StudiesinEgyptianCulture

No、９

ＭｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇＰｌａｎａｎｄ]PracticalDesignConceptfor

tlleRestorationoftlleGreatSphinx

tlⅢＯｕｇＩ１ｔｌｌｅＦｉｒｓｔＩｎｔｅｒｍｔｉｏｎａｌＳｙｍｐｏｓｉⅢｌ０ｎ

ｔｌｌｅＧｒｅａｔＳｐｈｉｎｘｔｏｗａｒｄｓＧｌｏｂａｌＴｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｌｌｅ

Ｓｐｌｌｉｎｘ，Cairo，２９Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ‐３Ｍａｒｃｌｌｌ９９２

ｂｙ

Ｐｒｏｆ.Ｓ､Yoshimura

Prof・Ｄｒ.Ｃ・Tanimoto

（KyotoUniversity）

Ｄｒ.Ｓ・Tonouchi

１９９２

ＷＡＳＥＤＡＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹ

ＴＯＫＹＯ－ＪＡＰＡＮ

EditoriaIBoard

SakujiYoshimura

JｉｒｏＫｏｎｄｏ

ｌｚｕｍｉＴａｋａｍｉｙａ

Ｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｏr

YumiTakahashi

holder：Ｃｏｐｙｒｉｇｈｔ

Ｗａｓｅｄａ

ｌ－６－１Ｎ

１９９２Ｗ角！

jaUniversityEgyptianCultureCenter

LNishiwasedaShinjukukuTokyo,JAPAN

WasedaUniversity

ＰＲＥFＡＣＥ

【ＩＬｒＩ【】１１【】ＩＩＬ【 】ｒ+１１【】、

Ｗｅ,theWasedaMission,werehighlyhonouredwiththeinvitation

totheFirstlntemationalSymposiumontheGreatSphinx，Cairo，２９

Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ－３Ｍａｒｃｈｌ９９２,whichhadbeenorganizedbyMinistryof

Culture,EgyptianAntiquitiesOrganizatio､,andalsoappreciatedvery

muchthegreateffortsandpersistentaspirationoftheauthoritieswhich

havebeencontributingforalongtime・Thesymposiumwasreally

impressiveandinfOrmativetous・

Throughourparticipationintothesymposiumandthediscussions，wedidunderstandthatthesymposiumwasnotintendedtobeacademic，

butrather1action-orientedl・ItisclearthattheGreatSphinxhasbeen

confrontingwithserioussituationandbecomingworseyearbyyearor

fUrthermoremonthbymonth・Howandwhencanwereleasehispain？

Wewishtobegoodmedicaldoctors･Weshouldbeneitherpoliticians

norsympathizersfromthethirdposition・

Ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｐracticalpointofviewwewouldlikeｔｏｓｕｂｍｉｔｔｈｉｓｂｒｉｅｆ

ｐｒｏｐｏｓａｌｔｏＥｇｙptianAntiquitiesOrganizationwithourstrong

willingnesstocontributefortherestorationworkintheintemational

cooperationandtheinterdisciplinaryachievement､Thisproposalis

basedontheideathａｔ'goodengineeriｎｇｉｍｕｓｔｂｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｎｏｔｏｎｌｙ

ｗｉｔｈqualitativeconsiderationbutalsowithquantitativeone,andforthis

purposeadditionallynecessarydatashouldbeobtainedappropriatelythroughmonitoringandassociatedlaboratorytests､Ｔｈｅｎ，adesign

conceptfOrthepracticalapproachappearsonthercliable(quantitative）basis・

Wishingtomakeoursincerecontributiontothelongerlifeofthe

GreatSphinx，

SakujiYOSHIMURADirector*:AssociateProfessor

‐WasedaUniversity(inEgyptology)；

ChikaosaTANIMOTO

Supervisor*:AssociateProfessor,Ｄｒ．

‐KyotoUniversity(inRockMechanics,ConstructionEngineeringandTunnelling）

ShojiTONOUCHIChiefEngineer＊,Ｄｒ．

‐WasedaCulturalCenter

［*:RolesintheMission］

１

1.ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＣＯＮＴＥＮＴＳ

－ＳｙｍｐｏｓiumReview

‐MonitoringＰｌａｎ

‐RestorationConcept

2.ＣＯＮＦＥＲＥＮＣＥＲＥＶＩＥＷ

】【】ｌⅡ

‐ThoughSphinxinvestigatorsandsymposiumparticipantslookfromvariousanglesandstandondifferentlevels，thefocusofthe

conferencemustbefixedontotheconservationoftheSphinxthroughaction-orientedthinkingwaysandworks.[ｌＩＴｉｍｅｔｏＭｅｅｔｌｌｂｙＤｒ・MohamedlbrahimBakr,ChaiImanofEAO］

‐Theultimateobjectiveistoreachawell-balancedpreventiveconservationplanofactionwhichwouldnecessarilybeenvironmentally

sound,sustainable,mostefficientandcosteffective.[i1Conceptand

ConcemsintheSphinxConservationI1byTheScientificOrganizer］

】ＩⅡ【ElOuestionsfrc

２

２)''ThedecayandpreservationoftheSphinxmbyDr.K､LGauri：

‐DecayoftheSphinxisprimarilyduetothepresenceofsaltsbeing

derivedfromtheparentrock,formeddestructiveeffectsofthesalts

generatefromtheirfrequentcrystallizationintheporespaceofthe

rock.[Gauri］

‐Severallargeblocksofrockareimminenttodislodgefromthe

coreduetothepresenceofintersectingjointsintherock・Thejoint

havewidenedneartherocksurfaceduetothesaltstransportedin

solutionalongthejoints､Also,wherethejointsmeetasoftstratum，

deepcavitieshavefOrmedfacilitatingthedislodgementofblocksfmm

thecore.[Gauri］

‐[Question]Howsoftisastratum?[Tanimoto］

‐[Question]Howpermeablearethejoints?[Tanimoto］

１４

1)I'HistoryoftheSphinxconservation'1byDr,ZahiHawass：

‐Veryniceintroductiontotheconservationhistory.[Tanimoto］

－Situationsofrespectiveworksinthepastwerewellunderstood．

［Tanimoto］

－Ｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｗａｙｓｉｓｔｈｅｒemovalofsaltstosafelevels・Therockshouldbesomewhatconsoliｄａｔｅｄｂｙｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｗｈｉｃｈ

ｗｏｕｌｄｎｏｔｉnterferewiththesaltremoval‘Asecondconsolidation

shouldprovideadditionalstrength,butthepermeabilityofthetreatedrockislargelyunchanged.[Gauri］

‐Theremovalofsaltseemsalmostimpossible・Astheremustexist

somerelationshipbetweencrystallizationandpore-pressure,ｉｔｉｓｅａｓｉｅｒ

ｔｏｆｉｎｄａｒａｎｇｅｆｏｒｎｅｃｅｓsarypressurereducingcrystallizationthanremoval・Ｉｎｍａｎｙｃａｓｅｓｏｆｒｅｓｅｒｖｏｉｒｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃtionithavebeen

experiencedbypractitionersthatconsolidationgrout(ing)doesnotimprovestrength,butthepermeabilityofrock.[Tanimoto］

－Pointedoutthatporosityandpore-sizedistributiondeterminethe

durabilityoflimestone.[Gauri］

‐[Question］Howtoestimatethedurabilityoflimestonein

quantitativemanner?[Tanimoto］‐Thesphinxisaffectedbythccapillaryriseofwater.[Gauri］‐Ｐｒｏｆ・Ｇａｕｒｉ１ｓｗｏｒｋｓａｒｅｓｐｌｅｎｄｉｄ・Ｈｅｈａｓｐｏｉｎｔｅｄｏｕｔｔｈｅ

ｆＵｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｍechanismofthedecayoftheSphinxandthenecessityof

fieldmeasurement/monitoringSolongasaquantitativeevaluation

cannotbeestablished,wecannotestimatethenecessaryandeffective

degreeoftreatment・FundamentalrelationsbetweenmajorparametersandrockbehavioursmustbeclarifiedinobjectivefOrmsthroughthe

measurements・rranimoto】

３)mDocumentationoftheSphinx:Archaeology,Architecture,andComputerModeling11byDr・ＭＥ・Lehner：

‐TheresultsoftheSphinxProjectoftheAmericanResearchCenter

inEgypt(ARCE)werewellpresented・Basedonfiveyearsoffieldwork

attheSphinxbetweenl979andl983,theprojecthadbeencarriedout

throughanarchitectural，archaeological，andgeo-archaeological

approach.[Lehner1

‐Thephotogrammetricdocumentatio､,inwhichthemasterplansand

elevatｉｏｎｓｗｅｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄａｔｌＯｃｍａｎｄ２５ｃｍｃontourintervalsand

profilesoftheSphinxweredoneat5mintervals,wasaccomplishedin

aidofTheGeImanArchaeologicallnstitute.[Lehner］

‐Theprincipalgeologicallayersweredistinguished:namelythehead

(Memberl),body(Member2)andbasc(Member3)ofthestatue・Theyaresubjecttoweatheringatdifferentrates.[Lehner】

