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Structure and petrography of the Piety Hill area, Pima County, Arizona Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); maps Authors Broderick, Jon Palmer, 1941- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 16/07/2018 05:28:43 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551945

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Page 1: STRUCTURE AND PETROGRAPHY OP THE PIETY HILL …arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/551945/1/AZU_TD... · STRUCTURE AND PETROGRAPHY OP THE PIETY HILL AREA, PIMA COUNTY,

Structure and petrography of thePiety Hill area, Pima County, Arizona

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); maps

Authors Broderick, Jon Palmer, 1941-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this materialis made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona.Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such aspublic display or performance) of protected items is prohibitedexcept with permission of the author.

Download date 16/07/2018 05:28:43

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551945

Page 2: STRUCTURE AND PETROGRAPHY OP THE PIETY HILL …arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/551945/1/AZU_TD... · STRUCTURE AND PETROGRAPHY OP THE PIETY HILL AREA, PIMA COUNTY,

STRUCTURE AND PETROGRAPHY OP THE PIE T Y H ILL AREA,

PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA

b y

J o n P . B r o d e r i c k

A T h e s i s S u b m i t t e d t o t h e F a c u l t y o f t h e

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e R e q u i r e m e n ts F o r t h e D e g re e o f

MASTER OF SCIENCE

I n t h e G r a d u a t e C o l l e g e

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

1 9 6 7

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STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

T h i s t h e s i s h a s b e e n s u b m i t t e d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l ­m e n t o f r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a n a d v a n c e d d e g r e e a t The U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i z o n a a n d i s d e p o s i t e d i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y t o b e m ade a v a i l a b l e t o b o r r o w e r s u n d e r r u l e s o f t h e L i b r a r y .

B r i e f q u o t a t i o n s f ro m t h i s t h e s i s a r e a l l o w a b l e w i t h o u t s p e c i a l p e r m i s s i o n , p r o v i d e d t h a t a c c u r a t e a c k n o w le d g m e n t o f s o u r c e i s m a d e . R e q u e s t s f o r p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n d e d q u o t a t i o n f ro m o r r e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s m anu­s c r i p t i n w h o le o r i n p a r t may b e g r a n t e d b y t h e h e a d o f t h e m a jo r d e p a r t m e n t o r t h e D ean o f t h e G r a d u a te C o l l e g e w hen i n h i s ju d g m e n t t h e p r o p o s e d u s e o f t h e m a t e r i a l i s i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f s c h o l a r s h i p . I n a l l o t h e r i n s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r , p e r m i s s i o n m u s t b e o b t a i n e d f ro m t h e a u t h o r .

SIGNED:

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

T h is t h e s i s h a s b e e n a p p r o v e d o n t h e d a t e show n b e lo w :

_________________________ / / - ~R» L . D u B o is

P r o f e s s o r o f G e o lo g yD a te

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T he a u t h o r w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s g r a t i t u d e t o t h e

f a c u l t y m em b ers o f t h e D e p a r tm e n t o f G e o lo g y o f t h e

U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i z o n a who m ade m any h e l p f u l s u g g e s t i o n s

r e g a r d i n g t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e g e o lo g y o f t h e P i e t y

H i l l a r e a .

S p e c i a l t h a n k s a r e d u e D r . R o b e r t L . D u B o is f o r

h i s a d v i c e a n d h i s t im e s p e n t i n t h e f i e l d . A c k n o w le d g m e n t

i s a l s o m ade t o D r . J o h n W. A n th o n y a n d D r . J o h n M.

G u i l b e r t who h a v e r e a d t h e m a n u s c r i p t a n d o f f e r e d m any

h e l p f u l s u g g e s t i o n s .

i l l

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

P a g e

L IS T OF ILLUSTRATIONS................................................................................... v i

ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................v i i

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1

P u r p o s e o f S t u d y .................L o c a t i o n ......................................T o p o g ra p h y a n d D r a in a g e M e th o d o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n P r e v i o u s W o rk .........................

GEOLOGIC SETTING..................................................................................................... 6

PETROGRAPHY.................................................................................................................. 9

I n t r o d u c t i o n .................................................................................................. 9M e ta m o rp h ic R o c k s .................................................................................... 10

C a t a l i n a G n e i s s ............................................................................ 10G e n e r a l S t a t e m e n t o f A p a c h e G ro u p ............................ 12P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n .............................................. 13

G n e i s s i c f a c i e s .............................................................. 19D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e ................................................. 21

B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te M em ber.............. .................. 21D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e .................................... 23

B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e . . . . ................................................................. 24S c h i s t f a c i e s o f B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e .............. 2 ?L im e s to n e f a c i e s o f B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e . . . 28

A b r lg o L i m e s t o n e ......................................................................... 29M a r t i n F o r m a t io n - E s c a b r o s a L i m e s t o n e ........... 33

I g n e o u s R o c k s ........................................................................................... 3 7L a m p ro p h y re D i k e s ................................................................... 3 7

A l lu v iu m ........................................................................................................... 38

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY.............................................................................................. 40

G e n e r a l S t a t e m e n t .................................................................................... 40F a u l t s .............................................................................................................. 4 0F o l i a t i o n ................................................................................... 45

INTERPRETATION OF METAMORPHISM.............................................................. 4 ?

i v

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VTABLE OF CONTENTS ( c o n t i n u e d ) P a g e

GEOLOGIC HISTORY................................................................................................ 52

REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 55

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L IS T OF ILLUSTRATIONS

F i g u r e P a g e

1 . LOCATION MAP...................................................................................... 2

2 . CARBONACEOUS VARIETY OF PIONEER FO R M A T IO N .... 18

P l a t e

1 . GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE PIETY H ILL AREA,PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA.............................................. i n p o c k e t

2 . GEOLOGIC CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE PIETYH ILL AREA, PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA.................i n p o c k e t

v i

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ABSTRACT

T he P i e t y H i l l a r e a i s l o c a t e d o n t h e e a s t e r n

f l a n k o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a M o u n ta i n s , n o r t h e a s t o f T u c s o n ,

A r i z o n a . T he r o c k s c o n s i s t p r e d o m i n a n t l y o f m e ta m o rp h o s e d

P r e c a m b r l a n a n d P a l e o z o i c s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s . L a m p ro p h y re

d i k e s t r a n s e c t t h e P r e c a m b r l a n a n d P a l e o z o i c r o c k s t h r o u g h ­

o u t t h e a r e a . F l a t - l y i n g , u n m e ta m o rp h o s e d , C e n o z o ic

a l l u v i u m o v e r l i e s t h e m e ta m o r p h ic r o c k s i n t h e e a s t .

T he c o r e o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a R an g e i s c o m p o se d

o f a g r a n i t i c - g n e i s s i c c o m p le x t h a t fo r m e d p a r t l y f ro m

g r a n i t e i n t r u s i o n a n d p a r t l y f ro m g r a n i t i z a t i o n o f s e d i ­

m e n ta r y r o c k s . T he g r a n i t i c r o c k o f t h e s o u t h w e s t p o r t i o n

o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a i s r e l a t e d t o t h e g r a n i t i c - g n e i s s i c

c o m p le x a n d w as p r o b a b l y i n t r u d e d d u r i n g p o s t - C r e t a c e o u s

t im e c a u s i n g c o n t a c t m e ta m o r p h ic p h e n o m e n a a t i t s m a r g i n s .

R e g i o n a l m e ta m o rp h is m a t t h i s sam e t im e a f f e c t e d m uch o f

t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a r a n g e . C o n t a c t a n d r e g i o n a l m e ta m o rp h is m

a r e s u p e r im p o s e d i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a .

F a u l t i n g , a n d a s s o c i a t e d f o l d i n g , a r e t h e m o s t

p r o m i n e n t t y p e o f s t r u c t u r a l d e f o r m a t i o n . T he o l d e s t

d i s c e m a b l e f a u l t s a r e o f p o s t - C r e t a c e o u s a g e a n d a r e

u p t h r u s t s o r g r a v i t y g l i d e f e a t u r e s . H ig h a n g l e , n o r t h w e s t ­

t r e n d i n g , n o r m a l f a u l t s fo r m e d n e x t , a n d t h e n h i g h a n g l e ,

e a s t - w e s t t r e n d i n g n o r m a l f a u l t i n g o c c u r r e d .

v i i

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TillR e c e n t e r o s i o n h a s d i s s e c t e d t h e l a n d s u r f a c e t o

c r e a t e t h e p r e s e n t t o p o g r a p h y .

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INTRODUCTION

P u r p o s e o f S tu d y

T he p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o d e s c r i b e t h e r o c k

t y p e s p r e s e n t i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a , a n d t o d e t e r m i n e

t h e i r a r e a l d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d s t r u c t u r a l r e l a t i o n s . A m a jo r

g o a l i s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p r e - m e ta m o r p h ic e q u i v a l e n t s o f t h e

v a r i o u s r o c k s i n o r d e r t o c o r r e l a t e t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c

s e c t i o n w i t h o t h e r a r e a s . An a t t e m p t i s m ade t o d e t e r m i n e

t h e p e t r o l o g i c h i s t o r y o f t h e r o c k s o f t h e a r e a .

L o c a t i o n

T he a r e a c o v e r e d b y t h i s r e p o r t i s l o c a t e d o n t h e

s o u t h e a s t e r n f l a n k o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a M o u n ta in s i n

n o r t h e a s t P im a C o u n ty , A r i z o n a ( F i g u r e 1 ) . T he m a p p ed

a r e a i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r s q u a r e m i l e s a n d i n c l u d e s

s e c t i o n s 31 a n d 3 2 , a n d p a r t s o f 2 8 , 2 9 , 3 0 , a n d 33 o f

T . 1 2 S . , R . 1 8 E . a n d p a r t s o f s e c t i o n s 2 5 a n d 3 6 o f T .

1 2 S . , R . 1 ? E . G i l a a n d S a l t R i v e r B a s e a n d M e r i d i a n .

I t i s sho w n o n t h e B e l l o t a R a n c h Q u a d r a n g l e , 1 9 5 7 . ( 1 :

6 2 , 5 0 0 ) , U . S . G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y T o p o g r a p h ic Map S e r i e s .

T he T a n q u e V e rd e - R e d i n g to n R o a d i s t h e m a jo r

r o u t e o f a c c e s s i n t o t h e a r e a . The m a p p ed a r e a i s t h i r t y -

f i v e m i l e s e a s t - n o r t h e a s t o f T u c s o n v i a t h e R e d i n g to n

1

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R o a d . T he a r e a I s a c c e s s a b l e b y a u t o m o b i l e t h r o u g h o u t t h e

y e a r e x c e p t d u r i n g b r i e f p e r i o d s o f e x t r e m e r u n o f f f ro m

m e l t i n g snow i n e a r l y s p r i n g .

T o p o g ra p h y a n d D r a in a g e

T he l a n d s c a p e o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a c o n s i s t s

m a in ly o f s m o o th , r o u n d e d h i l l s a n d r a t h e r s t e e p - s i d e d

v a l l e y s . P i e t y H i l l , l o c a t e d i n t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f t h e

a r e a ( P l a t e I ) i s t h e p o i n t o f maximum e l e v a t i o n a t

f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e l . T he t o p o g r a p h i c r e l i e f i n t h e a r e a

m ap p ed i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 7 0 f e e t .

T he s t r e a m c h a n n e l s a r e d r y e x c e p t f o r b r i e f

p e r i o d s a f t e r sum m er th u n d e r s h o w e r s o r d u r i n g p e r i o d s o f

m e l t i n g snow i n t h e h i g h e r m o u n ta in s i n e a r l y s p r i n g .

T he p a t t e r n o f t h e s t r e a m s o v e r t h e g r a n i t i c r o c k o n t h e

s o u t h a n d w e s t i s d e n d r i t i c . T he s t r e a m s o f t h e r e m a i n d e r

o f t h e a r e a f lo w o v e r m e ta m o r p h ic r o c k s a n d h a v e a p a r a l l e l

t o s u b p a r a l l e l p a t t e r n i n tw o d i r e c t i o n s . Some o f t h e s e

s t r e a m s f lo w n o r t h - n o r t h w e s t , b u t m o s t f lo w e a s t - n o r t h e a s t .

D r a in a g e f ro m t h e s o u t h e r n q u a r t e r o f t h e a r e a

g o e s s o u t h i n t o Y o u tc y C a n y o n , t h e n S o z a C an y o n w h ic h

f l o w s i n t o t h e S a n P e d r o R i v e r t o t h e e a s t . T he r e m a i n d e r

o f t h e m a p p ed a r e a d r a i n s t o t h e e a s t a n d t h e n n o r t h t o

j o i n B uehm an C anyon d r a i n a g e w h ic h f l o w s i n t o t h e S a n

P e d r o R i v e r a t R e d i n g t o n .

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M e th o d o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n

T he p r o b le m w as f i r s t a p p r o a c h e d b y f i e l d m a p p in g

b e g u n i n O c t o b e r 1965 . a n d c o m p le te d i n M a rc h 1966#

E n l a r g e d a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s t a k e n b y t h e U . S . F o r e s t

S e r v i c e , 1 9 5 8 , w e re u s e d a s a b a s e map f o r i n i t i a l f i e l d

m a p p in g . T he s c a l e o f t h e e n l a r g e d p h o t o s w a s 1 : 5 , 4 0 0 .

T he f i e l d d a t a w as s u b s e q u e n t l y t r a n s f e r r e d t o a s i m i l a r l y

e n l a r g e d p o r t i o n o f t h e B e l l o t a R a n c h Q u a d r a n g l e .

A p e t r o g r a p h i c s t u d y , i n v o l v i n g e x a m i n a t i o n o f

s i x t y t h i n s e c t i o n s , w as m ade i n a n a t t e m p t t o i n t e r p r e t

t h e p e t r o g e n e s i s o f t h e r o c k s , e s p e c i a l l y i n r e l a t i o n t o

t h e m e ta m o rp h is m o f t h e a r e a .

P r e v i o u s W ork

T he g e o lo g y o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a h a s n o t b e e n

s p e c i f i c a l l y r e p o r t e d o n p r e v i o u s l y . T he a r e a w as i n ­

c l u d e d o n a g e n e r a l i z e d g e o l o g i c map o f t h e U . S .

G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y T o p o g r a p h ic Map S e r i e s , T u c s o n Q u ad ­

r a n g l e , s c a l e 1 : 1 2 5 ,0 0 0 , 1 9 0 4 , b y M o o re , T o lm a n , a n d

o t h e r s ( 1 9 4 9 ) • T h i s map w as o f l i t t l e v a l u e b e c a u s e , i n

t h e l i g h t o f t h i s s t u d y , t h e r o c k s o f M o o r e 's map h a v e

b e e n i n a c c u r a t e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h r e g a r d t o a g e . The

L o w e r P a l e o z o i c r o c k s o f M oore a n d o t h e r s a r e i n t e r p r e t e d

t o b e P r e c a m b r i a n , a n d t h e C r e t a c e o u s r o c k s o f M oore a r e

i n t e r p r e t e d t o b e P a l e o z o i c i n a g e a s a r e s u l t o f t h e

p r e s e n t s t u d y .

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R o b e r t G . R a a b e (1 9 5 9 ) m ade a s t r u c t u r a l a n d p e t r o ­

g r a p h i c s t u d y o f t h e B u l l o c k C an y o n - B uehm an C an y o n a r e a ,

o n e m i l e n o r t h w e s t o f t h e a r e a o f t h i s r e p o r t . R a a b e

d e s c r i b e d t h e P r e c a m b r i a n A p a c h e G ro u p m e ta m o rp h o s e d s e d i ­

m e n ta r y r o c k s a n d som e o f t h e m e ta m o rp h o s e d P a l e o z o i c

r o c k s t h a t a r e a l s o f o u n d i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a .

J o h n J . M cK enna ( I 9 6 6 ) m ade a s t u d y o f t h e P a l e o z o i c

s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s o f B uehm an C an y o n i n a tw e l v e s q u a r e m i l e

a r e a o n t h e n e c k o f b e d r o c k p r o t r u d i n g i n t o t h e S a n P e d r o

R i v e r v a l l e y n e a r R e d i n g t o n . T he s o u t h e r n b o u n d a r y o f

M cKenna* s map i s tw o a n d o n e - h a l f m i l e s t o t h e n o r t h o f

t h e a r e a o f s t u d y o f t h i s r e p o r t .

T he M in e t a R id g e a r e a w a s m ap p ed b y R a n d a l l T .

Chew ( I 9 5 2 ) . T h i s a r e a l i e s o n e m i l e t o t h e s o u t h e a s t o f

t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . Chew w as m a in ly c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e

C e n o z o ic s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s a n d t h e r e f o r e h i s w o rk w as n o t

o f m uch v a l u e t o t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y .

M aung Myo M in , a g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y

o f A r i z o n a , i s c u r r e n t l y m a k in g a s t r u c t u r a l a n d p e t r o ­

g r a p h i c s t u d y o f t h e g r a n i t i c a n d m e ta m o r p h ic r o c k s i n

t h e c o n t i g u o u s a r e a t o t h e w e s t .

F r e d e r i c k L . P e i r c e (1 9 5 8 ) a n d H a r o l d D. P i l k i n g t o n

( I 9 6 2 ) d i d e x t e n s i v e s t r u c t u r a l a n d p e t r o g r a p h i c w o rk i n

t h e m e ta m o rp h o s e d s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a

M o u n ta in s t o t h e n o r t h w e s t .

