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TRANSCRIPT
STUDENT WORKBOOK
Revised 1.11.16
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Contents Mahābhārata Stories (adapted) .................................................................................................................. 5
Story 1: Bhis wma carries off three princesses ................................................................................................ 6
Story 2: The Paanwdwavas are born ................................................................................................................... 7
Story 3: King Duswyanta marries SZakuntalaa .................................................................................................. 8
Story 4: A vulture tests King SZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZibi’s virtue .................................................................................................. 10
Story 5: Arjuna defeats Karnwa .................................................................................................................. 11
Story 6: Krws wnwa is shot by a hunter ............................................................................................................ 13
Hitopadesza Stories ........................................................................................................................................ 15
Introduction to the Hitopadesza ..................................................................................................................... 17
Part One: King Sudarszana reflects upon his sons’ lack of education. ..................................................... 17
Part Two: King Sudarszana asks an assembly of the wise for help. .......................................................... 20
The old tiger and the traveller - Part One ...................................................................................................... 22
The old tiger and the traveller - Part Two ...................................................................................................... 25
The old tiger and the traveller - Part Three ................................................................................................... 28
Hitopadesza: The brahmin and his faithful ichneumon – Part One .................................................................. 31
Hitopadesza: The brahmin and his faithful ichneumon – Part Two .................................................................. 34
VERSE SET TEXT ............................................................................................................................................ 37
The Bhagavad Gitaa ........................................................................................................................................ 37
Chapter 1 v 36 ....................................................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 1 v 47 ....................................................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 2 v 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter 2 v 22 ....................................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter 2 v 48 ....................................................................................................................................... 40
Chapter 2 v 65 ....................................................................................................................................... 40
Chapter 3 v 19 ....................................................................................................................................... 41
Chapter 3 v 21 ....................................................................................................................................... 41
Chapter 3 v 30 ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Chapter 3 v 35 ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Chapter 4 v 10 ....................................................................................................................................... 43
Chapter 4 v 19 ....................................................................................................................................... 43
Chapter 5 v 10 ....................................................................................................................................... 44
Chapter 9 v 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 44
Chapter 9 v 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Chapter 9 v 26 ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Chapter 10 v 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 46
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Chapter 15 v 12 ..................................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 18 v 53 ..................................................................................................................................... 47
Chapter 18 v 56 ..................................................................................................................................... 47
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PROSE SET TEXTS
Mahābhārata Stories (adapted)
6
Story 1: Bhiswma carries off three princesses
1. sTyvTy|; pu]; ivic]vIyR; n|m«
2. k|l an ivic]vIyR; nÅp; a∫vt\«
3. yid ivic]vIyRSy ∫|y|R n ∫ivWyit tIhR yuvr|j; n ∫ivWyit îit ∫IWm; icNtyit Sm«
4. Svy,vr; a|sIt\«
5. bhv; r|jpu]|; Svy,vrm\ agCçn\«
6. tt\ dÅÇ| ∫IWm; aIp Svy,vrm\ agCçt\«
7. Svy,vre ∫IWm g~ kNy|; apHt|;«
8. t|; kNy|; aMb| aiMbk| aMb|ilk| c«