３

４

‐Ithasbeenmadepossibletoconstructacomputermodelofthecurrentconditionofthemonumentanditshypothesizedconditionin

ancienttimesbymeansofthearchitecturalrecordsoftheSphinx．[Lehner］

‐Suchadata-baseishighlyappreciatedinrefiningthefbrmermodel

andfUrtherconservationStudies.[Tanimoto］

‐TheSphinxProjectofARCEisagreattaskandhasyielded

invaluablyuseｆｕｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ・Ｉｔｓｒｅｓｕｌｔｓａｒｅｐｏｉｎｔｉｎｇｏｕｔｔｈｅ

ｓｉｇnificanceoftheintemationalcooperationwhichisquitedifferent

fromasingle-mission-basisproject.[Tanimoto］

‐[Question]Howtodistinguishonefromanotheramongtheabove‐

mentionedthreeprincipallayersfromthegeologicalandmechanical

pointsofview？Itwasnotsufficientlypresented・Weatheringstatusand

ratesshouldbeexpressedinquantitativemannersoastoleadtoan

objectiveengineeringwork,Thecontinuousachivementbasedonthe

prOjectwouldbeexpectedwithagreatconcem.[Tanimoto］

４)mContributiontothestudyofgcologyofthcSphinxArea-Giza，

Ｅｇｙｐｔ１ＩｂｙＤｒ,BahayIssawi：

－ThegreaterpartoftheSphinxishewedinMiddleEocenesoft

limestonesandmarlsincludingclaystreaks・Theupperpartofthe

colossus,includingtheneckandthehead，ｉｓcoveredbyevensofter

limestonesandmarlylimestones､Inpartsofthestatue,thelimestoneis

highlyporousandcavemeousshowingevidencesofbeinggreatly

affectedbywatererosion.[Bahaylssawi］

‐TheSphinxsettingonamonoclinelimbdippingtotheeast,whereas

thepresenceofafaultlinetoitssouthaddsmorepronouncedfactorto

thedangeroussituationofthestatue･UpperEocenerockswith

overlyingpliocenesedimentswerefaulteddownalongthemensioned

southemfaultcreatingaconduitfbrsubsurfacewater・Waterrisingby

capillarityintheporouslimestonehasanimpactonthedeteriorationconditionsofthestatue・Thiswateranddewwaterinadditiontowind

arethemainfactorserodingtheSphinx.[Bahaylssawi］

‐ThecommentsmentionedabovebyDr・Bahaylssawiaretotally

agreeable・Ｔｈｅmainfactorsinerosionareclear,buttheprocessof

fOrmingflakesfromthesurface(exfbliation)shouldbeclarified・Ifnot，

howcanwefindoutafeasibletreatmentagainstprogressiveerosion？

[Tanimoto］

－Ｏｎｈｉｓｃｏｍｍｅｎｔ１ｉＴｏｍｉｎｉｍｉｚｅｔｈｅｅｆfectofwaterthestatusshould

becompletelyisolated；ｔｈｅｓｔａｔｕｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｋｅｐｔｉｎｃｏｍｐｌｅｔedry

conditions.'ＩｇｉｖｅｎｂｙＤｒ・BahayIssawiisnotagreeable・Itisvery

importanttominimizetheeffectofwater,butwhatismoreimportantistominiｍｉｚｅｔｈｅｒａｎｇｅｏｆｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎｗａｔｅｒｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ・Ｉｔｌｅａｄｓｔｏｔｈｅ

ｍｉｎｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗａｔｅreffect､Thecompletelydryconditionishardly

obtainableinreality・Wemustknowthattheappropriatemoisture

contentandconfiningpressurearenecessaryinthelimestonefromthe

strengthpointofview,Thebalancebetweensaltcrystallizationand

interparticlebondingshouldbeexamined.[Tanimoto］－Groundwaterreachestheearthbyprecipitation，seepsintothe

ground,andretumstothesurfacebyspringflowandtotheatmosphere

byevapotranspiration(showninFig､1).Thetotalquantityofwaterremainsｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｉｎｔｈｉｓｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｉｃｃｙｃｌｅ・Lookingatasituation

subjectedtoheavyfOginearlywintermoming(itisalmostdrizzle)onandnearbytheGizaplateauwherethesightofadriverdropsdownto

lessthanlOmveryfrequentlyanddrizzledropscoverthewindshield

withinafewseconds,itiswellunderstoodthatthehumidityinthe

momingisnearlyequaltol００％,ａｎｄｔｈｅｏｎｅｉntheaftemoonbecomes

lessthan30-40％・Thereexistsalocalhydrologiccycleatandnearthe

surfaceofthelimestoneaswellastheglobalcycleasshowninFi9.1．

[ranimoto］－TheanticlineinNE-SWdirectionduetothetechtonicdepression

hasbeenobservedontheGizaPlateau(Fig.2)andthemovementhas

causedpotentialfissuresinthelimestonefOlmationsinbothverticalandhorizontaldirections.[Tanimoto］

‐Intactrockcontainsporesandcracksbetweenandwithingrainsand

crystals､ThisvoidspaceistermedIprimaryIporosity･Othervoidsin

theformofjoints,faults,andblast-induccdfracturestogetherfolm

'secondary'porosityor1fracturelporosity・Voidsarefilledwithwater，

air,ａｎｄsometimesothergasesandliqluids・Theproportionatevolumes

andweightsoftheseconstituentsdetermineporosity,density,water

content,anddegreeofsaturation.[Franklin,Dusseault;1989］

‐Thereductionoftheoriginaloverburdenpressure(invertical

direction)hasbeenyicldingmorelooscnedfissuresclosertotherocksurfaceandfissuresbecomeopen，ａｎｄｔｈｅｙｔｒａｎｓportwaterand

moistenedairaltemativelyinwardsandoutwardsbetweeninsideand

outsideofthelimestoneformations・Inadditiontothishydrological

５

６

cycle,anaggressiveheatchangeacceleratestheproductionandgrowthofthermalfissuresnearsurfacemostlyperpendiculartotherocksurface.'PipingIoccursatveryshallowdepthsuchas0.5-5mmfrom

theweakrocksurfaceeverywhereandlFlaking1easilyresultsfromthe

interconnectionandsuperpositionofloosened/openfissures(Fig.3)．Also,itisshownasaschematicexpressioninFi9.4.[Tanimoto］

‐Windflakesoffveryeasilyandsandblastgeneratedbystrongwindacceleratesnotonlyflaking-off(cxfOliation)butalsoabrasioneffectdirectlyontothesoundrocksurface.【Tanimoto］

-GeneralcommentonLimestonefamily：[Franklin,Dusseaultl989］Thisfamilyofcarbonaterocksincludeslimestones，ｃｏｍｐｏｓｅｄ

ｍａｉｎｌｙｏｆｔｈｅｍｉｎｅｒａｌｃａｌｃｉｕｍｃａｒｂｏｎａｔｅ，alsothedolomites

anddolomaticlimestonesthatcontainmagnesiumcarbonate,andthe

argillaceouscarbonatesthatcontainsoｍｅｃｌａｙ・

Aswithsandstones,porosityistheprincipalattributedistinguishingthemechanicalcharacterofthedifferentfamilymembers・IPrimary1porosityispresentinmostlimestones,resultingfromiIicompletefillingofvoidsbetweenroundedgrains・ISecondary'porositycanresultfrom

crystallatticeexpansioncausedbyconversionofcalcitetodolomite,the

processofdolomitization・Furthervoids,uptothesizeoflargecavems，

arecreatedbyleachingandsolutionalonggrainboundariesorjoints・

Limestonesexhibitagreatvarietytextures,ｓｏｍｅｐｏｒｏｕｓａｎｄｓｏｍｅ

ｄｅｎｓｅ・Therearetwoprincipaltypes,fragmentalandcrystalline・The

grainsinafragmentallimestonearesimilartothoseinasandstone,ｂｕｔ

ｃｏｍｐｏｓｅｄｏｆｃａｌｃｉｕｍｃａｒｂｏｎａｔｅ，aweakermineralthanquartzor

feldspar・Ｔｈｅｙｍａｙｂｅｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｉｆｓｈｅｌｌｓａｎｄｓｈｅｌｌｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔｓ