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GEOLOGIC SETTING

T he S a n t a C a t a l i n a M o u n ta in s a r e i n l a r g e p a r t

c o m p o se d o f s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s t h a t h a v e b e e n u p l i f t e d ,

i n t r u d e d , a n d m e ta m o r p h o s e d . T he o l d e s t know n r o c k i n t h e

r a n g e i s t h e P r e c a m b r i a n C a t a l i n a G n e i s s o f g r a n i t i c com­

p o s i t i o n ( P e i r c e , 1 9 5 8 ; D u B o is , 1 9 5 9 a ) . T he O l d e r

P r e c a m b r i a n P i n a l S c h i s t o v e r l i e s t h e o l d e r g r a n i t e a n d

i s t h e o l d e s t know n s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k o f t h e r a n g e . An

a n g u l a r u n c o n f o r m i t y s e p a r a t e s t h e P i n a l S c h i s t f ro m t h e

Y o u n g e r P r e c a m b r i a n A p a c h e G ro u p s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s . The

A p a c h e G ro u p i s c o m p o se d o f c o n g l o m e r a t e , q u a r t z i t e , a n d

s h a l y - s c h i s t o s e r o c k d e p e n d in g o n t h e d e g r e e o f m e ta m o rp h is m .

P a l e o z o i c s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s l i e w i t h a n g u l a r u n c o n f o r m i t y

u p o n t h e A p a c h e G ro u p . T he P a l e o z o i c s t r a t a c o n s i s t p r e ­

d o m in a n t ly o f l i m e s t o n e , w i t h som e s i l t s t o n e , s a n d s t o n e ,

a n d q u a r t z i t e . M o s t o f t h e know n P r e c a m b r i a n a n d P a l e o z o i c

s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s a r e f o u n d n o r t h o f M o u n t Lemmon a n d w e s t

o f R e d i n g to n (M o o re a n d o t h e r s , 1 9 4 9 ) •

T he d e g r e e o f m e ta m o rp h is m o f t h e P r e c a m b r i a n

P i n a l S c h i s t a n d A p a c h e G ro u p a n d t h e o v e r l y i n g P a l e o z o i c

s t r a t a i s v a r i a b l e . T he f i r s t s t a g e o f m e ta m o r p h ic

a c t i v i t y , i n P r e c a m b r i a n t i m e , b e l o n g e d t o t h e lo w g r a d e

g r e e n s c h i s t f a c i e s (D u B o is , 1 9 5 9 a ) . A s e c o n d p e r i o d o f

6

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m e ta m o r p h ic a c t i v i t y o c c u r r e d i n p o s t - C r e t a c e o u s t i m e .

T h i s l a t e r s t a g e o f m e ta m o rp h is m c a u s e d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t

o f t h e s t a u r o l i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s o f t h e a l m a n d i n e -

a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s i n t h e a r e a o f M oun t Lemmon ( F y f e ,

T u r n e r , a n d V e rh o o g e n , 1 9 5 8 ) a s r e p o r t e d b y D u B o is ( 1 9 5 9 a ) •

On t h e e a s t f l a n k o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a s a n d a l s o n o r t h

o f M oun t Lemmon t h e m e ta m o rp h is m w as o f l o w e r g r a d e , a n d

i s a s s i g n e d t o t h e g r e e n s c h i s t f a c i e s . I n t h e n o r t h e a s t

p a r t o f t h e r a n g e , i n P e p p e r s a u c e C an y o n ( S to y a n o w , 1 9 3 6 ) ,

a n d a l s o w e s t o f R e d i n g to n (M cK enna , 1 9 6 6 ) t h e P r e -

c a m b r ia n a n d P a l e o z o i c r o c k s a r e r e l a t i v e l y u n m e ta m o rp h o s e d .

C r e t a c e o u s s t r a t a c o n s i s t i n g o f c o n g l o m e r a t e ,

s a n d s t o n e , a n d l i m e s t o n e b e d s l i e u n c o n f o r m a b ly u p o n t h e

P a l e o z o i c s t r a t a (M cK en n a , I 9 6 6 ) . T he C r e t a c e o u s s t r a t a

a r e i n t u r n u n c o n f o r m a b ly o v e r l a i n b y T e r t i a r y s e d i m e n t a r y

r o c k s a s r e p o r t e d i n t h e M in e t a R id g e a r e a (C h ew , 1 9 5 2 ) .

I n m any p l a c e s p o r t i o n s o f t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c

c o lu m n h a v e b e e n re m o v e d b y t h r u s t f a u l t i n g o r g r a v i t y

g l i d i n g , o r n o r m a l f a u l t i n g .

D u r in g t h e p o s t - C r e t a c e o u s P e r i o d t h e g r a n i t i c

b a s e m e n t r o c k o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a R an g e w as m o b i l i z e d

a n d a p e r i o d o f r e g i o n a l me tam o r p h l s m a n d g r a n i t i z a t i o n

o f o v e r l y i n g s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s o c c u r r e d . T he d e g r e e o f

g r a n i t i z a t i o n a n d m e ta m o rp h is m v a r i e d i n i n t e n s i t y t h r o u g h ­

o u t t h e r a n g e . A g n e i s s i c t e x t u r e w i t h a w e l l d e v e lo p e d

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n o r t h e a s t - t r e n d i n g l i n e a t i o n w as d e v e lo p e d f ro m t h e M o u n t

Lemmon a r e a s o u th w a r d to w a r d t h e R in c o n M o u n ta in s (D u B o is , ;1 9 5 9 b ) . Some a r e a s o f g r a n i t i c c o m p o s i t i o n l a c k a r e c o g ­

n i z a b l e l i n e a t i o n o r f o l i a t i o n . T h e s e a r e a s m ay b e p o r t i o n s

o f t h e P r e c a m b r i a n g r a n i t e b e d r o c k t h a t w e re r e m o b i l i z e d

a n d r e i n t r u d e d d u r i n g p o s t - C r e t a c e o u s t i m e . O t h e r

i n t r u s i v e r o c k s s u c h a s q u a r t z d l o r l t e , d i a b a s e , a n d

q u a r t z l a t i t e a r e f o u n d i n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e r a n g e .

P e g m a t i t e s a r e a l s o f o u n d .

T h e r e a r e b r o a d a n t i c l i n a l a n d s y n c l i n a l s t r u c t u r e s

i n t h e g n e i s s l c a n d s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a

M o u n ta i n s . T he f o l d s t r u c t u r e s p r e s e n t i n t h e g n e i s s l c

g r a n i t e a r e i n t e r p r e t e d b y D u B o is ( 1 9 5 9 b ) a s r e m n a n t s o f

a p r e - e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r a l p a t t e r n t h a t w a s p r e s e n t i n t h e

s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s p r i o r t o t h e g r a n i t i z a t i o n a n d m e ta ­

m o rp h ism t h a t o c c u r r e d d u r i n g p o s t - C r e t a c e o u s t i m e .

F a u l t i n g i s a common f e a t u r e o f t h e r a n g e . E a s t -

w e s t - t r e n d i n g a n d n o r t h - s o u t h - t r e n d i n g h i g h - a n g l e n o r m a l

f a u l t s a r e com m on. T he M o g u l F a u l t a t t h e n o r t h e n d o f

t h e r a n g e i s a n e x a m p le o f t h e e a s t - w e s t - t r e n d i n g t y p e .

L o w - a n g le t h r u s t f a u l t s h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d o n t h e e a s t

f l a n k o f t h e r a n g e w e s t o f R e d i n g to n ( R a a b e , 1 9 5 9 ) •

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PETROGRAPHY

I n t r o d u c t i o n

T he C a t a l i n a G n e i s s i s p a r t o f t h e C a t a l i n a

g n e i s s i c c o m p le x a n d a p p e a r s t o b e i n t r u s i v e w h e re i t

o c c u r s i n t h e w e s t a n d s o u t h w e s t p o r t i o n s o f t h e P i e t y

H i l l a r e a . C o n t a c t m e ta m o r p h ic e f f e c t s a r e p r o n o u n c e d n e a r

t h i s m a s s .

Y o u n g e r P r e c a m b r l a n m e ta m o rp h o s e d s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s

o f t h e A p a c h e G ro u p o u t c r o p i n a f a u l t e d b l o c k e a s t o f

P i e t y H i l l . T he S c a n lo n C o n g lo m e r a te M em ber i s a b s e n t

a l t h o u g h t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n a n d D r i p p i n g S p r i n g

Q u a r t z i t e , i n c l u d i n g t h e B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te M em ber, a r e

p r e s e n t .

P a l e o z o i c r o c k s t h a t c r o p o u t i n t h e P i e t y H i l l

a r e a a r e t h e B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e , A b r ig o L i m e s to n e , a n d u n ­

d i f f e r e n t i a t e d M a r t i n F o r m a t io n - E s c a b r o s a L i m e s to n e .

H o r i z o n t a l l y s t r a t i f i e d C e n o z o ic a l l u v i u m c r o p s o u t i n

t h e e a s t .

R e g i o n a l d e f o r m a t i o n a n d a c c o m p a n y in g m e ta m o rp h is m

h a v e c a u s e d r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n t o s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t

r e c o g n i z a b l e f o s s i l r e m a i n s a r e v e r y s p a r s e .

U n m e ta m o rp h o se d l a m p r o p h y r e d i k e s a r e s c a t t e r e d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a a n d i n t r u d e r o c k s a s y o u n g a s

M i s s i s s i p p i a n .

9

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M e ta m o rp h ic R o c k s

C a t a l i n a G n e i s s

C a t a l i n a G n e i s s i s t h e nam e g i v e n b y D u B o is ( 1 9 5 9 a )

t o t h e g r a n i t l c - g n e i s s i c r o c k s f o r m in g t h e c o r e o f t h e

S a n t a C a t a l i n a M o u n ta i n s . I n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a t h e

C a t a l i n a G n e i s s h a s a c o m p o s i t i o n t h a t r a n g e s f ro m g r a n i t e

t o q u a r t z m o n z o n i te a n d a f a b r i c t h a t r a n g e s f ro m m a g m a tic

t o c r y s t a l l o b i a s t i c . G r a n i t e w o u ld b e a m o re e n c o m p a s s in g

te r m t h a n g n e i s s f o r t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a r o c k s b u t n o

nam e c h a n g e s w i l l b e m ade i n t h i s s t u d y . T he C a t a l i n a

G n e i s s o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a c r o p s o u t i n t h e w e s t a n d

s o u t h w e s t p o r t i o n o f t h e a r e a m a p p e d . M o s t o f t h e r o c k o f

t h i s u n i t i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a l a c k s s t r u c t u r e . L o c a l l y

t h e g r a n i t i c r o c k h a s a t r u e g n e i s s i c s t r u c t u r e i n a r e a s

o f c o n t a c t w i t h m e t a s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s .

T he a u t h o r f e e l s t h a t t h i s g r a n i t i c m a ss w as i n t r u d e d

d u r i n g a p o s t - C r e t a c e o u s p e r i o d o f r e g i o n a l m e ta m o rp h is m .

E v id e n c e f o r a n i n t r u s i v e o r i g i n i s m a n i f o l d . C o n t a c t s o f

t h i s g r a n i t i c m a ss w i t h t h e m e t a s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s a r e i r r e g ­

u l a r a n d t r a n s e c t s e d i m e n t a r y s t r u c t u r e s . X e n o l i t h i c b l o c k s

o f s c h i s t a n d l i m e s t o n e a r e s i t u a t e d l o c a l l y n e a r t h e c o n t a c t .

N u m ero u s p e g m a t i t e d i k e s a n d a p o p h y s e s a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n

t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n a t t h e g r a n i t i c c o n t a c t .

H ig h t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s o f t h e i n t r u s i o n a r e

e v i d e n t . X e n o l i t h i c l i m e s t o n e b l o c k s h a v e b e e n c o n v e r t e d

t o s k a m w i t h d e v e lo p m e n t o f a b u n d a n t g a r n e t a n d e p i d o t e .

T he P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o t h e g r a n i t i c

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c o n t a c t s o u t h o f t h e R e d i n g to n R o a d , h a s u n d e r g o n e c o n t a c t

m e ta m o rp h is m e v i d e n c e d b y t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f c o a r s e i d i o -

b l a s t l c c h i a s t o l i t e c r y s t a l s .

O u tc r o p s o f t h e C a t a l i n a G n e i s s w e a t h e r r e a d i l y

f o r m in g r o u n d e d h i l l s s e t o f f b y a d e n d r i t i c d r a i n a g e

p a t t e r n . F r e s h s a m p le s a r e d i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n b e c a u s e

t h e f e l d s p a r c r y s t a l s a r e a l t e r e d n e a r t h e s u r f a c e a n d

s p e c im e n s a r e e x t r e m e l y f r i a b l e . On t h e w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e

t h e C a t a l i n a G n e i s s i s v e r y p a l e o r a n g e (1 0 YR 8 / 2 -

G o d d a rd , 1 9 4 8 ) . T he f r e s h " g n e i s s " s u r f a c e i s w h i t e (N 9 )

w i t h l i g h t g r a y (N 7 ) q u a r t z c r y s t a l s .

G e n e r a l l y t h e r o c k i s a h o l o c r y s t a l l i n e p h a n e r i t e

w i t h g r a i n s i z e r a n g i n g f ro m f i n e t o c o a r s e . T he t e x t u r e

r a n g e s f ro m a l l o t r i o m o r p h i c g r a n u l a r t o h y p id io m o r p h ic

g r a n u l a r . T he g n e i s s i c v a r i e t y o f t h e C a t a l i n a G n e i s s

d i s p l a y s a f o l i a t i o n o f a l i g n e d b i o t i t e c r y s t a l s a n d t h e

f a b r i c i s e l o n g a t e s e r i a t e .

U n d e r t h e m ic r o s c o p e t h e g r a n i t i c r o c k i s s e e n t o

c o n t a i n 3 0 - 6 0 # q u a r t z , 2 0 # o r t h o c l a s e , 1 0 # m i c r o c l i n e ,

20 - 30# o l i g o c l a s e , 1 - 4 0 # b i o t i t e a n d g a r n e t .

Q u a r t z o c c u r s a s a n h e d r a l , m o d e r a t e l y - t o h i g h l y -

s t r a i n e d c r y s t a l s u p t o 7 mm l o n g . I n d i v i d u a l g r a i n s

d i s p l a y i r r e g u l a r s u t u r e d m a r g in s t h a t a r e i n t e r g r o w n

w i t h a d j a c e n t q u a r t z c r y s t a l s . O r t h o c l a s e i s t h e m o s t

a b u n d a n t f e l d s p a r i n t h e g n e i s s i c v a r i e t y . I t i s u p t o

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8 mm l o n g a s e u h e d r a l t o a n h e d r a l g r a i n s . C a r l s b a d t w i n n i n g

i s common. I n c i p i e n t a l t e r a t i o n t o c l a y ( K a o l i n i t e ? )

a n d s e r i c i t e i s w i d e s p r e a d . O r t h o c l a s e o c c a s i o n a l l y c o n ­

t a i n s i n c l u s i o n s o f p l a g i o c l a s e ( o l i g o c l a s e ) . M i c r o c l i n e

i s l o c a l l y t h e m o s t a b u n d a n t f e l d s p a r a s a n h e d r a l g r a i n s

u p t o 7 mm l o n g . M u s c o v i t e a n d b i o t i t e a s e u h e d r a l t o

s u b h e d r a l f l a k e s r e a c h 1 . 5 mm i n l e n g t h . S u b h e d r a l b i o t i t e

a n d m u s c o v i t e a r e t h e m i n e r a l s t h a t d e f i n e t h e f o l i a t i o n

i n t h e g n e i s s i c p a r t o f t h e C a t a l i n a G n e i s s . G a r n e t i s a

m in o r a c c e s s o r y m i n e r a l a s m in u te a n h e d r a l g r a i n s .

C u r r e n t t h o u g h t i n v o l v i n g t h e a g e o f t h e C a t a l i n a

G n e i s s s u g g e s t s t h a t a P r e C a m b r ia n g r a n i t i c r o c k w as s u b ­

j e c t e d t o m e ta m o rp h is m ( P e i r c e , 1 9 5 8 ; Dam on, E r i c k s o n , a n d

L i v i n g s t o n (1 9 6 3 ) a n d t h a t P a l e o z o i c s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s w e re

g r a n i t i z e d t o fo rm t h e g n e i s s i c c o m p le x . Dam on, E r i c k s o n ,

a n d L i v i n g s t o n (1 9 6 3 ) h a v e d e t e r m i n e d K -A r d a t e s f o r m ic a s

i n t h e C a t a l i n a G n e i s s i c c o m p le x a n d c o n c lu d e d t h a t

M. . .m e ta m o rp h is m h a d t e r m i n a t e d b y U p p e r O l ig o c e n e - L o w er

M io c e n e t i m e . "

I n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a t h e f i e l d r e l a t i o n s , c o n t a c t

m e ta m o r p h ic e f f e c t s , a n d g e n e r a l l a c k o f s t r u c t u r e s u g g e s t

t h a t t h e g r a n i t i c m a t e r i a l w as m o b i l i z e d t o s u c h a n e x t e n t

t h a t t h e r o c k s w e re a c t u a l l y i n t r u s i v e .