9. r|jpu]|; iv^Smt|; a|sn\ ∫Uimm\ aptn\ c«
10. aMb| ∫IWmg~ mu≈|«
Ivic]vIyR; (m) Vicitravirya aMb| (f) Amba a
yuvr|j; (m) heir apparent aiMbk| (f) Ambika a
Svy,vr; (m) self-choice ceremony aMb|ilk| (f) Amba alika a
k|lan in time iv^Smt) amazed
ap–Ht) carried off mu≈) freed
IGCSE vocabulary
icNtyit he thinks ptit he falls
r|jpu]; (m) prince ∫Uim; (f) ground / earth
aip also / even bhu) much
7
Story 2: The Paan wdwavas are born
1. mÅgSy vcn|in ÍuTv| p|ˆœu; du; en aicNtyt\ k†m\ mm pu]|; ∫ivWyiNt îit«
2. pur| tu yd| kuNtI kNy| td| Aiw; tSyE km\ aip mN]m\ add|t\«
3. ten mN]e~ k; cn dev; tuıym\ pu]m\ d|Syit îit Aiw; avdt\«
4. sUyRm\ icNtiyTv| kuNtI mN]m\ avdt\«
5. sUyR; t|m\ a|gMy tSyE pu]m\ add|t\«
6. s; pu]; k~R; n|m«
7. s; tu kuNTy| Ty≈;«
8. évm\ p{c pu]|; mN]e~ j|t|;«
9. tgw|m\ jnk|; dev|;«
10. te yui∂i„r; ∫Im; ajRun; nkul; shdev; c»
mN]; (m) mantra yui∂i„r; (m) Yudhis wtwt whira
∫Im; (m) Bhima ajRun; (m) Arjuna
nknl; (m) Nakula shdfv; (m) Sahadeva
Ty≈) abandoned
IGCSE Vocabulary:
p{c) five j|t) born d fv; (m) god sUyR; (m) sun k~R; (m) Karnwa vcnm\ (n) word
dd|it he gives
8
Story 3: King Duswyanta marries SZakuntala a
1. r|j| duWyNt; sEinkE; sh vne mºgm\ aNv∂|vt\«
2. aNtt; s: ∂Imt; kˆvSy a|%mm\ a|gCçt\«
3. t] duWyNt: atIv suNdrIm\ kNy|m\ apZyt\«
4. s: tSy|m\ anNtrm\ aiSnÄt\«
5. k| Tvm\ îit apÅCçt\ duWyNt;«
6. ahm\ zkuNtl| n|m ivZv|im]Sy duiht|«
7. mm m|t| menk| m|m\ vne aTyjt\«
8. jlm\ ipb aNnm\ ˚|d c îit avdt\ kNy|«
9. aicre~ tyo: ivv|h a|sIt\«
10. tyo; pu]: ∫rt: n|m a|sIt\«
11. s: is,h|n\ gÅhITv| tE; sh aFIwt\«
12. duWyNt: r|jgÅhm\ pun: agCçt\«
13. icre~ ∫rt: a|Íme avst\«
14. aNte tu ∫rt; pun: iptrm\ a|gCçt\ r|j| a∫vt\ c»
∂Imt\ (mfn) wise iSnÄit [+ 7th case] falls in love with
kNv; (m) Kanva duIht º (f) daughter
kNy| (f) maiden jlm\ (n) water
Ivv|h; (m) marriage
IGCSE Vocabulary
r|jn\ (m) king m|tº (f) mother kNy| (f) daughter, girl
9
sHink; (m) soldier jlm\ (n) water mºg; (m) deer
vnm\ (n) forest aNnm\ (n) food r|jgºhm\ (n) palace a|Im; (m) hermitage Iptº (m) father suNdrI) (f) beautiful
Tvm\ you k|) (f) who? what? ahm\ I
aNtt; finally aicr f~ soon t] there
punr\ (pun;‚ again atIv very aNth in the end
anNtrm\ straight away ∂|vit he runs gCcit he goes pZyit he sees iSnÄit he is fond of (+ 7th) p ºCcit he asks
Tyjit he leaves Fozit he cries out
10
Story 4: A vulture tests King SZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZibi’s virtue
1. izib: nÅp: a|sIt\«
2. ékd| kpot: tm\ a|gCçt\«
3. he f|D nÅp gÅ∂/: m|m\ ˚|idWyit îit kpot: avdt\«
4. izib; fTyvdt\ ahm\ Tv|m\ rixWy|im îit«
5. gÅ∂/: tu nÅpSy vcnm\ ÍuTv| avdt\ he nÅp ySm|t\ Tvm\ kpotm\ mÁm\ n dd|is tSm|t\ tv m|,sm\ deih îit«
6. izib; Svdeh|t\ m|,sm\ iç>v| tt\ gÅ∂/|y add|t\«
7. gÅ∂/: tu s,t uXq: n a|sIt\«
8. nÅpe~ Svdeh|t\ m|,sm\ pun: içNnm\«
9. aNte gÅ∂/; s,tuXq: a∫vt\«
10. évm\ kpot: rixt;«
11. gÅ∂/: avdt\ Tvm\ Íe„: nÅp: lokí îit»
kpot; (m) pigeon m|,sm\ (n) meat, flesh ySm|t\ since
dgIh give! (sing. imperative) Svd fh; (m) own body ic>v| (m) having cut
lok; (m) world
IGCSE vocabulary nºp; (m) king vcnm\ (n) statement f|D) wise
gº∂/; (m) vulture aNt; (m) end %g„) best
Icn) cut s,tXq) contented ékd| once
évm\ thus pun; again fitvdit he replies
rxit he protects dd|it he gives
11
Story 5: Arjuna defeats Karnwa
1. ajRun: k-Ren sh yuåm\ akrot\«
2. k-R: ajRunSy izr: p/it zrm\ aiápt\«
3. t^Smn\ év k|le tu ;X-Sy m|yy| ajRunSy r@|: p¤e inmGn:«
4. tSm|t\ k-RSy zr: ajRunSy izr: n atudt\«
5. r@|: tu tSm|t\ p¤|t\ punr\ inrgCçt\«
6. tt; k-RSy r@|: aip p¤e inmGn:«
7. r@|Sy cÆm\ p¤e aitXQt\«
8. k-R; r@||t\ avóÄ ajRunm\ avdt\ zrm\ n iáp £it«
9. ajRunen yuåSy =mR: D|t:«
10. tt: s: n ikm\ ict\ akrot\«
11. ;X-: ajRunm\ avdt\ pUvRm\ =mR: k-Ren n kd| aip ;t:«
12. =mR: =|imRkm\ év nrm\ ráit £it«
13. tt\ %uTv| ajRun: k-Rm\ Vy|p|dyt\»
izrs\ (n) head inmGn) (mfn) sunk p¤; (m) mud
IGCSE vocabulary
zr; (m) arrow k~R; (m) ear ∂mR; (m) righteousness, justice
sh (+ 3rd ) together with pun; again fit (+ 3rd ) towards
12
tt; after that, therefore, hence év only, indeed, exactly aIp also, even
tu but, now, verily 1 pUvRm\ (+ 5th ) before tSm|t\ therefore
ixpit he throws tudit he hits ingRCçit he goes out
it„it he stands zÅ~oit he hears cFm\ (n) wheel
n Ik,ict\ nothing avrohit climbs down n kd|Ip never
D|t) (mfn) known
13
Story 6: Krws wn wa is shot by a hunter
1. ;X-: vºáSy a=: Ñp|ivzt\«
2. ék: Vy|=: ;X-Sy smIpe acrt\«
3. ten Vy|=en ;X-Sy p|dO év dUre dºXqO«
4. Vy|=: aicNtyt\ mºg: vºáSy a=: aiSt £it«
5. Vy|=: zrm\ zI /m\ aiápt\«
6. Vy|=Sy zr: ;X-m\ p/|ivzt\«
7. ;X-m\ a|gMy Vy|=: du:,en aÆozt\ he ;X- m|m\ Vy|pdy £it«
8. ;X-: tu avdt\ he Vy|= a#It: #v«
9. Tvm\ SvgRm\ gimXyis £it«
10. td| Vy|=: SvgRm\ agCçt\«
11. ;X-Sy sUt: t] a|gCçt\«
12. sUt: ;X-|y anmt\«
13. ;X-: tm\ avdt\ £d|nIm\ lok|t\ gCç|im«
14. s StuXq: #v«
15. =mRm\ kuó«
16. D|nm\ l#Sv £it«
a∂; (+ 6th case) beneath p|d; (m) foot Vy|∂; (m) hunter
14
a∫It) (mfn) fearless sUt; (m) charioteer SvgR; (m) heaven
l∫Sv find! (imperative)
IGCSE vocabulary
vÅx; (m) tree SvgR; (m) heaven p|d; (m) foot
∂mR; (m) righteousness mÅg; (m) deer D|nm\ (n) knowledge
zr; (m) arrow d ºXq) seen ék; (m) one, a certain
s,tuºXq) contented a∂; beneath tu but
dUre far away t] there zI©/m\ quickly
îd|nIm\ now du; gn unhappily ¨pIvzit he sits down
icNtyit he thinks a^St he is, exists Ixpit he throws Fozit he cries out Vy|p|dyit he kills a|gCçit he comes
15
PROSE SET TEXTS
Hitopades za Stories
The first of the original Sanskrit texts is from a work called the Hitopadesza. The word ‘hitopadesza’
means ‘good advice’, as this text was intended to instruct nobility in politics and ethics. It is a
collection of fables, most of which involve animals. Within the text, the stories are framed by
another story.
