structure of electrons

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Structure of Electrons

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Structure of electrons

What is an atom made of? Subatomic particles:

Neutron, proton, electrons A central, dense nucleus

(neutrons & protons) surrounded by electrons

Electrons have a negative charge (-)

Protons have a positive charge (+)

Atom is held together by the attraction of electrons and protons

Neutrons are neutral

electron

neutron

proton

Organization of electrons in the atom Orbital or electron shell:

Concentric rings surrounding nucleus that electrons are “represented” as orbiting around the nucleus.

A region of space about a nucleus that contains electrons that have approximately the same energy and spend most of their time approximately the same distance from the nucleus.

For example, let’s take a closer look at the element of copper (Cu)

Electron shells Each electron shell that can hold a set

number of electrons: 1st shell (innermost)—holds 2 2nd shell –holds 8 3rd shell—holds 18 4th shell—holds 32

Valence shell & Chemical Bonds Valence shell:

The outermost shell is called the valence shell

Chemical bonds: The process of gaining, losing or sharing

electrons that hold the atoms together

Valence shell

The number of electrons in the valence shell determines the chemical properties of the atom The farther the distance between the electrons

and the nucleus, the less force of attraction If the electron shell is full, then it is less

reactive

Some examples Helium (He)

Has two electrons in outer shell Has a full outer shell (which is also the first

energy level) Very stable, non-reactive

Some examples Lithium (Li)

Has three electrons 2 in 1st level, 1 in second level The second level can hold up to seven more

electrons Therefore, it is very reactive

Some examples Neon (Ne)

Has ten electrons 2 in 1st level, 8 in second level The second level is full Therefore, it is very stable

Some examples Carbon

Has six electrons 2 in inner shell and 4 in outer shell Valence shell can hold how many more?

4 electrons Would you predict C to be very reactive?

Orbitals The electron shell models are simplified

models to help understand reactivity of chemicals and electronic structure

The electron shell model is 2-d, but in reality the movement of electrons occurs in 3-dimensions

And each shell has subshells: s, p, d and n Let’s view the movement of electrons

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