G e n e r a l S t a t e m e n t o f A p a c h e G ro u p

T he A p a c h e G ro u p o f s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s w as f i r s t

d e s c r i b e d b y R ansom e ( 1 9 0 3 ) » A c o m p le te s e c t i o n o f t h e

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A p a c h e G ro u p d o e s n o t c r o p o u t i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a . A

q u a r t z - m i c a s c h i s t w i t h a g n e i s s i c f a c i e s s i m i l a r t o t h a t

d e s c r i b e d b y R a a b e ( 1 9 5 9 ) i s i n t e r p r e t e d a s t h e m e ta ­

m o rp h o s e d e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n . T he S c a n lo n

C o n g lo m e r a te M em ber o f t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n d o e s n o t c r o p

o u t i n t h e t h e s i s a r e a . T he B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te M em ber

o f t h e D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e a n d t h e o v e r l y i n g D r i p p i n g

S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e c o n f o r m a b ly o v e r l i e t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n .

P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n

T he Y o u n g e r P r e c a m b r i a n P i o n e e r S h a l e w as o r i g i n a l l y

n am ed b y R ansom e ( 1 9 0 3 ) * T he nam e h a s s i n c e b e e n m o d i f i e d

b y S h r i d e ( 1 9 6 1 ) , a n d i s now c a l l e d t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n .

I n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n i s p r e ­

d o m in a n t ly a s c h i s t u n i t t h a t i s a q u a r t z - m u s c o v i t e - s e r i c i t e -

b i o t i t e r o c k w i t h a w e l l d e v e lo p e d f o l i a t i o n e x e m p l i f i e d

b y p r e f e r r e d o r i e n t a t i o n o f m ic a c e o u s m i n e r a l s . T he

s c h i s t e x p o s u r e i s a l a r g e f a u l t b l o c k w h ic h h a s i t s l o n g

d im e n s io n p a r a l l e l t o t h e s t r i k e o f t h e f o l i a t i o n a t

a p p r o x i m a t e l y N 2 0 ° W. T he d i p i s q u i t e v a r i a b l e ; t h e

m o s t common d i r e c t i o n i s t o t h e s o u t h w e s t .

T he o u t c r o p p a t t e r n i s d e t e r m i n e d l a r g e l y b y t h e

d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e v a r i o u s c o m p o s i t i o n a l l a y e r s

o f t h e s c h i s t . Q u a r t z r i c h z o n e s t e n d to b e m o s t r e s i s t a n t

t o e r o s i o n . G e n e r a l l y t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n fo r m s a

t o p o g r a p h y o f r o u n d e d h i l l s w i t h s m o o th s a d d l e s a n d s l o p e s .

13

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14

B o th t h e e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n c o n t a c t s o f t h e s c h i s t a r e

f a u l t e d t h r o u g h o u t m o s t o f t h e a r e a . I n t h e s o u t h w e s t ,

h o w e v e r , t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n i s c o n f o r m a b ly o v e r l a i n b y

t h e B a r n e s C o n g lo m e ra te M em ber o f t h e D r i p p i n g S p r i n g

Q u a r t z i t e . I t i s t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te

t h a t i s t h e m o s t c o n c l u s i v e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e s c h i s t u n i t

i s t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n . P e t r o g r a p h i c a n d l i t h o l o g i c

s i m i l a r i t y b e tw e e n w h a t B a a b e (1 9 5 9 ) c a l l e d P i o n e e r

F o r m a t io n a n d t h e s c h i s t o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a i s

s u p p o r t i n g e v i d e n c e f o r w h a t t h i s a u t h o r h a s i d e n t i f i e d

a s t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n . S t r u c t u r a l c o m p l e x i t i e s h a v e

m ade i t i m p o s s i b l e t o m e a s u r e t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e

P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n .

T he P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n i s e x t r e m e l y v a r i a b l e l i t h ­

o l o g i c a l l y . T he r o c k s r a n g e f ro m m ic a c e o u s q u a r t z i t e

t h r o u g h q u a r t z - m u s c o v i t e s c h i s t , c a r b o n a c e o u s s i l l i m a n i t e -

s e r i c i t e s c h i s t t o a g n e i s s i c f a c i e s w i t h a b u n d a n t

f e l d s p a r . T he c o l o r o f t h e r o c k i s a l s o v a r i a b l e . A

r u s t y a p p e a r a n c e o n w e a t h e r e d o u t c r o p s i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

o f t h i s f o r m a t i o n i n t h e a r e a m a p p e d . C o lo r s o f t h e f r e s h

a n d w e a t h e r e d r o c k s a r e a s f o l l o w s i M ic a c e o u s q u a r t z i t e

i s l i g h t g r a y (N 7 ) o n b o t h f r e s h a n d w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e s ;

q u a r t z - m u s c o v i t e s c h i s t i s l i g h t o l i v e g r a y ( 5 Y 6 / 1 ) o n a

f r e s h s u r f a c e a n d d a r k r e d d i s h b ro w n (iO R 3 / 4 ) o n a

w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e ; s i l l i m a n i t e - s e r i c i t e s c h i s t i s m edium

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d a r k g r a y (N *f) o n a f r e s h s u r f a c e a n d d a r k r e d d i s h b ro w n

(10R 3 / 4 ) t o m edium d a r k g r a y (N 4 ) o n a w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e .

T he r u s t y q u a r t z - m u s c o v i t e s c h i s t t h a t i s m o s t

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n c o n t a i n s v a r i a b l e

q u a n t i t i e s o f q u a r t z a n d m ic a c e o u s m i n e r a l s . Q u a r t z

r a n g e s f ro m 3 5 $ t o 9 0 $ o f t h e r o c k . T he m ic a c e o u s m i n e r a l s

a r e m u s c o v i t e a n d s e r i c i t e w i t h l e s s e r a m o u n ts o f b i o t i t e

a n d c h l o r i t e . M u s c o v i t e - s e r i c i t e r a n g e s f ro m a b o u t 8 $ t o

5 0 $ ; b i o t i t e h a s n o t b e e n f o u n d t o e x c e e d 1 5 $ . C h l o r i t e

i s p r e s e n t u p t o 8 $ . A l l o t h e r c o n s t i t u e n t s s u c h a s

p l a g i o c l a s e f e l d s p a r a n d o p a q u e m i n e r a l s m ake u p l e s s t h a n

1 $ o f t h e t o t a l v o lu m e .

G r a in s i z e i s g e n e r a l l y f i n e t o v e r y f i n e . Q u a r t z

i s a lw a y s l e s s t h a n 1 mm a n d u s u a l l y a s f i n e a s 0 .1 -

0 . 2 mm. M u s c o v i te a n d b i o t i t e c r y s t a l s r a n g e f ro m 0 . 5 mm

i n l e n g t h t o l e s s t h a n 0 .1 mm. S e r i c i t e i s e x t r e m e l y f i n e .

T he s c h i s t u n i t m a i n t a i n s a d e f i n i t e f o l i a t i o n o f

p a r a l l e l t o s u b p a r a l l e l a l i g n e d m u s c o v i t e - s e r i c i t e c r y s t a l s

w h ic h i m p a r t t o t h e r o c k a l e p i d o b l a s t i c t e x t u r e . I n

som e s p e c im e n s t h e s e r i c i t e i s i n e l o n g a t e m a s s e s w h ic h

a r e p a r a l l e l t o t h e f o l i a t i o n , b u t t h e i n d i v i d u a l g r a i n s

a r e r a n d o m ly o r i e n t e d . T h i s i s a g l o m e r o b l a s t i c t e x t u r e .

T he q u a r t z g r a i n s a r e o r i e n t e d i n p a r a l l e l b a n d s

a d j a c e n t t o m u s c o v i t e - s e r i c i t e o r a r e p r e s e n t a s a m a t r i x

c o n t a i n i n g s m a l l ra n d o m m ic a f l a k e s a n d c u t b y a f o l i a t i o n

15

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16

o f o r i e n t e d m ic a . T he i n d i v i d u a l g r a i n s o f q u a r t z a r e

m o d e r a t e l y t o h i g h l y s t r a i n e d a n h e d r a l c r y s t a l s w i t h i n t e r ­

l o c k i n g b o u n d a r i e s t h a t a r e v a g u e b e c a u s e o f u n d u l a t o r y

e x t i n c t i o n . I n som e a r e a s t h e q u a r t z i s e l o n g a t e d p a r a l l e l

t o t h e f o l i a t i o n .

M u s c o v i te i s g e n e r a l l y i n s u b h e d r a l t o a n h e d r a l

c r y s t a l s t h a t o c c u r a s r a n d o m ly o r i e n t e d c o m p o n e n ts o f a

p r e d o m i n a n t l y q u a r t z m a t r i x o r a s i n t e r w o v e n c o n s t i t u e n t s

o f b a n d s i m p a r t i n g a f o l i a t i o n t o t h e r o c k . S e r i c i t e i s

s o f i n e g r a i n e d t h a t r e l a t i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l g r a i n s a r e

r a r e l y d e t e r m i n a b l e . I n o n e p e c u l i a r v a r i e t y o f t h e

s c h i s t l a r g e k n o t s o f s e r i c i t e h a v e d e v e lo p e d i n w h ic h t h e

i n d i v i d u a l g r a i n s h a v e b e e n o r i e n t e d a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o

t h e s c h i s t o s i t y . B i o t i t e a n d c h l o r i t e a r e n o t a lw a y s

p r e s e n t i n t h e s c h i s t , b u t w hen p r e s e n t t h e y a r e u s u a l l y

o r i e n t e d p a r a l l e l o r s u b p a r a l l e l t o t h e f o l i a t i o n . The

v a r i e t y o f c h l o r i t e p r e s e n t i s p e n n i n i t e a s d i s t i n g u i s h e d

b y i t s p a r a l l e l e x t i n c t i o n , s m a l l 2V, a n d a n o m a lo u s i n t e r ­

f e r e n c e c o l o r s . M in o r p l a g i o c l a s e f e l d s p a r i s p r e s e n t i n

a few s e c t i o n s a s v e r y s m a l l tw in n e d a n d u n tw in n e d c r y s t a l s .

T he c o m p o s i t i o n i s i n t h e o l i g o c l a s e r a n g e a s d e t e r m i n e d

b y i t s e x t i n c t i o n a n g l e r e l a t i v e t o t h e a l b l t e l a w . O p aq u e

m i n e r a l s a r e r a n d o m ly s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r o c k a n d

c o n s i s t o f m a g n e t i t e , l i m o n i t e , c a r b o n a c e o u s m a t t e r , a n d

h e m a t i t e a f t e r p y r i t e .

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I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e q u a r t z - m u s c o v i t e - s e r l c l t e -

b i o t l t e s c h i s t , t h e r e i s a c a r b o n a c e o u s v a r i e t y t h a t i s

c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y l a r g e p o r p h y r o b l a s t s o f s e r i c i t e a n d

s i l l i m a n i t e t h a t a r e p s e u d o m o rp h o u s a f t e r c h i a s t o l i t e

( F i g u r e 2 ) . T he a r e a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s s c h i s t i s

l i m i t e d t o e r r a t i c e x p o s u r e s i n t h e s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n o f

P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n o u t c r o p s s u c h a s t h o s e s o u t h o f t h e

R e d i n g to n R o a d o n t h e e a s t - w e s t t r e n d i n g r i d g e . C h i a s t o l i t e

c r y s t a l s w i t h t h e f a m i l i a r c a r b o n - c r o s s o c c u r i n tw o f o r m s .

One fo rm h a s t h e c h i a s t o l i t e d e v e lo p e d a s c i g a r s h a p e d

p o r p h y r o b l a s t s w i t h t h e l o n g d im e n s io n r e a c h i n g 1 2 mm a n d

a d i a m e t e r o f 2 . 5 mm. T h e o t h e r fo rm o f t h e m i n e r a l i s a s

l a r g e 10 mm b y 20 mm c r y s t a l s w i t h a s q u a r e ( a n d a l u s i t e )

c r o s s - s e c t i o n b u t a l s o c o n t a i n i n g t h e c a r b o n - c r o s s . T he

f i n e r v a r i e t y o f t h e c h i a s t o l i t e i s i n a p r e f e r r e d o r i e n ­

t a t i o n d u e t o i t s g r o w th p a r a l l e l t o t h e f o l i a t i o n . T h e r e

i s , h o w e v e r , n o p r e f e r r e d l i n e a r a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h i n l a y e r s .

T he c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e c h i a s t o l i t e s c h i s t i s a s

f o l l o w s ; 50% q u a r t z , 20 % s e r i c i t e - m u s c o v i t e , 2-10%

s i l l i m a n i t e , 20% c a r b o n , a n d u p t o 8% b i o t i t e . T he

m a j o r i t y o f t h e s e r i c i t e - m u s c o v i t e a n d a l l o f t h e s i l l i ­

m a n i t e o c c u r a s r e p l a c e m e n t s w i t h i n t h e p s e u d o m o r p h e d

c h i a s t o l i t e c r y s t a l s .

Q u a r t z g r a i n s a r e a n h e d r a l a n d m o d e r a t e l y s t r a i n e d .

T he m a t r i x o f t h e r o c k i s c o m p o se d o f i n t e r l o c k i n g q u a r t z ,

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FIGURE 2 . CARBONACEOUS VARIETY OF PIONEER FORMATION

Porphyroblasts of serlcite and sillimanite pseudomorphous after chiastolite. 3X.

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m u s c o v i t e - s e r i c i t e , a n d b i o t i t e c r y s t a l s . T he q u a r t z

c r y s t a l s a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0 .1 mm I n s i z e a n d a r e e x t e n d e d

p a r a l l e l t o t h e f o l i a t i o n . M u s c o v i t e - s e r i c i t e a n d b i o t i t e

a r e s u b h e d r a l t o a n h e d r a l a n d a r e g e n e r a l l y l e s s t h a n 0 . 5 mm

i n l e n g t h . T he m ic a c e o u s m i n e r a l s a n d t h e a b u n d a n t c a r b o n ­

a c e o u s m a t t e r i n t h e m a t r i x a r e r o u g h l y p a r a l l e l t o t h e

f o l i a t i o n , a l t h o u g h t h e y b e n d o r s w i r l a r o u n d t h e l a r g e

p o r p h y r o b l a s t s o f s e r i c i t e - s i l l i m a n i t e p s e u d o m o rp h o u s

a f t e r c h i a s t o l i t e .

G n e l s s l c f a c i e s . A g n e i s s i c f a c i e s o f t h e q u a r t z -

m ic a s c h i s t o c c u r s t h a t i s d i s t i n c t l y d i f f e r e n t f ro m o t h e r

P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n l i t h o l o g i e s a s d e s c r i b e d o n t h e p r e v i o u s

p a g e s . I t i s a m a p p a b le u n i t b y i t s e l f , a n d a s s u c h i s

i n c l u d e d w i t h t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n i n t h i s s t u d y . A

c o r r e s p o n d i n g m em ber w a s s i m i l a r l y t r e a t e d b y R a a b e (1959 *

p . 2 0 ) .

T he g n e i s s i c f a c i e s i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d f ro m t h e r e s t

o f t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n b e c a u s e o f i t s a b u n d a n t m i c r o -

c l i n e a n d i t s a u g e n t e x t u r e . T he a r e a o f o u t c r o p i s s m a l l

a n d i s l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e w e s t e r n m a r g in o f t h e s c h i s t i n

t h e v a l l e y t o t h e e a s t o f P i e t y H i l l . R e s i s t a n c e t o

e r o s i o n i s n o t g r e a t , a n d i s s i m i l a r t o t h e r e m a i n d e r o f

t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n . T he s t r i k e o f t h e g n e i s s i c f a c i e s

i s t o t h e n o r t h w e s t a n d t h e d i p i s 2 0 - 4 0 d e g r e e s s o u t h w e s t .

On a w e a t h e r e d o u t c r o p t h e r o c k i s d u s k y y e l l o w i s h b ro w n

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(1 0 YR 2 / 2 ) , a n d o n a f r e s h s u r f a c e I t i s l i g h t g r a y (N 7 )

w i t h o l i v e b l a c k ( 5 Y 2 / 1 ) b a n d s o f b i o t i t e .

T he g n e l s s i c f a c i e s i s b o u n d e d o n t h e w e s t b y t h e

B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e w i t h w h ic h i t i s i n f a u l t c o n t a c t . The

e a s t e r n m a r g in i s c o n f o r m a b le w i t h t h e r u s t y m ic a s c h i s t

o f t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n .

T he r o c k i s w e l l f o l i a t e d w i t h a b a n d e d t e x t u r e o f

q u a r t z a n d f e l d s p a r . M i c r o s c o p i c s t u d y sh o w s t h e r o c k t o

b e c o m p o se d o f 35-kO $ q u a r t z , 30% m i c r o c l i n e , 13% m u s c o v i t e

15% b i o t i t e , a n d 1% o r l e s s o f m a g n e t i t e , e p i d o t e , a n d

m i c r o p e r t h i t e . T he m i c r o s c o p i c t e x t u r e i s c a t a c l a s t i c

w i t h a u g e n o f m i c r o c l i n e f e l d s p a r . B ro a d b a n d s o f b i o t i t e

a n d m u s c o v i t e a r c h a r o u n d m i c r o c l i n e p o r p h y r o b l a s t s . F i n e

g r a i n e d s e r i c i t e , q u a r t z , a n d m a g n e t i t e a r e com m only

i n t e r m i x e d w i t h t h e m ic a b a n d s . O v a l l e n s e s o f i n t e r ­

l o c k i n g q u a r t z g r a i n s u p t o 7 mm l o n g a r e a b u n d a n t .

S h e a r i n g m ay h a v e c a u s e d t h e f i n e g r a i n s i z e o f q u a r t z ,

s e r i c i t e , a n d f e l d s p a r .

T h e re seem t o b e tw o s t a g e s o f q u a r t z p r e s e n t .

