-vevda. orive mnaTobis dabneleba, xalxis warmodgeniT, metad cudi iyo. xalxuri rwmeniT, mzisa da mTvaris dabneleba omebs moaswavebda, mTvarisa ki, amas garda, umosav¬lobas, saqonlisa da xalxis zians (aqedanac Cans xalxuri rwmena, rom mTvaris fazebze bevrad iyo mosavlianoba damokidebuli). mesxebi TavisiT ki mocildebodnen mTvares, magram xalxs surda mnaTobi swrafad gaeTavisuflebinaT da amitom atexdnen To-fis srolas mTvarisaken da yvirils. amaze gviamboben: „wiTel ra’im de’xvev mTvares. zog grZela’i, zogmoklea’i, mTel wiTlad Si’Rebeb mTvare. Cem qalobas su Tqvian _ `mTvares mesxeb de’xvivnesav~. gamovidian kacebid Tofeb astexian, mTvares asriian. agr iambian, romev, monaiav, ro mTvaresav de’xviosav, omianoba ici-sav. mTel wiTlad SeRebil iyvisad Tofebi ± ro aste-xian, ukve ganaTdis, dabnelebuliod iyvisad imaS

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asriian Tofeb. rocaiR iqnebav daSordebisav, magram is undodaT, ro mal ge’Sor~ [7].

garda zemoaRniSnulisa, arsebobdnen agreTve bav-SvTa SesaSinebeli arsebebi, romelTac xalxis TqmiT, araviTari vnebis motana ar SeuZliaT, esenia _ mel-yveta’i±, bulo, buRlaja’i ±, kudabraSi, SeberdRveli ±, wylis deda, wylis nano, wylis berdedaÁ da sxva mravali. aqedan mxolod wylis deda iyo saSiSi, mas zianis motana SeeZlo. yvela eseni saSinel didTva-leba, didkbileba, grZelkuda, banjgvlian, brWyalebian arsebebad iyvnen warmodgenilni. magaliTad, kudabraSs grZeli kudi hqonda da yoreSi saxlobda, kudi hqon-da Tavze moxveuli da iqidan adevnebda Tvals bav-Svebis moqmedebas, aRwerilobiT yvela isini Zalian sayvareli arsebebi arian da Cans, bavSvebis SesaSineb-lad, dasaokeblad gamoigones ufrosebma. wylis dedas da wylis berdedas bus saxe hqondaT da wyalze, mdi-nareze, xevebSi ar uSvebdnen patarebs. zogjer, ufro-sebi „bulod (bua) gakeTdebodnen~ _ vinme ufrosTa-gani gadmobrunebul tyavkabas Caicmevda da saxedabu-ruli bavSvebs daesxmoda Tavs, roca isini an sa-xedrebs awvalebdnen bevri WenebiT, an didxans wyalSi Wyumpalaobdnen da sxva. bavSvebsac sjerodaT xev-WalaSi mcxovrebi avsule¬bisa, maT xom `bulo~ Tavi-si TvaliT naxes.

gansakuTrebiT saSiS da borot sulad iTvleboda adamianSi Casaxlebuli avsuli. aseT adamians boro-teba dabadebiTve dahyveboda da kudians eZaxdnen. ku-dianobis niSani sxvadasxva iyo _ iyvnen patara kudis mqonenic da iseTebic, romelTa avsulobac uxilavi, an Znelad SesamCnevi iyo. magaliTad, zogs kudusunis

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Tavze, an romelime frCxilTan Rrmulebi hqonda. Tu am RrmulebSi sami an cxra bewvic brunavda, aseTi kudiani mTlad saSineleba iyo. aseTebs kudianis gar-da kudborolasac eZaxdnen. borola brunvas niSnavs da bewvebis brunvas mianiSnebda. CxubSi xSirad icod-nen mimarTva _ „Se kudborola’oo~. kudianebi kacebic iyvnen, meti wili ki, _ qalebi. kudianebis gavlenis sfero da samoqmedo asparezi did manZils moicavda, magaliTad, mTxrobelebi asaxeleben manZils xevsure-Tidan TuSeTamde, an TuSeTidan Tbilisamde. maT Se-sakrebi adgili Sors, ZiriTadad ki, qalaqSi hqondaT. moqmedebdnen dRisiT, umetesad ki _ RamiT. akazmaze (saqsovi vertikaluri dazga) gadamsxdarni Zalian swrafad moZraobdnen da manZilis Sesamoklebad fan-jrebidan gadiodnen. maTi saqmianobis ZiriTadi mizani iyo evnoT xalxisTvis, saqonlisa da bavSvebisaTvis. ar indobdnen sakuTar Svilebsac ki, Tu maTi mokvla wilSi Sexvdeboda. yvelas samagieros uxdidnen, visic raime javri WirdaT, an SurdaT. Tavisi saqmianobis gamo, xalxs sZulda is adamianebi, vizec iTqmeboda, rom kudiania da SeZlebisdagvarad, eridebodnen. kudi-anad da avsulad Tvlidnen jdomiT dabadebulsac, mas ukuRma dabadebuls eZaxdnen da Tvlidnen rom misi wyevla metad saSiSi iyo.

kudianebs hqondaT didi gardasaxvis unari. isini adamianebs xan lamazi qalis, xan patarZlis, mglis, bus, qoris, metwilad ki, katis saxiT eCvenebodnen. isini, viTom cocxal arsebebs RviZls aclidnen da Seeqceodnen.

rudimentuli kudiT, an raime gansxvavebuli da iseTi niSniT dabadebuli, rac eWvs Seitanda mis

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srulyofilebaSi, bavSvi rom daibadeboda, mas auci-leblad avsulad, an kudianad miiCnevdnen. aseT Sem-TxvevaSi, vidre sxva SeniSnavda, an SeamCnevda bavSvs raimes, deda wavidoda tyeSi, sadac adamianebi ar iqnebodnen da daiZaxebda _ „kdeno, Rreno, ჴev-Wala’ov, xenov, qvanov, gi’geTav Cem Sviliv kudianiaod numc ras vis avnebsav~. an kidev _ „Svil gamiCindav kudianiod nuravis avnebsav~. iqidan rom dabrundeboda xalxSi gavidoda da etyoda: „Svil gamiCindav kudia-niod nuravisam avnebsav~. amis Semdeg, axaldabadebuli, viTom avsulis Tvisebebs da Zalas kargavda. garda amisa, rudimentuli kudiT dabadebul bavSvs deda sami dRe ZuZus ar miscemda, darwmunebuli imaSi, rom Svils amiT demonur Zalas akargvinebda. mesame dRes, kuds Seutrusavdnen da mereRa migvridnen dedas.

xalxis rwmeniT, kudian adamians gardacvalebidan Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi, kvlav SeeZlo cocxlebi-saTvis zianis motana. amis Tavidan asacileblad, aseT adamians, anu kudianobaSi eWvmitanils, nals Caatan-dnen saflavSi da amiT mas borot Zalas akargvi-nebdnen.

garda imisa, rom kudianebi Tavis pirad angariSebs usworebdnen, anda Suris gamo, zians ayenebdnen adami-anebs, isini TavSeyris adgilebSic ivalebdnen sxva-dasxva borot saqmes. zogjer, Svilis mokvlac ki Sexvdeboda kudians wilad. amis amsaxveli ambebic Se-moinaxa xalxurma xsovnam: „am kudianebsav, erTad Seyriln yofiliyvnesaod erTkvadisad de’valav, fic xqoniyov... or-sam deda kudianeb yofilanad erTs Svilis mokvla da’valesav. _ verav, me Svil ra’gver movklav, Svils kiav ver movxklavaod ra’gver mov-

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klav. _ maSiv Tval gamosTxarev-eTqv. _ ra’gverev? _ cxvars xparsavsav. is deda buzvad qceuliyod daJuis Turme, dastrialebs Tavs Svils. _ „buzo, damSordiv, Tvar gagbuzvnev~. im dedas Tur egon duqards momiq-nevsav, TvalSi mi’xvedrebsaod game’Txrebav. memr im biWsav duqardiT ge’Wrav buzviod wasruliyo ± Sinad deda mkvdar me’ჴel~ [3].

kudianebi marto mimaval adamians erTeulebad es-xmodnen Tavs. kudianis mogeriebac, msgavsad eSmakebisa, basri iaraRiT SeiZleboda. Tu gzas gadauketavdnen da aRar atarebdnen qarqaSidan amowvdili xmliT, an sa-tevriT gaivlidnen da cxensac gaatarebdnen. yvebian konkretul SemTxvevebzec: „ra’gver gu’texel kac iy-vis gafrinda’T vasoჲ. arafer ara momCvenebiav-Tqvis, erTxen movediv Rameod deda ver gavaRviZev. memr game-javrav, movxჴadev cxensaod sidRaca wavediv gaqa-nebul cxeniTav. erTxena’ SekrTav cxeniod erT ajag-rul kata gadmofrindav im cxenis winav. cxens gza ver gavaRebiev. Camovჴediv, amoviwvadev xanjariv, is-Ta’m gaviareod cxensac gza gavaRebiev~ [3].