(fOssiliferouslimestones),roundedpelletswithanonionlikestructureof

concentricshells(ooliticlimestones),orirregulargrainsderivedfrom

fmgmentedlimestonerocks(lithiclimestones).Othertexturalvarieties

arefoundｉｎｒｅｅｆｌｉｍｅｓｔｏｎｅｓａｎｄｉｎｒｅｃｒｙｓｔａｌlizedorpartiallyrecrystallizedmarblesanddolomiticrocks・Theindividualtextureshave

onlylimitedmechanicalsignificanceexceptasaresultoftheporosities

associatedwiththem･Themoreporoustherock,theloweritsstrength，

andthegreateritsdefblmabilityandPelmeability・

Thejointingpattemsiflimestonesareagaincontrolledby

sedimentarybedding・Ｔｈｅgreatersolubilityoflimestones,however,has

atmanylocationsresultedin1karstic1solutionfeaturesthatareunique

tolimestonesterrain､Groundwatertravelsatgreatervelocitiesalong

thebeddingandorthogonaljointsetsthanthroughtherockmatrix,so

thatbedsarepreferentiallydissolved・Tubularpipesdevelopatthe

intersectionsofjoints､Theextentofsolutionvariesgreatly,fromjoints

thatareopenbyjustafewmillimeterstomajorpotholesandcaves・

Somecavitiesremainopen,whereasothersarefilledbysedimentsorby

thecollapseofoverlyingstrata．

-GeneralcommentonSlaking[Franklin,Dusseault;1989]：

Changesinwatercontentcauseweakening,slaking,orswelling､Most

rocksareweakerwhenwet，butregaintheiroriginalstrengthwhen

dried,Somerocks,however,slake(disintegrate)whenwettedanddried

repeatedly・Otherscontainmineralssuchasclays,pyrite,oranhydritethatswellincontactwithwater，air，orbacteria，andtheserocks

deteriorateirreversiblywhensubjectedtowettinganddryingcycles．

５)'iStabilityandconservationoftheSphinxdiagnosisandtreatment'’byHanyHelal：

-Themajorconcemsintheresearchwereofgeologicalfeatures，discontinuitiesandstressdistributiononandintheSphinxbody．

-Thedistinctionsofmechanicalpropertiesamongthreeprincipal

geologicallayers(Ｍｅｍｂｅｒ１，２ａｎｄ３)specifiedbyLehner[in

previouslymentionedltem3]arenotclear.[Tanimoto］-Basedonthcresultsofthetwodimensionalstressanalysis(UDEC),no

partoftheSphinxbodyissubjecttoanytensilestress・Evenifthereexists,themagnitudeoftensilestressisnegligiblysmall.[Helal］-TherewasnotsufficienttimeattheoccassionoftheSymposiumto

considerthevalidityofrespectivefiguresforthemechanicalproperties

ofvariousformatiｏｎ、Inmypersonalfeelingsomepartsshouldbe

affectedbytensilestressesandstressconcentrationsbecauseoftheshape

oftheSphinx,especiallyaroundtheneck・Thedetaileddistributionofstressessuchastensile,compressive,shear,andprincipalstressesshould

bepresentedThoughlwishittobeofnostressproblem,Icannotbeso

optimistic.Ｉhopetoverifythecomputedresults・Thedetailedthreedimensionalstressanalysiswouldberequiredforthefinaldecision

making・rranimoto］

７

８

-TWomajorfamiliesofdiscontinuiticsOoints)havebeenobserved・The

characteristicsofjointswereassumedforthecomputationbytheUDEC-code.[Helal］

-Determinationofstrengthwascarriedoutbytwoways,namelyoneis

basedonthedirecttestonspecimenssampledfromthefOrmationnear

theSphinxandanotherisbymeansoftheindirectoneobtainedfrom

theapplicationofaSchmidtHammer.[Helal1

-Solongasalaboratorytestiscarriedoutappropriately,itispossibleto

recognizeareliableconversionbetweenuniaxialcompressiveand

tensilestrengthAdirectimpacttestsuchasaSchmidtHammerrebound

testisnotrecommendedtothistypeofweaklimestonefbrmations・The

pointloadingtestonanon-shapedspecimentobesampledfromthe

samefblmationasappearsontheSphinxcanbeemployedconveniently・rranimoto］

6)mRockcompositionofSphinxi'byDr・KholiefMM.：

‐SphinxstatueisasedimentarybodybelongingtoUpperandMiddle

Eocenｅａｇｅｗｈｉｃｈｗａｓｃａｒｖｅｄｉｎｓｉｔｕ・ItisfoImedoflayerswith

apparentvariablecompositionandtexturewhichisreflectedoncolour

andphysicalpropertiesofstones.[Kholief］

-Rocksamplesfromthesuccessivelayersofsphinxandthesurrounding

outcropswereexaminedprimaryinthelaboratoryunderthepolarized

researchmicroscope,thescanningelectronmicroscopeandanalyzedby

theX-raydiffractiontechnique・Ａｌlthefieldobservationsandthe

resultsofthelaboratoryexaminationrevealedthepresenceoffOliatio､，

jointsandironstainedpatchesaswellasthinsheetsofsaltsinsome

partsofSphinx.[Kholief］

-Thedistributionoftheseelementsispartlyrelatedtocompositionof

ｒｏｃｋｂｕｔｍａｉｎｌｙｔｏｓｏｍｅｅｘｔｅｍａｌａｃｔｉｏｎ・Theexplanationforthis

relationwillbetreatedindetailbyconfirmingpracticallythisinfluence

byfUturestudyofthisproblem.[Kholief］

-Also，thepetrographicalexaminationofｓａｍｐｌｅｓｓｈｏｗｓｔｈａｔｕｐｐｅｒｌａｙｅｒｓｏｆＳphinxarecomposedofmarlylimestonewhichisamixtureof

finesandgrainsinagroundmassoffinecalcareousmatterandclay・ThisheterogeneouScompositionofｔｈｅｕｐｐｅrlayersdecreasesthe

hardnessdegreeofrockandalsopromotestherapidaltemationanddecompositionoftheselayers.[Kholief］

-Whilethelowerlayersaremorecompactandsufficientlyhard,they

arecomposedmainlyoffbssiliferouslimestonewithmicritictextureof

microcrystallinecalcite・Somerecrystallizationontospariteoccurs

especiallyinthemoldsoffossilsandalongthefractureplanes・Also

transfbrmationofcalciteintodolomiteisapparentinthelowerlayers．

-Themineralcompositionofthestudiedsampleswasconfirmedbythe

X-raydiffractionanalysis・Themicroporosityandrecrystallizationwere

detectedbythescanningelectronmicroscope.[Kholief］

-Ｄｒ・Kholiefpresentedverydetailedresultsobtainedfromhis

observationsandanalysesontherockcompositionandtexture・Theyare

valuablescientificdata,andshouldbeinterpretedfOrengineersinthe

relationswithdeteriorationmechanism,timeandspaceenvironments，

mechanicalandhydrologicalpropertiesandweatheringindexifany・

rranimoto】

７)iITheGCI-EAOEnvironmentalMonitoringProgramattheGreatSphinx-ResultsandlnterpretationI1byDr．F・Preusser：-ＴｈｅＧＣＩａｎｄｔｈｅＥＡＯｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｍｏｎｉｔｏｒingthenaturalenvironment

oftheGreatSphinxsuchaswindspeedanddirection，Solarradiation，

precipitation，airtemperatureandrelatiｖｅｈｕｍｉｄｉｔｙ，andsurfacetemperatureoftherockandcondensationfOrmorethanayeaｒｎｏｗ．

[Preusser］

-AsetoflimestonesampleshavebeenexposedonthebackoftheGreat

Sphinxforapreliminaryassessmentofthepotentialimpactofair

pollutionontherockandtheGreatSphinx.[Preusser］-ReferentialdataongeneralclimaticconditionsareasfOllows：

GeneralClimateofthesite

Airtemperature

Relativehumidity(RH）

WindvelocitySolarradiation

Stonetemperature(exposed）

Stonetemperature(sheltered）

Rainfall(Sept､91-Jan､92）

３‐４２.Ｃ

10-100％

24.6ｍ/s(max.）

1.09kW/m2(max.）２‐５５.Ｃ

４‐42.Ｃ

4.6ｍｍｉｎｌ５ｍｉｎ・

Total12.7ｍｍ

９

１０

(Sept､91-Jan､92）Range

rth:N）8-32.C

lth:S）７－４２５－３２

６－４８

５－４３

２－４３

ＲａngeAverageDailyDelta

LowMiddle（North:N）8-32℃10-27℃6-11℃ＬｏｗMiddle（South:S）７－４２12-29７－２０

HighRear(N）５－３２12-32５－１０

HighRear(S）６－４８12-32９－２４

Skyfacing(Ｗ）５－４３12-30７－７１

Skyfacing(E）２－４３10-19５－２７TemperatureandRelative-HumiditvintheverticalshaftintheSphi、

25.CandfUllysaturatedatalltime

Rangc-ofRelative-Humiditvat-HighRearSection(Sept､199

20‐75％（South）

40‐８０％（North）

8)!'onAerodynamicModellingmbyDr,AtefSherief：

9)lIProbabilisticseismichazardanalysisaroundSphinxmonument'IbyDr・ＲａｍｓｅｓＮ.Ｈ・Albert：

-Ｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｄａｔａｏｆｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ５００ｉｎｓｔｒｕmentaleventaswellas55

historicaldocumentsarecollectedfromseveralintemationalcatalogs

andliteraturesfOrtheperiodfrom220B・Ctol984A.、[Ramses］-ItisestimatedastheseismicriskofthesiteoftheSphinxthatthepeak

groundaccelerationoflOOgalｓ(0.19)ｈａｓａ９５％nonexceedenceprobabilityofoccurrencealongtheperiodof500years【Ramses］

10)''ControllevelofvibrationsofquarryblastsaroundtheSphinxarea1’ｂｙＤｒ・ＲａｍｓｅｓＮ.Ｈ・Albert：

-QuarryblastsaroundtheSphinxseemtobeacriticalproblem・ThemaximumgroundaccelerationisfOundtobe0.0279.[Ramses］-Blastingvibrationproblemhasbeendiscussedwidelyintheworldsince30-40yearsago，ＩｔｓｅｅｍｅｄｔｏｍｅｔｈａｔＤｒ・RamsesIspresentation

wasslightlyapartfromthedisirablefocalpointintherelationbetweenmagnitudeofwaveamplitudeanddamageontoanobjectivebody､Theuseofparticlevelocity(displacementvelocity)ismuchbetterthanaccelerationinthisproblem.[Tanimoto］

〆』

-Theequationmentionedbelowcanbehelpfulinfurtherapproach・

rranimoto】：

E〕ｒｍｏｍｔｏｒｍｐＥ ＶⅡＤＩｒｎｕＩ【

V＝Ａ･Ｌ:｡d,２‐----(1)where，Ｖ：displacementvelocityincm/s，

Ａ：Blastingvibrationcoefficient

（govemedbyexplosives(detonationvelocity

andspecificgasvolume,delaytimesequence，

travelingpath,groundcondition)，

Ｌ：Chargedexplosiveinkg

（quantityperdelayincaseofMS-delayquantityperholeincaseofDS-delay)，

and,。：distancefromavibrationsourcein、．

Ｏ＝Ｐ。Ｃ・Ｖ‐一一一(2)

where,Ｏ：dynamicstress，

Ｐ：densityofmedium，

Ｃ：longitudinalwavevelocity

（Specifiedbyphysicalproperties

ofmedium／rock)，

mdV:Particlevclocity(=;V）（approximatelyequivalenttoahalfofvaluemeasuredonthesurface）

Notel)unitsfbrrespectivevaluesshouldbepersistent、

２)Dynamictensilestrengthofrockis3-5timeshigherthanstaticone．

11)IIMortarsandstonesfOrtherestorationofMasoneryworksintheSphinｘＩ１ｂｙＤｒ・NakhlaS.Ｍ：

12)mLeroledeliarchitectedansleduGrandSphinxmbyDr､SalahEl‐

Naggar:(PresentcdinFrench.）

13)mAnatomicalfeaturesintheSculptureandCladoftheSphinxwbyMr・AdamHenin:(presentedinArabic.）

１１

１２

14)iIonModemConsolidants''byDr・HugoHubacek:(partlypresentedin

Gelman.）

15)ⅢWinderosioninaridenvironmcnts:EffectsonSphinx-like

LandfOrmｓ１ＩｂｙＤｒ・FaroukEl-Baz：

16)mEnvironmentalpreventiveconservationi1byAndrzQjTomaszewski‐ICCROM：

17)wConservationmanagementplansandtheirstrategicimplementationⅡ

byDrBarryStow：

18)wApplicationofmodemauscultationmethodsindiagnosisofthestate

oftheGreatSphinxmbyMr､MMamillan:(prcsentedinFrench.）

-UNESCOcommissionedCEBTP(CentreExperimentalderesearcheset

dietudesduBatimentetdesTravauxPublic)toundertakediagnostic

examinatiｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＧｒｅａｔＳｐｈｉｎｘ・CEBTPmissioncarriedoutan

investｉｇａｔｉｏｎｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｍｏｎｔｈｏｆＡｐｒｉｌｌ９９０ｕｓｉｎｇｄｙｎａｍｉｃａｕｓｃｕｌｔａｔｉｏｎｍｅthodstoconstructpropagationpattemsofultrasonic

wavesthroughthemonumentfromwhichquality，consistencyanddegreeofhomogeneityofitsstonematerialcouldbededuced;applying

non-invasiVetechniques.[Mamillan］

-SummaryofResults[CEBTPReport]：

TheCampaignofultrasonicinvestigationinvolved,principally,theregionoftheneck;asitappearstoincludeinterveninglayersofinferiorqUalitystone・

TheCampaignhas,inaddition,incorporatedphysicalandchemicalanalysesofsomesamplestakenfro、differentlocationsonthebodyofthemonument;toconstructageneralprofileofporosityandsaltcontent

variationsthroughout．

Ａ・PrOpagationofsoundwavesistakenfromasanindicatorofthedegreeofrigidity(compactness)ofthemedium(Stone).Measurementsshowthat

ａ・Soundpropagationspeed,throughout,variesbetween2400and4250mpersec,indicatingahighdegreeofmechanicalinconsistencyandnon-homogeneityinthemonument．

ｂ・TheweakestpartmaybefOundnearthebaseinlayersB,Ｄ,ａｎｄＧ．

ｃ・Theheadandneckcontainthestrongestandmostrigidpartsofthemonument．

。､Testingtheveneertilesusedindifferentcladdingcampaigns,itwasfOundthatthoseusedinl982werethehardest(correspondingto

soundpropagationspeedofbetween4135and4390mPersec),fOllowedbythecurrentlyusedstone(withsoundpropagationapeedofbetween3615and4025mpersec),fOllowcdfinallybytheoldvcneertileswhere

soundpropagationspeedvariedbetween3115and3785mpersec．ｅ、Surfacemeasurementsmatchedthosｅｔａｋｅｎａｔｄｅｐｔｈ,which

indicatesthatextemaldamageoccurred，inflaking,withoutserious

deeperchangesensuing．

ｆDeepmeasurementsintheneckregionrevealremarkableconsistencyandhomogeneityoftexture．

ｇ・Severalsignificantfissuresappearintheupperheadregion;inthefOreheadandtherightear．

ｈ・Adhesionofcementtostoneatthebackoftheheadispoor．

B､Itisgiventhedistributionofsalt(sodiumchloride)content,basedon

X-RayanalysesofpowdersamplestakenfromdifferentPartsofthe

bodyoftheSphinx・ValuesvarybetweenO､45％ａｔｔｈｅｂａｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｎｅｃｋａｎｄ３、67％atthebaseofmonument・

Thereportattributesthedeterioraｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅｏｆｔｈｅｓtatue，

principally，tothepresenceofsaltswhoseoriginisnotconfidentlyestablished,butonlyspeculatedbydiffering(andoftenconflicting）theories．

Ｃ・Physicalexaminationofthesamplestakenfromtheshoulderand

headregions(layersLHandT,respectivcly)revealthatstoneporositytherevariedbetweenl5.5ａｎｄ25.3％．

-Conclusions[CEBTPReporq

1・Thereportstipulatesthatmeasurementstakenshouldconstitutepartofnecessarydiagnosis;precedinganytreatmentattempts・Italsoasserts

１３

１４

thatthediagnosiswillnotbecompletewithoutanunderstandingofthelevelandseasonalvariationsofgroundwaterbeneath、

２．Ｔｈｅｒｅｐｏｒｔ，ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ，ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄｓａ

ｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉvestudyofsaltcontent;notonlythroughoutthestatue,butalsointhesurroundingrockfOImation、

３.Ｔｈｅreport,further,suggeststhatasystemmustbedevisedwherebycapillarywaterispreventedfrominvadingthestatue,throughthoroughsealing(suhjecttoadvancedtesting),citherbysawingthestatuefroma

depthoftensofcentimetersinthecarryingsoilandinjectingthespacecreatedwithresinousmaterial，ｏｒｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｉｎｇａｎｕｎｄｅｒｌａｙｅｒｏｆ

ｆｅrroconcrete・Followingthesealingprocess,workshouldproceedtoridthestatueofexcesssalt,andtorepaircracksandfissures;whether

byadhesion,injectionorstapling、

4.Ｔｈｅｒｅport，finally，ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｓｅｓｔｈｅｆａｃｔｔｈａｔ；intheabsenceof

complete(andcorrect)diagnosis,no(effectiveandvalid)treatmentislikely．

3.ＭＯＮＩＴＯＲＩＮＧＰＬＡＮ

3.1些j辿塑

Throughthepastinvestigationsandthesymposiumofthistime,the

mainparametersdominatingthedeteriorationoftheSphinxhavebeen

clarifiedstepbystep・Inordertoestablishareliablerestorationmethod

moredetailedfUndamentalresearch(notonlyinacademicinterest)and

action-orientedmonitoringsystemareessential,andtheyshouldrun

together・Theseresultsmustbefedbackperiodicallytotheknowledges

obtainedinthepastassoonaspossible､Obtaineddataandinformation

woulｄｂｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｉｚｅｄｉｎｐａｒａｌｌｅｌｗｉｔｈｒｕｎninganalysesfortheconvenienceandunderstandingofexpertsandauthoritiesnotonly

domesticallybutalsointemationally・Frequentintemationalconferenceｓ

(amongrelatedexpertsof20-30participants)mayberequired・

Inprinciple,monitoringisdonethroughdrillholes(boreholes）withouttouchingonnorsamplingfromtheSphinxbody・Thetotal

numberofdrillholes(boreholes)formonitoringis35・Theartificial

andunnecessarysupplyofwatershouldbeavoidedindrilling(boring）

Operation,namelythedrillingmeansmustusenolubricantsorcoolingfluidsthatmightdisturbordeterioratetheSphinxbody･Thelengthofa

drillholeislOOmfromthegroundsurface(G､Ｌ)ifnotspecified,and

thediameterbfadrillhole(inabitgaugc)is90mmifnotspecified・

Inadditiontothemonitoringthroughthedrillholes,somephysical

prospectingsurveysｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｉｎｖestigatemoisture(water)contents,porosity,weatheringdegreeandthickness，andｓｏｏｎ･

Ｔｈｅｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇｐｌａｎｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｉｒｅｃtedtotheprovisionof

quantitativeinformationfOrconcreterestorationworks・ItisbasedontheGCI-EAOEnvironmentalMonitoringProgramattheGreatSphinx

伍MPGS)andpartlytheextensionoftheinvestigationsmentionedintheConferenceReview[Ref､No.2),3),4),5),6),7),8),14),15),16),17）andl8)intheprevioussection12!]．

3.2 ocationsofdrillholes

-7drillholesaroundtheSphinx(asshowninFig5)．

Allcoresegmentsmustberecovered,andmaintainedinadeqUatestate．

１５

１６

-14drillholesneartheSphinx(withina50mdistanceexceptNo､１４of

80mfarasshowninFig,5)．

No.１６ａｎｄ２０ａｒｅｄｒｉｌｌｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅ３００ｍｍｂｉｔinadiameter，and

recoveredcoresegmentsaretestedinthewindtunnelundervarious

environmentalconditions・ThewindtunnelfacilityofKyotoUniversityisavailabla

-14drillholesfarfromtheSphinxasshowninFi9.6．

No.22-25aredrilledwithin2kmsouthandwestfromtheSphinx(in

theopenarea),andNo.26-35aredrilledatthclkmintervalalongEI

AhramStreet(probably,onthetrafficislandsatthecenterofthestreet）

soastoclarifytheundergroundwatertableandhydraulicgradient

betweentheSphinxandRiverNile・

Ｔｈｅｄｅｔａｉｌｅｄｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｓｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｉｎｇｆａｃｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ，

instruments,apparatusandengineeringworksaredescribedattheend

ofthisproposal．

3.3 】Ⅱ皿【】１１１ ＩｒＵⅢ【

3.3.1Visualobservation：

‐byBoreholeTVandBoreholeScanner.＊

＊COREBoreholeScannerSystem(CBSS)hasbeeninventedand

developedbyTanimotoandhiscolleague[1987],anditistheworldis

firstgeological/geotechnicalinvestigationsystemtorealizethesimultaneousobservationoftheentireboreholecircumferencewith

colorpanoramaimages.(PatentedinJapanandU.S､Ａ・Worldwide

Patentpending.)ThcsystemofCBSSisasshowninFi9.7．

ThemainfeaturesofCBSSare：Ｔｈｉｓsystem,firstofitskindinthe

world,realizesa360degreepanoramiccontinuousimageinrealtime

oftheborehole・And,sinceitprovidesacontinuousimage,geological／

geotechnicalappraisalsandquickmeasurementofdiscontinuities，

fissures，opening/voids,watertable,identificationofbeddings／

formations,weatheringareaandtheirorientatｉｏｎｓｃａｎｎｏｗｂｅｄｏｎｅ

ｗｉｔｈｇｒｅａｔｌｙｉｍｐrovedefficiency・Dataisrecordedonstandardvideo

tape･CBSSscanstheboreholeatamaximumｓｐｅｅｄｏｆｌ２０ｃｍ/ｍin・

whichmeans72meterscanbeobscrvedinanhour(100metersinan

hourandahalf).Thatisfullthirtytimesfasterthantheavailable

boreholeTV,Aswellastheobservationareaisdisplayedon-the-spotin

realtimeasapanoramicimageonthemonitor,animagewithoutpeer

amongcolourimagesfOrindirectobservationcanbeobtainedwiththeresolutionasaccurateas0.1ｍｍ．

3．３．２． ｌＶＩ

‐byElectricresistivity(ERM),Electro-magneticwave(ＥＭＭ),and

Radio-isotopc(RIM)methods．

3.3.3. Ｏｒｒ

-byＥＲＭ,ＥＭＭ,RIMandSonicLogging(SL)．

3．３．４． Ｖ【 】、【

-ｂｙＥＲＭａｎｄＲＩＭ．

-byWaterleveltransducer，Electricpiezometer，MicroflowlogandTheGlotzlFibrcOpticPorewaterPressureTransducer(GFOPPT)**．

-bytheTracerTest

＊＊GFOPPThasbeendevelopedbytheGlotzlGmbh-Rheinstetten／

Germany,basedontheconceptthatthemicro-bendingtechniqueusedto

sensethelossinopticalfibresenablestomonitorthedefoImationofan

elasticcoatingormembraneintotherecessesofaninner-longitudinal

bodyfixedinapressurizedhousing・Itisdesignedspeciallyforthe

applicationinalowpressureenvironmentandtheminutechangeof

porewaterpressuresuchasinthearidarea、Asdistributedoptical

sensingisoneofthemostimportantpotentialsofopticalfibresensors，

theircommercialviabilitywillgreａｔｌｙｂｅｅｎｈancedwhenusing

relativelylowcostopticalcomponent・Theabilitytopoll，withthe

Glotzlmultiplexingsystem，ａｌａｒｇｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｐａｓｓｉｖｅｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙ

ｍｏｄｕｌａｔｅｄｏｐｔｉｃａｌｆｉｂｒｅｓｅｎｓｏｒｓａｎdachievingtheline-neutrality，conSequentlywillnotrequiretheuseofclassicexpensiveopticalinterferometrytoachievetheultimateinsensitivityperformance，ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｏｐｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｌｙｉｔｂｅｌｏｎｇｓｔｏｔｈｅｆａｍｉｌｙｏｆｍｏｄｕｌａｔｉｏｎ

ｉｎｔｅｒｆｅrometrictransversalfilternetworks・Fig.８showsthetransducerofGFOPPT．

１７

１８

3．３．５． 。【】［【】ｐｒ副Ｔ

Notonlythedetailedexaminationontestspecimensatlaboratorybutalsothedetailedinvestigationatfieldwhichenablestoestabljishathree

dimensionalgeologicalstructureandhydraulicgradientdistribution

undergroundarerequired・AsmentionedintheCdnferenceReview,the

dataobtainedfromtheGCI-EAOEnvironmentalMonitoringProgram

suggestthatthetemperatureandrelativehumidityinsidetheSphinx

bodyanditsfbundation(Parentsrockformation)are20-25℃andfully

saturatedatalltimewithvaporizedwaterorliquid-statewaterrespectivelyandonlythesurfacｅａｎｄｓｏmeregionnearthesurfaceare

subjectedtotheaggressivechangesoftemperatureandhumidity､Ｔｈｅ

ｄｅｔａｉｌｓｏｎｔｈｉｓｓｔａｔｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｃlarified､TherecentlGeotomographyI

techniquesmakeitpossibleinconvenientandvisualmanner・

GeotomographyappliestheanalogousprincipleoftheX-rayCT

scannerinthemedicalusetothegeotechnicalinvestigations・Inthe

geotomographytechniques,seismicwaves,electromagneticwavesand

electricalcurrentareusedinplaceofX-raysforseismictomography

andradartomography・

Inseismictomography,seismicsourcesandreceiversareplacedin

drillholeｓ(boreholes）andonthegroundsurfacetosurroundthe

objectiveareaasmuchaspossible・Theseismicwavesaregeneratedby

smallexplosivesorotherseismicsources､Thewavespassthroughthe

objectiveareaandreachthereceivers,Thefirstarrivaltraveltimesarereadfromseismicrecordsandintroducedtotomographyanalysiswhich

reconstructsavelocitydistributionwithintheobjectivearea、

Inradartomography,informationonamplitudeand/orfirstarrivaltraveltimeofhigh-frequencyelectromagneticwavesisanalyzedRadartomographycanprovideprecisedetailsofundergroundstructure．

Fig.９showsaschematicfigureofgeotomography・Geotomographycandelineatethefinedistributionofundergroundphysicalproperties

割

usingdatameasuredonthegroundsuｒｆａｃｅａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｉｎｔｅｓｔａｄｉｔｓａｎｄ

