student organic - alkanes

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

Nomenclature: Nomenclature: AlkanesAlkanes

AlkanesAlkanes

• Hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds Hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between carbons are SINGLE bondsbetween carbons are SINGLE bonds

• Name uses the ending –Name uses the ending –aneane

• Examples: MethExamples: Methaneane, Prop, Propaneane, But, Butaneane, , OctOctaneane, 2-methylpent, 2-methylpentaneane

Summary: IUPAC Rules for Alkane Summary: IUPAC Rules for Alkane NomenclatureNomenclature

1.1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain. This is called the This is called the parent chainparent chain. (Examples: methane, . (Examples: methane, propane, etc.)propane, etc.)

2.2. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest an attached group (nearest an attached group (substituentsubstituent). ).

3.3. Identify and name groups attached to this chain. Identify and name groups attached to this chain. (Examples: methyl-, bromo-, etc.)(Examples: methyl-, bromo-, etc.)

4.4. Designate the location of each substituent group with Designate the location of each substituent group with the number of the carbon parent chain on which the the number of the carbon parent chain on which the group is attached. Place a dash between numbers and group is attached. Place a dash between numbers and letters. (Example: 3-chloropentane)letters. (Example: 3-chloropentane)

5.5. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order. order. The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing. Place a comma between multiple when alphabetizing. Place a comma between multiple numbers. (Example: 2,3-dichloropropane)numbers. (Example: 2,3-dichloropropane)

Step 1. Find the parent chain.Step 1. Find the parent chain.

• Where is the longest continuous chain of Where is the longest continuous chain of carbons?carbons?

Prefixes for # of CarbonsPrefixes for # of Carbons

11 MethMeth 66 HexHex

22 EthEth 77 HeptHept

33 PropProp 88 OctOct

44 ButBut 99 NonNon

55 PentPent 1010 DecDec

EndingsEndings

• Alkanes (all C-C single bonded parent Alkanes (all C-C single bonded parent chain) end in chain) end in –ane–ane– MethMethaneane CHCH44

– EthEthaneane CC22HH66

– PropPropaneane CC33HH88

• Attached carbon groups (substituents) end Attached carbon groups (substituents) end in in –yl–yl– MethMethylyl CH CH33 - -– EthEthylyl CHCH33CHCH22--– PropPropylyl CH CH33CHCH22CHCH2 2 – – 3-ethylpentane

Step 2. Number the parent chain.Step 2. Number the parent chain.

• Number the parent chain so that the attached groups are on the lowest numbers

1 2 3 4 5

Methyl is on carbon #2 of the parent chain

5 4 3 2 1

Methyl is on carbon #4 of the parent chain

GREEN is the right way for this one!

1 2

3 7 8

4 5 6

8 7

6 2 1

5 4 3

Groups on 2, 3, and 5

Groups on 4, 6, and 7

1 2 3 4 5 6

7

Groups on 2 and 5

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Groups on 3 and 6

Step 3. Name the attached groups.Step 3. Name the attached groups.

• Carbon (alkCarbon (alkylyl) groups) groups– MethMethylyl CH CH33 - -– EthEthylyl CHCH33CHCH22--– PropPropylyl CH CH33CHCH22CHCH2 2 ––

• HalogensHalogens– Fluoro (F-)Fluoro (F-)– Chloro (Cl-)Chloro (Cl-)– Bromo (Br-)Bromo (Br-)– Iodo (I-)Iodo (I-)

Step 4. Designate where the group Step 4. Designate where the group is attached to the parent chain.is attached to the parent chain.

• Use the numbers of the parent chain from step 2 to designate the location of the attached groups to the parent chain.

1 2 3 4 5

2-methyl

Step 5. Alphabetize the groups, Step 5. Alphabetize the groups, combine like groups, and assemble.combine like groups, and assemble.