T he o l d e r v a r i e t y c o n s i s t s o f m o d e r a t e l y s t r a i n e d , a n h e d r a l

i n t e r l o c k i n g g r a i n s c o n t a i n i n g m u s c o v i t e i n c l u s i o n s . The

y o u n g e r v a r i e t y c o n s i s t s o f l a r g e r , s u b h e d r a l , u n s t r a i n e d

c r y s t a l s t h a t a r e f r e e o f i n c l u s i o n s . T he m i c r o c l i n e

p r e s e n t i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y p o l y s y n t h e t i c t w i n n i n g a n d

15 d e g r e e e x t i n c t i o n a n g l e . I t o c c u r s a s l a r g e a n h e d r a l

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c r y s t a l s , 6 . 5 mm m axim um d i a m e t e r , a n d c o n t a i n s m any

I n c l u s i o n s o f o l d e r q u a r t z , b l o t l t e , a n d m i c r o c l i n e .

T he b l o t l t e o c c u r s a s b o t h l o n g a n d s h o r t s u b h e d r a l

c r y s t a l s t h a t a r e p l e o c h r o i c i n s h a d e s o f b ro w n . T he

m i c r o p e r t h i t e o c c u r s a s s m a l l a n h e d r a l m a s s e s a r o u n d t h e

m a r g in s o f t h e l a r g e m i c r o c l i n e p o r p h y r o b l a s t s . F i n e

g r a i n s o f m a g n e t i t e a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b l o t l t e c o n c e n ­

t r a t i o n s .

D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e

T he r o c k s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e D r i p p i n g S p r i n g

Q u a r t z i t e a s o r i g i n a l l y n a m e d b y H ansom e (1 9 0 3 ) w e r e f o u n d

t o c o n f o r m a b ly o v e r l i e t h e B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te , a nam e

a l s o p r o p o s e d b y H a n so m e . S h r i d e (1 9 6 1 ) h a s s u g g e s t e d

t h a t t h e b a s a l c o n g lo m e r a t e o f t h e D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e

b e c a l l e d t h e B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te M em ber i n s t e a d o f d e l e ­

g a t i n g i t f o r m a t i o n a l s t a t u s .

B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te M em ber. T he B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te

m em ber h a s b e e n r e c o g n i z e d i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a a s a

s t r e t c h e d q u a r t z p e b b l e c o n g lo m e r a t e c o n f o r m a b ly o v e r l y i n g

t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n a n d u n d e r l y i n g t h e q u a r t z i t e p o r t i o n

o f t h e D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e . T he c o n g l o m e r a t e c r o p s

o u t f o r 1 1 0 0 f e e t a l o n g s t r i k e a s t h e r e s i s t a n t b a c k b o n e

o f a n o r t h w e s t t r e n d i n g r i d g e s o u t h o f t h e R e d i n g t o n R o ad

a n d s o u t h e a s t o f P i e t y H i l l . T he a v e r a g e t h i c k n e s s i s

2 1

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t h i r t y - f i v e t o f o r t y f e e t . T he s t r i k e i s N 6 0 ° W a n d t h e

a v e r a g e d i p i s 5 ^ d e g r e e s s o u t h w e s t .

M e g a s c o p i c a l l y t h e c o n g lo m e r a t e c o n s i s t s o f l o n g

s t r e t c h e d q u a r t z i t e p e b b l e s i n a m a t r i x o f q u a r t z a n d m ic a .

T he p e b b l e s a r e s t r e t c h e d a s m uch a s f o u r t o f i v e t i m e s

t h e i r t h i c k n e s s a n d h a v e I m p a r t e d a d e f i n i t e f o l i a t i o n t o

t h e r o c k . T h i s f o l i a t i o n i s p a r a l l e l t o t h a t o f t h e

a d j a c e n t P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n a n d t h e o v e r l y i n g r o c k s o f t h e

D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e . T he c o l o r o f t h e c o n g lo m e r a t e

i s v a r i a b l e f ro m y e l l o w i s h g r a y ( 5 Y 8 / 1 ) t o a r e d d i s h

g r a y t h a t i s n o t f o u n d o n t h e R o ck C o lo r C h a r t .

T he B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te M em ber i s c o m p o se d o f 87 -

90% q u a r t z , 8 - 1 0 ^ m u s c o v i t e - s e r i c i t e , 2% b i o t i t e , a n d 1%

o p a q u e m i n e r a l s , p r o b a b l y h e m a t i t e a n d m a g n e t i t e .

T h e q u a r t z i t e p e b b l e s a r e c o m p o se d o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y

97% q u a r t z a n d 2% s e r i c i t e w h ic h i s a l i g n e d p a r a l l e l t o

t h e f o l i a t i o n . V e ry f i n e g r a i n e d o p a q u e m i n e r a l s , p r o b a b l y

i r o n o x i d e s , a r e a l s o c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e q u a r t z i t e p e b b l e s .

Q u a r t z g r a i n s w i t h i n t h e p e b b l e s a r e u s u a l l y l e s s t h a n

0 . 5 mm a n d n e v e r m o re t h a n 1 mm i n d i a m e t e r . T he g r a i n s

a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y v e r y i r r e g u l a r m a r g i n s . B o u n d a r i e s

a r e m o d e r a t e l y i n t e r g r o w n a n d c r y s t a l s a r e h i g h l y s t r a i n e d

g i v i n g u n d u l a t o r y e x t i n c t i o n . T he c r y s t a l s a r e a n h e d r a l

a n d a r e e l o n g a t e d w i t h t h e i r l o n g e s t d im e n s io n p a r a l l e l

t o t h e l o n g a x i s o f t h e p e b b l e s .

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S u r r o u n d i n g t h e q u a r t z i t e p e b b l e s i s u s u a l l y a

t h i n l a y e r o f b ro w n b i o t i t e , s e r i c i t e , a n d s t r e a k s o f

l i m o n l t e . T he m a t r i x i s c o m p o se d o f a n h e d r a l , s l i g h t l y

e l o n g a t e d q u a r t z c r y s t a l s t h a t a r e g e n e r a l l y l e s s t h a n

0 .2 5 mm i n d i a m e t e r , a r e m u t u a l l y i n t e r g r o w n , a n d a r e

s l i g h t l y s t r a i n e d . M u s c o v i t e - s e r i c i t e o c c u r s a s o r i e n t e d

s u b h e d r a l c r y s t a l s u p t o 0 .2 5 ram i n l e n g t h a n d a s sw arm s

o r m a s s e s .

D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e . T he B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te

M em ber g r a d e s u p w a rd i n t o a c a l c i u m r i c h q u a r t z i t e i n t h e

P i e t y H i l l a r e a . T h i s q u a r t z i t e , t h e D r i p p i n g S p r i n g

Q u a r t z i t e , c r o p s o u t s o u t h w e s t o f t h e B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te

M em ber a n d d i p s t o t h e s o u t h w e s t f i f t y t o e i g h t y d e g r e e s .

T he q u a r t z i t e i s l e s s r e s i s t a n t a n d fo r m s a s l o p i n g t o p o ­

g r a p h y aw ay f ro m t h e r i d g e - f o r m i n g B a r n e s . T he C a t a l i n a

G n e i s s c u t s o f f t h e D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e a t i t s o n l y

e x p o s u r e s o t h a t t h e m axim um t h i c k n e s s e x p o s e d i s a b o u t

o n e h u n d r e d f e e t .

M e g a s c o p i c a l l y t h e q u a r t z i t e c o n s i s t s o f b a n d e d

q u a r t z w i t h m any a l t e r e d p o r p h y r o b l a s t s o f g r o s s u l a r i t e ( ? )

g a r n e t a r r a n g e d i n a p l a n a r o r i e n t a t i o n . The c o l o r o f t h e

r o c k i s d a r k y e l l o w i s h b ro w n ( 1 0 YR 4 / 2 ) o n t h e w e a t h e r e d

s u r f a c e , a n d m ed ium g r a y (N 5 ) o n t h e f r e s h s u r f a c e .

T he r o c k c o n s i s t s o f 65% q u a r t z , 15-20% g a r n e t ,

15% e p i d o t e , 2 - 3 ^ c a l c i t e , a n d l e s s t h a n 1% o p a q u e m i n e r a l s .

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T he q u a r t z o c c u r s a s s t r o n g l y i n t e r g r o w n e l o n g a t e g r a i n s

t h a t a r e m o d e r a t e l y s t r a i n e d a n d a n h e d r a l i n f o r m . The

g r a i n s a r e u p t o 1 mm i n l e n g t h a n d o r i e n t e d p a r a l l e l t o

t h e f o l i a t i o n . T he g a r n e t o c c u r s a s l a r g e , 0 .9 - 2 .3 mm

i n d i a m e t e r , i d i o b l a s t i c c r y s t a l s t h a t a p p e a r t o b e a l t e r e d

i n h a n d s p e c im e n . I n t h i n s e c t i o n t h e g a r n e t s a r e f u l l o f

h o l e s a n d c o n t a i n i n c l u s i o n s o f e p i d o t e , q u a r t z , a n d

o p a q u e s . Z o n in g h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d i n a t l e a s t o n e g a r n e t

c r y s t a l . T w in n in g h a s c a u s e d t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f a n o m a lo u s

a n i s o t r o p i s m i n a fe w c a s e s .

E p i d o t e o c c u r r i n g a s a n h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l g r a i n s

w i t h a n a v e r a g e l e n g t h o f 0 . 5 mm i m p a r t a n e m a t o b l a s t i c

t e x t u r e p a r a l l e l t o t h e f o l i a t i o n . T he e p i d o t e g r a i n s

m ake s w i r l s a r o u n d t h e l a r g e g a r n e t p o r p h y r o b l a s t s .

C a l c i t e e x i s t s a s n a r r o w d i s c o n t i n u o u s b a n d s p a r a l l e l t o

t h e f o l i a t i o n .

B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e

T he B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e w as o r i g i n a l l y n a m ed b y R ansom e

(1 9 0 4 ) a s t h e b a s a l C a m b ria n q u a r t z i t e e x p o s e d n e a r B i s b e e ,

A r i z o n a . T he T ro y Q u a r t z i t e o f t h e C a t a l i n a M o u n ta i n s , a s

d e s i g n a t e d b y R an so m e (1 9 1 6 ) a n d S to y a n o w ( 1 9 3 6 ) , h a s b e e n

r e d e s i g n a t e d B o l s a b y S h r i d e ( 1961 ) a n d i s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h

t h e B o l s a t o t h e s o u t h o n t h e b a s i s o f s i m i l a r t e x t u r e s

a n d worm c a s t s . T he q u a r t z i t e o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a i s

c o n s i d e r e d t o b e B o l s a b e c a u s e o f i t s c o n g l o m e r a t i c

24

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t e x t u r e , l i t h o l o g i c s i m i l a r i t y t o B o l s a e l s e w h e r e , a n d t h e

p r e s e n c e o f r o c k s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e A b r ig o L im e s to n e i n

c o n f o r m a b le r e l a t i o n u p w a r d .

L i t h o l o g i c a l l y t h e B o l s a i s a m a s s i v e , h a r d , g r a y -

w h i t e q u a r t z i t e w i t h c o n g l o m e r a t e , l i m e s t o n e , a n d s c h i s t

d e v e lo p e d l o c a l l y . T he o u t c r o p s o f t h e B o l s a a r e w id e ­

s p r e a d i n t h e a r e a m a p p ed a s a r e s u l t o f r e p e t i t i o n b y

f a u l t i n g . T he e x t r e m e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e q u a r t z i t e t o

w e a t h e r i n g i s e v i d e n c e d b y i t s p r e s e n c e o n h i l l s a n d

r i d g e s w h e r e v e r i t i s e x p o s e d . G e n e r a l l y t h e s t r i k e o f

t h e f o r m a t i o n i s n o r t h w e s t w i t h v a r i a b l e d i p s t o t h e

n o r t h e a s t . The m a s s iv e n a t u r e o f t h e B o l s a m a k es i t

v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n o r i e n t a t i o n s . T he t h i c k n e s s a s

d e t e r m i n e d f ro m g e o l o g i c c r o s s - s e c t i o n s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y

3 5 0 f e e t .

M e g a s c o p i c a l l y t h e B o l s a i s a v e r y f i n e - g r a i n e d

q u a r t z i t e t h a t o c c a s i o n a l l y c o n t a i n s p e b b l e s t h a t r a n g e

f ro m 2 mm t o 6 cm i n s i z e a n d m ay b e r o u n d e d o r s t r e t c h e d .

I n o u t c r o p t h e q u a r t z i t e i s m a s s i v e l y b e d d e d a n d w e a t h e r s

t o b l o c k y f r a g m e n t s . T he w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e i s g e n e r a l l y

i r o n s t a i n e d p r o d u c i n g m o d e r a t e r e d d i s h b ro w n ( 1 0 YR 4 / 6 )

t o g r a y i s h o r a n g e p i n k ( 5 YR 7 / 2 ) c o l o r s . T he f r e s h

s u r f a c e r a n g e s f ro m p a l e y e l l o w i s h b ro w n (1 0 YR 6 / 2 ) t o

g r a y i s h o r a n g e p i n k ( 5 YR 7 / 2 ) i n c o l o r .

I n t h i n s e c t i o n t h e q u a r t z ! t i c p o r t i o n o f t h e

B o l s a c o n t a i n s 5 0 - 9 7 $ q u a r t z , 1 - 4 5 $ m u s c o v i t e - s e r i c i t e ,

2 5

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u p t o 10% m l c r o c l i n e a n d o r t h o c l a s e f e l d s p a r a n d l e s s e r

a m o u n ts o f b l o t l t e , e p i d o t e , c l i n o z o i s i t e , a n d o p a q u e s .

T he t e x t u r e o f t h e r o c k r a n g e s f ro m c o n g l o m e r a t i c , w i t h

p e b b l e s f o r m in g a c r u d e l y - b e d d e d a r r a n g e m e n t , t o e q u i -

g r a n u l a r w i t h n o a p p a r e n t s t r u c t u r e . O c c a s i o n a l l y som e

q u a r t z o r m ic a i s e l o n g a t e p r o d u c i n g a s u b p a r a l l e l

f o l i a t i o n .

T he q u a r t z g r a i n s t h a t c o m p r i s e t h e p e b b l e s i n t h e

B o l s a c o n s i s t o f m o d e r a t e l y t o h i g h l y s t r a i n e d a n h e d r a l

c r y s t a l s . G r a in b o u n d a r i e s a r e i n t e r l o c k i n g w i t h s e c o n d a r y

o v e r g r o w t h s . I n d i v i d u a l g r a i n s r a n g e f ro m 0 . 2 t o 5 am i n

d i a m e t e r . M a t r i x q u a r t z c o n s i s t s o f u n s t r a i n e d t o m o d e r­

a t e l y s t r a i n e d a n h e d r a l g r a i n s . M a r g in s a r e s e c o n d a r i l y

i n t e r g r o w n o n som e c r y s t a l s a n d o t h e r s a r e i n t e r l o c k i n g

w i t h s h a r p c o n t a c t s . T he q u a r t z sh o w s l i t t l e p r e f e r r e d

o r i e n t a t i o n , b u t o c c a s i o n a l l y t h e l a r g e r g r a i n s a r e e l o n g a t e

p a r a l l e l t o m ic a o r i e n t a t i o n . M any o f t h e q u a r t z g r a i n s

c o n t a i n I n c l u s i o n s o f f i n e l y c r u s h e d o p a q u e m i n e r a l s i n a

l i n e a r a r r a n g e m e n t .

M u s c o v i t e a n d s e r i c i t e a r e v a r i a b l e i n t h e i r

a b u n d a n c e a n d r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e o t h e r r o c k c o n s t i t u e n t s .

M u s c o v i t e o c c u r s i n a ra n d o m p a t t e r n a n d a l s o i n a s u b ­

p a r a l l e l a r r a n g e m e n t . G r a i n s a r e a n h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l i n

f o r m . A v e r a g e l e n g t h o f s u b h e d r a l c r y s t a l s i s 0 .3 mm.

I n som e s p e c im e n s s e r i c i t e i s v e r y a b u n d a n t a n d f i l l s a l l

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i n t e r g r a n u l a r s p a c e i n a r a n d o m ly o r i e n t e d m a n n e r . The

s e r i c i t e i s p r o b a b l y a n a l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c t o f t h e f e l d s p a r .

B o th m i c r o c l i n e a n d o r t h o c l a s e f e l d s p a r a r e p r e s e n t i n

m in o r a m o u n ts . The g r a i n s a r e o f t e n c lo u d y d u e t o i n c i p i e n t

a l t e r a t i o n . O p aq u e m i n e r a l s , p r e d o m i n a n t l y h e m a t i t e

p s e u d o m o rp h o u s a f t e r p y r i t e , a r e g e n e r a l l y a r r a n g e d i n

b a n d s p a r a l l e l t o b e d d i n g . I n d i v i d u a l c r y s t a l s a r e

e u h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l i n s h a p e a n d a v e r a g e 0 .3 mm i n s i z e ,

w i t h a m axim um o f 1 .0 mm. E p l d o t e a n d c l i n o z o i s i t e a r e

m in o r a c c e s s o r y m i n e r a l s t h a t o c c u r a s s m a l l a n h e d r a l t o

s u b h e d r a l g r a i n s i n a fe w o f t h e s p e c im e n s c o l l e c t e d .