ｄｒｉllholes､Inthisexample,measurementsaretakeninthreedrillholes

(B-1,Ｂ-2,andB-3)andonthesurface､Anycombinationsamongtwo

kindsofgeotomographycanbeapplied､Whenseismicandresistivity

tomographiesareapplied,Fig.１０showstherespectiveresults，

Fromthesepictures,onecanobtaininformationabouttwoindependent

physicalproperties,i､e・elasticpropertiesandelectricalones・Analyzing

severalphysicalpropertiesmakesinterpretationsmoreaccurate．

3.3.6BoreholeLoadmgTest

Itisveryimportanttoknowthestrengthanddeformabilityofthe

limestonefOrmationsconstitutingtheSphinxanditsfOundationfromthe

stabilitypointofview・Dilatometerand/orboreholejacktestsare

convenientlyemployedinfiled，

Theexploratorydrillholeallowstestingonascaleslightlylarger

thaninthelaboratory､Notonlyistheundisturbed,jointedrockmade

accessibleatallhorizonsofinterest,ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｔｈｅｗａｌｌｓｏｆｔｈｅｈｏｌｅ

ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｖｅｒｙｈｉｇｈｌｅｖｅｌｓｏｆｌｏading・Adilatometer，

sometimesknownasapressuremeter,isatestinginstrumentthatis

expandedinadrillholetoapplypressuretothedrillholewalls[ISRＭ；

1987]・Dilation(i､e､,expansion)oftheholeismeasuredasafimctionof

pressure,fromwhichthedeformabilityparametersofthegroundarecalculated・

Thedilatometerandboreholejackareversatileinstruments､In

additiontotheirmainapplicationtodeformabilitymeasurementsinthe

elasticrange,thehigh-pressuretypescanbeusedtomeasureyieldand

creeppropertiesofweakorplasticrock,suchasMaadiFormationand

MokattamFormationlimestones､Byinsitufracturing(whichshouldbe

carriedoutfarfromthesphinx,ｎａｍｅｌｙｉｎｔｈｅｄrillholeNo,１７ｏｒ

No.21),theinstrumentcanbeusedtomeasurebothtensilestrengthand

insitustressIFranklinandDusseault,1989]・

Whentheshearresistancealongthediscontinuitiesobservedonthe

Sphinxbodyshouldbeexamined,theGoodman-typeBoreholeJackis

recommended､ItprovidesinfOrmationsonjointstiffness,shearstrength

andchangeofhydraulicconductivityalongthejoint／discontinuity

associatedwiththejointdislodging,whichmustbeclarifiedinthe

discussionontheSphinxproblem．

１９

し

２０

3.3.7 】Ⅲ１Ｊ

（Shape,sizesuchaswidth,heightandthickness）

Thedimensionsofthesphinxandthetopographyofitssurroundings

areｓｕｒｖｅｙｅｄｂｙｍｅａｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｌａｔｅｓｔｈｉｇｈlycomputerizedsurvey

instrument[i､e､,JECFieldStationFlex-10r]directlyandimmediatelyinthreedimensionalfbrm・

Itdoesnotrequireanytargetorreflectoronanobjectspoint・It

meansthatnobodyhastostandontheSphinxbody,norplatform／

stageisnecessary・JustfromsuchadistanceaslO-50m,itenablesto

measurethedimensionsoftheSphinxwiththeprecisionof0.2ｍｍ・

DataareautomaticallyobtainedinthedigitalfOrmwhichisextremely

convenienttofeedintothecomputerprocessing．

‐Thereductionofthevolumeduetoflaking-offcanbedetected

periodicallyandtheweathcring(dcteriorating)rateclarified．

－Ｔｈｅ0.5cmcontourmappingiscarriedoutfOrtheSphinxbody．

－ThelcmcontourmappingisdonefOrtheSphinxpitandparentsrocksurface．

‐The0.5mcontourmappingfbrthedetailedtopographywithinthe

rangeof500mfromtheSphinx

‐ThethreedimensionalFiniteElementanalysis(3-ＤＦＥＭ)clarifiesa

realisticstressdistributionintheSphinxbody,basedonthedata

obtainedthroughtheFieldStationFlex-10r、

ヨ【】ＩｎＬ3.3.8 畑】Ｉ】ＩＩＩＬｎＶ【Ⅱ『【】ｐ巳【】Ｉ【】卜

Astheresultsofmeasurementsinthisproject,mapswiththree

differentscalessuｃｈａｓｌ:20,1:100,ａｎｄｌ:500ａｒｅobtainedfbrtheareas

oflOOmxlOOm，500ｍｘ５００ｍａｎｄ２ｋｍｘ２ｋｍ,respectively,whose

centersareattheSphinx・Localcatchmentaryareaiseasilyknownand

theamountofwaterwhichreachesthefbundationoftheSphinxcanbe

distinguishedintotwo,ｎａｍｅｌｙｏｎｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＲｉｖｅｒＮｉｌｅａｎｄａｎother

fromrainfalLOr,theremayexistanaquiferformationbeneaththe

SphinxanditsparentsrockfOrmations・

Anyhow,hydraulicconductivityneartheSphinxshallbeclarified

throughthemonitoring,surveyandlaboratorytest．

3.3.9.

Cylindricalspecimenswiththelenｇｔｈｏｆｌｍａｎｄｔｈｅｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒｏｆ３０ｃｍ,correspondingtoMembelrl(theSphinxhead),Member２(thebody)andMember3(thebase),whicharesampledfromthedrillholes，No.１６ａｎｄ２０，ｓｈａｌｌｂｅｐｌａｃｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｐｌａｔｆｏｒｍ５ｍｅｔersabovethe

groundleveibetweenthedrillholes,No.15andl6,inFig.5andexposedtothenaturalenvironmentfortheperiodof3years・Weightsofthe

specimensinexpodurearemeasuredsopreciselyastoindicateaweightlossduetoweatheringandflakingeverymonth・

Takingaphotographwiththeinfra-redfilmprovidesinfOrmationonthetemperaturedistributiononthespecimen・Atthesametime,someofthecylindricalspecimensshallbehollowedatthecentreintheaxialdirectionwiththesizeof66mｍｉｎｄｉameter・Thishollowenablesa

Radio-isotope(RI)sensortopenetratethroughthespecimensoastomeasurethedistributionofmoisturecontentsanddensityinthe

spec1men・

Afteroneyear,oneofthespecimensbelongingtothesamememberisdividedintotwohalveswiththelengthof50cm,ｏｎｅｏｆｗｈｉｃｈｓhallbe

examinedatthelaboratoryforanalyzingthestatesofcrystallization，

ｐｏｒｅｓｉｚｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ，extensionofmicro-fissures，chemicalcomponents，porosity，strengthandwaterconductivity・Afterthepassageofonemoreyearthesameprocedureasmentionedaboveshallberepeated・Ａｆｔｅｒｔhepassageof3yearsallspecimensshallbeexaminedpreciselyfromthescientificpointofview・Conclusions，concemingtheweatheringrate,weatheringdepthandprocessonthe

respectivelimestonefbrmations,canbeobtainedinquantitativemanner．

】巳『【】Ｆｉｍｔ (30cmindiameter)：ｏｌｉｄｃｙｌｉｎｄｅｒｓｆｒｏｍＭｅｍｂｅｒｌ－６piecesassolidcylindersfromMemberl

-6piecesashollowcylindersfrｏｍＭｅｍｂｅｒｌ

－６ｐｉｅｃｅｓａｓｓｏｌｉｄｃｙｌｉｎｄersfromMember2

-6piecesashollowcylindersfromMember2

-6piecesaｓｓｏｌｉｄｃｙｌｉｎｄｅｒｓｆｒｏｍＭｅｍｂｅｒ３

－６ｐｉecesashollowcylindersfromMember3

Total36pieces(oflmlong）

２１

２２

WhenitisdifficulttoobtainthelengthofrecoveredcoresegmentnecessaryfOrtheweatheringtest,additionaldrillingshouldbedoneneartheNo20drillhole．

