Student Copy ch 24,25

Oxford chapter 24 and 25

Chapter 24 Objectives

• I can:– Describe the importance of the Roman triumph in

Roman culture and make cultural inferences and comparison

– Recognize, form, and appropriately use comparative adjectives and adverbs in reading and writing and listening

– Recognize, form and appropriately use superlative adjectives and adverbs in reading, writing, and listening

– Use the word “quam” appropriately in reading and writing

The Always Objectives

• I can:– Spell and define assigned vocabulary– Use Latin vocabulary to deduce English words– Read simple Latin sentences and stories– Answer comprehension question questions and supply

text evidence to support my answer– Write simple Latin sentences to form paragraphs from a

prompt– Make cultural and grammatical inferences from my

reading– Compare Roman culture to other cultures

Derivatives 24

• Match the word to the best definition. • 1. innumerable 8. cautionary• 2. enumerate 9. vehicle• 3. fiat 10. inimicable• 4. proviso 11. premium• 5. provisions 12. spectacular• 6. caveat 13. ordinal• 7. caveat emptor 14. sui generis

• 15. cruelty 16. ferocious

• ___________________a warning• ___________________to count• ___________________a reward• ___________________a condition attached to

an agreement• ___________________ intending to cause harm

• _______________ let the buyer beware• _______________too many to count• _______________ warning to be careful• ______________ something capable of carrying• _______________hostile• ________________materials prepared in

advance• _______________ amazing to see

• ________________ announcement or decree to do something

• _______________of its own kind; unique• _______________fierce• _______________ arranged by rank or order

• Put the word from the list above into the most appropriate sentence.

• 1. Sometimes the paperwork involved in many jobs seems to be _________________.

• 2. _________________________ is used to mean something like “sold as is”.

• 3. Twinkies are not proper _____________ for a healthy camping trip but used to be used by cave explorers as emergency lighting sources

• 4. The novel about the lose of privacy was __________________ for our times.

• 5. The _______________ of Roman justice was believed by their culture to be a deterrent for crime.

• 6. That student is certainly ___________________ in his behavior.

• 7. The ______________ goat Buttermilk beats up his friends.

• 8. The government just changed the laws by ___________________.

• 9. On Thanksgiving Day, we _____________ are blessings.

• 10. Their relationship has always been _____________ so maybe they shouldn’t get married.

• 11. The _________________ to the marriage included a pre-nuptial agreement.

• 12. The store offers a ___________________ to frequent shoppers

• 13. My _________________ can only seat five people.

• 14. The sunrise was ___________________.• 15. Let me issue this

__________________about this assignment.• 16. Primus, secundus, and tertius are

___________________numbers.

Derivatives chapter 25

• Match the word to the best definition.• 1. lucid 8. illiterate• 2. consumption 9. facilitate• 3. sumptuous 10. legal• 4. diligent 11. multitudinous• 5. jurisprudence 12. tumultuous• 6. abbreviate 13. puerile• 7. virile

• ____________________ immature• ____________________ clear, easy to

understand• ____________________riotous, in an uproar• ___________________ having to do with the

law• ___________________unable to read• ____________________ hard working, careful

• ________________to shorten• ________________ manly• ________________ use up, take all of• ________________ to make easy• ________________ very many• ________________ theory of the law• ________________ splendid, expensive, using

up the resources

Choose the best word to complete each sentence.

• 1. His thoughts are very _____________.• 2. The dinner was too _____________ for me.• 3. Wearing underwear on your head is

______________________.• 4. His efforts to look ______________ failed

when he started carrying that man-purse.• 5. The _____________________ workers

were taken advantage of by their employers.

• 6. I will ___________________ this concept if you will pay attention.

• 7. The __________________ of resources by the irresponsible corporations endangers us all.

• 8. The reasons for converting from fossil fuels to cleaner energy are __________________.

• 9. Their relationship is so ___________________ that I wonder if they ever get along.

• 10. He studied _________________ in law school but he was really interested in making money.

• 11. Let’s _______________________ this to take less time.

• 12. She was very ____________________ in her work habits.