S c h i s t f a c i e s o f B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e . A n a r r o w

s c h i s t o s e f a c i e s o f t h e B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e c r o p s o u t o n t h e

s o u t h e a s t f l a n k o f P i e t y H i l l ( P l a t e I ) . T h i s r o c k t y p e

fo r m s a t o p o g r a p h i c lo w i n o u t c r o p . The m ic a c e o u s m i n e r a l s

c a u s e t h i s u n i t t o w e a t h e r m uch m o re r a p i d l y t h a n t h e

s u r r o u n d i n g q u a r t z i t e .

T he s c h i s t i s c o m p o se d o f 4 0 - 4 5 # q u a r t z , 3 5 #

p e n n i n l t e , 15 - 20# m u s c o v i t e , a n d 5 # h e m a t i t e a f t e r p y r i t e .

T he c h l o r i t e a n d m u s c o v i t e o c c u r a s s u b h e d r a l c r y s t a l s

a n d l i e i n a s u b p a r a l l e l a r r a n g e m e n t g i v i n g t h e r o c k a

l e p i d o b l a s t i c t e x t u r e . Q u a r t z fo r m s t h e m a t r i x m a t e r i a l .

T he I n d i v i d u a l q u a r t z g r a i n s a r e 0 . 2 mm i n l e n g t h , e l o n g a t e ,

s l i g h t l y s t r a i n e d , a n d a n h e d r a l i n f o r m . Some s t r e t c h e d

p e b b l e s o f q u a r t z i t e w i t h i n t e r l o c k i n g , a n h e d r a l g r a i n s

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a n d s e c o n d a r y q u a r t z o v e r g r o w t h s a r e p r e s e n t . T he p e b b l e s

a r e s t r e t c h e d so t h a t t h e i r l e n g t h i s t h r e e t i m e s t h e i r

w i d t h .

L im e s to n e f a c i e s o f B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e . L e n s e s o f

g r a y t o w h i t e r e c r y s t a l l i z e d l i m e s t o n e a r e v e r y common i n

t h e B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a ( P l a t e I ) .

T h e s e l e n s e s a r e g e n e r a l l y q u i t e t h i n a n d e x t e n d a l o n g

s t r i k e f o r a b o u t tw o h u n d r e d f e e t o r l e s s .

On a w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e t h e l i m e s t o n e i s p a l e

y e l l o w i s h b ro w n (1 0 YR 6 / 2 ) i n c o l o r a n d o n a f r e s h s u r f a c e

l i g h t g r a y (N 7 ) • I n o u t c r o p , b e d d i n g s t a n d s o u t p r i m a r i l y

d u e t o d i f f e r e n t i a l w e a t h e r i n g .

M i c r o s c o p i c a l l y t h e r o c k c o n t a i n s 9 0 - 9 8 # c a l c i t e ,

1 - 1 0 # q u a r t z , a n d l e s s t h a n 1# m u s c o v i t e . T he c a l c i t e

o c c u r s a s a n h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l c r y s t a l s t h a t a r e so m ew h a t

e l o n g a t e p a r a l l e l t o t h e b e d d i n g . T he a v e r a g e s i z e o f t h e

c a l c i t e i s 1 . 5 mm, h o w e v e r t h e i n d i v i d u a l g r a i n s r a n g e i n

s i z e f ro m l e s s t h a n 0 .1 mm t o 3 mm. P o l y s y n t h e t i c t w i n n i n g

i s p r o n o u n c e d i n t h e c a l c i t e .

Q u a r t z i s p r e s e n t a s m in u te a n h e d r a l f l a k e s b o t h

r a n d o m ly s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e s p e c im e n a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d

i n n a r r o w b a n d s p a r a l l e l t o t h e b e d d i n g . I n d i v i d u a l q u a r t z

g r a i n s a r e 0 . 2 - 3 mm i n d i a m e t e r . M in o r r a n d o m ly

s c a t t e r e d s u b h e d r a l m u s c o v i t e g r a i n s a r e p r e s e n t t h r o u g h o u t

t h e m a t r i x .

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The B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e u s u a l l y l i e s u n c o n f o r m a b ly

o v e r t h e Y o u n g e r P r e c a m b r i a n A p a c h e G ro u p r o c k s , b u t i n

t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a i t i s i n f a u l t c o n t a c t w i t h a l l u n d e r ­

l y i n g r o c k s . T he B o l s a com m only o v e r l i e s t h e M i s s i s s l p p i a n

E s c a b r o s a L i m e s t o n e . T he M id d le a n d L a t e C a m b ria n A b r ig o

L im e s to n e c o n f o r m a b ly o v e r l i e s t h e B o l s a . T he M id d le

C a m b ria n a g e o f t h e B o l s a h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d b y F lo w e r

( 1 9 5 8 ) . No f o s s i l s w e re f o u n d i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a , b u t

M cK enna ( 1966 ) f o u n d worm c a s t s a n d t u b e s i n t h e B uehm an

C an y o n a r e a .

A b r ig o L im e s to n e

T he A b r ig o L im e s to n e w as o r i g i n a l l y n a m ed b y

R ansom e (1 9 0 4 ) a s t h e l i m e s t o n e u n i t o v e r l y i n g t h e B o l s a

Q u a r t z i t e i n t h e B l s b e e a r e a o f s o u t h e a s t e r n A r i z o n a .

S to y a n o w (1 9 3 6 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e A b r ig o i n t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a

M o u n ta in s a n d a t t e m p t e d t o s u b d i v i d e t h e o r i g i n a l A b r ig o

o f R an so m e i n t o s e v e r a l f o r m a t i o n s . T he A b r ig o L im e s to n e

i s c o m p o se d o f l i m e s t o n e , s a n d s t o n e , c o n g l o m e r a t e , a n d

s h a l e i n t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a s a s c o m p a re d t o a p r e d o m in a n c e

o f l i m e s t o n e n e a r B l s b e e . S to y an o w * s (1 9 3 6 ) s u b d i v i s i o n

h a s n o t b e e n a c c e p t e d o f f i c i a l l y , so t h e A b r ig o o f t h e

S a n t a C a t a l i n a M o u n ta in s i s t e r m e d " L im e s to n e " i n s p i t e

o f i t s i n a c c u r a c y .

T he A b r ig o o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a c o n s i s t s o f l i m e ­

s t o n e , q u a r t z i t e , a n d c a l c a r e o u s s a n d s t o n e . M e ta m o rp h ism ,

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p r o b a b l y d u e t o t h e h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e i n t r u s i v e

C a t a l i n a G n e i s s , h a s c a u s e d d e v e lo p m e n t o f a c t i n o l i t e a n d

e p i d o t e i n t h e c a l c a r e o u s b e d s . T h e A b r lg o L im e s to n e c o n ­

f o r m a b ly o v e r l i e s t h e B o I s a Q u a r t z i t e a n d i s d i s c o n f o r m a b l y

o v e r l a i n b y t h e D e v o n ia n M a r t i n L i m e s t o n e . A b a n d o f

A b r lg o t r a n s e c t s t h e m a p p ed a r e a w i t h a n o r t h w e s t s t r i k e

a n d n o r t h e a s t d i p . T he A b r lg o i s a l s o p r e s e n t i n t h e a r e a

n o r t h o f P i e t y H i l l .

T he u p p e r c o n t a c t o f t h e A b r lg o i s a p p r o x im a te i n

i t s l o c a t i o n . T he c o n t a c t w as m ap p ed a t a l i t h o l o g i c

b r e a k b e tw e e n t h e t h i n l y b e d d e d s a n d s t o n e s a n d l i m e s t o n e s

o f t h e A b r lg o a n d t h e m o re m a s s i v e , r e l a t i v e l y p u r e l i m e ­

s t o n e o f t h e M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a s e q u e n c e . No f o s s i l s w e re

f o u n d t o a i d i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . T o p o g r a p h i c a l l y t h e

A b r lg o L im e s to n e i s a s l o p e - f o r m i n g u n i t a d j a c e n t t o t h e

r e s i s t a n t B o I s a Q u a r t z i t e .

T he A b r lg o i s e x t r e m e l y v a r i a b l e i n l i t h o l o g y a n d

a l s o i n c o l o r . T he w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e r a n g e s f ro m d a r k

y e l l o w i s h b ro w n ( 1 0 YR 4 / 2 ) t o m ed ium g r a y (N 5 ) • F r e s h

s a m p le s r a n g e f r o m m ed ium g r a y (N 5 ) t o g r e e n i s h g r a y

( 5 G 6 / 1 ) . I n h a n d s p e c im e n t h e A b r lg o i s l a m i n a t e d t o

v e r y t h i n l y b e d d e d . B e d d in g i s d e f i n e d b y c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o f p a r t i c u l a r m i n e r a l s s u c h a s q u a r t z a n d e p i d o t e i n

p a r a l l e l b a n d s . T he m o s t t y p i c a l s p e c im e n o f A b r lg o w o u ld

c o n s i s t o f a l t e r n a t i n g q u a r t z a n d c a l c a r e o u s b a n d s . D i f f e r ­

e n t i a l w e a t h e r i n g o f c o n s t i t u e n t b e d s i s com m on.

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M i c r o s c o p i c a l l y t h i s f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n s 0-99%

c a l c i t e , 15-60% q u a r t z , u p t o 15% e p i d o t e , 20% a c t i n o l i t e ,

1 - 1 5 $ c h l o r i t e , a n d m in o r a m o u n ts o f d i o p s i d e , m l c r o c l i n e

f e l d s p a r , m u s c o v i t e , a n d o p a q u e s . I n s p e c im e n s c o m p o se d

p r e d o m i n a n t l y o f c a l c i t e , w i t h som e q u a r t z , t h e r e i s

g e n e r a l l y n o d l s c e m a b l e m ic r o s t r u c t u r e . M o s t o f t h e

t h i n - b e d d e d A b r i g o , h o w e v e r , e x h i b i t s a f o l i a t e d a r r a n g e ­

m e n t o f m i n e r a l s i n t h i n s e c t i o n . E p i d o t e , m ic a , a c t i n o l i t e ,

a n d e l o n g a t e q u a r t z a n d c a l c i t e g i v e t h e r o c k a d e f i n i t e

p l a n a r s t r u c t u r e . I n t h e s t r u c t u r e l e s s l i m e s t o n e m e n t io n e d

a b o v e , t h e c a l c i t e r e a c h e s a maximum s i z e o f 1 .5 mm w i t h

a n a v e r a g e o f 1 mm. T he g r a i n s a r e a n h e d r a l a n d a r e

tw in n e d p o l y s y n t h e t l c a l l y . Q u a r t z i s r a n d o m ly s c a t t e r e d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e s p e c im e n a n d c o n s i s t s o f u n s t r a i n e d a n h e d r a l

g r a i n s t h a t a v e r a g e 0 .1 t o 0 . 2 mm i n s i z e .

The l a m i n a t e d , c a l c a r e o u s s a n d s t o n e b e d s a l s o

common i n t h e A b r ig o c o n t a i n p a r a l l e l b a n d i n g o f q u a r t z .

Two s i z e s o f q u a r t z a r e p r e s e n t : a v e r y f i n e g r a i n e d

v a r i e t y , l e s s t h a n 0 .1 mm, o f a n h e d r a l , h i g h l y s t r a i n e d

c r y s t a l s i n a n i n t e r l o c k i n g a g g r e g a t e ; a n d a l a r g e r s i z e d

q u a r t z , 0 .3 t o 0 . 4 mm l o n g , e l o n g a t e d t h r e e t o f o u r t i m e s

i t s w i d t h a n d o c c u r s a s s l i g h t l y s t r a i n e d a n h e d r a l c r y s t a l s

f o r m in g b a n d s u p t o 0 . 5 mm w id e . Some c r y s t a l s h a v e

s u t u r e d m a r g in s a n d s e c o n d a r y o v e r g r o w t h s .

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A n h e d r a l c a l c i t e w i t h a n a v e r a g e l e n g t h o f 0 .8 mm

o c c u r s m a in ly i n p u r e n a r r o w b a n d s a n d a l s o o c c u r s f i n e l y

i n t e r m i x e d w i t h o t h e r r o c k c o n s t i t u e n t s i n c e r t a i n l a y e r s .

W here f o u n d , a c t i n o l i t e c o n s i s t s o f s u b h e d r a l c r y s t a l s a n d

f i b r o u s a g g r e g a t e s . I n d i v i d u a l c r y s t a l s r a n g e u p t o 1 mm

i n l e n g t h , b u t a v e r a g e 0 . 5 mm. T he p l e o c h r o i c g r e e n c o l o r ,

c l e a v a g e , a n d t h e i n c l i n e d e x t i n c t i o n a n g l e a r e c h a r a c t e r ­

i s t i c o f a c t i n o l i t e . E p i d o t e a n d d i o p s i d e g r a i n s a r e

s m a l l , l e s s t h a n 0 .1 mm i n l e n g t h , b u t r e a c h a maximum o f

0 . 6 mm a n d c o n s i s t o f a n h e d r a l c r y s t a l s o r i e n t e d w i t h

t h e i r l o n g a x e s p a r a l l e l t o t h e b e d d i n g .

S u b h e d r a l p e n n i n i t e w i t h a n o m a lo u s i n t e r f e r e n c e

c o l o r s a n d m u s c o v i t e a r e o r i e n t e d i n a s u b p a r a l l e l

a r r a n g e m e n t c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e q u a r t z - e p i d o t e f o l i a t i o n .

S m a l l , a n h e d r a l , p o l y s y n t h e t i c a l l y tw in n e d g r a i n s o f

m l c r o c l i n e f e l d s p a r m ake u p l e s s t h a n 1 v o lu m e p e r c e n t

o f som e s p e c im e n s . L i m o n i t e p s e u d o m o rp h o u s a f t e r p y r l t e

i s p r e s e n t a s i n d i v i d u a l e u h e d r a l c r y s t a l s t h a t a r e

r a n d o m ly s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r o c k . T h e s e c r y s t a l s

r e a c h a m axim um s i z e o f 1 mm.

T he A b r ig o L im e s to n e i s M id d le a n d L a t e C a m b ria n

i n a g e a s h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d b y f o s s i l s i n o t h e r l o c a l i t i e s

( G i l l u l y , 1 9 5 6 ) t h a t h a v e n o t u n d e r g o n e s u c h e x t e n s i v e

m e ta m o rp h is m a s t h a t o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a .

3 2

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M a r t i n F o r m a t io n - E s c a b r o s a L im e s to n e

B e c a u s e o f t h e l a c k o f f o s s i l s a n d p o o r e x p o s u r e s

t h e M a r t i n F o r m a t io n a n d t h e E s c a b r o s a L im e s to n e h a v e b e e n

g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r f o r m a p p in g p u r p o s e s i n t h e P i e t y H i l l

a r e a . M cK enna (1 9 6 6 ) w as a b l e t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e tw o

f o r m a t i o n s t o t h e n o r t h w h e re m e ta m o rp h is m w as m uch l e s s

s e v e r e a n d f o s s i l s w e re p r e s e r v e d .

T he M a r t i n L im e s to n e a n d E s c a b r o s a L im e s to n e w e re

n am ed b y R ansom e (1 9 0 4 ) f o r r e s p e c t i v e D e v o n ia n a n d

M i s s i s s l p p i a n l i m e s t o n e s i n t h e B i s b e e a r e a . LeM one (1 9 5 9 )

a n d C o o p e r a n d S i l v e r (1 9 6 4 ) h a v e u s e d t h e nam e M a r t i n

F o r m a t io n r a t h e r t h a n M a r t i n L im e s to n e o w in g t o t h e

p r e s e n c e b f d o l o m i t e a n d c l a s t i c r o c k s i n t h e D e v o n ia n

s e c t i o n .

G e n e r a l l y t h e M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a o f t h e P i e t y H i l l

a r e a c o n s i s t s o f l i m e s t o n e w i t h a s m a l l a m o u n t o f s a n d ­

s t o n e i n t h e l o w e r p o r t i o n . B e d d in g r a n g e s f ro m t h i n

b e d d e d t o v e r y t h i c k b e d d e d u p w a rd . E x p o s u r e s o f t h i s

u n i t a r e w i d e s p r e a d . Two p a r a l l e l b a n d s t r e n d n o r t h w e s t

t h r o u g h t h e a r e a a n d d i p n o r t h e a s t . Some d o l o m i t e a n d

m a s s iv e l i m e s t o n e o u t c r o p im m e d i a t e l y n o r t h a n d e a s t o f

P i e t y H i l l a n d a r e t h o u g h t t o b e M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a a l s o .

T he e a s t e r n m o s t o f t h e tw o p a r a l l e l b a n d s m e n t io n e d a b o v e

l i e s i n p r o p e r s t r a t i g r a p h i c p o s i t i o n u p o n t h e A b r ig o

L i m e s to n e . T he o t h e r b a n d o f M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a i s i n

f a u l t c o n t a c t w i t h t h e P r e c a m b r i a n P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n o n

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t h e w e s t a n d t h e C a m b ria n B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e o n t h e e a s t .

T he t o t a l t h i c k n e s s o f t h e M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a i s n o t

e x p o s e d , b u t i n t h e n o r t h e a s t c o m e r o f t h e a r e a w h e re

t h e g r e a t e s t e x p o s u r e o c c u r s t h e t h i c k n e s s i s i n t h e o r d e r

o f 1 ,0 0 0 f e e t . T he lo w e r p o r t i o n o f t h e M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a

i s a w e a k , s l o p e - f o r m i n g u n i t a n d t h e u p p e r p o r t i o n , w h ic h

i s m uch m o re m a s s i v e , f o r m s r e s i s t a n t c l i f f - l i k e e x p o s u r e s .