A king had some wild sons who were unteachable by normal methods. He became so worried that
he sent out a proclamation asking if there was anyone who could teach them the science of
statesmanship. Finally, the sage Vis wnwus zarman stepped forward and offered to teach them by means
of fables.
These stories in the Hitopadesza are expressed in both prose and verse. The prose sections
narrate the story, while the verses are reserved for morals and themes.
[Note to teacher: This passage and subsequent set texts in this series of books need to be
thoroughly prepared by the students with your help.]
16
Introduction to the Hitopadesza - Part One.
Words from the IGCSE vocabulary occur in the following story. Any closely related words are also noted:
anek (mfn) (like tt\ except neut. sing.) many
aip also, even though
a^St is
a|Tmn; his own / her own
îit thus
ékd| once, at the same time
év only, indeed,
k (m) who? what?
Ikm\ (n) what?
kívlm\ only
gu~ (m) virtue
icNtyit thinks (icNty|m|s he reflected)
j|t (mfn) born, arisen
t] there
tIr (n) bank, shore
tu but, now, verily
i√ (mfn) two
∂n (n) riches, wealth
∂|imRk (mfn) righteous, just
n no, not
ngr (n) city
nr (m) man
n|m by name
inTym\ ever, always
pQit reads (pQµm|n being read)
pit (m) husband, lord
pu] (m) son
pun; again
y; (m) (like tt\) who, which
r|jn\ (m) king
v| or
zº~oit hears (zu%|v he heard (perfect tense))
s (m) he
svR (mfn) (like tt\ except neut. sing.) all
Sv|imn\ (m) master
17
Introduction to the Hitopades za
Part One: King Sudarszana reflects upon his sons’ lack of education. NOTE: Use transliteration for Sanskrit names in your translation.
aiSt #|gIr@|ItIre p|qilpu]n|m=ey" ngrm\ « t] svRSv|imgu-opet:
sudzRno n|m nrpitr|sIt\ « s #Upitrekd| ken|ip pQµm|n"
Zlokèy" zu%|v «
aneks"zyoCçeid proá|@|RSy dzRkm\ «
svRSy locn" z|S]" ySy n|STyN= év s: »
yOvn" =ns"pi.: p/#uTvmivvekt| «
ékEkmPyn@|R|y ik" punStu ctuXqym\ «
£Ty|k_yR|Tmn: pu]|-|mni=gtz|S]|-|" inTymuNm|gRg|imn|"
z|S]|nnuXQ|nenoièGnmn|: s r|j| icNty|m|s «
ko÷@|R: pu]e- j|ten yo n ivè|Nn =|imRk: «
k|-en cáux| ik" v| cáu:pIwEv kevlm\ »
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Introduction to the Hitopadesza - Part One
Underlined Vocabulary
n|m=ey n named p/#uTv n power
gu- m virtue aivvekt| f inconsiderateness
Ñpet mfn possessed of ékEkm\ ind singly
nrpit m king an@|R mfn disadvantage
#Upit m king ctuXqy mfn four
pQµm|n mfn being read (pres. pass. part.)
a|k_yR ind having heard
Zlok m verse ani=gt mfn unread
s"zy m doubt ÑNm|gR mfn improper
ÑCçeidn\ mfn resolver g|imn\ mfn ways, courses of action
proá mfn
invisible prs\- beyond –aá sight
z|S] m scripture
a@|R m object; benefit annuXQ|n n not carrying out, not attending to
locn mfn eye ÑièGnmn|: m he, distressed in mind (masc)
dzRk mfn revealer ivè|n\ m wise
z|S] n scripture, true learning
k|- mfn sightless
aN= mfn blind cáus\ n eye
yOvn n youth pIw| f trouble
s"pi. f endowment (with)
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Introduction to the Hitopadesza - Part Two.
Words from the IGCSE vocabulary occur in the following story. Any closely related words are also noted:
ab/vIt\ said
a^St is
ahm\ I am (mm my, my| by me)
îd|nIm\ now
îv like, as if
¨≈ (mfn)said, spoken to, addressed
¨v|c he/she said
ék) (like tt\ except neut. sing.)
one, a certain étt\ (n) this
éit goes
c and
icNtyit thinks
–D (mfn) knower of
tt\ ( in a compound indicates any form of tt\ e.g. tSy ) that t†| just so
dev (m) god, lord
inTym\ ever, always
pi_wt (mfn) wise, learned
pun; again
mht\ (mfn) great
yt\ (n), y; (m), y| (f), (like tt\)
who, which yt; since
y|it goes
r|jn\ (m) king
r|jpu] (m) prince
zKnoit is able (zKyNte is able)
zº~oit hears (%Uyt|m\ polite imperative ‘listen!)
s (m) he
sm†R (mfn)(+ 4th, 6th or 7th) capable, fit for sh (+ 3rd) together with
Ih indeed, for
20
Introduction to the Hitopadesza
Part Two: King Sudarszana asks an assembly of the wise for help.
