structure of-predication- edwin sulispriyanto
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Syntax of Predication works on all favorite learning of syntaxTRANSCRIPT
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Structure of Predication
Meeting 5
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General understanding
Predicate is constituent
It can be as below :
Structure of Modification P
Structure of Complementation P
Structure of Coordination P
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• The subject and predicate can be either of the following:- a single word- a word with accompanying function words- a phrase, or - one of the syntactic structures: modification, complementation, or coordination
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• Specifically the subject can be a structure of predication also which is defined as included clause.
• The predicate consists of a verb and a verb phrase in key position. Examples:- Money P talks
- Courtesy always >> pays P
- [The sun] [sets] [in the west ]
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• A predicate can be filled by a structure of complementation, such as:
- the snow was cold
- The clerk sold me the shirt
- My neighbor painted his house green• A predicate can also consist of a structure of
coordination, such as:
- We walked and talked
- People either like this place or hate it
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• So we can temporarily conclude that: predicate has verb component in it either as a single verb though seldom or a more or less complex structure with the verb at its core or the heart of the matter.
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Subject Components
• It is included the part of speech in :
a.Structure of Modification as the Subject– N >> the wind direction has blown.– V >> studying this could be interesting.– Adj >> careless to your money could be
danger.– Adv >> hopefully now was her pretending.
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b. Prepositional phrase as the subject• At the up hill was where he lives• In Indonesia is where I live
c. Structure of complementation as the subject• To drive the long way spends plenty of money• Solving unpredictable problem is always a part of education
d. Structure of coordination as the subject• Kill and clean corruptorscorruptors are the work of inquisition
order• Capable or incapable in studying physics depend on
analyzing comprehension
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e. Structure of predication as the subject• Whatever is is right
• That he did it all has not been proved
• But he No longer can survive is the best alibi
f. Nominative case • They have been seen
• They and I came together
• Who will volunteer for the job
Catatan
Concord = bentuk kesesuaian antara subjek dan objek
There is a joker in a stage
There were three kings
There comes the sun
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Struture of Predication VERB forms
• Thus it needs to be clearly known that VERB is classified into seven heads:- person- tense- phase- aspect- mode- voice, and - status
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• In terms of person, verb can be classified in common and third singular. Examples: the man walks, he feels, this looks good, the tall man in the car drives, eating candy causes tooth decay, what I want costs money, either his mistakes or his bad luck keeps him poor.
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• In terms of Tense, there are two tenses: common (present) and past (preterit). They are shown by the inflexion attached to the verbs: Common: base / base + (-s), while Past: (base + (-ed).
• The be has its exceptional forms (is, am, are: present and was, were: past)
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• In terms of Phase, there are two phases: simple and perfect (have + past participle verb). Examples:
- I speak vs I have spoken
- We work vs We have worked
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• In terms of Aspect, there are three:
- simple: the verb is unmarked
- durative: be + base+ing
- inchoative: get+ present participle
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• In terms of Mode, it can be seen from:
- the modal auxiliaries + base form: must go, may come, should see,etc., and
- certain other auxiliaries + infinitive (to+base form): used to study, ought to come, have to go, etc.
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• In terms of Voice, there are two voices: Active and passive voices. Passive is formed by the aux. be + past participle verb or get+ past participle verb.
Examples:- He kills he is killed/He gets killed
- They built a house A house was built
- We have done the work The work has been done
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• Can you analyze these two?
- The man was informed by his wife
- The man was informed about politics
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• In terms of status, verbs has four statues: affirmative, interrogative, negative, and negative interrogative. Examples:
- He is working He works
- He is not working He does not work
- Is he working? Does he work?
- Isn’t he working? Doesn’t he work?
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• What’s the difference between
Doesn’t he work? And
Does he not work?
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Functions in the Verb Phrase (VP)
• Head: V
• Dependents:– Pre-head modifier: AdvP– Post-head modifier: AdvP/PP– (Post-head) complement:
NP/PP/AdvP/clause
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S
Subject:NP Tense:AUX Predicate:VP
The boy has run very quickly
head:V PtHdMod:AdvP
S
Subject:NP Tense:AUX Predicate:VP
The boy has very quickly run
PrHdMod:AdvP V
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Types of Complement in the VP• Direct Object: NP
• Indirect Object: NP
• Prepositional Phrase Complement (PPC): PP
• Subject Predicative Complement (PCS): NP/AdjP
• Object Predicative Complement (PCO): NP/AdjP
Post-head modifiers in VP are often referred to as adjuncts
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Direct Object (DO) Function in VP
• The direct object function is filled by NP
– The dogs chased the cats.
• If the direct object is a pronoun, the pronoun is in Accusative case form.