M e g a s c o p l c a l l y t h e M a r t i n — E s c a b r o s a i s a m edium

t o c o a r s e l y r e c r y s t a l l i z e d l i m e s t o n e t h a t i s l o c a l l y

m a r b l e i z e d . B row n c h e r t n o d u l e s a n d b a n d s a r e l o c a l l y

c o n c e n t r a t e d p a r a l l e l t o b e d d i n g . N e a r i n t r u s i v e la m p r o p h y r e

d i k e s t h e l i m e s t o n e i s a l t e r e d t o t r e m o l i t e - a c t i n o l i t e a n d

o t h e r c a l c i u m s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s . T he c o l o r o f t h e M a r t i n -

E s c a b r o s a i s n e a r l y t h e sam e o n f r e s h a n d w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e s

a n d r a n g e s f ro m m ed ium d a r k g r a y (N 4 ) t o m ed ium b l u i s h

g r a y ( 5 B 5 / 1 ) t o w h i t e (N 9 ) .

I n t h i n s e c t i o n t h e l i m e s t o n e r a n g e s f ro m n e a r l y

p u r e c a l c i t e t o c o m p le te r e c o n s t i t u t i o n t o c a l c - s i l i c a t e

m i n e r a l s s u c h a s t r e m o l i t e , d i o p s i d e , a n d w o l i a s t o n ! t e

l e a v i n g n o r e m n a n t c a l c i t e . T r e m o l i t e o c c u p i e s u p t o 6 5 $

a n d d i o p s i d e - h e d e n b e r g i t e u p t o 4 5 $ o f t h e t o t a l v o lu m e

i n e x t r e m e c a s e s . E p i d o t e fo r m s u p t o 2 0 $ a n d q u a r t z ,

m l c r o c l i n e , a n d m u s c o v i t e e a c h c o m p r i s e l e s s t h a n 5 $ o f

t h e r o c k . O c c a s i o n a l l y g a r n e t i s p r e s e n t u p t o 1 0 $ .

O t h e r m in o r m i n e r a l s i n c l u d e o r t h o c l a s e , s p e n e , s e r i c i t e ,

w o l l a s t o n i t e , z i r c o n , a n d o p a q u e s .

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A r e a s o f m a s s iv e c a l c i t e o r t r e m o l i t e a r e g e n e r a l l y

s t r u c t u r e l e s s . T h o s e t h a t a r e p r e d o m i n a n t l y c a l c i t e h a v e

a n i n t e r l o c k i n g t e x t u r e o f tw in n e d a n h e d r a l c r y s t a l s w h ic h

a v e r a g e 1 t o 2 mm i n s i z e . R o c k s c o m p o se d p r e d o m i n a n t l y

o f t r e m o l i t e h a v e a t e x t u r e c o n s i s t i n g o f r a d i a t i n g

a g g r e g a t e s o f t h e f i b r o u s m i n e r a l . I n d i v i d u a l s u b h e d r a l

c r y s t a l s r e a c h 3 * 5 mn i n l e n g t h . O c c a s i o n a l l y t r e m o l i t e

i s i n s u b p a r a l l e l a l i g n m e n t i m p a r t i n g a c r u d e f o l i a t i o n t o

t h e r o c k . C a l c i t e o c c a s i o n a l l y o c c u r s i n f i n e g r a i n e d

b a n d s a n d a s l a r g e e l o n g a t e a n h e d r a l c r y s t a l s w h ic h g i v e

t h e r o c k a s c h i s t o s i t y .

H e d e n b e r g i t e a n d d i o p s i d e a r e a b u n d a n t c o m p o n e n ts

o f c e r t a i n r o c k s . C r y s t a l s a r e s u b h e d r a l a n d u p t o 3 mm

i n l e n g t h . H e d e n b e r g i t e a n d d i o p s i d e h a v e n o t b e e n

i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e sam e s p e c im e n . H e d e n b e r g i t e i s d i s t i n g ­

u i s h e d f ro m t r e m o l i t e b y a h i g h e r e x t i n c t i o n a n g l e , a n d

f ro m d i o p s i d e b y h i g h e r r e f r a c t i v e i n d i c e s . E p i d o t e

o c c u r s a s b o t h e u h e d r a l c r y s t a l s a n d a n h e d r a l f l a k e s . T he

e u h e d r a l c r y s t a l s o c c u r u p t o 1 . 5 mm i n l e n g t h . Q u a r t z

e x i s t s a s u n s t r a i n e d a n h e d r a l c r y s t a l s i n t e r g r o w n w i t h

c a l c i t e a n d w i t h g a r n e t . T he l a r g e s t q u a r t z g r a i n s a r e

0 . 5 mm i n d i a m e t e r . G a r n e t i s n o t a common c o n s t i t u e n t

o f t h e M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a , b u t w hen f o u n d i t e x i s t s a s

f i n e g r a i n e d a n h e d r a l p a r t i c l e s t h a t a r e i n t e r g r o w n w i t h

q u a r t z a n d may b e r e m n a n t s o f f o r m e r p o r p h y r o b l a s t s .

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M i c r o c l i n e o c c u r s a s l a r g e a n h e d r a l c r y s t a l s (u p t o 8 mm

lo n g ) t h a t h a v e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p o l y s y n t h e t i c t w i n n i n g

a n d 1 5 ° e x t i n c t i o n a n g l e . M u s c o v i t e o c c u r s a s e u h e d r a l t o

a n h e d r a l f l a k e s a n d n e v e r e x c e e d s o f t h e r o c k . S p h e n e

i s a m in o r m e ta m o r p h ic a c c e s s o r y m i n e r a l t h a t f o r m s a s

e u h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l c r y s t a l s 0 .5 mm i n l e n g t h . O t h e r

m in o r c o n s t i t u e n t s a r e s e r i c i t e , o r t h o c l a s e , l i m o n i t e

p s e u d o m o rp h o u s a f t e r p y r i t e , w o l l a s t o n i t e , a n d a t r a c e o f

z i r c o n .

A p o o r l y p r e s e r v e d s p i r i f e r i d b r a c h i o p o d a n d a

p e l e c y p o d w e re f o u n d i n t h e e x t r e m e s o u t h e a s t p o r t i o n o f

t h e a r e a m a p p ed i n a m a s s iv e c l i f f - f o r m i n g l i m e s t o n e . D r .

D o n a ld L . B r y a n t o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i z o n a e x a m in e d t h e

s p e c im e n s a n d s 6 i d t h a t c o u p l e d w i t h t h e r o c k t y p e , t h e

f o s s i l s a r e p r o b a b l y f ro m t h e M i s s i s s i p p i a n E s c a b r o s a

L i m e s to n e .

I n t h e B uehm an C an y o n a r e a , m ap p ed b y M cK enna

( 1 9 6 6 ) , t h e E s c a b r o s a L im e s to n e i s o v e r l a i n b y t h e

P e n n s y l v a n i a n B la c k P r i n c e L im e s to n e a n d t h e H o r q u i l l a

L i m e s to n e s u c c e s s i v e l y . T he M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a i s t h e

y o u n g e s t P a l e o z o i c r o c k t y p e r e c o g n i z e d i n t h e P i e t y H i l l

a r e a . C r e t a c e o u s r o c k s a r e a b s e n t . F l a t - l y i n g C e n o z d ic

a l l u v i u m o v e r l i e s t h e P a l e o z o i c s t r a t a i n t h e e a s t e r n

p o r t i o n o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a .

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3 7

I g n e o u s R o c k s

L a m p ro p h y re D ik e s

M a f ic d i k e s c o n s i s t i n g p r e d o m i n a n t l y o f p l a g i o -

c l a s e a n d h o m b l e n d e - a c t i n o l i t e a r e c l a s s i f i e d h e r e a s

l a m p r o p h y r e s . T h e s e d i k e s c r o p o u t i n n u m e ro u s l o c a l i t i e s

t h r o u g h o u t t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a . Z o n e s o f s t r u c t u r a l

w e a k n e s s s u c h a s f a u l t s a r e common l o c a l i z i n g f a c t o r s i n

t h e e m p la c e m e n t o f t h e d i k e s .

I n o u t c r o p t h e d i k e s a r e d a r k g r e e n t o b l a c k a n d

h a v e a s a l t a n d p e p p e r a p p e a r a n c e . T h ey w e a t h e r so t h a t

o u t c r o p s a r e g e n e r a l l y c o v e r e d w i t h a t h i c k z o n e o f f r i a b l e

r o c k t h a t m ak es c o l l e c t i o n o f f r e s h s a m p le s d i f f i c u l t .

T he m o s t p r o m i n e n t d i k e i n t h e a r e a i s a f i f t y

f o o t w id e , n o r t h - s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e t h a t s t a n d s o u t p r o m in ­

e n t l y o n a n a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h . T h i s d i k e c u t s a c r o s s t h e

A b r ig o a n d M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a f o r m a t i o n s i n t h e n o r t h

c e n t r a l p a r t o f t h e a r e a a n d d i p s n e a r l y v e r t i c a l l y .

T he d i k e s a r e a h o l o c r y s t a l l i n e , f i n e - t o m e d iu m -

g r a i n e d r o c k w i t h a h y p i d io m o r p h ic g r a n u l a r t e x t u r e

a p p r o a c h i n g p a n l d i o m o r p h i c ^ g r a n u l a r . M i c r o s c o p i c a l l y t h e

d i k e s a r e c o m p o se d o f f ro m 10 - 70$ p l a g i o c l a s e ( a n d e s i n e -

o l i g o c l a s e ) , 3 0 - 6 0 $ h o r n b l e n d e a n d a c t i n o l i t e , u p t o 2 5 $

s e r i c i t e , 5 $ a u g i t e , a n d l e s s t h a n 1 $ e a c h o f h e m a t i t e

a f t e r p y r i t e , b i o t i t e , a n d a p a t i t e .

T he p l a g i o c l a s e i s v a r i a b l e i n a m o u n t b e c a u s e o f

i t s a l t e r a t i o n t o s e r i c i t e a n d c l a y . I n d i v i d u a l c r y s t a l s

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r a n g e u p t o 2 mm i n s i z e a n d c o n s i s t o f s u b h e d r a l i n t e r ­

l o c k i n g a n d o v e r l a p p i n g t a b u l a r l a t h s a n d a n h e d r a l

c r y s t a l f r a g m e n t s . T he h o r n b l e n d e i s p l e o c h r o i c g r e e n t o

b ro w n a n d o c c u r s a s e u h e d r a l c r y s t a l s u p t o 1 . 5 mm l o n g

a n d a s l o n g , 3 - 4 mm, p r i s m a t i c c r y s t a l s a n d a c i c u l a r

f r a g m e n t s . Some o f t h e h o r n b l e n d e i s p r o b a b l y u r a l i t e .

Some s p e c im e n s o f d i k e r o c k c o n t a i n a c t i n o l i t e r a t h e r

t h a n h o r n b l e n d e . I n d i v i d u a l c r y s t a l s a r e s u b h e d r a l t o

a n h e d r a l i n fo rm a n d r e a c h a maximum o f 2 . 5 mm i n l e n g t h .

A p a t i t e o c c u r s a s m in u te s i x - s i d e d p r i s m a t i c c r y s t a l s .

B i o t i t e a n d h e m a t i t e a f t e r p y r i t e a r e t h e r e m a i n i n g m in o r

c o n s t i t u e n t s o f t h e la m p r o p h y r e d i k e s .

T h e i r s t r u c t u r a l r e l a t i o n s a n d u n m e ta m o rp h o s e d

c h a r a c t e r s u g g e s t t h a t t h e d i k e s w e re p r o b a b l y e m p la c e d

a f t e r t h e m e ta m o rp h is m o f t h e a r e a , w h ic h , a c c o r d i n g t o

D am on, E r i c k s o n , a n d L i v i n g s t o n ( I 9 6 3 ) , w o u ld b e a f t e r

U p p e r O l ig o c e n e - L o w e r M io c e n e t i m e .

A l lu v iu m

I n t h e e a s t e r n p a r t o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a i s a

h o r i z o n t a l l y s t r a t i f i e d a l l u v i u m . T h i s u n i t l i e s w i t h

a n g u l a r u n c o n f o r m i t y u p o n t h e P a l e o z o i c r o c k s a n d c o n s i s t s

o f u n c o n s o l i d a t e d f r a g m e n t s o f g r a n i t e , q u a r t z i t e , l i m e ­

s t o n e , s c h i s t , a n d v o l c a n i c r o c k s i n a m a t r i x o f s a n d

a n d c l a y .

3 8

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39

B ecau se o f th e u n c o n s o l id a te d an d u n d efo rm ed

n a tu r e o f t h i s a l lu v iu m i t i s p resu m ed to b e L a te C en o zo ic

i n a g e , p ro b a b ly Q u a te rn a ry , an d p r o b a b ly c o r r e l a t e s w i th

th e a l lu v iu m d e s c r ib e d by R aabe ( 1959) •

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STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

G e n e ra l S ta te m e n t

T he p r e d o m i n a n t t y p e o f d e f o r m a t i o n i n t h e P i e t y

H i l l a r e a i s t h e r e s u l t o f f a u l t i n g a n d i t s a s s o c i a t e d

p h e n o m e n a . T h r u s t f a u l t i n g f ro m t h e e a s t o r g r a v i t y

g l i d i n g f ro m t h e w e s t h a s c a u s e d t h e C a m b ria n B o l s a

Q u a r t z i t e t o b e e m p la c e d u p o n t h e M i s s i s s i p p i a n E s c a b r o s a

L im e s to n e i n a t l e a s t tw o p a r a l l e l b o l t s i n t h e m ap p ed

a r e a .

N o rm a l f a u l t s w i t h s t r i k e s r a n g i n g f ro m N 2 0 ° W

t o N 6 5 ° W a n d d i p s a t a h i g h a n g l e t o t h e e a s t a n d w e s t

a r e p r e s e n t . A h o r s t s t r u c t u r e h a s b e e n fo r m e d e a s t o f

P i e t y H i l l w h e re t h e P r e c a m b r i a n A p a c h e G ro u p m e ta s e d im e n t s

h a v e b e e n u p l i f t e d a n d now c u t a c r o s s t h e P a l e o z o i c r o c k s .

A l o n g n o r t h w e s t d i p p i n g , N 7 5 ° E s t r i k i n g n o r m a l f a u l t

t r a n s e c t s t h e h o r s t s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e t h r u s t ( ? ) f a u l t .

M in o r d r a g o r f lo w f o l d s a r e p r e s e n t i n t h e A b r ig o

L im e s to n e a n d a r e p r o b a b l y t h e r e s u l t o f d i f f e r e n t i a l s l i p

a l o n g b e d d i n g p l a n e s d u r i n g t h e t h r u s t i n g .

F a u l t s

G r a v i t y g l i d i n g o r t h r u s t f a u l t i n g h a s p r o d u c e d a

s t r u c t u r a l s i t u a t i o n w h e re b y t h e C a m b ria n B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e

4 0

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h a s b e e n e m p la c e d u p o n t h e M i s s i s s l p p i a n E s c a b r o s a L im e­

s t o n e . Two p a r a l l e l n o r t h w e s t - t r e n d i n g b e l t s o f B o l s a

c u t a c r o s s t h e t h e s i s a r e a . T he t h i r d m a jo r e x p o s u r e ,

t h a t o f P i e t y H i l l , i s t h o u g h t t o b e a down f a u l t e d

e x t e n s i o n o f t h e p r o m i n e n t n o r t h w e s t t r e n d i n g b a n d o f

B o l s a i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e a r e a . I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e

m a s s i v e , h a r d , B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e a n d t h e m a s s iv e E s c a b r o s a

L im e s to n e h a v e b e e n p r e f e r e n t i a l l y s e l e c t e d a s s u r f a c e s

o v e r w h ic h r e p e a t e d , i m b r i c a t e f a u l t s c o u l d o c c u r .

A n g u l a r , s i l i c a c e m e n te d q u a r t z i t e f r a g m e n t s

f o r m in g a f a u l t b r e c c i a a r e f o u n d a l m o s t e v e r y w h e r e f a u l t

c o n t a c t s a r e e x p o s e d . T he o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c e o f

m o v em en t o f t h e v a r i o u s t h r u s t b l o c k s r a n g e s f ro m n e a r l y

h o r i z o n t a l t o a h i g h a n g l e n o r t h e a s t d i p . A t t i t u d e s o f

t h e B o l s a a r e e r r a t i c a n d o f t e n i m p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e

s o t h a t t h e f a u l t s u r f a c e i s b e s t l o c a t e d b y s t u d y i n g t h e

a r e a l e x t e n t o f e x p o s u r e s w i t h r e g a r d t o to p o g r a p h y a n d

a c t u a l t r a c i n g o f c o n t a c t s . T he b a n d o f B o l s a n e a r t h e

e a s t e r n m a r g in o f t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n h a s a d i p o f

t w e n t y - f i v e t o t h i r t y d e g r e e s e a s t i n t h e s o u t h a n d f i f t y

t o s i x t y d e g r e e s e a s t i n t h e n o r t h . T he e x p o s u r e s o f

B o l s a i n t h e n o r t h e a s t p a r t o f t h e a r e a l i e n e a r l y h o r i ­

z o n t a l l y o v e r t h e M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a . T he l i m e s t o n e t h a t

fo r m s t h e s u r f a c e o v e r w h ic h t h e m o v em en t o c c u r r e d h a s

e r r a t i c a t t i t u d e s i n p r o x i m i t y t o t h e f a u l t s . M in o r f o l d s

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4 2

c a u s e d b y d r a g o r f lo w a g e u n d e r t h e p r e s s u r e o f t h e o v e r ­

r i d i n g t h r u s t s h e e t fo r m e d i n b o t h t h e M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a

a n d i n t h e A b r lg o L i m e s t o n e . T h e A b r ig o i n t e r l a y e r e d s a n d ­

s t o n e s a n d l i m e s t o n e s a r e t h e m o s t d e f o r m e d o f t h e r o c k s

a f f e c t e d . T he d r a g f o l d s o f t h e A b r lg o h a v e a g e n e r a l

c o n s i s t e n c y o f o r i e n t a t i o n . T h ey a r e o v e r t u r n e d t o t h e

n o r t h e a s t g i v i n g t h e a x i a l p l a n e s a N 3 0 ° - 5 0 ° W s t r i k e

a n d a d ip o f 4 0 ° - 7 0 ° SW. F o l d a x e s p l u n g e a s m uch a s

tw e n ty d e g r e e s i n a n o r t h w e s t d i r e c t i o n . S h e a r s e n s e

r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e s u c h f o l d s w o u ld h a v e t o i n v o l v e t h e

o v e r l y i n g s t r a t a m o v in g n o r t h e a s t r e l a t i v e t o t h e u n d e r ­

l y i n g s t r a t a . T h i s t y p e o f f o l d c o u l d h a v e fo r m e d i f t h e

l o w e r P a l e o z o i c s t r a t a w e re u p t h r u s t o v e r t h e M a r t i n -

E s c a b r o s a .

