RRomanesque omanesque architecturearchitecture

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Angoulême Cathedral ,France

昂古莱姆大教堂

The Sainte-Foy abbey-church

圣弗伊修道院

Earliest one

Build In 1120

Largest one

Speyer Cathedral , German

施派尔大教堂

ContentContent

Development history Development history &conclusion&conclusion

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Tournai Cathedral, 12th century

图尔奈大教堂

History:

Origins

Politics

Religion

------Monasticism

Conclusion

Bamberg Cathedral

班贝格大教堂

Romanesque architecture was a continuation of the Roman.

But the ancient Roman building were largely lost in most parts of Europe. So did Roman.

In 9th century, the features of the plan for the building of the Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland can both be seen at Proto-Romanesque St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim, 1001–1030.

In 10th century, Romanesque architecture influenced in the north of Italy, parts of France and in the Iberian Peninsula （伊比利亚半岛） .This style called “First Romanesque” or “Lombard Romanesque”.

Romanesque architecture was the first distinctive style to spread across Europe since the Roman Empire.

the Abbey of St. Gall

圣加尔修道院

St. Michael's Church

圣米迦勒教堂

In the year AD800, Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope in St Peter's Basilica on Christmas Day, with an aim to re-establishing the old Western Roman Empire.

Charlemagne’s political successors continued to rule much of Europe, with the separate political states were to become welded into nations, the Kingdom of Germany giving rise to the Holy Roman Empire.

St. Peter's Basilica

圣彼得大教堂

In 1095-1270, the Crusades brought about a very large movement of people and infected in ideas , trade skills and particularly in the buildings.

The continual movement of people, rulers, nobles, bishops, abbots, craftsmen and peasants, was an important factor in creating a homogeneity in building methods and a recognizable Romanesque style, despite regional differences.

The late 11th and 12th centuries saw an unprecedented growth in the number of churches in Europe.

As monasticism spread across Europe, Romanesque churches sprang up in Scotland, Scandinavia, Hungary, Serbia, Tunisia and so on.

Several important Romanesque churches were built in the Crusader kingdoms.

St. Andrew's Church

圣安德烈教堂

The Romanesque Abbey of 罗马修道院

The system of monasticism was established by the monk Benedict in the 6th century.

In association with the Crusades, the military orders of the Knights Hospitallers and the Knights Templars were founded.

The monasteries sometimes also functioned as cathedrals,so Benedict had ordered that all the arts were to be taught and practiced in the monasteries.

Saint Benedict

圣本笃

Many enormous and powerful monastery at Cluny was to have lasting effect on the layout of other monasteries and the design of their churches.

The church of St. Sernin at Toulouse, 1080–1120, has remained intact and demonstrates the regularity of Romanesque design with its modular form, its massive appearance and the repetition of the simple arched window motif.

The Abbey of Cluny today

克吕尼修道院

St. Sernin's

圣瑟宁教堂

Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which evolved into the Gothic style beginning in the 12th century.

Romanesque architecture was the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture.

Combining features of contemporary Western Roman and Byzantine( 拜占庭式的 ) buildings, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, its thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading.

The Cathedral of Saint-Front

圣战线大教堂

Each building has clearly defined forms and they are frequently of very regular, symmetrical( 对称 ) plan so that the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional( 地域性的 ) characteristics and different materials.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• massive solidity and strength massive solidity and strength

• The First Romanesque employed rubble The First Romanesque employed rubble walls, smaller windows and unvaulted roofs walls, smaller windows and unvaulted roofs

• A greater refinement marks the Second A greater refinement marks the Second Romanesque, along with increased use of Romanesque, along with increased use of the vault and dressed stone.the vault and dressed stone.

•WallsWalls

•PiersPiers

•ColumnsColumns

•VaultsVaults

wallswalls

• massive thickness with few and massive thickness with few and comparatively small openings comparatively small openings

• double shells, filled with rubbledouble shells, filled with rubble

The building The building materialmaterial

brick brick -- Italy, Poland, much of Germany and parts of -- Italy, Poland, much of Germany and parts of

the Netherlandthe Netherland

limestonelimestone （石灰岩）（石灰岩） , granite , granite （花岗（花岗石）石） and flint and flint （火石（火石 ) )

-- other areas-- other areas

the building stonethe building stone

--small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick --small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick

mortarmortar

Sant’Ambrogio, Milan is constructed of bricks

San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy, of undressed stone, has a typically fortress-like appearance.

Piers Piers • support arches ; at the intersection of two support arches ; at the intersection of two

large arches ; cruciform in shape (large arches ; cruciform in shape ( 十字形十字形 ))• masonry and square or rectangular in masonry and square or rectangular in

section section • horizontal moulding (horizontal moulding ( 水平装饰线条水平装饰线条 ))• vertical shafts, horizontal mouldings at the vertical shafts, horizontal mouldings at the

level of baselevel of base• highly complex form highly complex form --half-segments of large hollow-core column --half-segments of large hollow-core column --a clustered group of smaller shafts--a clustered group of smaller shafts

ColumnsColumns

• Salvaged columnsSalvaged columns

• Drum columnsDrum columns

• Hollow core columnsHollow core columns

• CapitalsCapitals

• AlternationAlternation

• In Italy, during this period, a great number of In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique Roman columns were antique Roman columns were salvagedsalvaged and and reused in the interiors and on the porticos reused in the interiors and on the porticos （柱（柱廊）廊） of churches. of churches.

• The most durable of these columns are of The most durable of these columns are of marblemarble（大理石） （大理石） and have the and have the stonestone horizontally horizontally bedded. The majority are vertically bedded and bedded. The majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes of a variety of are sometimes of a variety of colourscolours. .