• 13. I wonder not only why that behavior is __________________ but why anyone would consider it moral.

CULTURE

The Roman Triumph pp. 56-58

• 1. What were the requirements to qualify for a triumph?

• 2. How was the city prepared for a triumph?• 3. Where does the triumpator spend the

night?• 4. What is the porta triumphalis? What was

its only use?

• 5. Put the procession in order:– White oxen– Musician– Pictures of conquered territory– King, family and nobles– Magistrates– Plunder– Trumpet players sounding the charge– Captives– priests

• 6. Describe how the triumphator was dressed.• 7. What did he carry?• 8. In what did he ride?• 9. What did the public slave do? Why?• 10. What do the soldiers do in the parade?• 11. What is the route of the procession?

• 12. What happens to the captives? Where?• 13. What other sacrifices were made?• 14. After the sacrifices, how did the

celebration continue?• 15. Why did the Romans celebrate in this

manner?

• 16. How many triumphs did Caesar celebrate?• 17. What did he give his soldiers?• 18. How did he reward the common people?• 19. Describe the various entertainments he

sponsored. • 20. How big was the crowd?

Extension and Inferences: Please answer these on a separate piece of paper that can be turned in.

• 1. Why does the triumph follow the route it does?

• 2. How does a Roman triumph compare to a typical American parade in form and function?

• 3. Many people did not believe that Caesar should celebrate a triumph after the civil war. Why?

• 4. How does Caesar manipulate the people with his triumph? How would his actions be interpreted by the senate?

Into Adulthood pp. 63-64

• 1. When was a girl considered an adult?• 2. What ritual marks this occasion?• 3. When did a boy become an adult?• 4. On what date would he celebrate this

ritual?• 5. What role does clothing play in this ritual?• 6. Why does he go to the tabularium?

• 7. What is an upper class young man now ready to do?

• 8. Who assisted with this?• 9. What is rhetoric?• 10. By whom was it developed and taught?• 11. What else it is sometimes called?• 12. How did students learn it?

• 13. Why was it so important in the Roman world?

• 14. What types of themes were debated?• 15. How did one use rhetoric in a career?

Extensions and inferences : Answer these questions on a separate piece of paper

• 1. How does the American public education system teach rhetoric?

• 2. Why has rhetoric not received the attention in the 21st century that it did in the 1st century?

• 3. Should rhetoric become a bigger part of the public education system? Explain your position.

• 4. How is rhetoric useful in today’s society?• 5. Page 64 present a hypothetical case. Outline a

presentation either for or against the accused.• 6. Rhetoric ran politics in the Roman world. Does

it still run politics? How it is different or the same?• 7. If given the chance to give a fifteen minute

speech before an audience of 15,000 or donating $1500, which would you choose? Explain.

• 8. The dreaded Graduation Project/Senior Exit includes an oral presentation. Why do you think this component is included? Would this be easier or more difficult for a Roman than a 21st century American? Why?

READINGS

Caesaris triumphi pp. 54-55

• 1. How old is Quintus at the time of this story?• 2. How did having more friends change his life?• 3. How long had the civil war between Caesar

and Pompey ( not mentioned) lasted?• 4. What victories was Caesar celebrating?• 5. What specific kinds of shows did he sponsor?

• 6. Who accompanied Quintus to the triumph?• 7. How does the crowd compared to others

Quintus has seen?• 8. Who was being carried to the Capitoline?• 9. How were the cake sellers and sausage

seller shouting?• 10. What did Quintus buy and in what

quantity?

• 11. How did they (Quintus and his friend) reach a spot where they could see better?

• 12. Who led the parade?• 13. What was in the wagons?• 14. From what victory does Caesar’s famous

quote come?• 15. Who was Vercingetorix?• 16. What had he been?

• 17. What was he about to meet?• 18. What was Caesar wearing?• 19. What accident occurred?• 20. How were the elephants used in the

triumph?

Quintus fortunam suam cognoscit p. 56 Teacher note

• Translate the first paragraphs, then answer the questions for the rest of the translation.