étiCçNtiyTv| s r|j| pi_wts#|" k|irtv|n\ « r|jov|c «
#o #o: pi_wt|: « %Uyt|m\ « aiSt kiZcdev"#Uto ivè|Nyo mm
pu]|-|" inTymuNm|gRg|imn|mni=gtz|S]|-|imd|nI" nIitz|S]opdezen
punjRNm k|riytu" sm@|R: «
yt: « k|c: k|{cns"sgR|å.e m|rktI" ƒuitm\ «
t@|| sTs"in=|nen mU,oR y|it p/vI-t|m\ »
ÑÇ" c « hIyte ih mitSt|t hInE: sh sm|gm|t\ «
smEZc smt|meit ivizXqEZc ivizXqt|m\ »
a]|Ntre ivX-uzmRn|m| mh|pi_wt: sklnIitz|S]t>vDo
bºhSpitirv|b/vIt\ « dev « mh|kuls"#Ut| éte r|jpu]|: « tNmy|
nIit" g/|hiytu" zKyNte «
21
Introduction to the Hitopadesza - Part Two
Underlined Vocabulary
s#| f assembly p/vI-t| f cleverness
k|irtv|n\ m he made (tavat-ending word)
hIyte is lowered
év"#Ut mfn of such a quality or nature; such
mit f mind, thought
ivè|n\ m possessing wisdom t|t m O son
ÑNm|gR m improper, or evil, ways hIn mfn low
g|imn\ mfn going or moving (in) sm|gm m association (with)
z|S] m scripture sm mfn same
ani=gt mfn unread smt| f sameness, equality
nIit f moral conduct, political science
ivizXq mfn distinguished, special
Ñpdez m a teaching ivizXqt| f distinction
jNm n birth, rebirth a]|Ntre ind hereupon, at this juncture
k|c m glass skl mfn complete, all
k|{cn n gold t>v mfn essence
s"sgR m association (with) bºhSpit m name of deity, chief of prayers and devotion
=.e acquires, gains kul n family
m|rktI f emerald s"#Ut mfn born
ƒuit f sheen, lustre g/|hiytum\ to grasp (infinitive)
st\ n the good
s"in=|n m proximity to
mU,R m fool
22
The old tiger and the traveller - Part One Words from the IGCSE vocabulary occur in the following story. Any closely related words are also noted:
aip also, even though
ab/vIt\ said
aym\ (m) this
arˆy (n) forest
a^St is
a|Tmn\ (m) one’s self
îdm\ (n) this
¨≈ (mfn) said, spoken to, addressed
¨v|c he/she said
ék) (like tt\ except neut. sing.)
one, a certain étt\ (n) this
év only, indeed,
k (m) who? what?
Ikm\ (n) what?
k n] where?
c and
crit walks
j|yte is born
jIvit lives
tt\ ( in a compound indicates any form of tt\ e.g. tSy ) that tt; after that, therefore, hence
t†| just so
t|vt\ for so long, meanwhile, now
tIr (n) bank, shore
tu but, now, verily
Tvm\ you (1st case sing.)
n no, not
nr (m) man
pZyit sees
∫y (n) fear
mºTyu (m) death
yt\ (n), y; (m), y| (f), (like tt\)
who, which y] where
vcn (n) statement, command
vdit says
vºå (mfn) old, increased
y|©/ (m) tiger
zº~oit hears (zº-u listen!)
srs\ (n) lake
svR] everywhere
suv~R (mfn) golden, gold
hSt (m) hand
23
The old tiger and the traveller
Part One: An old tiger offers a golden bracelet to a passing traveller
ahmekd| diá-|r_ye crNnpZym\ « éko vºåVy| /: Sn|t: kuzhSt:
srStIre b/Ute « #o #o: p|N@||: « £d" suv-Rk¤-" gºÄt|m\ «
tècnm|k_yR #y|Tko÷ip tTp|Zv ì n #jte « tto lo#|;Xqen ken
icTp|N@|en|loictm\ « #|GyenEtTs"#vit « ik" Tv^SmNn|Tms"dehe
p/vºi.nR iv=ey| « yt:
ainXq|idXql|#e÷ip n gitjR|yte zu#| «
y]|iSt ivxs"sgoR÷mºt" tdip mºTyve »
ik" tu svR]|@|R|jRne p/vºi.: s"deh év « t@|| coÇm\ «
n s"zymn|óÄ nro #¥|i- pZyit «
s"zy" punr|óÄ yid jIvit pZyit »
tiNnÓpy|im t|vt\ « p/k|z" b/Ute « ku] tv k¤-m\ « Vy| /o
hSt" p/s|yR dzRyit « p|N@|o÷vdt\ « k@|" m|r|Tmke Tviy
ivZv|s: « Vy| / Ñv|c « zº-u re p|N@| «
24
Hitopadesza: The old tiger and the traveller - Part One
Underlined Vocabulary
diá- mfn Southern s"deh m risk
crn\ m he, walking p/vºi. f activity
vºå mfn old iv=ey mfn to be practised
Vy| / m tiger £Xq mfn desired
Sn|t mfn bathed git f result
kuz m kus za grass zu# mfn fortunate
srs\ n lake ivx n poison
tIr n bank s"sgR m association
p|N@| m traveller p|N@||: vocative
ajRn n procuring
suv-R mfn golden s"zy m doubt
k¤- n bracelet a|óÄ ind having climbed
gºÄt|m\ let it be accepted #¥ n good thing
#y n fear, danger inÓpyit investigate
p|ZvR n vicinity t|vt\ ind a little
#jte one encourages, cultivates
p/k|z ind aloud
lo# m greed p/s|yR ind having stretched forth
a|;Xq mfn attracted m|re mfn killing / killer
a|loict mfn considered, reflected a|Tmk mfn by nature
#|Gy n good fortune ivZv|s m confidence
s"#vit it arises
25
The old tiger and the traveller - Part Two Words from the IGCSE vocabulary occur in the following story. Any closely related words are also noted:
anek (mfn) (like tt\ except neut. sing.)