3.3.10. ＪＩｌｃＵＩ】ＳＯＩＩ【】ａ[ｅ【１目囲

PreparationofspecimensisjustthesameasmentionedinSub‐

sectio、3.3.9．AspecialdesignationfbrthesampIestobeconsolidatedisasfbllows：

Ｅａｃｈｓｐｅｃｉｍｅｎｏｆｌｍｌｏｎｇｓｈａｌｌｂｅｄｉｖidedintofourquarters(namely,25ｃｍlong)．Fourconditionsforconsolidationmustbe

selectedandfburdividedsegment(asnewspecimenof25cmlong)aresubjectedtofOurdifferentconditions,respectively､Kindsofchemicalcomponents,injectionmethodandpressure,amountofconsolidation

materialandsoonaremalorparameters・Finally,thelifeofconsolidatedlimestonemustbeclarifiedinthe

naturalenvironment・Ｗｈｏｃａｎｂｅｓｕｒｅｈｏｗｍａｎｙｙｅａｒｓｔｈｅｅｆｆectofconsolidationlasts？

3.3.11 Ｆ１

.」

ｎｕａｒＩ【】Ⅲ】【】ｇｒ設Ｔ

】【】【１Ｖ ＤＩＩロル叫

Tanimotocannotunderstandtheresultgivenbytheacousticmethod，

whichhadbeenconductedbyCEBTP・ItshowsthedistributionofP‐

wavevelocities,whichisconsideredtobecomparatiｖｅｌｙｈｉｇｈａｓａ

ｗｈｏｌｅｆＯｒｔｈｅｃａｓｅｏｆｐｏrouslimestone・Whenaformationwithlower

P-wavevelocityissandwichedbetweentwohighervelocityfOrmations，

wavetrendstopropagatethroughafOrmationofhighervelocitydueto

refractionphenomenon・AccordingtotheCEBTPmethod,assuming

straightwavepaths,themeasurementbetweentwopointswhichare

locatedatfarendsrespectivelyinthehorizontalcrosssectioncannot

providerealfigures・ＣＥＢＴＰＲｅｐｏｒｔｔｏｌｄｏｎｌｙＰ－ｗａｖｅｖｅｌｏｃity

distribution，butnothingmorethanthat・Ｗｈｙｉｓｔｈｅｎｅｃｋ,whichis

consideredstrongestandmostrigidpartaccordingtoCEBTPReport，

subjectedtothemostaggressivedeteriorationinthemonument？Were

severalsignificantfissures,appearingintheupperheadregion,detected

bytheCEBTPmeasurement？Ｔｈｅｒｅsultsofmeasurementshouldbe

〆

relatedtosomephysicalmeaningsandshouldleadtotheaction-orientedtreatment・

ＩｎＴａｎｉｍｏｔｏ１ｓｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ，ＣＥＢＴＰｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｍａｙｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ

ｉｎｆｏrmationonthedepthofweatheringeffectfmmthesurface・

ＩｎｓｔｅａｄｏｆＣＥＢＴＰｍｅｔｈｏｄ，ｔｈｅＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｔｏｍｏgraphical

scanningasshowninFi9.11providesthechangeofphysicalproperties

inthesamecross-section(fOrmation).Tomographytechniquecansolve

therefractionproblem．

3.4 ４【】【】ｒ設皿

３５drillholesprovidesufficientamountofcoresegments・Respective

layers(fOrmation)shouldbeidentifiedbygcologists．

3.4.1. 【:【】Ⅱ【Ⅱ皿

-underconstanttemperature(25℃)andrelativehumidity(100％and

30%)；

-underthecyclicchangesofdry-and-wet(10％‐100%)and

temperature(0°Ｃ‐80℃)；

-underthecompletelydryconditionａｔｌＯｏＣａｎｄ５０ｏＣ；-underdifferentconfiningpressures(0,0.05,0.1,0.2and0.3MPa）

3.4.2. 】刑 】『【】Ｉ】に

-strength:compressive,shearandtensilebyuni-andtri-axialloading，

andpointloading；

-density；

-porosity；-elasticmodulusandPoissonIsratio；

-particlesizedistribution；

-thermalcoefficient；

-moisturecontent；

-slakingdurabilityasdesignatedbｙｌＳＲＭ；

-swellabilityasdesignatｅｄｂｙＩＳＲＭ；

-hydraulicconductivity(ofintactrockandjoint)bythetransient

pulsemethod；

２３

２４

-jointproperties(aperture,infillingmaterials)；-micro-structureand-fissuresinlimestone；

-PlasticLimit(PL)andLiquidLimit(LL)offineparticles．

3.4.3

-fbrmingminerals；

-crystallization；

-chemicalcomponents；

-poresizedistributionintherelationwithcapillaryaction(rise)；

-specimensforpolarizedmicroscopeobservation；-observationofmicro-structureinlimestonethroughthescanning

electronmicroscope．

3.4.4Windtunneltests：

３０specimenssampledfromtherespectiveformationsshallbeexaminedinthewindtunnel・Appliedwindvelocitiesare5m/ｓａｎｄ２０

m/s,Specimensaresubjectedtothedry(80°Ｃ)-and-wct(2°Ｃ)cyclestwiceaday,Everydry-and-wetcycletakes8hours・TestperiodsarelO

days;30days;100days;200daysand365days(1year),respectively､３

piecesofspecimensshallbeprovidedtothematerialtestssimilartotｈｅｉｔｅｍｓｏｆ３､4.2.ａｎｄ3.4.3.inrespectivetestingperiods，

Deteriorationrate，weatheringthickness,crystallizationeffect，

reductionofstrength,ｌｏｓｓｏｆｗｅｉｇｈｔａｎｄｓｏｏｎｃａｎｂｅｋｎｏｗｎａsthe

resultsofthisinvestigation．

3.5 mtionPerioC

TheSphinxisappealingtousfOrpromptsupportinitsrestoration・Itmustbedoneassoonaspossible・Ithasbeenfixedthatthetimelimit

forsubmittingnewproposalsshouldbewithinthreemouthsafterthe

Conference,ｎａｍｅｌｙｂｙｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆＭａｙ，1992.Ｗe,however,wouldlike

toemphasizethatthefactsandknowledgesinthepast,whichhavebeenclarifiedbytheconferencetimeandthroughtheConference，arenot

short,butnotlongenoughtoestablishafinalobjectiveplan(anaction‐

orientedproject)fromengineeringpointofview・Fragmentaryknowledgesshouldbeintegratedinanobjective(quantitative)from・Thisisextremelyurgent､Basedonthisrequirement,ourmonitoring

氏

prQiectshouldbeconcentratedintooneyearastheimmediatetargetand

itshouldprovideanoutlineofadesirable/feasibleaction-orientedplan・

Weneedadditionaltwoorthreeyearsinordertoconcludedetailsina

finalprojectaswellasscientificverification､Theinitiationofan

restorationprOjectcanbematerializedbytheendofl993・

Consequently,themainperiodofourmonitoringplanisoneentire

year,andmonitoringshallcontinuetwomoreyears・Itistheperiodof

threeyearsasawhole．

3．６． Ｊ制Ｉ【

ThemainbodyoftheorganizationfOrtheinvestigationconsistsof

threeparties：namely，

EgyptianAntiquitiesOrganization,MinistryofCulture,Egypt；

Intemationalsupervisinggroup；

and,ConsortiumfbrmedbytheWasedaMissionandKyotoUniversity・

Thetechnicalcommittee,consistedoflessthan20members,should

beestablishedunderthesupervisionofEAO・CommitteechairmanwouldbeH・EDrMohamedlbrahimBakr．

3.6.1. 、【】１１１ r)ｒＭｏｎｉｔｏｒｍｐＦ

MembersoflSGarerequiredtoownsufficientbackgroundsinrock

mechanics,engineeringgeologyandrockengineering・Ｄｒ､Tanimotocan

organizeII ＲＭｖＣ Ｉｉｉｎａｓｈｏｒｔｔｉｍｅ・Ａｌｌｏｆｔｈｅｍａｒｅ

intemationallywellknownandexpertsintheirfields・International

SocietyforRockMechanics(ISRＭ)istheintemationalacademic

societyinRockMechanicsandEngineeringcoveringAppliedGeology，

Geophysics,Mining,PetroleumEngineering,CivilEngineeringetc.，

anditistherepresentativeandlargestorganizationintherelatedfields

allovertheworld・MemberstobeproposedareasfOllows:(Blakets［］showsspeciality）

－ＣｈｉｋａｏｓａＴＡＮＩＭＯＴＯ,Ｄｒ・Eng.,AssociateProfessor,Kyoto

University；

RepresentativetothelSRMCommissiononTestingMethods，Vice-PresidentofthelSRMCommissiononEducation

［inRockMechanics,RockEngineering:Japan］

２５

２６

-ShOjiTONOUCHI,Ｄｒ､Sc.,TechnicalDirector,WasedaUniversity

[inGeophysis,Prospecting:Japan］

-ＴａｋｅｓｈｉＮＡＫＡＧＡＷＡ,DrEng.,Professor,WasedaUniversity

[inArchitecture:Japan】

-ＲｉｃｈａｒｄＥＧＯＯＤＭＡＮ,ＰｈＤ.,Professor,UniversityofCalifbrnia

Berkeley；oneoftheleadingprofessorinrockｍｅchanicsinthe

world[inRockMechanics,EngineeringGeology:U､S､A・］

-HerbertEEINSTEIN,ＰｈＤ.,Professor,M.I.T.;oneoftheleading

professorinrockmechanicsandtunnellingintheworld[inRock

Mechanics,RockEngineering:U､S､Ａｌ

－ＴｏｍＤＯＥ,ＰｈＤ.,SeniorResearcher,GolderAssociate-Seattle;Ｕ､Ｓ・

SecretaryfOrlSRM[inGeology,RockMechanics:Ｕ､S､A］

-ＲｉｃｈａｒｄＷＩＤＭＡＮＮ,DrEng.,PrcsidentofAustrianSocietyfor

Geomechanics,Vice-PresidentoflSRM,ＣｈａｉｒｍａｎｏｆｔｈｅＩＳＲＭ

ＣｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｏｎＧrouting,world-wideleadingexpertindam

construction[inRockMechanics,Consolidation(Grouting)：

Austria］

-ＥｄｗｉｎＦＥＣＫＥＲ,DrEng.,PrincipalEngineer,ＢＧＭＣｏ．

[inRockMechanics,Geology,Tunneling:Germany］-ＮｉｃｋＢＡＲＴＯＮ,ＰｈＤ.,Director,Norwegeangeotechnicallnstitute‐