– The dogs chased them. (*they)
• In basic sentences, the direct object NP comes immediately after the verb
– *The dogs chased [quickly] them.
• Exception: if there is also an indirect object NP
– The boy bought [the girl] an icecream.
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Unlike PP complements in NPs and AdjPs the direct object (DO) NP is usually obligatory in English
The boy discovered the treasure.
The boy discovered it.
*The boy discovered.
The discovery of the treasure
The discovery
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Indirect Object (IO) function in VP
• Indirect object (IO) function is only filled by NP
• IO follows V and precedes DO
– I gave my brother [a new bicycle].
• The IO pronoun is Accusative (or Reflexive)Accusative IO I baked him a cakeReflexive IO I baked myself a cake
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Preposition Phrase Complement in VP (PPC)
• a PP may fill a complement function in a VP• It may be the only complement
– John relies on his friend.
• It may follow an NP (DO) complement– John put [the book] on the table.
• As with PP complements in an NP or AdjP, the choice of preposition is restricted by the verb.– relies on/*in/*from; believes in/*on/*about
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Subjective Predicative Complement (PCS)
• PCS is filled by NP or by AdjP• PCS comes directly after the verb• The PCS describes an attribute or property of the
referent of the subject NP
Compare:– The man saw a doctor. (DO)– The man became a doctor. (PCS)
– *The man saw very clever. (DO)– The man became very clever. (PCS)
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Another property of PCS
• If the PCS is a NP, it normally agrees with the subject NPThe gentleman is a lawyer.The gentlemen are lawyers.*The gentleman is lawyers.*The gentlemen are a lawyer.
• Only a limited set of verbs take an NP as PCS:– be, become, seem, look, resemble...
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Tests to distinguish PCS from DO
Test 1 - SubstitutionMarjorie looked a fright.
• PCS can be NP or AdjP. • DO can only be NP.
Can you replace the NP with an AdjP?Marjorie looked frightful /angry /very sad.
Therefore - PCS.
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Tests to distinguish PCS from DO
Test 2 - AgreementThe doctor seems a nice man.
• PCS must agree with the subject.• DO does not agree with the subject
The doctor saw a nice man/nice men.
Can you make the NP plural?*The doctor seems nice men.
Therefore - PCS.
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Objective Predicative Complement (PCO)
• Similar to PCS in many respects, but a PCO describes an attribute of the DO of a sentence. We consider him our leader.Subj Verb DO PCO
• The PCO function is filled by NP or AdjP.– We consider him very trustworthy.
• An NP in the PCO function agrees in number with the DO phrase.– We consider them our leaders.
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Distinguish PCO construction from IO construction
• VP V NP NPWe consider him our leader. (DO PCO)
We gave him our leader. (IO DO)
• Substitute AdjP for NP if PCO• We consider him very stong.
• Cannot substitute AdjP for NP if DO• *We gave him very strong.
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Distinguish PCO construction from IO construction
• VP V NP NPWe consider him our leader. (DO PCO)
We gave him our leader. (IO DO)
• DO NP and PCO NP agree in number• We consider him our leader. (singular)• We consider them our leaders. (plural)
• No number agreement between IO and DO• We gave him our leader/leaders.• We gave them our leader/leaders.
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• Post-head dependents which are not complements in a
VP are adjuncts
• Adjuncts are never obligatory
• Adjuncts modify some aspect of the possible reference
of the VP
• Different types of phrases can act as an adjunct in a
VP (XP is an abbreviation for an unspecified type of
phrase)
• Adjuncts can be fronted to pre-Subject
Adjuncts
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I left very quickly. (AdvP)
I left.
Very quickly I left.
I saw John on Tuesday. (PP)
I saw John.
On Tuesday I saw John.
Mary left the following day. (NP)
Mary left.
The following day Mary left.
Multiple adjuncts
Sue slept very badly in the plane on Tuesday after the meeting
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I behave very badly. (COMP:AdvP)*I behave ___. (incomplete - opposite meaning)
I put John on the ground. (COMP:PP)*I put John ___.
Mary left her bag. (COMP:NP)*Mary left ____.
Santa depends on Rudolph. (COMP:PP)*Santa depends ___.
Complements cannot be omitted (except in special cases)
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Complements precede adjuncts John read [the book] carefully/in the lounge
*John read carefully/in the lounge [the book].
Exception: 'Heavy' DO NP may follow an adjunct phrase
John examined (very) carefully [every single document in the safe].
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Summary
Every phrase has a head
A phrase may have dependents
Dependents may precede or follow the head
Dependents with a close semantic and syntactic relationship with the head are complements
In some phrases (e.g., VP) complements may be obligatory
Dependents which are freely added to a phrase to modify the head are adjuncts
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End of slides