gardasaxuli kudianebi gzad mimaval cxens metad awvalebdnen da „gzas ar aRebinebdnen~ _ ar ata-rebdnen, an zed Seufrindebodnen cxenze mxedars. am dros, cxeni gansakuTrebiT krTeboda: „babula’T xato yofiliyo ± erT marჴe kaci ±... did nafxverTanaiv vico-diT, dadikurTis Zir amosavala’i, iq aSinian Cemobas ki... iq modeniliyo ± is kaci ±. vxkrav am cxensaod aRar midisav. ra’sam SCadisav es cxeniod ra’sam SCadisaod gzis TavzeiTa erT samkaurian dia’ci ±�gadmofrindaod cxens gava’ze Sema’frindav ucbadav. vicnobdecav, pa-tarZal dia’c iyov, vicaniv. tota’obsad tota’obsav

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es cxeniv. memr momagondav, rom icianav eSmakebiv, id i’s Tur eSmakiav. wamoviwvadev xanjaliv, daxkivlaod’ livlivia’ nafxverze ga’dinav... ro movidav is kac Si-nav, kacis etliod serfer aRar xqondav. cxenzeiTa asTa’ CamovaჴdineTav gon ara xqondav. ro gonSi Cavar-dav memr iambov ჲesev. ara acxadisav vin iyov. ecno ± ki is patarZali ±. winavew iambianad is kudian Tu iyov~ [13].

kudianebis namoqmedars xalxi „avkacis da avqaris dacemulsac~ eZaxda. avqaris dacema zogjer cxens klavda kidevac. nawilian saqonels hqonda unari av-qaris, anu kudianisa da eSmakTa vneba aecilebina oja-xis wevrebisaTvis.

kudianebi Tavs esxmodnen bavSvebsac. raime mwvaleb-luri, uCveulo avadmyofoba rom Sexvdeboda da Wir-veuli gaxdeboda bavSvi, ityodnen _ avqari dascemiao. erT-erTi, metad gavrcelebuli, avkacis dacemis maga-liTi iyo „dobiliani~, ityodnen dobilebi (eSmakebi) yvanan dapatronebulio. dobiliani bavSvi umizezod da usasrulod tiroda. cxvirsa da pirisaxes iwiw-knida. aseT bavSvs Svid an cxra patara kvers _ dobi-lianis kverebs gamoucxobdnen, bavSvs Tavze Semoav-lebdnen da Tan ityodnen _ „amasamc moSordebiT, ჲamaTamc axumra’ebT, ჲamaTamc Se’qceviT~, Semdeg wai-Rebdnen da sadme, gzagasayarze gadayridnen. iqidan ki, ukanmouxedavad dabrundebodnen saxlSi. zogjer icodnen, Sav Txasac Semoavlebdnen Tavze da gauS-vebdnen. dobilianisaTvis Tavze Semovlebuli Txis fa-raSi gaSveba da yola kargi iyo, xvavsa da baraqas moaswavebda. saerTod, Txa iTvleboda avsulTaTvis Sesawir saklavad. kldeze gadavardniT sikvdili, zva-

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vis waReba, xifaTiT gardacvaleba, cxenidan Camovar-dna... e. i. arabunebrivi, xifaTiT da maqciT sikvdili eSmakeulad iTvleboda da gardacvlilis suls avsu-li epatroneboda. im adgilas, sadac ubedureba mox-deboda, Sav Txas daklavdnen da gadaagdebdnen, xalxuri rwmeniT, gardacvlilis suli eSmakTagan Ta-visufldeboda. Tu Savi Txa ar yavT, Sav cxvarsac klaven da agdeben. rogorc Cans, Savi feris pirut-yvis Sewirva metad Zvelidan momdinarea. legendaruli medea Sav-bneli gzebiT exmareba iazons da am daxmare-bas mamis, samSoblos Ralati udevs safuZvlad, ra Tqma unda, es saqme Sav-bneli da eSmakeulia. iazonma sibnelisa da jadoqrobis qalRmerTs, hekates Savi cxvari unda Sewiros. Tavad medeac, hekates Sav cxvars wiravs, roca grZneulsa da sasikvdilo wa-mals amzadebs.

kudianze ufro saSiS avsulad iTvleboda ukuRma (jdomiT) dabadebuli adamiani, e. i. arabunebrivi po-ziT dabadebuli. cdilobdnen misTvis araferi ewyeni-nebinaT, radgan Tu is dawyevlida, mowevda kidevac. misi cda borotebis Cadenisa, uSedegod ar mTavrde-boda. maT vneba sityviTa da wyevliT SeeZloT. ukuRma Tu daibadeboda bavSvi, mSoblebs unda gamoecxade-binaT xmamaRla, yvelas gasagonad, rom mas vnebis Zala daekarga. ukuRma dabadebul tyupebze konkretul SemTxvevebsac igoneben mTxrobelebi _ qali, romelic mSobiarobas eswreboda, maSinve gamovida da bavSvebis mama gaagzavna tyeSi, raTa ukuRma axladSobilebsvinmesTvis ar evnoT, Tan dasaZaxebeli formulac as-wavla: „kdenov, Rrenov, gi’geTav, Cem Svilebiv ukuRm

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di’badnesav, nuravis avnebenav, nuc ojaxSiav, nuc so-felSiav~ [17].

xalxis rwmeniT gansxvavebuli vnebis motana SeeZ-loT avTvalian adamianebs, Tumca am unars isini maT-gan damoukideblad, maTi survilis gareSe, uneburad flobdnen. avi Tvalis sawinaaRmdego Selocvas mimar-Tavdnen, an avi Tvalis asacileblad, winaswar iWer-dnen Tadarigs. xarebobis diliT ubrad moWrili Tursas (urZani) totebi moqondaT saxlSi.

aqve unda aRvniSno, rom wova-TuSebSi gavrcele-buli rwmena-warmodgenebi avsulebze ar gansxvavdeba CaRma-TuSurisagan. buneba TiToeuli avsulis oTxive TemSi Sekrebil masalaSi erTnairia. sxvaoba termino-logiaSia, Tumca, aqac umniSvnelo. demonur perso-naJTa saxelebi an Sesulia, an qarTulis kalkia. ram-denime terminia sakuTriv wova-TuSuri _ megvi, bar-Tin jog, difSrik, igive TebJorika. Cans, es sityva wova-TuSuridan modis difSrik_>TibJrik_>TebJorika sityva-sityviT, wova-TuSur enaSi mwolelas (majla-juna) niSnavs. erTnairi terminologia da erTfero-vani warmodgenebi wova da CaRma TuSebis xangrZliv Tanacxovrebasa da maT odiTganv erTianobaze miuTi-Tebs. saerTo TuSuri warmodgenebi ki, mTlianad mis-devs qarTul rwmena-warmodgenebs da maTTan erTad, erTian suraTs qmnian. arsebul masalaze dakvirveba iZleva imis Tqmis SesaZleblobas, rom TuSuri demo-nuri personaJebi, ZiriTadad zogadqarTulia, mxolod saxelcvlili, magaliTad: wylis qaji _ megruli me-sefi, xevsuruli maZaxura _ TuSuri myivani||mbRavani, xevsuruli mejalafeni _ TuSuri eruli, megruli mazakvali, zogadad, qarTuli majlajuna _ TuSuri

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TebJorika da sxva mravali. sityva eSmaki, Cans qris-tianobis gavleniT Cndeba da cvlis Zvel sityvebs _ avqari da avsuli.

Cven xelT arsebuli masala TuSur demonologiaze iZleva imis Tqmis SeasZleblobas, rom xilvaTa, anu warmodgenaTa TiTqmis naxevari SiSis, naxevari ki, rwmenis Sedegia. cota procentia simTvraleSi gan-cdili ambebi. ZiriTadad ki, Seucnobelisa da iduma-lis winaSi SiSi, Tan Rameuli xmebic rom axlavs, bunebis siaxloves mcxovrebi kacisaTvis moCvenebebis mizezi unda gamxdariyo. SiSs ufro metad amZafrebda Rame, sibnele. swored SiSi wyvdiadisa iqac aris xaz-gasmuli, rom Rame orad aris gayofili xalxis rwme-naSi da gansakuTrebiT, ukuni monakveTi, dro Sua Ramemde, ekuTvnis eSmakeulebs, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, Sua Ramis Semdgomi xana, perspeqtivaSi _ sinaTle, keTili sulis, nakleb saSiSi bedmwerelis kuTvnilebaa.

warmodgenili masala asaxavs qarTveli xalxis metad Zvel msoflmxedvelobas, msoflaRqmas, rome-lic gadmonaSTis saxiT, aqa-iqRa Tu SemorCa. dRes axalgazrdebs ara Tu rwmena, codnac ara aqvs demo-nuri sulebis Sesaxeb. elvis siswrafiT eZleva daviw-yebas rwmena-warmodgenebi avsulebze, TviT is mTxro-belebic, romelTac Tavis bavSvobaSi Rrmad jerodaT eSmak-qajebze monayoli ambebisa da romelTac axal-gazrdobaSic bevri ambavi mousmenia ufrosebisagan, dRes sakmaod gulgrilad da eWviT yvebian gancdil-mosmenils.

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mTxroblebi:

1. azikuri-baSinuriZe Tebro pavles asuli, 77 wlis, sof. qvemo alvani, 1977 w.

2. alxanaiZe-rainauli rebko yudias asuli, 68 wlis, sof. qvemo alvani, 1972 w.

3. anTaiZe-xabaiZe marusa estates asuli, 75 wlis, sof. qvemo alvani, 1972 w.

4. bewunaiZe-RubaqeliZe eva svimanes asuli, 70 wlis, sof. fSaveli, 1980 w.