Oslo;World-widescholarinrockmechanicsandrockclasSification

[inRockMechanics,Engineering:Norway］-JohnＡ・ＦＲＡＮＫＬＩＮ,ＰｈＤ.,Professor,UniversityofWaterloo‐

Ontario;fOrmerPresidentoflSRMWorld-wideprofessorinrock

mechanics[inRockMechanics,Engineering,Geology,TestingMethod:Canada］

-ＰｉｅｒｒｅＢＥＲＥＳＴ,ＰｈＤ.,Professor,EcolePolytechnique

[inRockMechanics,Tunnelling:France］-ＶinｃｅｎｔＭＡＵＲＹ,ＰｈＤ,Director,ELFAquitaine-Pau

[inRockMechanics,Geophysics,Drilling:France］-JohnＨＵＤＳＯＮ,ＰｈＤ.,Professor,ImperialCollege-London；

ChailmanoftheISRMCommissiononTestingmethodstoRock

[inRockMechanics,RockTest:UnitedKingdom］-additional5‐６expertsupontherecommendationofEAO．

3.6.2 、Ⅲ馬【

Ｖ【】皿

Necessaryarrangementsformonitoringandlaboratorytestare

preparedbytheConsortium(CWK).TheCWKconductsobjective

monitoringandtests・TheexecutiveteamshallbefOrmed.Ｏbtained

resultswillbedistributedtoallmembersofISGperiodically,andjoints

conferencesamongEAO,ＩＳＧａｎｄＣＷＫｗｉｌｌｂｅｈｅｌｄｉｎＣａｉｒｏｏｎｃｅｏｒ

ｔｗｉｃｅａｎｙｅａｒ・Ifnecessary,itwouldbemorefrequently・Coordinatorｓ

ｏｆａjointconferencearcDrZahiHawass,ProfS､YoshimuraandProf．

Ｃ・Tanimoto・BasedonfinancialsupportswhicharenecessaryfOrthe

Monitoringproject,CWKanditscxecutiveteamwillcarryoutthe

investigationmentionedinthisproposal．

〕irectorsofCWK：

SakUjiYOSHIMURA,ChikaosaTANIMOTO,andShQjiTONOUCHI

3.7 】、【

UpontherequestofEAO,CWKandlSGwilldiscussmoredetails

ofmonitoringandtestingitems,ａｎｄthen,basedontheirconclusions，

CWKestimatesthecostfortheprOject,andbothgroupsofCWKand

lSGtakenecessaryandimmediateactionssoastoestablishfinancial

supportsnotonlyfromJapanbutalsooutsideofJapan・Wearevery

positiveaboutthem．

２７

２８

4.ＲＥＳＴＯＲＡＴＩＯＮＣＯＮＣＥＰＴ

BasedontheConferenceReviewandknowledgesinthepastrelated

totheＧｒｅａｔＳｐｈｉｎｘ，Ｔａｎｉｍｏｔｏｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｓａｄｅｓｉｇｎｃｏｎｃｅｐｔforthe

restorationoftheSphinxasshowninFig､12.Fig.１２(a)and(b)showa

cross-sectionandaplan,respectively・

Ｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｗｏｒｋｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｉｎ

ｃｏｎｓｉｄerationofhowtopreventdeteriorationfrom1watereffectI'and

1winderosionI･ThedirecttreatmenttothemainbodyoftheSphinxshouldbeminimized・

Forthepreventionfrom1watereffectI，surroundingrockofthe

Sphinxiscoveredwiththeimpermeablediaphra、,whichreaches25-

30mbelowthesurface・Theimpermeablediaphramcanbeproducedby

theconsolidationgrOutingthroughverticaldrillholes、Fourvertical

circularshaftsof3metersindiameteraredriventhroughthelimestone

fOlmationatthefourcomerswhichareatleastlOmetersapartfrom

theSphinxbody・Thedepthofverticalshaftsareapproximately25‐３０ｍ・Ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｂｏｔｔｏｍｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｈａｆｔｓ，aditsareexcavatedsoasto

connectthebottomsoftheshafts・Theshapeofanaditwillbehorse‐

ｓｈｏｅｓｈａｐｅｄｏｆ３ｍｗｉｄｅａｎｄ３ｍｈｉｇｈ・Fromtheseshaftsandadits，drillingcanbedoneveryeasily,andconsolidationgroutingcanbedone

throughdrillholes・Consequently,seepingwater,whateverstatemaybein，ｌｉｑｕｉｄｏｒｖａｐｏｕｒｉｚｅｄ，ｃａｎｂｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｇｒｏｕｔｅｄ(consolidated)areabeneaththeSphinx､Drainagemustbeperfect､Evenifcomplete(thorough)isolationbeneaththeSphinxshouldberequiredaccordingtoafUtureinvestigation，anisolationlayercanbeobtainedwiththefullreplacementofeithercondensedconsolidationgroutingorinterconnectedconcretebeamsatthelevelof25-30mbelowtheground

Surface､Limestonewouldmatchwithsuchaconstructionasmentioned

above：

Also,forthepreventionfromrainfallｓａｎｄｈｉｇｈｈｕｍｉｄｉｔｙａｔｎｉｇｈｔａｎｄｉｎｅａｒｌｙｍｏｍｉｎｇ,akindofremovableorcollapsiblecoverisrequired・AhumidityandatemperaturearoundｔｈｅＳｐｈｉｎｘｃａｎｂｅｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｒａｎｇｅｏｆ３０－４０％ａｎｄ15-35℃，respectively,at

anytime・Thesizeofthiscoverwouldbe25-30mhigh,30-40mwideand90-100mlong,Furthelmore,fOrthepreventionfromwinderosion，thisremovable/collapsiblecovermustbeeffective､Itshouldstand

Ｌ

againstawindwiththevelocityｏｆ２５－３０ｍｅｔｅｒｓｐｅｒｓｅｃｏｎｄａｔｍａｘｉｍｕm

Thedetailsonthestructureofacovershouldbediscussedlateron

frombotharchitecturalandenvironmentalpointsofview・

ItshouldbeemphasizedthattheSphinxisnotalwayscovered,ｂｕｔ

ｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｏｎｌｙａｔｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｓｏｆｉｎｔｅIisiverainfall，highhumidityand

temperatureandstrongwindofstrongerthanlOmeterｓｐｅｒｓｅｃｏｎｄ

(36kmperhour).Thetotaltimeofcoveragewouldbeexpectedtobe

30-40daysanyear,ｉ､e・approximately１０％・Thus,theSphinxappears

intheopenairfoｒ９０％ｏｆtime・Removedorcollapsedcovercanbestoredinsituorcasedintosurroundinｇｒｏｃｋｉｎｓｕｃｈａｍａｎｎｅｒａｓ

enablestohidefromtourists．

２９

３０

5.ＣＯＮＣＬＵＤＩＮＧＲＥＭＡＲＫ：

ConsolidationtotheSphinxanditssurroundingrockneedsextremecarefulnessbecauseofthenaturesoflimestoneformations・Sucha

porousmaterialaslimestonespreadingontheGizaPlateauareeasily

subjectedtotensilefailureatconsolidationinjection(becauseof

hydraulicfracturingwithconsolidatedmaterialatacertainpressure）

andtrendstodeterioratemuchmorequickly・Ｗｅｍｕｓｔｋｎｏｗｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｃｏｎｓｏｌｉｄａtionandthelifeofthe

consolidateｄｒｏｃｋ：ｈｏｗｍａｎｙｙｅａｒｓｃａｎｗｅｓａｖｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｌｉｆeofthe

Sphinxtreatedwithconsolidation？

Weareverywillingandreadytocontributetowardovercomingthe

difficultiesinrestorationworksfortheSphinx・Ｕｐｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｑｕｅｓｔｏｆ

ＥＡＯ，necessaryarrangementswillbetakｅｎａｓｓｏｏｎａｓｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ･If

necessary,detaileddescriptionsofallorsomeitemsmentionedinthis

proposalshallbesenttoEAOwithinamonth・

WiththegreatwishoflongerlifetotheGreatSphinx，weare

lookingfOrwardstogettingcriticismandresponsefromEAOassooｎａｓ

possible．

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３４

Waterinjoints(discontinuities）and

pores(fissures）treｎｄｓｔｏｍｏｖｅｔｏｌｏｗｅｒｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｒａｎｇｅ．

Ｗａｔｅｒｏｒｖａｐｏｒｉｚｅｄｗａｔｅｒ

（humidityinair）

Ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ

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