• The prefixes di, tri, tetra The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate etc., used to designate several groups of the several groups of the same kindsame kind

• Prefixes are not Prefixes are not considered when considered when alphabetizing (Example: alphabetizing (Example: dimethyl = m for dimethyl = m for alphabetizing)alphabetizing)

• Parent chain goes LASTParent chain goes LAST

1,1,1-trichloro-1-fluoromethane

1,1-dichloro-1,1-difluoromethane

Draw Some Simple AlkanesDraw Some Simple Alkanes

• 2-methylpentane2-methylpentane

• 3-ethylhexane3-ethylhexane

• 2,2-dimethylbutane2,2-dimethylbutane

• 2,3-dimethylbutane2,3-dimethylbutane

Structural FormulasStructural Formulas

• “Lazy” way to write the Hydrogens

• Instead of drawing the bonds, just state how many hydrogens are attached

• NOTE: The bonds are between CARBONS in a parent chain, and not hydrogens!

Structural FormulaLewis Structure

Order of PriorityOrder of Priority

• IN A TIE, halogens get the lower number IN A TIE, halogens get the lower number before alkyl groupsbefore alkyl groups

4-chloro-2-methylpentane or4-chloro-2-methylpentane or2-chloro-4-methylpentane?2-chloro-4-methylpentane?

Order of PriorityOrder of Priority

• IN A TIE between SIMILAR GROUPS, the IN A TIE between SIMILAR GROUPS, the group lower ALPHABETICALLY gets the group lower ALPHABETICALLY gets the lower numberlower number

4-bromo-2-chloropentane or 2-bromo-4-chloropentane ?

IsomersIsomers

• Straight chain alkanes:Straight chain alkanes: An alkane that An alkane that has all its carbons connected in a row.has all its carbons connected in a row.• Branched chain alkanes:Branched chain alkanes: An alkane An alkane that has a branching connection of that has a branching connection of carbons.carbons.• Isomers: Isomers: Compounds with same Compounds with same molecular formula but different molecular formula but different structures.structures.

• There is only one possible way that the There is only one possible way that the carbons in methane (CHcarbons in methane (CH44), ethane (C), ethane (C22HH66), ),

and propane (Cand propane (C33HH88) can be arranged.) can be arranged.

• However, carbons in butane (CHowever, carbons in butane (C44HH1010) can ) can be arranged in two ways; four carbons in a be arranged in two ways; four carbons in a row (linear alkane) or a branching row (linear alkane) or a branching (branched alkane). These two structures (branched alkane). These two structures are two isomers for butane.are two isomers for butane.

•Different isomers are completely different Different isomers are completely different compounds. They have different structures, compounds. They have different structures, different physical properties such as melting point different physical properties such as melting point and boiling point, and may have different and boiling point, and may have different physiological properties.physiological properties.

Learning CheckLearning Check

• Draw all possible structural isomers of C5H12

Types of Carbon AtomsTypes of Carbon Atoms

• Primary carbon (1Primary carbon (1oo))

– a carbon bonded to a carbon bonded to

one other carbonone other carbon

• Secondary carbon (2Secondary carbon (2oo))


two other carbonstwo other carbons

• Tertiary carbon (3Tertiary carbon (3oo))


three other carbonsthree other carbons

C

C

C

C

H

H

H

C C

H

HC

C

C

H

C

C

C

C

H

H

H

C C

H

HC

C

C

H

C

C

C

C

H

H

H

C C

H

HC

C

C

H

C

C

C

C

H

H

H

C C

H

HC

C

C

H

AlkanesAlkanes

Example:Example: Name the following compounds: Name the following compounds:

CH3

CH3CH(CH

3)2CH

2CH

2Br

CH3

CH CH CH2

CH CH3

CH2CH

3C

CH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

C CH2 CH

2Br

CHCH3

CH2CH

3

CH3

CH3

CH CH CH2

CH CH3

CH2CH

3C

CH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

AlkanesAlkanes

Example: Write the condensed structure Example: Write the condensed structure for the following compounds:for the following compounds:

3,3-dimethylpentane3,3-dimethylpentane

2-methyl-4-sec-butyloctane2-methyl-4-sec-butyloctane

1,2-dichloro-3-methylheptane1,2-dichloro-3-methylheptane

student organic - alkanes

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