5. giunaiZe-cocaniZe maSo demetres asuli, 68 wlis, sof. qvemo alvani, 1977 w.

6. guTanaiZe-xabaiZe aniko rostomis asuli, 70 wlis, sof. qvemo alvani, 1978 w.

7. TaTariZe-rainauli ola gabros asuli, 78 wlis, sof. qvemo alvani, 1977 w.

8. marwinaiZe-baxturiZe nato rostomis asuli, 68 wlis, sof. iliurTa, 1977 w.

9. mozaiZe-gawiriZe nino qristos asuli, 72 wlis, sof. zemo alvani, 1980 w.

10. molaZe-oSoriZe salome revazis asuli, 74 wlis, sof. Senaqo, 1977 w.

11. rainauli marTa basilis asuli, 70 wlis, sof. qvemo alvani, 1975 w.

12. ciskariSvili-yizilaSvili eva stefanes asuli, 75 wlis, sof. zemo alvani, 1980 w.

13. cocaniZe irodi tomes Ze, 75 wlis, sof. qvemo alvani, 1974 w.

14. WvritiZe-bequriZe nino daviTis asuli, 66 wlis, sof. qvemo alvani, 1977 w.

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15. WvritiZe-kurdRelaiZe sara kobes asuli, 77 wlis, sof. Senaqo, 1979 w.

16. xapriZe kobe, 60 wlis, sof. zemo alvani, 1977 w.17. jamruliZe-RubaqeliZe Tina qristos asuli, 77

wlis, sof. lalisyuri, 1977 w.

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recenzia

REVIEW

cnobili qarTveli eTno-logi, vaxtang iToniSvili, naadrevad wavida am qveyni-dan. Tumca, Tavisi moRvawe-obiT, seriozuli kvali da-tova qarTul mecnierebaSi. misi naSromebis umetesoba, avtoris gardacvalebis Sem-deg aris gamoqveynebuli. es misia mamamisma, aseve cno-

bilma eTnologma, valerian iToniSvilma ido Tavs. uzarmazari tragediis miuxedavad, man didi Zalisxme-vis Sedegad, SeZlo gamoeca vaxtangis dasrulebuli Sromebi da publicisturi werilebi.

vaxtang iToniSvilis kalams 100-mde naSromi ekuT-vnis, romelTa umetesoba, 22 wignad gamoica.

umniSvnelovanesi kvleva ki, avtoris gardacvale-bidan 15 wlis Semdeg daibeWda.

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnulma akademiam, sa-kuTari dafinansebiT, akademikos roin metrevelis mondomebis Sedegad, 2016 wels, or tomad gamosca, vaxtang iToniSvilis fundamenturi kvleva `dvalebi da dvaleTi~. ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTno-logiis institutis saxeliT (sadac sicocxlis bo-lomde muSaobda vaxtang iToniSvili), madlobas vux-diT saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnul akademias da akademikos roin metrevels, aRniSnuli gamocemisTvis.

xaTuna ioseliani

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roin metreveli

recenzia vaxtang iToniSvilis monografiaze `dvalebi da dvaleTi~

dvalebi kavkasionis mTavari qedis ZvelisZvel mkvidr mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen. Zvelidanve mWid-rod iyvnen dakavSirebuli qarTvelebTan: maTi sacxov-risi, dvaleTi, qarTuli saxelmwifos monapired iT-vleboda. igi meeqvse saukunidan niqozis saepiskopo-soSi Sedioda. saukuneebis manZilze mimdinare sakmaod rTuli eTnodemografiuli, eTnopolitikuri da eTno-kulturuli pocesebis Sedegad, xdeboda dvalTa in-tensiuri qarTvelizacia da maTi Serwyma adgilobriv eTnoteritoriul jgufebTan (qarTvelebTan, moxeve-ebTan, raWvelebTan, imerlebTan da sxva).

mdinare jejoras zemo welSi mcire mxare, e. w. kudaro mdebareobs. vaxuSti bagrationi am mxares ra-Wis SemadgenlobaSi moixseniebs, mosaxleoba ki, dva-lebia: `da kualad didis liax¢sa, qsnis xevsa da ku-daros mosaxlenica arian dvalnive~ [1;648]. rogorc Cans, kudaros mxare raWis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. mec-nieri batoniSvili mdinare jejoras dinebaze arse-bul soflebs warmoadgens, rogorc venaxovan-xilian da mosavlian adgilebs. rac Seexeba kudaros, igi yo-fila `uvenaxo-uxilo viTarca sxvani mTis, adgilni~ [1;767]. niSandoblivia, rom germaneli mkvlevari iohan giuldenStedti, roca imereTis mefis, solomon I-is Sesaxvedrad midioda, sofel sxartalSi (samefo re-zidencia iyo), wonas uReltexilis gavlis Semdeg, kudaros gavliT sofel wesSi mivida da iqidan gaag-rZela gza [2;633].

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sagulisxmoa, rom vaxuSti bagrationi kudarosTan erTad, asaxelebs: zemo kudaros, Casavalsa da gulo-vanTas.

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi istoriuli mxare iyo dvaleTi; mdebareobda kavkasionis centralur na-wilSi, darialis xeobasa da mamisonis uReltexils Soris. vaxuSti bagrationis mixedviT, `dvaleTica ganiyofebis xev-xevad, zarmagad, jReled, narad, zro-god da zaxad~ [1;633]. mecnieri xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom aq `pirvelad saxlebulan qarTvelni glexni.~ mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelebi barSi Camosulan da dasaxle-bulan, es adgilebi osebs daukavebiaT (`gadmosaxle-bulan osni~). qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT, dva-leTi iberiis samefos Seqmnis (IV-III ss. Cven wel-TaRricxvamde) droidan, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. xazgasmulia, rom VI saukunidan dvaleTSi qristianoba gavrcelda. SemdgomSi, niqozis eparqiaSi Sedioda. ivane javaxiSvili sagangebod aRniSnavda, rom `ZvelTaganve dvaleTi saqarTvelos ekuTvnoda.~ aq mtkiced qarTvelobam fexi daviT aRmaSeneblis dros moikida [1;464]. dvaleTze gadioda samxreT kav-kasiidan CrdiloeTSi mimavali gzebi (uReltexilebi), iwodeboda `gzad dvaleTisa.~ saqarTvelos samefo cdilobda dvaleTis xeobis gamagrebas (dvaleTi, ro-gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos monapire mxare iyo) CrdiloeTidan. VIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, monRolTa Semosevebis gamo, daiwyo migraciis pro-cesi. dvaleTis mkvidri mosaxleoba (ZiriTadad, qar-Tvelebi) gadmodioda da saxldeboda kavkasionis sam-xreT kalTebze. maT adgils monRolebisagan devnili osuri mosaxleoba ikavebda. erTiani saqarTvelos sa-

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mefos daSlis Semdeg (XV s. miwuruli), dvaleTi qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. gasaTva-liswinebelia imereTis mefis, bagrat III-is sigeli, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom nikorwmindis monasters, sxva mamulebTan erTad, gadaeca `mTa dvaleTisa~ [3;8]. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, dvaleTi kvlav qarTvelTa gavlenas ganicdida. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, `ganyofisa qarTlisasa sam samefod, daSTa xevi da dvaleTi qarTvelTa mefeTa, romelni miscemdnen dRem-de xarkTa mefeTa...~ savaraudoa, rom masze gavlena hqonda raWis saerisTavos. sagulisxmoa, rom XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, dvaleTis mouravi iyo giorgi saakaZe. CrdiloeTis sazRvrebs gansakuTrebuli yu-radReba miaqcia vaxtang VI-m. man 1711 wels, laS-qarTan erTad Semoiara es monapire mxare: `Cavlo zramaga da Semovlo jRelis xevi da gardmovlo ke-delsa zeda da movida kudaros da kudarodam qarTls gamarjvebuli q˜sa˜C Ria, qarT tJT, daipyra dualeTi da dasdva xarkni da gors mdgomi iSuebda sx¢sa gan-mzraxi.~ aq, faqtia, rom mefe qarTls movida (dvale-Tic qarTlSi Sedis). SekiTxva erTia, ratom daWirda dvaleTis `dapyroba~ da daxarkva. rogorc Cans, am droisaTvis (XVIII saukunis dasawyisi), dvaleTis mo-saxleoba ukve osuria da iqneb, swored maTi urCobis gamo moxda vaxtang VI-s Zalismieri zomebis miReba.

dvalebi, rogorc Zveli saqarTvelos iberiul-kavkasiuri tomi, moixseniebian antikur wyaroebSi (plinius ufrosi, ptoleme) I-II saukuneebSi.

mecnierebi dvalur enas akavSireben qarTvelur (zanur) da naxur enebTan. dvalebi adre Sua saukune-ebSive moeqcnen qarTul kulturul-politikur gare-

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moSi. XVIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, dasrulda dvalTa asimilaciis procesi. maTi didi nawili qar-Tlis, imereTis da raWis mosaxleobas Seerwya. saqar-TveloSi, dResdReobiT, TiTqmis yvelgan (gansakuT-rebiT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi) gvxvdeba gvarebi dvali (raWaSi, soflebSi: Savra, kaCaeTi da sxva), dvalTa ubnebi. gavrcelebulia gvarebi: dvaliSvili, dvalaZe da sxva. cxadia, warmomavloba dvalebidan modis.