T he g r a v i t y g l i d i n g h y p o t h e s i s r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e

f a u l t b l o c k s g l i d e d f ro m t h e c r e s t a l p a r t o f t h e S a n t a

C a t a l i n a M o u n ta in s n o r t h e a s t w a r d i n t o t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a .

I f g r a v i t y g l i d i n g w e re t h e m e c h a n is m o f e m p la c e m e n t i t

w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e f a u l t p l a n e s w o u ld m a i n t a i n a

s h a l l o w d i p a n d n o t p l u n g e s t e e p l y do w n w ard a t t h e r e a r

o f t h e t h r u s t s h e e t ( d e S i t t e r , 1 9 6 4 , p . 2 5 5 ) • A l s o , d r a g

f o l d s w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d t o e x h i b i t s h e a r s e n s e o p p o s i t e t o

t h a t o c c u r r i n g i n t h e A b r lg o L i m e s t o n e . E v id e n c e se e m s t o

f a v o r t h e t h r u s t i n g h y p o t h e s i s , b u t t o c h o o s e w h ic h m ech ­

a n is m , t h r u s t i n g o r g l i d i n g , c a u s e d t h e s t r u c t u r a l r e l a t i o n s

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i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a w o u ld b e u n w is e i n s u c h a l i m i t e d

s t u d y a s t h i s .

B e d d in g s l i p p a g e i n v o l v i n g n o r m a l o r r e v e r s e m ove­

m e n t may h a v e o c c u r r e d a s a r e s u l t o f t h e t h r u s t i n g o r

g l i d i n g . F a u l t s o f t h i s t y p e a r e v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o

i d e n t i f y i n a s t r a t i g r a p h i c s e c t i o n t h a t i s p o o r l y d e f i n e d

b e c a u s e o f m e ta m o rp h is m o f o r i g i n a l s e d i m e n t a r y f e a t u r e s

a n d p o o r e x p o s u r e s . T h e s e b e d d i n g f a u l t s w o u ld b e s i m i l a r

t o l a g ty p e f a u l t s o f H i l l s ( I 9 6 3 , p . 1 9 1 ) w h e re n o r m a l

f a u l t s o c c u r o n t h e h a n g i n g w a l l o f a t h r u s t .

H ig h a n g l e n o r m a l f a u l t s t r e n d i n g n o r t h w e s t c u t

t h e p i e t y H i l l a r e a a n d a r e y o u n g e r t h a n t h e t h r u s t s . The

w ed g e o f A p a c h e G ro u p r o c k s i s b o u n d e d o n t h e e a s t a n d

w e s t b y N 2 0 ° W - s t r i k i n g n o r m a l f a u l t s . T he w e s t e r n f a u l t

d i p s w e s t a n d t h e e a s t e r n f a u l t d i p s e a s t c a u s i n g t h e

A p a c h e G ro u p m e ta s e d im e n t s t o b e u p l i f t e d r e l a t i v e t o t h e

s u r r o u n d i n g r o c k s a s a h o r s t . B o th o f t h e s e f a u l t s d i p

a t a v e r y h i g h a n g l e b e c a u s e t h e y a r e n o t o f f s e t b y to p o ­

g r a p h i c v a r i a t i o n s .

O t h e r l e s s e x t e n s i v e n o r t h w e s t t r e n d i n g n o r m a l

f a u l t s a r e p r e s e n t . A n a r r o w f a u l t z o n e s t r i k e s a p p r o x i ­

m a t e l y N 5 0 ° W a n d d i p s a t a h i g h a n g l e s o u t h w e s t i n t h e

c e n t r a l p a r t o f S e c . 29» T . 12 S . , R . 18 E . A n a r r o w

w ed g e o f t h e B o l s a t h r u s t s h e e t h a s b e e n d o w n -d r o p p e d .

I n t h i s n a r r o w z o n e t h e B o l s a h a s b e e n m e ta m o rp h o s e d t o a

4 3

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q u a r t z - m i c a s c h i s t a s a r e s u l t o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d

p r e s s u r e s o f d i s l o c a t i o n . T he s c h i s t o s i t y o f t h e r o c k i n

t h e f a u l t z o n e p a r a l l e l s t h e f a u l t a n d i s a c c o m p a n ie d b y

s l i c k e n s i d e s .

T he y o u n g e s t s t a g e o f f a u l t i n g a p p e a r s t o h a v e

r e s u l t e d i n h i g h a n g l e n o r m a l f a u l t s t h a t t r e n d n e a r l y

e a s t - w e s t . A w e l l e x p o s e d f a u l t o f t h i s t y p e i s l o c a t e d

s o u t h o f t h e R e d i n g t o n R o a d i n t h e c e n t r a l p o r t i o n o f t h e

a r e a ( P l a t e I ) . T he s t r i k e o f t h i s f a u l t r a n g e s f ro m

N 9 0 ° E t o N 7 5 ° E a n d t h e d i p i s n o r t h a t a h i g h a n g l e .

T h i s f a u l t t r a n s e c t s t h e t h r u s t f a u l t a n d t h e n o r t h w e s t

t r e n d i n g n o r m a l f a u l t s . T he n o r t h d ip i s w e l l d i s p l a y e d

b y o f f s e t s o n o p p o s i t e s i d e s o f t h e f a u l t w h ic h w e re c a u s e d

b y t h e n o r t h b l o c k m o v in g dow n r e l a t i v e t o t h e s o u t h b l o c k .

A w e l l d e f i n e d s i l i c i f i e d q u a r t z b r e c c i a i s e x p o s e d a l o n g

t h e f a u l t f o r t h r e e - q u a r t e r s o f a m i l e . To t h e w e s t t h e

f a u l t i s l o s t i n t h e h o m o g e n e o u s g r a n i t i c r o c k a n d i s a l s o

u n t r a c e a b l e i n t h e A b r ig o L im e s to n e t o t h e e a s t .

T h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e a s t r u c t u r a l c o n t r o l t h a t h a s

g o v e r n e d t h e e m p la c e m e n t o f t h e la m p r o p h y r e d i k e s . A l l

t h e d i k e s t r e n d N o r t h t o N 2 0 ° W. S e v e r a l d i k e s a r e

s i t u a t e d a l o n g t h e h i g h a n g l e n o r m a l f a u l t o n t h e e a s t e r n

m a r g in o f t h e h o r s t o f A p a c h e G ro u p r o c k s . T he m o s t

c o n s p ic u o u s d i k e o f t h e a r e a i s i n t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f

s e c t i o n 2 9 . t r e n d s n o r t h , d i p s v e r t i c a l l y , a n d i s f i f t y

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t o s i x t y f e e t w id e . A lo n g s t r i k e t h i s d i k e e x t e n d s f o r

a t l e a s t o n e - h a l f m i l e n o r t h o f t h e map a r e a a s i n t e r p r e t e d

f ro m a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s . I t s s t r a i g h t n e s s s u g g e s t s a

b u r i e d s t r u c t u r a l c o n t r o l , p o s s i b l y i n P r e c a m b r i a n r o c k s .

F o l i a t i o n

T he g r a n l t i c - g n e i s s l c r o c k s o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a

a r e g e n e r a l l y w i t h o u t f o l i a t i o n . C o n t a c t a r e a s r a r e l y

d i s p l a y a w e l l - d e v e l o p e d g n e i s s i c f o l i a t i o n w h ic h m ay

r e p r e s e n t f lo w a g e o f m a t e r i a l a t t h e c o o l e r m a r g in s o f t h e

i n t r u s i v e , t h a t i s , i f t h e g r a n i t i c m a s s w as m o b i l i z e d

s u f f i c i e n t l y t o b e h a v e a s a f l u i d .

T he P r e c a m b r i a n A p a c h e G ro u p m e t a s e d i m e n t s ,

e s p e c i a l l y t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n , a r e e r r a t i c i n d i p . The

s t r i k e i s g e n e r a l l y N 2 0 ° - 50° W a n d t h e d i p i s u s u a l l y

t o t h e s o u t h w e s t . T he f o l i a t i o n i s p a r a l l e l t o t h e

o r i g i n a l b e d d i n g b e c a u s e i t p a r a l l e l s t h e s e d i m e n t a r y

c o n t a c t s b e tw e e n i n d i v i d u a l f o r m a t i o n s o f t h e g r o u p . I n

p l a c e s t h e s c h i s t o s e r o c k o f t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n d i s p l a y s

a c r e n u l a t i o n c l e a v a g e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e f o l i a t i o n .

T he P a l e o z o i c s t r a t a l i e i n a n g u l a r u n c o n f o r m i t y

u p o n t h e P r e c a m b r i a n A p a c h e G ro u p r o c k s a l t h o u g h a n o r m a l

u n f a u l t e d c o n t a c t i s n o t p r e s e n t i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a .

G e n e r a l l y t h e P a l e o z o i c r o c k s s t r i k e N 3 0 ° - 5 0 ° W a n d

d i p n o r t h e a s t . B e d d in g d e f i n e d b y o r i g i n a l c o m p o s i t i o n a l

b a n d i n g h a s n o t b e e n so d e f o r m e d a s t o b e u n r e c o g n i z a b l e

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i n m o s t o f t h e s t r a t a . T he m a s s iv e B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e a n d

E s c a b r o s a L im e s to n e h a v e o b s c u r e b e d d i n g w h ic h i s som e­

t i m e s u n r e c o g n i z a b l e .

T he B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e e x p o s e d o n P i e t y H i l l s t r i k e s

r o u g h l y N 9 0 ° E a n d d i p s s o u t h . T he g r a n i t e e x p o s e d

a r o u n d P i e t y H i l l s u g g e s t s t h a t i t u p l i f t e d t h e o v e r l y i n g

s t r a t a u p o n i n t r u s i o n .

T he y o u n g e s t r o c k s o f t h e a r e a a r e u n c o n s o l i d a t e d

a l l u v i u m w h ic h a r e h o r i z o n t a l a n d t h e r e f o r e l i e w i t h

a n g u l a r u n c o n f o r m i t y u p o n t h e P a l e o z o i c s t r a t a . A l th o u g h

t h e r e a r e n o C r e t a c e o u s s t r a t a i n t h e m ap p ed a r e a , M cK enna

( 1966 ) r e p o r t e d t h e i r p r e s e n c e n o r t h i n t h e B uehm an C anyon

a r e a . T he C r e t a c e o u s s t r a t a l i e w i t h a n g u l a r u n c o n f o r m i t y

u p o n t h e P a l e o z o i c s t r a t a a n d a r e i n t u r n a n g u l a r l y o v e r -

l a i n b y a l l u v i u m .

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INTERPRETATION OF METAMORPHISM

T he r o c k s o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a h a v e u n d e r g o n e

a t l e a s t tw o s t a g e s o f m e ta m o rp h is m . B o th r e g i o n a l a n d

c o n t a c t m e ta m o rp h is m h a v e a f f e c t e d t h e s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s ,

o f w h ic h t h e P r e C a m b r ia n A p a c h e G ro u p i s t h e m o s t h i g h l y

m e ta m o rp h o s e d .

R e g i o n a l m e ta m o rp h is m h a s i m p a r t e d i t s e f f e c t s t o

t h e P r e c a m b r i a n A p a c h e G ro u p r o c k s a n d t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t

t o t h e o v e r l y i n g P a l e o z o i c r o c k s . T he P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n

a n d p a r t s o f t h e B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e h a v e a d e f i n i t e s c h i s t o s e

s t r u c t u r e t h a t i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f r e g i o n a l m e ta m o rp h is m .

E l o n g a t e q u a r t z g r a i n s w i t h u n d u l a t o r y e x t i n c t i o n a n d

o r i e n t e d m ic a c e o u s m i n e r a l s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e g i o n a l

m e ta m o rp h is m w as a c c o m p a n ie d b y o r o c c u r r e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n

w i t h r e g i o n a l d e f o r m a t i o n . S t r e t c h e d p e b b l e s i n t h e B a r n e s

C o n g lo m e r a te M em ber o f t h e D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e a r e

f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e o f t h e r e g i o n a l m e ta m o rp h is m a n d d e f o r m a ­

t i o n . T he q u a r t z g r a i n s o f t h e p e b b l e s a r e h i g h l y s t r a i n e d

a n d e l o n g a t e d p a r a l l e l t o t h e l o n g a x e s o f t h e p e b b l e s .

T he B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e c o n t a i n s som e e l o n g a t e q u a r t z

g r a i n s a n d o r i e n t e d m ic a w h ic h a r e i n d i c a t i o n s o f r e g i o n a l

m e ta m o rp h is m . I n t h e A b r ig o L im e s to n e a n d t h e M a r t i n -

E s c a b r o s a F o r m a t io n t r e m o l i t e , a c t i n o l i t e , a n d c a l c i t e a r e

4 ?

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com m only o r i e n t e d i n a c r u d e s c h i s t o s i t y w h ic h i n d i c a t e s

a c o n d i t i o n o f s t r e s s d u r i n g c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n .

C o n d i t i o n s o f r e g i o n a l m e ta m o rp h is m w e re t r a n s i ­

t i o n a l b e tw e e n t h e q u a r t z - a l b i t e - m u s c o v i t e - c h l o r i t e a n d

q u a r t z - a l b i t e - e p i d o t e - b i o t i t e s u b f a c i e s o f t h e g r e e n s c h i s t

f a c i e s o f F y f e , T u r n e r , a n d V e rh o o g e n ( 1 9 5 8 ) . T he q u a r t z o -

f e l d s p a t h i c r o c k s s u c h a s t h e B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te , P i o n e e r

F o r m a t i o n , a n d B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e c o n t a i n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

q u a r t z - m u s c o v i t e - e p i d o t e - m i c r o c l i n e a s s e m b l a g e . The c a l ­

c a r e o u s u n i t s s u c h a s t h e D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e , A b r ig o

L i m e s to n e , a n d M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a F o r m a t io n c o n t a i n t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t r e m o l i t e - a c t i n o l i t e - e p i d o t e - c a l c i t e -

c h l o r i t e - q u a r t z a s s e m b l a g e .

R e g i o n a l m e ta m o rp h is m o f t h e s e d i m e n t a r y s t r a t a

o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a M o u n ta in s o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e f o r m a t i o n

o f t h e l a r g e g r a n i t i c - g n e i s s i c c o m p le x . A c c o r d i n g t o D u B o is

(1959 a , b ) , t h e g r a n i t i c - g n e i s s i c r o c k s f o r m in g t h e m a in

m a ss o f t h e m o u n ta in s w e re f o r m e d a s a r e s u l t o f r e c r y s t a l ­

l i z a t i o n a n d , l o c a l l y , r e m o b i l i z a t i o n o f a P r e c a m b r i a n

g r a n i t e a n d a l s o f ro m g r a n i t i z a t i o n o f p a r t o f t h e s e d i ­

m e n ta r y c o v e r o f t h e r a n g e .

R e g i o n a l m e ta s o m a t is m i n t r o d u c i n g p o t a s s i u m - r i c h

f l u i d s h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d b y D u B o is (1 9 5 9 b ) a s h a v i n g

a c c o m p a n ie d t h e g r a n i t i z a t i o n a n d p r e s u m a b ly t h e m e ta ­

m o rp h ism a s w e l l . T he i d e a o f p o t a s s i u m m e ta s o m a t is m i s

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s u p p o r t e d b y t h e p e t r o g r a p h y o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a . T he

C a t a l i n a G n e i s s o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a c o n t a i n s e u h e d r a l

p o t a s h f e l d s p a r c r y s t a l s , som e o f w h ic h c o n t a i n i n c l u s i o n s

o f p l a g i o c l a s e . T h i s l a t t e r s t a g e o f p o t a s h f e l d s p a r

c o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o m e ta s o m a t i c a c t i v i t y . O t h e r e v i d e n c e

o f p o t a s s i u m i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a i s t h e

a b u n d a n c e o f m l c r o c l i n e i n som e o f t h e m e ta m o rp h o s e d s e d i ­

m e n ta r y r o c k s . T he g n e i s s i c f a c i e s o f t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n

i s a p a r t i c u l a r e x a m p le o f t h i s . T he a lu m in u m s i l i c a t e

m i n e r a l s o f t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n m ay h a v e b e e n a l t e r e d t o

m u s c o v i t e a s a r e s u l t o f p o t a s h i n t r o d u c t i o n . S u c h a l t e r ­

a t i o n i s a n i n t e r m e d i a t e s t e p w i t h p o t a s s i u m f e l d s p a r a s

t h e f i n a l p r o d u c t .