many aip also, even though
aym\ (m) this
aXq (mfn) eight (aXqiv= eightfold)
a^St is
ahm\ I am (me me)
îit thus
îd|nIm\ now
¨≈ (mfn) said, spoken to, addressed
év only, indeed, exactly
k (m) who? what? (ken aip by some)
k†m\ how?
c and
tt\ (in a compound indicates any form of tt\ e.g. tSy) that tt; after that, therefore, hence
t] there
d|n (n) gift
∂mR (m) righteousness, justice
∂|imRk (mfn) righteous, just
n no, not
pu] (m) son
∫vt\ you, Your Honour
∫Uim; (f) ground (at the end of a samaasa
may also mean ‘object’) mnuWy (m) man
m|gR (m) road
m ºt (mfn) dead
v ºå (mfn) old, increased
sTy (n) truth
Sn|n (n) bath / bathing
Smrit remembers (Smºt remembered, said)
26
Hitopadesza: The old tiger and the traveller
Part Two: The tiger explains that he is a changed character and therefore not dangerous.
p/|gev yOvndz|y|mitduvRº. a|sm\ « anekgob/|ì-mnuXyv=|Nme pu]|
anekzo mºt| d|r|Zc « s|,p/t , invìzo÷^Sm « tt: ken|ip
=|imRke-|hmupidXq: « d|n=mRm|crtu #v|init « tdupdez|idd|nImh,
Sn|nzIlo d|t| vºåo giltn,dNto dy|v|,Zc k@| , n ivZv|s#Uim:«
ÑÇ, c«
£Jy|+yynd|n|in tp: sTy, ám| dm: «
alo# £it m|goR÷y, =mRSy|Xqiv=: Smºt: »
t] pUvRZctuvRgoR dM#|@|Rmip seVyte «
Ñ.rZc ctuvRgoR n|mh|Tmsu ivƒte »
27
The old tiger and the traveller - Part two
Underlined Vocabulary
p/|k\ formerly dNt m tooth
yOvn n youthful dy|vt\ mfn pitiful
dz| f state ivZv|s m confidence
duvRº. mfn wicked £Jy| f sacrifice
go f cow a+yyn n studying the Vedas
b/|ì- m priest, Brahmin class tps\ n austerity, penance
v= m slaughter íám| f fortitude
anekz: ind in great numbers dm m patience, self restraint
d|r m wife alo# m contentment, moderation
s|"p/tm\ ind now -iv= mfn - fold
inv ìz m without family pUvR mfn former
ÑpidXq mfn advised ctuvRgR four-fold class
a|crtu may he practise seVyte is practised
Ñpdez m advice dM# m ostentation
zIl n practice Ñ.r mfn latter
d|tº m giver n amh|Tmsu (double negative used for emphasis) among the magnanimous
gilt mfn decayed ivƒte is found
n, m claw
28
The old tiger and the traveller - Part Three Words from the IGCSE vocabulary occur in the following story. Any closely related words are also noted:
at; hence
a] here
aip also, even though
asO (m) he
a^St is
îit thus
îdm\ (n) this
¨≈ (mfn) said, spoken to, addressed (Ñü| having spoken to)
¨pgCçit approaches (ÑpgMy having
approached) év only, indeed, exactly
k|r~ (n) cause, reason
k|l (m) time
c and
j|t (mfn) born, arisen
tt\ (in a compound indicates any form of tt\ e.g. tSy) that tt; after that, therefore, hence
t] there
Tvm\ you (1st case sing.)
d|n (n) gift
dº¢| having seen
d fz (m) place, country, (proper place)
∂mR (m) righteousness, justice, law
∂ºt (mfn) held, seized
n no, not
pQit reads
ptit falls; flies (pitt fallen)
fivzit enters (f|ivXq entered)
mht (mfn) great
yt\ (n) (like tt\) who, which
y†| ≥≥≥≥ t†| as ≥≥≥≥ so
y|vt\ ≥≥≥≥ t|vt\ as long as ... ...for so long vdit says
Vy|©/ (m) tiger
znE; znE; gently
s (m) he (ten by him, by that)
srs\ (n) lake
Sn|n (n) bath (SnTv| having bathed)
Smrit remembers (Smºt remembered, considered as)
29
Hitopadesza: The old tiger and the traveller
Part Three: The traveller follows the tiger’s advice.
d|tVyimit yà|n, dIyte÷nupk|ir-e «
deze k|le c p|]e c tà|n , s|i>vk , Smºtm\ »
td] sris Sn|Tv| suv-Rk¤-imd , p/itgºh|- « tto j|tivZv|so
y|vdsO sr: SN||tu, p/ivXqSt|vdev mh|p¤e inmGn: pl|iytumám: «
p¤e pitt , dº¢| Vy| /o÷vdt\ « ahh« mh|p¤e pitto÷is « at-
STv|muT@||py|im « £Tyuü| znE: znEópgMy ten Vy| e/- =ºt: s
p|N@|o÷icNtyt\ «
n =mRz|S], pQtIit k|r-, n c|ip ved|+yyn , dur|Tmn: «
Sv#|v év|] t@||itirCyte y@|| p/;Ty| m=ur, gv| , py: »
30
The old tiger and the traveller - Part three
Underlined Vocabulary
d|tVy mfn should be given ÑT@||py|im I will lift
dIyte is given p|N@| m traveller
anupk|ir-\ mfn a non- assistant z|S] n scripture, book, teaching
p|] n a worthy recipient ved m Veda
s|i>vk mfn virtuous a+yyn n study, recitation
td] ind therefore dur|Tmn\ m a villain
suv-Rk¤- n golden bracelet Sv#|v m innate nature
p/itgºh|- accept (imperative) aitirCyte it predominates
ivZv|s m confidence p/;it f nature, character (p/;Ty| naturally)
p¤ m mud, quagmire m=ur mfn sweet
inmGn mfn sank go f cow (gv|m\ of a cow)
pl|iytum\ to escape pys\ n milk
aám: he was unable
ahh ind Ha!