Sua saukuneebSi cnobili qarTveli kaligrafebi iyvnen dvalTa sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi. isini, umeteswilad, ierusalimSi, qarTvelTa jvris monas-terSi moRvaweobdnen, iyvnen saqarTveloSic. maTgancnobilia ramdenime pirovneba: ioane dvali, romelic VI saukuneSi cxovrobda. mis saxelTanaa dakavSire-buli `Tvenis~ gadawera, `wminda basilis cxovrebis~ lamazi xeliT, nusxurad dawera da lamazi Tavsamkau-liTa da sazedao asoebiT Semkoba (1055 w.). miqel dvals gadauweria `Jamni~; stefane dvals _ Jamis wirvaTa krebuli; giorgi dvals _ labeWinas oTxTavi (miakuTvneben XIII saukunes). sofel glolis eklesiis aRmosavleT kedlis Tavze `vedrebis~ scenaa gamosa-xuli, romlis qveS aseTi warweraa: `ufalo qriste, iqonie mowyaleba, Sen romeli xar mowyale Cemda ma-xaroblisa, codvilisa, rogorc maTisa, romlebmac Sen jvars gacves, sumvarelisa (an survars) Zisa dva-lisa. Tqvenc, vinc waikiTxavT, ese Sendoba brZaneT da Tqvenc Sendobil iqnebiT~ (warwera wakiTxulia mari broses mier, gamoqveynda misi mogzaurobis angariSSi, sankt-peterburgSi 1851 w.).

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SemorCenilia dvaleTis materialuri kulturis Zeglebi, cixe-simagreebisa (kasris-kari da xilaka) da qristianuli taZrebis nangrevebi (zrgosa da mamiso-nis xeobebSi).

XVIII s-is damdegs dafiqsirebulia `cixeni, koS-kni, eklesiani qviTkirisani~, romelnic `saqarTvelos mefeTagan naSenni~ iyo. TviT xalxSi am Zeglebis Sesa-xeb Tqmulebebi iyo gavrcelebuli, rom isini Tamar mefes augia [6;7].

dvaleTi ekonomikuradac raWasTan iyo dakavSire-buli _ marils, cxvris tyavs, svias da sxva pro-duqts, rac am mxareSi ar iyo, raWidan ezidebodnen.

1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatze TandarTuli masalebi aSkarad aCvenebs, rom Sida qarTlis Crdi-loeTi nawili da misi ukiduresi CrdiloeTi _ dva-leTi qarTl-kaxeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. ruse-Tis mier saqarTvelos aneqsirebis (1801 w.) Semdeg, dvaleTi (cxadia, Sida qarTli mTlianad) jer imere-Tis guberniaSi, Semdeg, Tbilisis guberniis goris mazraSi Sedioda. 1858 wels, kavkasiis mefisnacvlis, aleqsandre bariatinskis gankargulebiT, dvaleTi `kavkasiis liniis~ oseTis okrugs gadasces. 1918 wlidan, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Seq-mnis Semdeg, dvaleTi kvlav saqarTveloSi Semovida (oqtombris revoluciam ruseTis imperia daangria). 1920 wlis 7 maiss ruseTsa da saqarTvelos respub-likas Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT ganisazRvra saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvari, ris mixedviTac, dva-leTi dasavleT saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi iyo.

is, rac zemoT dvaleTisa da dvalebis Sesaxeb gad-moveciT, adrec migviwodebia mkiTxvelisaTvis [4;168-

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173]. vfiqrobT, rom es mosazrebebi arsebuli isto-riuli wyaroebis, farTo istoriuli masalis gaana-lizebis Sedegadaa mocemuli. amjerad, gvinda aRvniS-noT, rom 2016 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnulma akademiam gamosca vaxtang iToniSvilis mo-nografia `dvalebi da dvaleTi~ (or tomad). gulis-tkiviliT unda aRvniSnoT, rom monografiis avtori axalgazrdul asakSi daiRupa da am naSrommac misi gardacvalebis Semdeg hpova dRis sinaTle. vaxtang iToniSvilis ortomeuli, saistorio wyaroebis, eT-nografiuli monacemebisa da specialuri litera-turis kritikuli analizis safuZvelze, gvaZlevs erT-erTi qarTveluri tomis (rogorc zemoT gvqonda aRniSnuli), dvalebis eTnikur istorias, miuTiTebs maTi gansaxlebis teritorias da im rTul istoriul procesebs, risi Sedegic gaxda osTa mier da dvalTa asimilacia istoriul dvaleTSi (avtori bude dva-leTs uwodebs); naCvenebia samxreTisaken migrirebul dvalTa mier samosaxlo regionebis Seqmna saqarTve-loSi. monografia metad faseulia imiTac, rom kvle-vis qronologia moicavs periods uZvelesi droidan dvalTa cxovrebis dasasrulamde.

umniSvnelovanesia isic, rom vaxtang iToniSvili ganixilavs sxvadasxva mosazrebebs (aseTi ki, mrava-lia), romlebic gamoTqmulia qarTveli, osi, rusi da sxva ucxoeli istorikosebis mier, aanalizebs maT da saTanado Sefasebas aZlevs.

monografiaSi detaluradaa gadmocemuli sakiTxis istoriografia da aqac avtoris damsaxurebad unda miviCnioT, rom igi Sefasebisas, obieqturia da ar erideba aRiarebuli avtoritetebis kritikas. vaxtang

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iToniSvili garkveul adgils uTmobs ucxoeli mog-zaurebis monacemebsac. amasTan, daaskvnis, rom dvalTa eTnikuri vinaobisa da dvaleTis istoriuli geogra-fiis sakiTxebis irgvliv gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa far-To speqtri naTlad aCvenebs istoriul-eTnografi-uli, arqeologiuri da onomastikuri faqtebis da movlenebis profanacias. vaxtang iToniSvils miaCnia, rom esaa `dvalebisa da dvaleTis Sesabamisad, sam-xreT osebad da samxreT oseTad warmoCenaze windawin gaTvlili mecadineoba.~ cxadia, es WeSmaritebis pov-nas ver SeewinaaRmdegeba. dvaleTisa da dvalebis Sesa-xeb arsebuli masalebis TviTneburi varirebis `orsa-ukunovan tradicias~, avtoris mtkice azriT, werti-li unda daesvas.

vaxtang iToniSvilis mtkicebiT, saqarTvelo-oseTis istoriuli urTierTobis sistemaSi, dvaleTi saSuamavlo rols warmoadgenda. dvalis gaigiveba os-Tan, mcdaria. wyaroebi aSkarad miuTiTeben maT eTni-kur gansxvavebas. XIII saukunidan adgili aqvs mon-RolTagan darbeul osTa masobriv Semoxiznebas cen-traluri kavkasiis mTianeTSi.

XIII saukunis miwurulidan, kavkasionis samxreT kalTebzec gadmodian. analogiur mdgomareobaSi iyvnen dvalebic, romelTa erTi nawili saxldeba didi li-axvisa da qsnis xeobis saTaveebSi. nawili ki, pirvel-sacxovrisSi rCeba, sadac osTa gavlenas ganicdis. osi moaxalSeneebi axerxeben dvalebis erT nawilze gabatonebas.

vaxtang iToniSvili samarTlianad miuTiTebs, rom giorgi brwyinvalis mier gatarebuli samxedro Ro-nisZiebebis Sedegad, SeCerebul iqna osTa da saerTod,

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mTielTa masa da bari gaTavisuflda maTi mowoli-sagan. am periodsve miawers dvalTa iranizaciis da-sawyiss. dvalebi TandaTan kargaven TavianT eTnikur individualobas. terminebi `dvali~ da `dvaleTi~ `osis~ (an `dvaleTeli osis~) da `oseTis~ sinonimad iqceva. XVIII saukunis dvaleTi, rogorc damoukide-beli erTeuli, aRar arsebobs.

monografiis avtori dvaleTis istoriografiis zedmiwevniT detaluri ganxilvis Semdeg, aaSkaravebs sakiTxTan dakavSirebul problemebs da Tavd gvTava-zobs maTi gadaWris cdas: Cveni azriT, warmatebul cdas. igi mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs dvalTa, eTni-kuri atribuciisa da dvaleTis eTnografiis sakiT-xebs. avtori daaskvnis, rom I-XVI saukuneebis weri-lobiTi wyaroebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze miRebuli daskvnebis fonze, kritikas ver uZlebs calkeul swavlulTa mier dvalTa eTnikuri atribuciisa da dvaleTis eTnografiis sakiTxebi. vaxtang iToniSvils arasworad miaCnia qronologiur CarCoebze miuTiTeb-lad, dvalTa gamocxadeba ZvelTaZvel alan-osur, an kidev metismetad naadrevad iranizebul kavkasiur to-mad. aseve, miuRebelia dvalebis gaazreba maincdamainc vainaxuri modgmis eTnikur erTobad.

vaxtang iToniSvilma sagangebo adgili dauTmo cen-traluri kavkasionis eTnikuri geografiis sakiTxebs, yuradReba miaqcia strabonis `geografiis~ zogierTi cnobis sworad gagebis saqmes. vfiqrobT, mniSvnelo-vania avtoriseuli koncefcia centraluri kavkasio-nis xeobebSi osTa damkvidrebisa da dvalTa irani-zaciis procesis Taobaze. centraluri kavkasionis sanaxebSi, saukuneebis manZilze mimdinare rTuli eT-