DEGREE

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS: positive, comparative, and superlative

DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES

• An adjective has three degrees.– Positive is the basic form without any changes for

emphasis. – Comparative is the next step to show more

emphasis. The word will become larger itself by adding ior.

– Superlative is the top step. The adjective becomes even longer by adding usually issim.

Degree of adjectives

Miles est altus. The soldier is tall.positive

Hic miles est altior. This soldier is taller.comparative.

Ille miles est altissimus. That soldier is the tallest.superlative

POSITIVE

• The positive form is the most basic. Remember it must always change, based on its declension, to agree with the modified noun in gender, number, and case.– Positive adjectives are either classified as• First and second declension • Third declension

– Any adjective can be adjusted to modify any noun.

COMPARATIVE

• The comparative form is the second degree.• Its can be translated by:– Adding er to the positive altior taller– Using the word more altior more tall– Adding the word rather altior rather tall– Adding too altior too tall

Forming Comparatives

• To make a comparative adjective– Begin with the base of the adjective• For first and second declensions, this will be the

feminine nominative singular minus a• For third declension, it will be the second form from

the vocabulary listing minus is.

– Add ior for masculine and feminine; add ius for neuter. This will make the two nominative singular forms.

DECLINING COMPARATIVES

• Once you have added ior, ius, the new comparative adjective becomes a third declension adjective regardless of how it started.– Altus alta altum positive 1st and 2nd

– Altior, altius comparative 3rd

Declining Comparatives

• To decline your new comparative, leave the ior on all forms except the neuter nominative singular and the neuter accusative singular for which you will use the ius form.

• The new ior is the new base. This is your sign that the adjective is comparative.

• Add third declension noun endings to make the comparative agree with its noun in gender, number, and case.

Comparative endings

• Masculine and feminine• Nom ior iores• Gen ioris iorum• Dat iori ioribus• Acc iorem iores• Abl iore ioribus

• Neuter

• Nom ius iora• Gen ioris iorum• Dat iori ioribus• Acc ius iora• Abl iore ioribus

Examples(Remember there are alternate translations)

• Servus altior vinum bibit. (masc. Nom. sing.)– The taller slave drank the wine..

• Amicus altioris servi quoque vinum bibit.(masc. Gen . Sing.)– The friend of the taller slave also drank wine.

• Amicus altiori servo cibum dedit.(masc dat sing)– The friend gave food to the taller slave.

examples

• Ancilla altiorem servum maluit. (masc. Acc. Sing.)– The slavegirl preferred the taller slave.

• Ancilla e popina cum altiore servo discessit.(masc. Abl. Sing.)– The slavegirl left the bar with the taller slave.

• (Why don’t the adjective and noun have the same endings if they agree?)

Superlatives

• The superlative is the highest degree. It will be a very long word.

• It can be translated by:– Adding est altissimus tallest– Adding very altissimus very tall– Adding most altissimus most tall

Use proper English when translating; goodest is not a word.

Forming Superlatives

• For most adjectives, form the superlative by adding issim plus first and second declension endings. All superlative adjectives are now first and second declension.– Altissimus,-a, -um tallest– Brevissimus,-a, -um shortest

Declension of superlatives Singular

• Mascfem neuter– issimus issima issimum nom sing– issimi issimae issimi gen sing– issimo issimae issimo dat sing– issimum issimam issimum acc sing– issimo issimᾹ* issimo abl sing

Declension of Superlatives Plural

• Masc fem neut– issimi issimae issima nom pl– issimorum issimarum issimorum gen. Pl– issimis issimis issimis dat pl– issimos issimas issima acc pl– issimis issimis issimis abl pl

Er Superlatives

• Some adjectives for which either the nominative singular or the base ends with er will not use the issim; instead you will add rim (effectively doubling the r which you should roll when you say it) plus first and second declension endings– Pulcherrimus, -a, -um most beautiful– Celerrimus, -a, -um fastest

Examples

• Olivia est pulcherrima puella.– Olivia is the most beautiful girl. Fem. Nom. Sing

• Pueri pulcherrimas puellas spectare amant.– The boys love to watch the most beautiful girls.

Fem .acc. Pl.