31
Hitopades za: The brahmin and his faithful ichneumon – Part One Words from the IGCSE vocabulary occur in the following story. Any closely related words are also noted:
a] here
a† then, now
aNy (mfn) (like tt\) other, another
–a†R (mfn) for the sake of
a^St is
a|gCçit comes (a|gt come, a|gCçt coming)
îdm\ (n) this
¨≈ (mfn) said, spoken to,
k (m) who? what? (kiZct\ someone)
kroit does, makes (kyRtVy should
be done, ;Tv| having done)
kmRn\ (n) action
k|l (m) time
Ik,tu but
;t (+ 6th) for the sake of
gCçit goes
gt (mfn) gone
c and
icNtyit thinks
icr (n) for a long time
cet\ if
tt\ (in a compound indicates any form of tt\ e.g. tSy) that t†| just so
td\ then
dd|it gives (d|tum\ to give)
n no, not
n|m by name
ipbit drinks
pu] (m) son
b|lk (m) boy
yid ≥≥≥≥ tIhR if ≥≥≥≥ then
rxit protects, saves (rá m. protection)
r|jn\ (m) king
ÍuTv| having heard
s (m) he (tSy his)
sTvrm\ quickly
Sn|n (n) bath (Sn|tum\ to bathe)
32
Hitopadesza: The brahmin and his faithful ichneumon
Part one: A Brahmin is asked to perform a memorial ceremony by the king
aSTyuJjiyNy|, m|Qro n|m b/|ì-: « tSy b/|ì-I b|l|pTySy rá|@|ì
b/|ì-mvS@||Py Sn|tu, gt| « a@| b/|ì-Sy ;te r|D: %|å,
d|tum|æ|nm|gtm\ « tCç/uTv| b/|ì-: shjd|ird/µ|dicNtyt\ « yid sTvr, n
gCç|im td|Ny: kiZcCç/|å, g/hIXyit « ÑÇ, c «
a|d|nSy p/d|nSy ktRVySy c kmR-: «
iáp/miÆym|-Sy k|l: ipbit td/sm\ »
ik, tu b|lkSy|] ráko n|iSt « tiTk, kroim « y|tu «
icrk|lp|iltimm, pu]inivRzex , nkul, b|lkrá|@|RmvS@||Py gCç|im « t@||
;Tv| s t] gt: «
www.albion-prints.com
33
The brahmin and his faithful ichneumon - Part one
Underlined Vocabulary
ÑJjiynI mfn Ujjayini – name of a region
p/d|n n giving, presentation of an offering, a gift
b/|ì- m /b/|ì-I f Brahmin iáp/ ind immediately
b|l|pTy n little child aiÆym|- not being done
avS@||Py ind having left in charge td-rs m the best part of that
%|å n a ceremony for the benefit of a dead relative
rák m guard, protector
a|æ|n n invitation, summons y|tu ind Be it as it may!
shj-d|ird/µ n poverty endured from birth, innate poverty
p|ilt mfn kept, protected
g/hIXyit will receive inivRzex mfn no differently from
a|d|n n taking (for one’s self) nkul m ichneumon (mongoose)*
* https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Herpestes_ichneumon
34
Hitopades za: The brahmin and his faithful ichneumon – Part Two Words from the IGCSE vocabulary occur in the following story. Any closely related words are also noted:
at; hence
anNtrm\ straight away
ab/vIt\ said (b/vIim I say)
aym\ (m) this (anen by this)
asO\ (m he ahm\ I am
îit thus
év only, indeed, exactly
;W~ (mfn) black
Fo∂ (m) anger
c and
tt; after that, therefore, hence
it„it stays, stands
d ºXq (mfn) seen
d ºÇ| having seen
pZyit sees
p|d (m) foot
pu] (m) son
b|lk (m) boy
mu (n) mouth, face
y; (m) who, which
y†| ≥≥≥≥ t†| as ≥≥≥≥ so
y|vt\ ≥≥≥≥ t|vt\ as long as ... ...for so long (as soon as ... in the meantime)
Vy|p|dyit kills (Vy|p|idt (was) killed,
Vy|p|idtvt\ killed)
s (m) he
smIpf÷smIpm\ (n) (+ 6th) near
sp (m) snake
35
The brahmin and his faithful ichneumon Part two: The mongoose looks after the child
ttSten nkulen b|lksmIpm|gCçt| ;X-spoR dºXqo Vy|p|idtZc «
a@||sO nkulo b/|ì-m|y|NtmvloKy rÇivilPtmu,p|d:
sTvrmup|gMy tSy cr-yolRuloQ « tto÷sO b/|ì-St , t@||iv=,
dº¢| mm pu]o÷nen #iát £Tyv=|yR Vy|p|idtv|n\ « anNtr,
y|vds|vupsºTy pZyit b/|ì-St|vä|lk: suS@|: spRZc
Vy|p|idtiStXQit « ttStmupk|rkmev nkul , inÓPy iv#|ivt;Ty:
s,tPtcet|: s pr, ivx|dmgmt\ « ato÷h, b/vIim «
yo÷@|Rt>vmivD|y Æo=SyEv vz, gt: «
s t@|| tPyte mUWo b/|ì-o nkul|ƒ@|| »
36
The brahmin and his faithful ichneumon - Part two
Underlined Vocabulary
nkul m ichneumon (mongoose) Ñpk|rk m
a helper
a|y|Nt mfn coming inÓPy ind
having perceived
avloKy ind having observed iv#|ivt-;Tymfn
an action which has been provoked
b/|ì- m Brahmin s ,tPt mfn grief-stricken
rÇ-ivilPt- smeared with blood cets\ n
mind, heart
Ñp|gMy ind having approached pr mfn
supreme, extreme
cr- m foot ivx|d m
dejection
luloQ he rolled (perfect tense) agmt\ filled with
(lit. ‘he went to’)
asO m he a@|R-t>v n the true facts of a case
t@||iv=, ind being in such a state ivD|y ind not knowing
#iát mfn eaten vz m (+gm\) falls under the power of
av=|yR ind having ascertained, concluding tPyte is tormented
ÑpsºTy ind having come near mUW mfn confused, foolish
suS@| mfn healthy
37
VERSE SET TEXT
The Bhagavad Gitaa
The Bhagavad Gita a, which forms part of the great epic, the Maha abhaarata, is one of the most famous
and best-loved Sanskrit texts. Two armies, those of the Pa anwdwavas and the Kauravas, are on the
battlefield preparing to fight. Arjuna, the champion of the Pa anwdwavas, is struck down with despair when
he sees so many of his relatives and respected friends in the opposing army. He turns to his cousin and
chariot driver, Krws wnwa, for advice. The Bhagavad Gita a is the conversation that then followed between
Arjuna and Krws wnwa.