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nokulturuli procesebis Sesaswavlad avtors gamo-yenebuli aqvs mrvalferovani istoriul-eTnografi-uli, folkloruli da onomastikuri masala, rome-lic warmodgenas gviqmnis regionSi inkorporirebuli amierkavkasiuri modgmis mosaxleobasa da avtoqtonu-ri kavkasiuri tomebis kulturul-istoriuli urTi-erTobebis uZveles xasiaTsa da maTi xangrZlivi Ta-nacxovrebis ZiriTad tendenciebze, calkeul eTno-transformaciul movlenaTa WeSmarit arsze da eTni-kuri substraciis xarisxze.

vaxtang iToniSvils detalurad aqvs ganxiluli eTnikuri onomastikis problemebi, kerZod, eTnonim `dvalis~ semantikuri transformaciia sakiTxi. avto-ri did adgils uTmobs dvalTa migraciisa da gansax-lebis problemas.

praqtikulad, ar darCenila arc erTi problema dvaleTisa da dvalebis irgvliv, rom vaxtang iTo-niSvils ar ganexila da Tavisi mosazreba ar gamo-eTqva. Cven Sors varT im azrisagan, rom monografiaSi ar aris sadao problemebi. miuxedavad amisa, vfiq-robT, avtoris kritikuli paTosi sakvlevi sakiT-xebis Seswavlisadmi, mis did pasuxismgeblobazea da-fuZnebuli. amitomac, Cven vxvdebiT sakiTxebis axle-bur dayenebasa da gadawyvetas. migvaCnia, rom es sasargebloa dasmuli problemis gadawyvetisaTvis.

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damowmebani:

1. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTve-loisa, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, qarTlis cxov-reba, IV, Tb., 1973.

2. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, g. ge-laSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1962.

3. s. kakabaZe, sjulmdebeli bagrat kurapalati, Tb., 1912.

4. r. metreveli, raWa. Strixebi warsulidan, Tb., 2013.

5. narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan (XIII-XIV ss.), Tb., 1962.

6. iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos sazRvrebi istori-ulad da Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli, Txzulebani, t. XII, Tb., 1998.

7. В. Н. Гамрекели, Двали и Двалетия в I-XV вв., Тб., 1961.

recenzia daibeWda, profesor revaz siraZis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero krebulSi, `sityva xatqmnili,~ 2016 wels

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gamoxmaureba

RESPONSEvladimer WeliZe

saintereso mignebebi integrirebul kvleva-ZiebaTa kvaldakval

(`qarTlis cxovreba~ da misi toponimia)

saistorio TxzulebaTa krebuli „qarTlis cxov-reba“ mravalmxriv saintereso da mniSvnelovania. mas-Si Tanmimdevruladaa asaxuli da warmoCenili Cveni qveynis zepiri da werilobiTi kulturis mdidari tradiciebi.

qeTevan quTaTelaZis axali wignis, „Ziebani „qar-Tlis cxovrebis“ toponimiidan“ mizania, qarTuli onomastikis, kerZod, istoriuli toponimikis Seswav-la, radgan „qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis saganZu-ri, „qarTlis cxovreba“ marTlac fasdaudebeli Zeg-lia masSi arsebuli toponimebis mxriv“ [6;3-4].

naSromi, udaod sayuradRebo samecniero publika-ciaa, romelSic integrirebuli kvleva-Ziebebis safuZ-velze, axleburad dadgenili da gaazrebulia Cveni qveynis istoriul saxelwodebaTa etimologiuri mniSvnelobebi.

sagulisxmoa, rom am „toponimebis saxiT SemogvrCa uzarmazari informacia, romelic adasturebs, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi da mis mimdebare teritoriaze Cven winaprebs uxsovari droidan ucxovriaT“ [6;4].

mkvlevari istoriul-wyaroTmcodnebiTi, eTnolin-gvisturi, arqeologiuri, literaturul-folklo-ruli da eTnologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, deta-

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lurad ganixilavs saistorio TxzulebaTa krebulSi warmodgenil toponimebs.

onomastikis kvlevisas, ZiriTadad, gasaTvaliswine-belia rogorc Tanadrouli epoqis realiebi, ise qar-Tvelur enaTa _ s v a n u r i qarTulis, z a n u r-k o l x u r i (megrul-Wanuri) qarTulisa da m e s x u r-i b e r i u l i qarTulis, rogorc enob-rivi identobis samive saxeobis eTnolingvisturi mo-nacemebi, riTac dasturdeba, rom Cveni qveynis teri-toriis mniSvnelovani nawilis Tavdapirveli toponi-mia svanur-zanuria (qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaer-Tianebebi _ daiaen-dvani, kolxa-kola). xolo momdev-no periodidan mokidebuli, rac samxreT kavkasiasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi ganviTarebuli samxedro ag-resiis (kimirielTa Semosevebis) Sedegad meore qar-Tuli (kerZod, samxreT-aRmosavluri) saxelmwifoeb-rivi gaerTianebis mkvidrni (mesxni) gadmosaxldnen am teritoriaze, metwilad maT mier Serqmeuli saxel-wodebebi gvxvdeba [9;63-69].

q. quTaTelaZe, am naSromSi swored qarTveluri toponimebis meSveobiT cdilobs im teritoriis eTno-lingvisturi sazRvrebis lokalizacias, romelzec Cveni winapari sazogadoeba cxovrobda, sadac erovnu-li cnobiereba, mentaloba, saxelmwifoebrivi xedva, kulturuli TavisTavadoba, ritualebi da sxva tra-diciuli Rirebulebebi yalibdeboda. mkvlevari coc-xlad grZnobs da aRiqvams „qarTlis cxovrebis“ mra-valmxriv sayuradRebo gadmocemebs, erTmaneTs adarebs qarTul da ucxour saistorio wyaroebSi, qarTvelur enebsa da dialeqtebSi arsebul monacemebs, raTa moi-

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Zios, miagnos, gansazRrosa da daadginos toponimebis etimologiuri mniSvnelobebi.

metad rTuli da sapasuxismgeblo sakiTxia am problemebis kvleva-Zieba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom q. quTaTelaZis mosazrebebis mi-marT Cveni damokidebuleba, mniSvnelovanwilad Tan-xvedrilia, radgan mkvlevaris mier warmodgenili dakvirvebebi, gansakuTrebiT saintereso da gasaTva-liswinebelia.

amave dros, calkeul SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs ramdenime gansxvavebuli varaudic, magram sagulisxmoa, rom Cveni es mosazrebebic srulad esadageba naSromSi warmodgenili istoriul-etimologiuri kvlevis mTlian koncefcias.

mkvlevars pirvel TavSi warmodgenili aqvs „moq-cevaჲ qarTlisaჲsa“ da „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ moxse-niebuli toponimebis SedarebiTi analizi.

amgvari analizis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia, rogorc teqstobrivi Taviseburebebis, ise gansaxilveli peri-odis ideologiuri qveteqstebisa da istoriuli kon-teqstebis dadgena-dazusteba.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, „zogadad, Suasaukunovan matianeebSi, mravali problemis gaazreba bibliur `Teoriaze~ dayrdnobiT xdeba“ [2;25]. Sesabamisad, gan-saxilvel werilobiT ZeglebSi istoriul realiebTan erTad, gvxdeba bibliuri saxelebi da adgilis saxel-wodebebi.

„moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ“ dasawyisSive gadmogcems: „na-Tesavni igi l o T i s S v i l T a n i wariqcina da Seჴadna igini k e d a r s a m a s q

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u e y a n a s a“; „i e b o s e l T a naTesavni iyvnes“.

q. quTaTelaZe miuTiTebs, rom „mocemul SemTxve-vaSi „kedarsa mas queyanasa“ niSnavs sarwmunoebrivad bnel mxares“ [6;10].

es sruliad kanonzomieri dakvirvebaa, radgan qris-tianuli xanis werilobiTi tradiciisaTvis damaxa-siaTebelia wina epoqis istoriuli realiebis (ara-fiqciis) bibliuri konteqstiT gaazreba, romelSic asaxulia mkveTrad radikaluri xasiaTis damokidebu-leba adreuli periodis mimarT, rac, Sesabamisad, metaforul (literaturuli fiqciis) mniSvnelobas iZens.

saistorio teqstis „es epizodi garkveuli ideo-logiuri qveteqstis Semcvelia. qarTul saistorio Txzulebebis avtorTa mier moTxrobili istoriul-legendaruli ambis mixedviT, qarTlSi salaSqrod Se-mosul aleqsandre makedonels ebrZvian adgilobrivi „warmarTni“, romlebic, Tanadrouli qristianuli epoqis istoriuli konteqstis mixedviT, TavianTi bu-nebidan da xasiaTidan gamomdinare, aRqmulia „bun-TurqTa“, „loTis SvilTa“ da „ieboselTa“, rogorc „naTesavTa sjuliTa“ msgavsni~ [7;273].

aRniSnuli epizodis Sesaxeb, qeTevan quTaTelaZisa da Cveni mosazrebebi erTamaneTs avsebs da amTlianebs.

naSromSi Semdgom Tanmimdevrulad warmodgenilia qarTul saistorio TxulebebSi aRwerili dabebisa da cixe-qalaqebis saxelwodebaTa mravalmxrivi da deta-luri analizi.

SevexebiT ganxiluli etimologiuri Ziebebis gar-kveul nawils.

