Strugglingtoward

SaratogaChapter 4, Section 3

The Fall of New York and Valley Forge

July 1776, Washington, with a weak and disorganized force of 23,000, forced to retreat from NY after fleet of 500+ ships and over 32,000 British soldiers and Hessian and Prussian mercenaries lands on Long Island and is flanked repeatedly:

*Battle of Long Island

*Battle of Brooklyn

*Battle of Kips Bay

*Battle of Fort Lee

*Battle of Fort Washington

(Victories at Trenton and Princeton)

*Battle for Philadelphia

Retreat to Valley Forge–only 8,000 troops remain with Washington

*all terrible losses for Americans

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The contribution and sacrifice of the Maryland Line at the Battle of Long Island during the American

RevolutionOn August 27, 1776, some four hundred Maryland troops led a rear-guard action to check the British advance and protect the retreat of Washington's greatly outnumbered army. The Marylanders launched six counter attacks at the Cortelyou House. During the last attack, Cornwallis' troops were reinforced and the Marylanders were swept back to the Gowanus Canal. After the battle, 256 Marylanders were buried in a mass grave that is located a few blocks from the park. It is for this heroic action that Maryland became known as the Old Line State. “Good God, what brave fellows I must this day lose.”

–George Washington.http://www.sos.state.md.us/MMMC/vt3-md400.html

ONLY 9 men, including the leader of the MD forces, Mordecai Gist, survived.

Primary Documents of the Battle of Long Island

Letters of Sergeant Sands

Extract of Maryland Gazette

Toll of the Battle

Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters: Washington retreats to Valley Forge, NJ, with only a few thousand men and they suffer a terrible winter with few supplies. LOW POINT FOR THE AMERICANS. However, the troops that remain are committed and trained by von Steuben. While British officers enjoyed the social life of Philadelphia, General Washington, his officers, and his men suffered from inadequate food, supplies, firewood, and shelter in their winter encampment, a situation due, in part, to the corruption and greed of military suppliers and the incompetence of the quartermaster corps. (Stock Montage )

Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters

Profiteering and Inflation

Trenton and PrincetonWashington begins to win:

Uses ruses and surprise attacks/Guerilla tactics

Trenton – captures 1000+ Hessians on Dec. 26,1776

Princeton – Defeat British forces near Princeton

THIS IS THE TURNING OF THE TIDE FOR THE PATRIOTS

NOTE: NJ campaign is to protect Philadelphia, site of the Continental Congress.

Howe makes strategic blunder of not destroying Washington’s forces after NY and dividing his forces to capture RI.

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Battle of Trenton, Christmas 1776

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Battle of Princeton by James PealeAt the Battle of Princeton in early 1777, American forces under George Washington cemented the victory they had won a few days earlier at Trenton. This view was painted in 1787 by James Peale, who fought in the battle. (Princeton University Library)

Battle of Princeton by James Peale

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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FALL OF 1777

After the fall of New York, British Gen. Burgoyne pushes south, planning to meet Gen Clinton at Albany, to cut the rebel colonies in half.

Burgoyne

Clinton

BATTLE OF SARATOGA

Benedict Arnold vs. BurgoyneKEY IDEA: Control the water, Control the landBRITISH OBJECTIVE: Divide the colonies by controlling Lake Champlain and the HudsonREBEL STRATEGY: Delay the British link-up, using winter as an ally.TURNING POINT: British defeat at SaratogaRESULT: Americans lost the battle for Canada, but helped win the war by delaying the British, brings France in on side of the Americans!!

HISTORICAL PARALLEL: Braddock’s defeat in the F&I war

NOTE: Arnold latter betrays the cause, jealous and petulant

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7th October 1777 17th October 1777

Franco- American Alliance

France gives:

France gets:

Americans get:

Franco- American Alliance

France gives: gunpowder, munitions, (90% of American gunpowder in first 2+ years comes from France!!)

France gets: an ally in the New World and a weakened Britain, protection (?) for her sugar colonies in the West Indies, possibly New France back as well

Americans get: 1. A wider war: France, Spain, Holland enter the fight against Britain, fighting in North America, South America, Asia, Caribbean, and on the high seas.

2. most of its supplies, training, and naval support

Other voices…page 111• What were the contributions of women during

the Revolution?http://www.gilderlehrman.org/search/display_results.php?id=GLC01450.702

• What were the contributions of African Americans?

http://www.gilderlehrman.org/search/display_results.php?id=GLC01450.702

• What were the contributions of Native Americans?

http://www.historynow.org/09_2009/historian4.html