Double L superlatives

• A small group (six) of adjectives whose base ends in il will use limus (effectively doubling the l which you should trill) to form their superlatives. These adjectives are:– Facilis facillimus, -a, -um easiest– Difficilis difficillimus, -a, -um most difficult– Similis simillimus, -a, -um most similar– Dissimilis dissimillimus, -a,-um most different– Gracilis gracillimus, -a, -um most slender– Humilis humillimus, -a, -um most humble

The Irregulars

• Changing degree usually follows the patterns described, making the words progressively longer and more impressive as the degree increases. However, just like in English, many words have irregular degree. We don’t say bad, badder, baddest; instead we say bad, worse, worst. Good doesn’t become gooder, then goodest; instead we use good, better, best.

Irregulars

• Memorize the following irregulars:– Bonus melior, melius optimus– Malus peior, peius pessimus– Magnus maior, maius maximus– Parvus minor, minus minimus– Multus *plus/ plures, plura plurimus

• *neuter substantive

Special grammar structures with degree

• The superlative is frequently used with a partitive genitive or genitive of the whole.– Olivia est pulcherrima puella omnium.– Olivia is the most beautiful girl of all.

Using quam with comparatives

• When comparing two things with quam:– The two objects must be in the same case.– Quam means than– Flavia est pulchrior quam Cornelia.• Both are nominitive.• Quam links the two as than

Ablative of Comparison

• When using an ablative of comparison, the first item must be either nominative or accusative.

• The second item is ablative without a preposition.– Flavia est pulchrior Cornelia*.– Flavia is prettier than Cornelia.

Ablative of Degree of Difference

• Used to show how much of a comparison in reference to the comparative adjective. ( functions somewhat like an adverb)– Multo much– Paulo a little

• No preposition is used.– Nostri milites sunt multo fortiores illis militibus.– Our soldiers are much more brave than those soldiers.

Practice with degree

• 1. Caesari triumphi erant maximi omnium.• 2. Caesari triumphi erant maiores quam

Ciceronis triumphum.• 3. Caesar est notior Cicerone.• 4. Cicero erat clarissimus orator.• 5. Cicero erat miserrimus ubi Tullia mortua est.• 6. Caesar habuit plures victorias quam

Pompeius.• 7. Gallia erat Caesaris maxima victoria.

• 8. Victoria in Galliā erat difficillima.• 9. Iulius Caesar est notissimus Romanus dux

omnium.• 10. Augustus erat melior dux quam Iulius

Caesar.• 11. Augustus erat melior dux Iulio Caesare.• 12. civile bellum est pessimum genus belli.

Practice Ex 24.2 p.131

Practice ex 24.3 p. 131

Treasure hunt Caesaris triumphi

• Line 2• Line 3• Line 10• Line 15• Line 32• Line 34

ADVERBS

FRIENDLY, EASIER TO GET ALONG WITH, IMPOSSIBLE TO DECLINE

ADVERBS

• Adverbs modify verbs, ( adverb = to the verb), adjectives, and other adverbs. They limit these words.– When?– How?– To what extent?– He walks quickly. Ambulat celeriter.

Adverbs

• Adverbs agree automatically. They cannot be declined; just put them in the sentence where you need them. Many adverbs are independently made (not made from another word) such as mox, hodie, cras etc. Others are made from adjectives in their positive form.

Degree of adverbs : Positive

• The positive adverb is made one of two ways:– 1st and 2nd dec adjectives = remove a from

feminine nominative singular and add elatus lata, latum wide late widely

3rd dec usually add er, ter, or iterbrevis, breve short breviter shortly

Degree of adverbs: Comparative

• The second degree or comparative is formed by using the neuter comparative adjective (ius). Just check to be certain it is not modifying a neuter noun. Translate with more.– Pugnavit gravius. He fought more seriously.

• Adverb in comparative degree

– Hoc est gravius bellum. This is a more serious war.• Adjective modifying the neuter noun bellum

Superlative adverbs

• Change the “us” to an “e” on the superlative adjectives– Latissimus = latissime– Widest = most widely

• When used with “quam”, translate “as ______ as possible”– Quam latissime as quickly as possible