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mkvlevaris erT-erTi varaudiT, toponimi „sarkine“ („cixe didi“) „Serkineba/SebrZoleba/brZolas niSnavs“ [6;16].

am mosazrebas (aseTive dakvirveba adrec iyo ga-moTqmuli erT-erT sagazeTo publikaciaSi) adastu-rebs leonti mrovelis saistorio gadmocemaSi („mefeTa cxovreba“) moTxrobili brZolis xangrZli-vobis Sesaxeb arsebuli miniSneba („hbrZoda TerTmet Tue“).

sagulisxmo da gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom „sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis gamudmebiTi Semose-vebi, mudmivi saomari mdgomareoba moiTxovda samxed-ro xelovnebis, safortifikacio qselis, sabrZolo-TavdacviTi iaraRis maRal doneze ganviTarebas, meom-ruli suliskveTebis gaRvivebas, radganac am yoveli-ves gareSe, SeuZlebeli iqneboda qveynis dacva da gadarCena“ [1;3].

q. quTaTelaZe mimoixilavs sxva msgavs toponimebs _ „rkinis palo“ (mTa), „rkinis cixe“ da „rkinis ჴevi“, aseve „sarkineTi“.

mkvlevari „kaspi“ saxelwodebis mniSvnelobis da-sadgenad, kerZod, mianiSnebs „iaspTan“ da „aspTan“ da-kavSirebis Sesaxeb arsebul versiebze [6;19].

rogorc Cans, damatebiT „kvlevas moiTxovs“ [6;20] qalaq urbnisis etimologia.

Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli saxelwodebis pirvelsaxea _ „[h]ur-aban-is-i“ („huri“ _ ewodeba cnobil cixe-qalaqs artaanSi, xolo zanurad „abani“ _ „ubani“, „mxarea“).

vfiqrobT, zanuri warmomavlobisaa „TxoTi“ topo-nimic da misi pirvelsaxea _ „TiR-[a]v-aT-i“ (lazuri

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`TeR-i da megruli `TiR-i~ _ `daukodavi cxvaria~, xolo `-[a]v~ krebiTobis aRmniSvneli da `-aT~ ge-ografiul saxelTa mawarmoebeli bolosarTebia).

mkvlevari metad sainteresod da siRrmiseulad ga-nixilavs saxelwodeba manglisis mniSvnelobas [6;23-32], romelic vrclad da detalurad aqvs warmodge-nili calke SromaSi [3;135-172].

misi miniSnebiT, toponimi „xergi“ („xerki“) xergi-lad gasaazrebelia [6;35-36].

zanuria saxelwodeba „zanavi“, romelic „wyliani adgilis“, „wylebis“ aRmniSvnelia („zani“ _ wyalia). amasve adasturebs saistorio gadmocema _ „aragusa zeda, wyarosa, romelsa hqჳan zanavi“ (leonti mrove-lis „mefeTa cxovreba“).

mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT, saerTo warmomavlobisaa toponimebi „sa-mcx-e“ da „o-cx-e“ [6;38].

naSromSi metad vrcladaa mimoxiluli daba bodis saxelwodeba. mkvlevaris SeniSvniT, rogorc cnobi-lia, Wanuri „boda“ Seesabameba sityva „bade“-s [6;38]. misi azriT, „bod“ Zirs unda ukavSirdebodes „bodo-ji“ da „bodo-klde“ [6;42].

vTliT, rom gavrcelebuli saxelwodebidan („boda-vi“), rogorc Cans, momdinareobs „bodoji“ toponimi, romelic zanuria („bodaviSi yuji“ _ „bodavis yu-re~).

vvaraudobT aseve, rom lingvisturad Serwymulia qarTveluri (zanur-mesxuri) eTno-toponimi „JaleTi“ („[b]J-al-eT-i“, aq „-al“ „-el“-is Sesatyvisia, ro-gorc warmomavlobis aRmniSneli bolosarTebi). sagu-lisxmoa, rom aseTive (zanur-mesxuri) saxelwodebaa „bJis xevi“ („bJa“ mzea zanurad).

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savsebiT sworia mkvlevari, rom dasazustebelia JaleTisa da CeleTis igiveoba. amave dros, „sainte-resoa CeleTisa da misi adrindeli saxelis „ber“-is etimologia“. „bera“, kerZod, niSnavs „Sua, viwro gasavlels“ da masTan „pidapir kavSirSi unda iyos Semdegi drois saxelwodeba „CeleTi“, romlisgan Se-iZleba migveRo CelTi/Celti“ [6;47].

damajerebelia saxelwodeba „wilkanis“ warmomav-loba sityvidan „winwkali“, romelic ewodeba „maR-lobidan mowanwkare patara wyaros“. xolo „xidari“, savaraudod, „totebgaclili xes niSnavs“ [6;49].

rac Seexeba qalaq nekress, udaod gasaTvaliswine-belia mkvlevaris mosazreba, rom „am toponimisTvis saintereso unda iyos sityva „nekeri“ [6;51]. misi pa-raleluri saxelwodeba „nelqarisi“ („mefeTa cxov-reba“) leonti mroveliseuli gaazreba unda iyos („neli qarisa“).

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom „faravnis saxelwodeba, romelic Semdeg tbazedac gavrcelda, ufro ukavSir-deba cxvris farebis simravles“ [6;58].

q. quTaTelaZe zedmiwevniT mimoixilavs ujarmis saxelwodebis mniSvnelobas da warmoaCens am cixe-qalaqis daniSnulebas [6;60-61].

sagulisxmoa mkvlevaris SeniSvna, rom leonti mrovelis mier moxseniebul elarbannis „saxelwode-basTan dakavSirebiT, SesaZloa, saintereso iyos „el/ el-ai“, romelic... mcenare iels ewodeba“ [6;73].

rogorc Cans, „elarbani“ toponimma garkveuli fo-netikuri saxecvlileba ganicada _ aso-bgera „r“ Ca-narTia. vfiqrobT, isic zanuri saxelwodebaa da misi

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pirvelsaxea „elabani“ (el-i „iels“ niSnavs, xolo abani _ aqac „ubani“, „mxarea“).

vvaraudobT, rom saxelwodeba „jaWu“ aseve qar-Tveluria (kerZod, „jaW“ _ svanurad „zurgia“), ro-melic aRniSnavs „SemaRlebul, mTa-gorian adgils“. rogorc Cans, svanuria toponimebi „wromi“ da „kojo-ri“.

q. quTaTelaZes sruliad gansxvavebulad, axlebu-rad da metad originalurad aqvs gaazrebuli qar-Tlis (iberiis) dedaqalaq mcxeTis warmomavloba. mkvlevari zanuri enis lazur dialeqtSi SemorCenili sityvis formisa da mniSvnelobis (o-mcx-e _ „Seer-Teba“) mixedviT adgens, rom es toponimi „mdinareTa SemaerTebeli adgilis saxelwodeba unda iyos. aRniS-nuls adasturebs wyaroTa monacemebi, sadac dafiqsi-rebulia mtkvrisa da aragvis SesarTavTan qalaqis gaSeneba“ [6:71-72].

vfiqrobT, es uaRresad mniSvnelovani da gamor-Ceuli mignebaa.

savaraudod, saxelwodeba „oZrxe“ warmoqmnilia zanuri sityvis („o-[m]cx-e“) megruli dialeqtis formebidan (kerZod, „o-rcx-ua“, „o-rcx-el-i“) aso-bgeraTa fonetikur-grafikuli saxeclilebis Sedegad.

naSromis meore TavSi warmodgenilia „mcenareTa da cxovelTa saxelwodebis Semcveli toponimebi da maTi dialeqturi Sesatyvisobebi“, radgan „rogorc cnobi-lia, toponimebis warmoSobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani safuZveli, mxaris fizikur-geografiuli landSafti da mcenareuli safaria“ [6;86].

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mkvlevari iqve aRniSnavs, rom „qarTlis cxov-rebaSi“ moxseniebuli zogierTi toponimi pirdapir ukavSirdeba konkretul mcenares.

aqedan gamomdinare, naSromSi detaluradaa ganxi-luli _ Sindebi/Sindisis gora/Sindara; ispi (ispi-ZirTeTra); sxaldidi/sxalnar/sxloani/sxlobani (msxa-li); nariani/narianis veli (nari); uznariani; sakanafe cixe (kanafi); ofreTi (ofi); Sambianis mTa (Sambi); „lixi/lixis mTa“ (lixi), cxenis-terfi, Telavi (Te-la) da sxva saxelwodebebi [6;86-129].

garkveulwilad, SevexebiT ramdenime toponims:muxrani/muxiani (muxa) _ „muxa“ araqarTuli, ker-

Zod, Crdilokavkasiuri warmomvlobis sityvaa, rom-lis pirvelsaxe mkvlevarTa mier aRdgenilia sxva qarTveluri (zanuri) enis mixedviT, radgan „megrul „Wyons“ da lazur „Wkon/„mWkon/„mWons“, rac muxas niSnavs..., Seesabameba qarTuli „wyan“ arqetipi (Sdr.wyn-eT-i)“. aRniSnul lingvistur monacemebze yurad-Rebis gamaxvileba [6;90] imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom qarTul werilobiT tradiciaSi es sityva aRar gvxdeba da misi pirvandeli forma mxolod am topo-nimma Semogvinaxa.