• They may have retained their original Roman They may have retained their original Roman capitals, generally of the capitals, generally of the CorinthianCorinthian or or Roman Roman CompositeComposite style style

• Salvaged columns were also used to a lesser Salvaged columns were also used to a lesser extent in France.extent in France.

Drum columnsDrum columns

• In most parts of Europe, Romanesque In most parts of Europe, Romanesque columns were massive, as they supported columns were massive, as they supported thick upper walls with small windows, and thick upper walls with small windows, and sometimes heavy vaults. The most sometimes heavy vaults. The most common method of construction was to common method of construction was to build them out of stone cylinders called build them out of stone cylinders called drumsdrums..

Santiago de Compostela has large columns constructed of drums, with attached shafts.

Hollow core columns Hollow core columns

• they were constructed of ashlar masonrythey were constructed of ashlar masonry

• the hollow core was filled with rubblethe hollow core was filled with rubble

• These huge untapered columns are These huge untapered columns are sometimes ornamented with incised sometimes ornamented with incised decorations.decorations.

Durham Cathedral, England, has decorated masonry columns and the earlist pointed high ribs.

CapitalsCapitals

• round round at the bottom at the bottom

• it sits on a it sits on a circularcircular column and column and squaresquare at the top at the top

• it supports the wall or arch it supports the wall or arch

• cutting a cutting a rectangular cuberectangular cube

• taking the four lower corners off at an angle so that taking the four lower corners off at an angle so that the block was square at the top the block was square at the top

• octagonaloctagonal(( 八边形的八边形的 ) at the bottom ) at the bottom

• manuscripts illustrations of manuscripts illustrations of Biblical scenesBiblical scenes and and depictions of depictions of beasts and monstersbeasts and monsters, others are lively , others are lively

scenes of the scenes of the legends of local saintslegends of local saints..

Paired columns like those at Duratón, near Sepúlveda, Spain, are a feature of Romanesque cloisters in Spain, Italy and southern France.

The Corinthian order as used for the portico of the Pantheon, Rome provided a prominent model for Renaissance and later architects, through the medium of engravings.

Festive Corinthian capitals on the richly-appointed General Post Office, New York (McKim, Mead, and White, 1913)

AlternationAlternation

the alternation of the alternation of piers piers and columns.and columns.

The most simple form The most simple form that this takes is to have that this takes is to have a column between each a column between each adjoining pier adjoining pier

Sometimes the columns Sometimes the columns are in multiples of are in multiples of two two

or threeor three St. Michael's, Hildesheim has alternating piers and columns.

VaultsVaults

• Barrel vaultBarrel vault

• Groin vaultGroin vault

• Ribbed vaultRibbed vault

• Pointed arched vaultPointed arched vault

Barrel vaultBarrel vault

• a a tunnel vaulttunnel vault or a or a wagon vaultwagon vault, ,

• The simplest type of vaulted roof is the The simplest type of vaulted roof is the barrel vault in which a single arched barrel vault in which a single arched surface extends from wall to wall, the surface extends from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted, length of the space to be vaulted,

• the the barrel vaultbarrel vault generally required the generally required the support of solid walls, or walls in which the support of solid walls, or walls in which the windows were very small.windows were very small.

The Cloisters, New York City

Nave of Lisbon Cathedral with a barrel vaulted soffit. Note the absence of clerestory windows, all of the light being provided by the Rose window at one end of the vault.

• for the less visible and for the less visible and smaller vaults smaller vaults

• square in plan and is square in plan and is constructed of two constructed of two barrel vaults barrel vaults intersecting at right intersecting at right angles angles

• Groin vaults are Groin vaults are frequently separated frequently separated by transverse arched by transverse arched

ribs of low profileribs of low profile Bayeux Cathedral, the crypt has groin vaults and simplified Corinthian capitals.

• In ribbed vaults, not only In ribbed vaults, not only are there ribs spanning are there ribs spanning the vaulted area the vaulted area transversely, but each transversely, but each vaulted bay has vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.diagonal ribs.

• In a ribbed vault, the In a ribbed vault, the ribs are the structural ribs are the structural members, and the members, and the spaces between them spaces between them can be filled with lighter, can be filled with lighter, non-structural material.non-structural material.

Rib vault

• Because Romanesque arches are nearly Because Romanesque arches are nearly always semi-circular, the structural and always semi-circular, the structural and design problem inherent in the ribbed design problem inherent in the ribbed vault is that the diagonal span is larger vault is that the diagonal span is larger and therefore higher than the transverse and therefore higher than the transverse spanspan

• One was to have the One was to have the centre point where the centre point where the diagonal ribs met as the diagonal ribs met as the highest point, with the highest point, with the infil of all the surfaces infil of all the surfaces sloping upwards sloping upwards towards it, in a domical towards it, in a domical manner.manner.

San Michele Maggiore, Pavia, Italy. View of the interior.

• Another solution Another solution was to stilt the was to stilt the transverse ribs, or transverse ribs, or depress the depress the diagonal ribs so that diagonal ribs so that the centreline of the the centreline of the vault was horizontal, vault was horizontal,

At Saint-Etienne, Caen, both the nave and the tower are covered by ribbed vaults.

c.1080.

Cathedral of Reims, France

Pointed arched vaultPointed arched vault

• Late in the Romanesque period another Late in the Romanesque period another solution came into use for regulating the solution came into use for regulating the height of diagonal and transverse ribs height of diagonal and transverse ribs

• use arches of the same diameter for use arches of the same diameter for both horizontal and transverse ribs, both horizontal and transverse ribs, causing the transverse ribs to meet at a causing the transverse ribs to meet at a point point

Interior of Durham Cathedral

Pointed barrel vault showing direction of lateral forces.