[Note to teacher: This passage, and the other set texts in this series of books, need to be thoroughly
prepared by the students with your help.]
38
Chapter 1 v 36
inhTy =|tRr|Ö|n\ n: k| p/Iit: Sy|Jjn|dRn « p|pmev|%yedSm|NhTvEt|n|tt|iyn: »1»36» inhTy « =|tRr|Ö|n\ « n: « k| « p/Iit: « Sy|t\ « jn|dRn « p|pm\ « év « a|%yet\ « aSm|n\ « hTv| « ét|n\ «a|tt|iyn:»
(Arjuna said:)
1.36. O Janārdana (Krws wnwa), what satisfaction would there be for us, in striking down the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra? Guilt, indeed, would trouble us after killing these aggressors.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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Chapter 1 v 47
sØy Ñv|c
évmuü|÷juRn: sòµe r'opS' Ñp|ivzt\ « ivsºJy szrS c|pS zoks SivGnm|ns: »1»47» évm\ « Ñü| « ajuRn: « sòµe « r'-ÑpS' « Ñp|ivzt\ « ivsºJy « szrm\ « c|pm\ « zok-s SivGn-m|ns: »
Sañjaya said:
1.47. Having spoken thus on the battlefield, Arjuna sat down on the seat of his chariot, casting aside his bow and arrows, his mind distracted by grief.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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39
Chapter 2 v 3
KlEBy" m| Sm gm: p|'R nEt>vYyuppƒte « áu¥" Hdyd|EbRLy" Tyü|ei.XQ prNtp »2»3» KlEBym\ « m| « Sm « gm: « p|'R « n « étt\ « Tviy « Ñppƒte áu¥m\ « Hdy-d|EbRLym\ « Tyü| « Ñi.XQ « prNtp »
(Krwswn wa said:)
2.3. Do not give in to cowardice, O son of Pṛthaa. It does not become thee. Abandoning this base weakness of heart, stand up, O tormentor of foes.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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Chapter 2 v 22
v|s|"is jI-|Rin y'| ivh|y nv|in gºï|it nr|e÷pr|i- « t'| zrIr|i- ivh|y jI-|RNyNy|in s"y|it nv|in dehI »2»22» v|s|"is « jI-|Rin « y'| « ivh|y « nv|in « gºï|it « nr: « apr|i- t'| « zrIr|i- « ivh|y « jI-|Rin « aNy|in « s"y|it « nv|in « dehI
2.22. Just as a man, casting off old clothes puts on other new ones, so the embodied one, abandoning worn-out bodies, takes on others that are new.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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40
Chapter 2 v 48
y|egS': kuó km|Ri- sô" Tyü| =nØy « isåµisåµ|e: sm|e #UTv| smTv" y|eg øCyte »2»48» y|eg-S': « kuó « km|Ri- « sôm\ « Tyü| « =nØy « isiå-aisåµ|e: « sm: « #UTv| « smTv" « y|eg « øCyte »
2.48. Fixed in Yoga, O Dhanañjaya, perform actions, giving up attachment, being unperturbed in success
and failure; equanimity is called Yoga.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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Chapter 2 v 65
p/s|de svRdu:,|n|" h|inrSy|epj|yte « p/snÊcets|e Ä|zu buiå: pyRvitXQte »2»65» p/s|de « svR-du:,|n|" « h|in: « aSy « Ñpj|yte « p/snÊ-cets: « ih « a|zu « buiå: « pyRvitXQte »
2.65. When serenity of mind is reached, there is a cessation of all sorrows. For the intelligence of the
peaceful-minded soon becomes steady.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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41
Chapter 3 v 19
tSm|dsÇ: stt" k|yÈ kmR sm|cr « asÇ|e Ä|crNkmR prm|Pn|eit pUóx: »3»19» tSm|t\ « asÇ: « sttm\ « k|yRm\ « kmR « sm|cr « asÇ: « ih « a|crn\ « kmR « prm\ « a|Pn|eit « pUóx: »
3.19. Therefore, always perform the actions which should be done without attachment; for, performing action without attachment man attains the Supreme.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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Chapter 3 v 21
yƒd|crit %eXQSt.devetr|e jn: « s yTp/m|-" kuóte l|ekStdnuvtRte »3»21» yt\ « yt\ « a|crit « %eXQ: « tt\ « tt\ « év « £tr: « jn: « s: « yt\ « p/m|-m\ « kuóte « l|ek: « tt\ « anuvtRte »
3.21. Whatever a great man does, that alone other men do; whatever example he sets, people follow that.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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42
Chapter 3 v 30
miy sv|Ri- km|Ri- s"NySy|+y|Tmcets| « inr|zIinRmRm|e #UTv| yu+ySv ivgtJvr: »3»30» miy « sv|Ri- « km|Ri- « s"NySy « a+y|Tm-cets| « inr|zI: « inmRm: « #UTv| « yu+ySv « ivgt-Jvr: » 3.30. Surrendering all actions to me, mind at rest in the Self, being free from expectation and selfish
desire, freed from mental anguish, engage in battle!