lisi/lisis tba _ sxvagvari da savsebiT logiku-ria q. quTaTelaZis migneba am toponimis warmomav-lobis Sesaxeb. kerZod, arsebuli saintereso mosazrebis miuxedavad, misi dakvirvebiT es sityva zanuria, radgan „megrul/Wanurad „lisiri“... islis saxelwodebaa“ da toponimi „lisis tba“ am mcena-ridan gamomdinare unda warmoSobiliyo“ [6;97].

marneuli (maneuli _ yviTeli tirifi) _ mkvle-vars am saxelwodebis etimologia [6;109] calke Sro-

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maSi vrclad aqvs warmodgenili, romelSic, kerZod, miuTiTebs, rom toponim marneulSi „igulisxmeba, ro-gorc konkretuli mcenare (maneul/marneuli), aseve am mcenaris vazisaTvis gamoyenebis informacia“ [5;97].

curtavi da gaCiani _ aseve vrcladaa es saxelwo-debebi mimoxiluli aRniSnul adre gamoqveynebul naS-romSi [3;135-172]. mkvlevari detaluri da mizanmi-marTuli Ziebebis safuZvelze ganmartavs, rom am to-ponimebis warmomavloba „aixsneba umdidresi qarTuli enis leqsikidan“ [6;117].

cxumi/cxinvali (rcxila) _ sagulisxmoa, rom es orive saxelwodebac „qarTul-qarTveluri enebidan aris aRmocenebuli, rac erTmniSvnelovnad adasturebs afxazeTisa da cxinvalis mxaris qarTul sivrceSi Camoyalibebas“ [6;120].

sosangeTi _ vfiqrobT, ganxiluli toponimi ar ukavSirdeba mcenaris saxels. p. ingoroyvas mosazre-biT, `sosanigeTi~ sanebis//sanigebis mxares niSnavs.

q. quTaTelaZe Tvlis, rom saistorio krebulis toponimebidan „gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa zoonimebi, _ cxovelTa saxelebTan dakavSirebuli saxelwodebi. zoonimebi Seicavs informacias qveynis teritoriaze myofi da gavrcelebuli cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb, agreTve maT gavlenasa da gamoyenebas sameurneo da religiuri kuTxiT. Sesabamisad, zoonimuri warmoSo-bis toponimebi iseT adgilebSi warmoiSoba, sadac aris mesaqonleobis ganviTarebis kerebi, sanadiro ad-gilebi, calkeul cxovelTa da frinvelTa gavrce-lebisa da sacxovrisi adgilebi“ [6;128].

zoonimebidanac SevexebiT ramdenime toponims:

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„orbis cixe“/“orbeTi“ _ am SemTxvevaSic, aseve vrcladaa es saxelwodebebi mimoxiluli aRniSnul, adre gamoqveynebul naSromSi [3;12-51]. kerZod, „sam-Svildis uZvelesi saxelwodeba „orbis cixe“, albaT, miuTiTebs, rom samSvildis midamoebSi da konkretu-lad samSvildeSi, garda mtacebeli, samonadireo frinvelebis... budobisa, aSenebdnen am tipis frinve-lebs“. amave dros, „saxelwodeba („orbebis sabuda-ri“) SeiZleba gaviazroT, agreTve, rogorc miuwvdo-meli, maRali cixis mniSvnelobiT“ [6;131-135].

garisi (gareuli) _ rogorc Cans, am toponimis aRmniSvnel sityvaSi „is gareuli cxoveli da frin-veli igulisxmeba, romelic nadirobis dros mTavar sanadiro obieqts warmoadgens“ [6;141].

bolnisi _ mkvlevaris azriT, es saxelwodeba Se-saZloa simravlis, krebiTobis aRmniSvnel „bol“ Ziridan momdinareobdes [6;151].

q. quTaTelaZe adre gamoqveynebul sxva narkvevSi gamoTqvams varauds, rom „bolnisi“ „bolis“ mravlo-biTobis formas warmoadgens, rac, kerZod, am mxareSi gareul CliqosanTa sadgomebze unda mianiSnebdes [4;47-48].

crolis mTa _ vfiqrobT, ganxiluli toponimi ar warmoadgens zoonims. rogorc Cans, saistorio Txzu-lebaSi „moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲsa“ am epizodis erTi mo-nakveTis („hereTi, da egris-wyali, da somxiTi da mTaჲ crolisaჲ“) bolo or saxelwodebaSi („da s o m x i T i da mTaჲ c r o l i s a ჲ“) gvxvdeba gar-kveuli teqstobriv-grafikuli saxecvlilebebi (li-teraturuli fiqcia). leonti mrovelis saistorio Txzulebis („mefeTa cxovreba“) Sesabamis epizodSi

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arsebuli monacemebi SesaZleblobas iZleva davadgi-noT aRniSnuli monakveTis pirvelwyaro (arafiqcia).kerZod, aq gvaqvs ara ori, aramed erTi toponimi („oreTis mTa~), sadac miTiTebulia misi geografiuli adgilmdebareoba („samxreTi“). aqedan gamomdinare, vTvliT, rom ase unda aRdges savaraudo teqstis pirvelsaxe _ „da s a m x r e T i T mTaჲ o r e T i s a ჲ“.

kalmaxis cixe _ es saintereso saxelwodebaa, romlis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan da sayuradRebo gadmo-cemas gvawvdis saistorio TxzulebaTa krebuli.

naSromis mesame TavSi warmoCenilia „qarTlis cxovrebis“ Zveli somxuri Targmanis mniSvneloba toponimebis Seswavlis saqmeSi. aRniSnuli „Targmani erT-erTi umniSnelovanesi Zeglia masSi moxseniebuli toponimebis mxriv, romelTa SedarebiTi kvleva qar-Tul teqstSi arsebul toponimebTan xels Seuwyobs... etimologiuri Zirebis dadgenas da maTgan istoriuli informaciis amoRebas“ [6;151].

aqac ramdenime toponims gamovyofT. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs leonti mrove-

lis gadmocema cixe-qalaq „wundis“ Sesaxeb. qarTu-li teqstisa da misi somxuri Targamanis SedarebiTi kvlevis dros, q. quTaTelaZe srulad, detalurad da mizanmimarTulad exeba am gadmocemaSi moxseniebuli saxelwodebebis („qajatuni“ da „qajTa qalaqi“, „devTa-saxli“, „huri“ da sxva) warmomavlobis, mniS-vnelobisa da funqcia-daniSnulebis arsebiT sakiTxebs [6;163-167]. garda amisa, es problemebi mas vrclad da siRrmiseulad warmodgenili aqvs specialur gamok-vlevaSi. vfiqrobT, rom mkvlevari sworad aanalizebs

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somex mefeTa (iarvandisa da artaSanis) qarTlSi brZolebis Sedegebs. kerZod, misive dakvirvebiT, am procesebSi „unda vigulisxmoT ara dasaxleba, aramed dapyrobil sasazRro zolSi... specialurad gawvrTni-li razmis, an jaris Cayeneba“ [6;324].

leonti mrovelis aRniSnuli gadmocema ganxiluli gvaqvs Cvens publikaciebSic [7;270-283; 8;167-180]. sagulisxmoa, rom q. quTaTelaZisa da Cveni mosazre-bebi garkveulwilad, Tanxvedrilia. es Ziebebi am epi-zodis calkeuli sakiTxebis mimarT erTamaneTs avsebs da amTlianebs.

sayuradRebo da aRsaniSnavia, rom „qarTlis cxov-rebis“ Zveli somxuri Targmani „rusTavs „riSas“ uwodebs“. safuZvlianma kvleva-Ziebam q. quTaTelaZe miiyvana konkretul mignebamde, rom am „saxelwodebis qveS unda vigulisxmoT informacia, romlis mixedviT didi naleqis Sedegad movardnili niaRvris... wyals arxSi mohqonda didi raodenobiT qva-RorRi, romel-sac Sesabamisad wmendnen“. kerZod, „ar aris gamoric-xuli, rom... SemorCa informacia, romelic aseve ukav-Sirdeba rusTavTan mimarTebiT arsebul sarwyav arxs“ [6;171-173].

aqac toponimebis daaxloebiT iseTive monacvle-obas aqvs adgili, rogori urTierTmimarTebac gvxdeba saistorio wyaroebSi samSvildisa da curtavis sa-xelwodebebis SemTxvevaSi. mkvlevaris samarTliani daskvniT, am toponimebis warmomavloba „unda veZeboT qarTul eTno-kulturul sivrceSi“ [6;173].

qarTul-somxur teqstebSi moxseniebuli sxva sa-xelwodebebis monacemTa Sedarebamac „mravali sainte-reso detali gamoavlina, romelic mniSvnelovan

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masalas iZleva toponimTa etimologiuri kvle-visTvis“ [6;180].

aq warmodgenili ramdenime hidronimi, Sesabamisad, detaluradaa ganxiluli momdevno TavSi.

naSromis meoTxe Tavi eZRvneba „qarTlis cxov-rebis“ orografiuli da hidronimiuli warmoSobis zogierTi toponimis etimologiur Ziebebs. swored „geografiul landSaftTan, reliefTan da wyalTan dakavSirebuli saxelwodebebi“ srulad gvacnobs ne-bismieri eris „uZveles sacxovriss, radgan aRniSnuli geografiuli saxelwodebebi warmoiSoba swored im enaze, romelzedac im teritoriaze gansaxlebuli sazogadoeba saubrobs“ [6;181-182].