Notes: _________________________________________________
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Chapter 3 v 35
%ey|NSv=m|Re ivgu-: pr=m|RTSvnuiXQt|t\ « Sv=mRe in=n" %ey: pr=m|eR #y|vh: »3»35» %ey|n\ « Sv-=mR: « ivgu-: « pr-=m|Rt\ « su-anuiXQt|t\ « Sv-=mRe « in=n" « %ey: « pr=mR: « #y-a|vh: »
3.35. One’s own duty, though imperfect, is better than the duty of another successfully performed.
Better is death in one’s own duty; the duty of another brings danger.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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43
Chapter 4 v 10
vItr|g#yÆ|e=| mNmy| m|mup|i%t|: « bhv|e D|ntps| pUt| m‡|vm|gt|: »4»10» vIt-r|g-#y-Æ|e=|: « md\-my|: « m|m\ « Ñp|i%t|: « bhv: « D|n-tps| « pUt|: « md\-#|vm\ « a|gt|: »
4.10. Freed from passion, fear and anger, at one with Me, relying on Me, purified by the fire of wisdom, many have attained My state of Being.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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Chapter 4 v 19
ySy svRe sm|rM#|: k|ms¤LpvijRt|: « D|n|igÊdG=km|R-" tm|h‘: pi_wt" bu=|: »4»19» ySy « svRe « sm|rM#|: « k|m-s¤Lp-vijRt|: « D|n-aigÊ-dG=-km|R-m\ « tm\ « a|h‘:« pi_wtm\ « bu=|: »
4.19. He whose undertakings are all devoid of desirous intentions, and whose deeds are all consumed in the fire of knowledge, him, the sages call wise.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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44
Chapter 5 v 10
b/ì_y|=|y km|Ri- sô" Tyü| kr|eit y: « ilPyte n s p|pen pêp]imv|M#s| »5»10» b/ìi- « a|=|y « km|Ri- « sôm\ « Tyü| « kr|eit « y: « ilPyte « n « s « p|pen « pd\m-p]m\ « £v « aM#s| »
5.10. Dedicating his deeds to Brahman, abandoning attachment, he who acts is not defiled by sin
any more than a lotus leaf by water.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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Chapter 9 v 4
my| ttimd" svÈ jgdVyÇtmUitRn| « mTS'|in svR#Ut|in n c|h" teXvviS't: »9»4» my| « ttm\ « £dm\ « svRm\ « jgt\ « aVyÇ-mUitRn| « mt\-S'|in « svR-#Ut|in « n « c « ahm\ « texu « av^S't:* »
9.4. This entire universe is pervaded by Me in My unmanifested form; all beings rest in Me, but I
am not contained in them.
Notes: _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
*av^S't: - having its place or abode, engaged in, fixed, following
45
Chapter 9 v 7
svR#Ut|in k|ENtey p/;it" y|iNt m|imk|m\ « kLpáye punSt|in kLp|d|E ivsºj|Myhm\ »9»7» svR-#Ut|in « k|ENtey « p/;itm\ « y|iNt « m|imk|m\ « kLp-áye « punr\ « t|in « kLp|d|E « ivsºj|im « ahm\ »
9.7. All beings, O Kaunteya, go to My Nature at the end of a Kalpa*. I generate them again at the
beginning of the next Kalpa.
Notes: _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
*Kalpa – 1,000 yugas, a day of Brahmaa
Chapter 9 v 26
p]" puXp" fl" t|ey" y|e me #ǵ| p/yCçit « tdh" #ǵupHtmP||im p/yt|Tmn: »9»26» p]m\ « puXpm\ « flm\ « t|eym\ « y|e « me « #KTy|* « p/yCçit « tt\ « ahm\ « #iÇ-ÑpHtm\ « aP||im « p/yt-a|Tmn: » 9.26. Whoever offers to Me with love, a leaf, a flower, a fruit or water, I enjoy that offering from the faithful one whose heart is pure.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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*#iÇ – devotion, reverence, faith, trust
46
Chapter 10 v 3
y|e m|mjmn|id" c vei. l|ekmheZvrm\ « asMmUW: s mTyeRxu svRp|pE: p/muCyte »10»3» y: « m|m\ « ajm\ « an|idm\ « c « vei. « l|ek-mh|-£RZvrm\ « asMmUW: « s: « mTyeRxu « svR-p|pE: « p/muCyte » 10.3. He who knows Me as unborn and beginningless, the Great Lord of the worlds, he among mortals is undeluded and liberated from all evils.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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Chapter 15 v 12
yd|idTygt" tej|e jg‡|syte÷i,lm\ « yCcNd/mis yCc|gÊ|E t.ej|e iviå m|mkm\ »15»12» yt\ « a|idTy-gtm\* « tej: « jgt\ « #|syte « ai,lm\ « yt\ « cNd/mis « yt\ « c « agÊ|E « td\ « tej: « iviå « m|mkm\» 15.12. That brilliance which exists in the sun causes the whole world to shine; that which is in the moon as well as in fire – know that light to be Mine.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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*gt – gone, come forth, being in, situated in
47
Chapter 18 v 53
ah¤|r" bl" dpÈ k|m" Æ|e=" pirg/hm\ « ivmuCy inmRm: z|Nt|e b/ì#Uy|y kLpte »18»53» ah¤|rm\ « blm\ « dpRm\ « k|mm\ « Æ|e=m\ « pirg/hm\ « ivmuCy « inmRm: « z|Nt: « b/ì-#Uy|y « kLpte » 18.53. Having given up egoism, force, conceit, desire, anger, claim on property, free from selfishness and peaceful, he is fit for becoming Brahman.
Notes: _________________________________________________
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Chapter 18 v 56
svRkm|R_yip sd| kuv|R-|e mèµp|%y: « mTp/s|d|dv|Pnoit z|Zvt" pdmVyym\ »18»56» svR-km|Ri- « aip « sd| « kuv|R-: « mt\-vµp|%y: « mt\-p/s|d|t\ « av|Pnoit « z|Zvtm\ « pdm\* « aVyym\ » 18.56. Trusting in Me, even performing all actions, by My grace he reaches the eternal unchanging Abode.
Notes: _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
*pd – characteristic, footing, standpoint, position