SevexebiT ramdenime toponims:rexi/rexa _ gasaTvaliswinebelia mkvlevaris dak-

virveba, rom aRniSnuli toponimi SeiZleboda warmo-Sobiliyo Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva mxareSi, kerZod iq, sadac iqneboda „adgili qviani an mTis kldovani kal-TebiT“ [6;196-198].

kojori _ rogorc Cans, „koj saxelwodebiT sva-nurSi SemorCenili qvis an kldis aRniSvna, miuTi-Tebs, rom es sityva saerTo qarTveluria“ [6;203-204].

mtkvari _ am toponimis mniSvnelobis dadgenisas, gansakuTrebiT „sainteresoa megrul-lazuri „tkvar/ ntkvar“ da svanuri „tkur“, romlebic Seesatyviseba qarTul „tkuer/tkvers“ [6;215].

alazani _ vfiqrobT, rom esec qarTveluri (ker-Zod, zanuri) warmomavlobis saxelwodebaa, romlis pirvelsaxea „al[v]a[n]-zani“ („alvanis wyali“).

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rioni _ vvaraudobT, rom gansaxilveli hidronimi araqarTuli, kerZod, berZnulia (ρέων _ „dineba“, „mdinare“), rac antikur xanaSi saberZneTis kol-xeTTan urTierTobebis amsaxvelia.

fSani/fSavi _ q. quTaTelaZe iziarebs mkvlevarTa mosazrebebs am gavrcelebuli qarTveluri saxelwo-debis „fS/fSa“ sityvis Zirebis „fs/fsa“ kompleqsTan msgavsebis Sesaxeb, romelic „fasisis“ toponimSia warmodgenili [6;227-229].

rogorc cnobilia, berZnebi am saxels (άσις) uwo-debdnen ramdenime mdinares, kerZod, rions, evfratsa (mis zemo nawils) da Woroxs.

Cveni azriT, am SemTxvevaSi, sapirispiro situacia gvaqvs, romelic antikur xanaSi kolxeTis saber-ZneTTan urTierTobebis amsaxvelia.

Woroxi _ vTvliT, rom es hidronimic zanuria da misi pirvelsaxea „Wo[r]-roxi“. am qarTveluri enis megrul dialeqtze „Wor-ofa“ niSnavs „wvimianobas“, xolo toponimis meore nawili („roxi“), misi mniSvne-lobidan gamomdinare, „rexi/rexa“ saxelwodebis zanu-ri Sesatyvisia („Warbwyliani, wyaluxvi rexi“).

skvireTi/sakureTi _ udaod sagulisxmo, gansxvave-buli da axleburia mkvlevaris migneba, rom „am to-ponims ukavSirdeba kolxuri „skuri“ (Sdr. squri)“ [6;224].

saistorio krebulSi warmodgenili aRniSnuli „tipis toponimebi miuTiTebs, rom istoriuli saqar-Tvelos teritoria odidTganve... qarTvelur enaze mosaubre sazogadoebis ZiriTad sacxovriss Sead-genda“ [6;182].

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saintereso da gamorCeulia naSromis mexuTe Ta-vic, romelSic ganxilulia „sakraluri xeebi „moq-cevaჲ qarTlisaჲsa“ da „qarTlis cxovrebis“ mixed-viT, „jvaris“ segmentis toponimebi“.

sagulisxmoa, rom sakraluri xisgan „mTavar qris-tianul simbolos, jvars akeTebdnen. mas xSirad aseTi moWrili xisgan imave adgilas aRmarTavdnen... „qar-Tlis cxovrebaSi“ „jvris“ segmentiT dafiqsirebulia ramdenime saxelwodeba“. kerZod, aseTi toponimebia „mcxeTis jvari“, „rkinis jvari“, „cixis jvari“ da sxva [6;235-249].

mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT, savaraudod, „andria pir-velwodebuls, ...„mcxeTis jvris“ analogiurad, jvari romelime magarmerqaniani xisgan unda aRemarTa“ [6;250].

aseTebi SeiZleba yofiliyo „xerkina“ da „Zelqva“. mcxeTaSi, misi azriT, „jvrebi sul sxva xisgan daamzades. ...rogorc Cans, „kilmor/kilamor“ saxeliT surnelovani, sakmevliani xe igulisxmeba“ [6;253-254].

amdenad, qeTevan quTaTelaZis wignSi qarTuli to-ponimiis integrirebuli kvlevebis Sedegad warmodge-nili sruliad axleburi istoriul-etimologiuri mignebebi da dakvirvebebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, gansa-kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani, sagulisxmo da gasaTvalis-winebelia. magram es „Ziebani“-s pirveli nawilia.

momdevno nawilSi ganxiluli iqneba religiuri warmoSobis toponimebis (aigonimiebis), ruTa da way-roTa, mefeTa sasaxleebisa da sxva saxelwodebaTa warmomavloba.

vfiqrobT, rom am wignis meore nawilic aseve saintereso da sayuradRebo iqneba.

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1. x. ioseliani, saqarTvelos cixesimagreebi da sa-fortifikacio qseli, Tb., 2008.

2. q. nadiraZe, qarTuli istoriografia, gamomcemloba „universali“, Tb., 2012.

3. q. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTlis istoriul-etimolo-giuri Ziebani, Tb., 2010.

4. q. quTaTelaZe, Sromebi, Tb., 2012.5. q. quTaTelaZe, marneulis saxelwodebisaTvis, kr.

`qarTveluri onomastika~, VI, Tb., 2013.6. q. quTaTelaZe, Ziebani „qarTlis cxovrebis“ topo-

nimiidan, I, Tb., 2016.7. vl. WeliZe, qarTuli saistorio prozis ganvi-

Tarebis adreuli etapebi, nawili pirveli, kr. `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~, XVII-XVIII, gamomcem-loba „universali“, Tb., 2015-2016.

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9. vl. WeliZe, qarTveluri identobis veqtorebi (Cveni TviTsaxelwodebis warmomavloba), kr. „mig-raciuli procesebi da identobaTa translacia“, pirveli saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi, ga-momcemloba „meridiani“, Tb., 2016.

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sarCeviCONTENTS

redaqtorisgan............................................................................. 5

xaTuna ioseliani`iese baraTaSvilis cxovreba-anderZi~, rogorc eTnografiuli wyaro (nawili II)................................... 7

Khatuna Ioseliani`The Life and the Last Will of Iese Baratashvili~ as the Ethnographical Source (Part II)............................... 18

avTandil sonRulaSvilieTnokonfliqtebi XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi…..........................................................................… 20

Avtandil SongulashviliEthnic Conflicts in Georgia 80-s of the XX Century..... 34

giorgi mamardaSviliafxazeTSi tradiciuli religiisa da monoTeisturi religiebis urTierTobis aspeqtebi, misi roli TanamedroveobaSi.................... 35

Giorgi MamardashviliAspects of the Relationship Between Traditional and Monotheistic Religions in Abkhazia and its Role Today ......................................................................... 59

215

medea gogolaZe`moqcevai qarTlisais~ erTi adgilis sargis kakabaZiseuli interpretacia............................................. 60

Medea GogoladzeThe Interpretation of One Passage of the `Conversion of Kartli~ by Sargis Kakabadze………………………………... 66

daviT WiTanavapirsaxelebi da gvarsaxelebi `jgalis cixissakaTalikoso gamosavlis~ nusxis mixedviT(1616-1621 ww.)............................................................................ 67

Davit ChitanavaNames and Surnames, According to the List of “Jgali Castle Catholicate Closing” (1616-1621 Years)………… 78

irma kvaSilavaraÁ ars saxeli Seni? (anTroponimiis religiuri aspeqtebi)............................................................. 80

Irma KvashilavaWhat is thy Name? (Anthroponims Religious Aspects)……………………………………………………………………. 90

mzia tyavaSvilipolitikuri viTareba axlo aRmosavleTSi da saqarTvelo (XVIII saukunis bolo _ XIX saukunis dasawyisi)................................................................. 91

216

Mzia TkavashviliPolitical Situation in the Near East and Georgia (The End of the XVIIIth and the Beginning of the XIXth

Century)......................................................................... 109

nato sonRulaSvilierovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi….................… 110

Nato SongulashviliThe National-Liberation Movement in Georgia 80-s of the XX Centuty............................................................. 136

maka buliskeriaruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omi da ruseTis evrazionistuli politikis istoriidan.................................................................................... 137

Maka BuliskeriaRussia-Georgia War in August 2008 and from the History of Russia`s Eurasian Policy…………………………… 146

xaTuna ioselianiqarTul-somxuri urTierTobebi Tbilisis erTi ubnis magaliTze (metromSenis dasaxleba)............... 148

Khatuna IoselianiGeorgian-Armenian Relations on the Example of One of the Districts of Tbilisi……………………………………………. 155

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nanuli azikurimasalebi TuSuri demonologiidan................................. 157

recenziaReview

roin metrevelirecenzia vaxtang iToniSvilis monografiaze `dvalebi da dvaleTi~........................................................... 187

gamoxmaurebaResponse

vladimer WeliZesaintereso mignebebi integrirebul kvleva-ZiebaTa kvaldakval (`qarTlis cxovreba~ da misi toponimia).......................................................................... 197

studies in history and ethnologystudies in history and ethnology tbilisi _ 2016 tbilisi _ 2016 2 udc...

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