R e l i c t t e x t u r e s o r s t r u c t u r e s h a v e n o t b e e n f o u n d

i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a t h a t m ig h t s u g g e s t w h e t h e r t h e

C a t a l i n a g r a n i t i c m a ss may h a v e o r i g i n a l l y b e e n a n i n t r u s i v e

r o c k o r a g r a n i t i z e d s e d i m e n t . The f i e l d r e l a t i o n s seem

t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e C a t a l i n a G n e i s s w as m o b i le w hen i n t r o ­

d u c e d i n t o t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a .

C o n t a c t m e ta m o rp h is m i s a r e s u l t o f t h e i n t r u s i o n

o f t h e a n c e s t r a l C a t a l i n a G n e i s s . T he e f f e c t s o f t h e

c o n t a c t m e ta m o rp h is m w e re s u p e r im p o s e d u p o n t h e e f f e c t s

o f r e g i o n a l m e ta m o rp h is m i n t h e P r e c a m b r i a n a n d P a l e o z o i c

s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s . T e m p e r a tu r e c o n d i t i o n s r a n g e d f ro m lo w

t o m ed ium p r o d u c i n g m i n e r a l a s s e m b la g e s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f

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5 0

t h e a l b i t e - e p i d o t e - h o m f e l s f a c i e s o f F y f e , T u r n e r , a n d

V e rh o o g e n ( 1 9 5 8 ) •

T he m o s t s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e o f t h e c o n t a c t m e ta ­

m o rp h ism i s t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f l a r g e i d i o b l a s t i c c r y s t a l s

o f c h i a s t o l i t e i n p a r t s o f t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n . A l l o f

t h e c h i a s t o l i t e h a s b e e n a l t e r e d s o t h a t o n l y p s e u d o m o r p h s

r e m a i n . T he p s e u d o m o r p h s c o n s i s t o f s l l l i m a n i t e a n d

s e r l c i t e i n som e s p e c im e n s a n d o f o n l y s e r i c i t e i n o t h e r s .

I t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l c h i a s t o l i t e w as c o n ­

v e r t e d t o s l l l i m a n i t e a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y t o s e r i c i t e . A

c h a n g e f ro m c h i a s t o l i t e t o s l l l i m a n i t e may h a v e b e e n

c a u s e d b y d e f o r m a t i o n a n d w o u ld n o t h a v e r e q u i r e d a

t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e . A c c o r d i n g t o D r . H . S . Y o d e r o f

t h e G e o p h y s i c a l L a b o r a t o r y ( p e r s o n a l c o m m u n ic a t io n )

s l l l i m a n i t e a n d a n d a l u s i t e c a n c o e x i s t u n d e r a l a r g e r a n g e

o f t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d s l l l i m a n i t e i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a h i g h

t e m p e r a t u r e p o ly m o r p h o f a n d a l u s i t e o r c h i a s t o l i t e .

T he p r e s e n c e o f g a r n e t ( g r o s s u l a r i t e ? ) i n t h e

D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e i s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e c o n t a c t

p h e n o m e n a . M in o r a m o u n ts o f w o l l a s t o n i t e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

d i o p s i d e a n d h e d e n b e r g i t e i n t h e M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a

F o r m a t io n s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e c o n t a c t m e ta m o rp h is m m ay h a v e

b e e n t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f t h e tw o m e ta m o r p h ic e f f e c t s i n

t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a .

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A n o th e r a l t e r n a t i v e t o e x p l a i n t h e c o a r s e r e c o n ­

s t i t u t i o n o f t h e M a r t i n - E s c a b r o s a t o t r e m o l i t e a n d o t h e r

c a l c iu m s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s i n l o c a l a r e a s aw ay f ro m t h e

C a t a l i n a G n e i s s c o n t a c t z o n e w o u ld b e n e a r s u r f a c e l a m p r o ­

p h y r e d i k e s t h a t h a v e i m p a r t e d t h e i r own c o n t a c t a u r e o l e s

t o t h e c o u n t r y r o c k . I f t h i s w e re t h e c a s e , c o n t a c t m e ta ­

m o rp h ism a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e C a t a l i n a G n e i s s w as i m p o r t a n t

o n l y i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o i t s m a r g i n s .

T he a s s o c i a t i o n o f g r o s s u l a r i t e a n d e p i d o t e i n t h e

D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e a n d t h e q u a r t z - m u s c o v i t e -

c h i a s t o l i t e - s i l l i m a n i t e i n t h e P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n m a r g i n a l

t o t h e i n t r u s i v e c o n t a c t r e q u i r e t h a t t h e h i g h e s t g r a d e o f

c o n t a c t m e ta m o rp h is m b e t h e a l b i t e - e p i d o t e - h o m f e l s f a c i e s

r a t h e r t h a n t h e h o m b l e n d e - h o m f e l s f a c i e s .

T he s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f t h e r e g i o n a l a n d c o n t a c t

m e ta m o rp h is m w i t h t h e i r s i m i l a r t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d m i n e r a l

a s s e m b la g e s h a s m ade i t i m p o s s i b l e t o r e c o g n i z e m e ta m o r p h ic

i s o g r a d s .

5 1

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GEOLOGIC HISTORY

T he o l d e s t r o c k o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a m ay b e t h e

C a t a l i n a G n e i s s , b u t b e c a u s e i t w as r e c o n s t i t u t e d d u r i n g

p o s t - C r e t a c e o u s t im e i t w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d a p o s t - C r e t a c e o u s

r o c k h e r e .

T he Y o u n g e r P r e c a m b r l a n A p a c h e G ro u p r o c k s w e re

p r o b a b l y d e p o s i t e d a s s e d i m e n t s u p o n t h e O l d e r P r e c a m b r l a n

P i n a l S c h i s t w h ic h d o e s n o t c r o p o u t i n t h e m ap p ed a r e a .

R a a b e (1 9 5 9 ) r e p o r t e d a p o s s i b l e m e t a - e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e

P i n a l i n t h e B u l l o c k C an y o n - B uehm an C an y o n a r e a t o t h e

n o r t h w e s t . T he P i o n e e r F o r m a t io n r e p r e s e n t s a n o r i g i n a l

s e d i m e n t , p r o b a b l y a s h a l e , w i t h a c o m p o s i t i o n r i c h i n

a lu m in u m , i r o n , a n d c a l c i u m . T he B a r n e s C o n g lo m e r a te

M em ber o f t h e D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e w as p r o b a b l y a

c o n g lo m e r a t e c o m p o se d p r e d o m i n a n t l y o f q u a r t z , b u t a l s o

c o n t a i n i n g i r o n a n d a lu m in u m . T he D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e

a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n a c a l c i u m r i c h s a n d s t o n e .

A f t e r d e p o s i t i t l o n o f t h e A p a c h e G ro u p r o c k s t h e

a r e a w as u p l i f t e d a n d e r o d e d . I n M id d le C a m b ria n t im e s e a s

a d v a n c e d a c r o s s s o u t h e a s t e r n A r i z o n a f ro m M e x ic o a s p a r t

o f t h e S o n o r a n g e o s y n c l i n e (M cK ee, 1 9 5 1 ) • T he B o l s a

Q u a r t z i t e w as t h e f i r s t P a l e o z o i c s e d i m e n t d e p o s i t e d , a n d

i t c o n s i s t e d o f a b a s a l q u a r t z p e b b l e c o n g lo m e r a t e a n d

5 2

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q u a r t z i t e w i t h l o c a l l e n s e s o f l i m e s t o n e a n d s h a l e . S e d i ­

m e n t a t i o n c o n t i n u e d w i t h o u t a p p a r e n t i n t e r r u p t i o n t h r o u g h

L a t e C a m b ria n t i m e , d e p o s i t i n g t h e A b r ig o L im e s to n e u p o n

t h e B o l s a . The A b r ig o s e a p r o d u c e d a v a r i a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t

o f d e p o s i t i o n b e c a u s e l i m e s t o n e , s a n d s t o n e , s h a l e , a n d

s i l t s t o n e w e re l a i d d ow n . A t t h e e n d o f t h e C a m b ria n

p e r i o d t h e s e a r e g r e s s e d a n d a p e r i o d o f n o n d e p o s i t i o n

e n s u e d u n t i l M id d le D e v o n ia n t i m e . S e a s a g a i n a d v a n c e d

f ro m t h e s o u t h d e p o s i t i n g c a r b o n a t e s e d i m e n t s w i t h som e

e l a s t i c s a s t h e M a r t i n F o r m a t i o n . I n L o w e r M i s s i s s i p p l a n

t im e l i m e s t o n e a n d c h e r t w e re d e p o s i t e d a s t h e E s c a b r o s a

L i m e s to n e . A l th o u g h P a l e o z o i c r o c k s y o u n g e r t h a n E s c a b r o s a

h a v e n o t b e e n f o u n d t o c r o p o u t i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a , i t

c a n b e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e y w e re d e p o s i t e d a n d re m o v e d e i t h e r

b y e r o s i o n o r f a u l t i n g . T h ey h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d t o t h e

n o r t h i n t h e B uehm an C anyon a r e a (M cK en n a , 1 9 6 6 ) .

A t t h e e n d o f t h e P a l e o z o i c e r a t h e a r e a w as u p ­

l i f t e d a n d d e f o r m e d ; a n a n g u l a r u n c o n f o r m i t y fo r m e d w i t h

t h e n e x t b l a n k e t o f s e d i m e n t a r y s t r a t a d e p o s i t e d i n E a r l y

C r e t a c e o u s ( ? ) t im e i n t h e B uehm an C an y o n a r e a (M cK enna ,

1 9 6 6 ) . A l o n g p e r i o d o f d e f o r m a t i o n t h a t b e g a n i n p o s t -

C r e t a c e o u s t im e a n d c o n t i n u e d a t l e a s t u n t i l U p p e r O l ig o c e n e

L o w er M io c e n e t im e (D am on, E r i c k s o n , a n d L i v i n g s t o n , 1 9 6 3 )

s t r o n g l y a f f e c t e d t h e r o c k s o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a M o u n ta in s

a n d t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a . I t w as d u r i n g t h i s d e f o r m a t i o n a l

5 3

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p e r i o d t h a t m e ta m o rp h is m a n d f a u l t i n g o c c u r r e d . R e g i o n a l

m e ta m o rp h is m i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e i n t r u s i v e a n d g r a n i t i -

z a t i o n p h e n o m e n a o f t h e g r a n t t i c - g n e i s s i c c o m p le x m i l d l y

m e ta m o rp h o s e d t h e r o c k s o f t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a . C o n t a c t

m e ta m o rp h is m a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i n t r u s i v e g r a n i t e w as

s u p e r im p o s e d u p o n t h e r e g i o n a l m e ta m o rp h is m .

T h r u s t f a u l t i n g o r g r a v i t y g l i d i n g o c c u r r e d n e x t

a n d w as f o l l o w e d b y n o r t h w e s t - s t r i k i n g , h i g h a n g l e n o r m a l

f a u l t i n g . T he l a s t s t a g e o f f a u l t i n g w as o n e o f h i g h

a n g l e n o r m a l f a u l t s s t r i k i n g n e a r l y e a s t - w e s t .

A p e r i o d o f i n t r u s i o n o f la m p r o p h y r e d i k e s

f o l l o w e d t h e p o s t - C r e t a c e o u s d e f o r m a t i o n . T h e s e d i k e s

a r e u n m e ta m o rp h o s e d .

C e n o z o ic a l l u v i u m , p r o b a b l y Q u a t e r n a r y , l i e s

h o r i z o n t a l l y i n t h e P i e t y H i l l a r e a a n d r e p r e s e n t s t h e

l a s t p e r i o d o f d e p o s i t i o n i n t h e a r e a . R e c e n t e r o s i o n

h a s d i s e c t e d t h e l a n d s u r f a c e d e v e l o p i n g t h e p r e s e n t

t o p o g r a p h y .

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REFERENCES

Chew, R . T . , 1 9 5 2 , G e o lo g y o f t h e M in e t a R id g e a r e a , P im a a n d C o c h i s e C o u n t i e s , A r i z o n a : U n iv . o f A r i z o n au n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r 1s t h e s i s , 53 P»

C o o p e r , J . R . , a n d S i l v e r , L . T . , 1 9 6 4 , G e o lo g y a n d o r ed e p o s i t s o f t h e D ra g o o n Q u a d r a n g l e , C o c h i s e C o u n ty , A r i z o n a : U . S . G e o l . S u r v e y , P r o f . P a p e r 4 1 6 .

Dam on, P . E . , E r i c k s o n , R . C . , a n d L i v i n g s t o n , D. E . , 1 9 6 3 , K -A r d a t i n g o f b a s i n a n d r a n g e u p l i f t , C a t a l i n a M o u n ta i n s , A r i z o n a : N u c l e a r G e o p h y s ic s , N a t .A c a d . S c i . - N a t . R e s . C o u n c i l P u b . 1 0 7 5 , N u c l e a r S c i e n c e S e r i e s n o . 3 8 , p p . 1 1 3 - 1 2 1 .

d e S i t t e r , L . U . , 1 9 6 4 , S t r u c t u r a l g e o lo g y : New Y o rk ,M c G ra w -H il l , S e c o n d e d i t i o n , 551 p .

D u B o is , R . L . , 1 9 5 9 a . G e o lo g y o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n aM o u n ta in s : A r i z . G e o l . S o c . G u id e b o o k I I , p p . 1 0 ? -116.

__________ , 1 9 5 9 b , P e t r o g r a p h y a n d s t r u c t u r e o f a p a r t o ft h e g n e i s s i c c o m p le x o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a M o u n ta i n s , A r i z o n a : A r i z . G e o l . S o c . G u id e b o o k I I ,p p . 117 - 1 2 6 .

F lo w e r , R . H . , 1 9 5 8 , C a m b r i a n - M i s s i s s i p p i a n b e d s o fS o u t h e r n New M e x ic o : R o s w e l l G e o l . S o c . , G u id e b o o kE l e v e n t h F i e l d C o n f .

F y f e , W. S . , T u r n e r , F . J . , a n d V e rh o o g e n , J . , 1 9 5 8 , M e ta m o rp h ic r e a c t i o n s a n d m e ta m o r p h ic f a c i e s :G e o l . S o c . A m e r ic a , M e m o ir.

G i l l u l y , J . , 1 9 5 6 , G e n e r a l g e o lo g y o f c e n t r a l C o c h i s eC o u n ty , A r i z o n a : U . S . G e o l . S u r v e y P r o f . P a p e r 2 8 1 .

G o d d a rd , E . N . ( C h a i r m a n ) , 1 9 4 8 , R o c k - C o lo r C h a r t , p r e p a r e d b y t h e R o c k - C o lo r C h a r t C o m m itte e , N a t . R e s .C o u n c il , W ash in g to n , D. C.

H i l l s , E . S . , 1 9 6 3 , E l e m e n ts o f s t r u c t u r a l g e o lo g y : NewY o rk , J o h n W ile y & S o n s , 4 8 3 p .

5 5

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L eM one, D . V . , 1 9 5 9 . T he D e v o n ia n s t r a t i g r a p h y o f C o c h i s e , P im a , S a n t a C ru z C o u n t i e s , A r i z o n a , a n d H id a lg o C o u n ty , New M e x ic o : U n lv . o f A r i z o n a u n p u b l i s h e dm a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , 108 p .

M cK ee, E . D . , 1 9 5 1 . S e d im e n ta r y b a s i n s o f A r i z o n a a n da d jo i n i n g a r e a s : G e o l. S o c . A m erica B u l l . , v . 6 2 ,p . 4 8 1 - 5 0 6 .

M cK enna, J . J . , 1 9 6 6 , B uehm an C anyon P a l e o z o i c S e c t i o n ,Pim a C o u n ty , A r iz o n a : U n lv . o f A r iz o n a u n p u b l is h e dm a s t e r 's t h e s i s , 57 P»

M oore, B. N . , Tolm an, C. P . , B u t l e r , B . S . , an d H e m o n , R .N . , 1 9 4 9 , G e o lo g y o f t h e T u c s o n q u a d r a n g l e , A r i z o n a : U . S . G e o l . S u r v e y , O pen F i l e R p t . , o n f i l e A r i z . B u r . M in e s , T u c s o n , A r i z o n a .

P e i r c e , P . L . , 1 9 5 8 , S t r u c t u r e a n d P e t r o g r a p h y o f p a r t o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a M o u n ta in s : U n lv . o f A r i z o n au n p u b l i s h e d d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , 86 p .

P i l k i n g t o n , H . D . , 1 9 6 2 , S t r u c t u r e a n d p e t r o l o g y o f a p a r t o f t h e E a s t f l a n k o f t h e S a n t a C a t a l i n a M o u n ta i n s , P im a C o u n ty , A r i z o n a : U n lv . o f A r i z o n a u n p u b l i s h e dd o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , 120 p .

R a a b e , R . G . , 1 9 5 9 . S t r u c t u r e a n d p e t r o g r a p h y o f t h eB u l l o c k C an y o n -B u eh m an C an y o n A r e a , P im a C o u n ty , A r i z o n a : U n lv . o f A r i z o n a u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ' st h e s i s , 50 p .

R ansom e , F . L . , 1 9 0 3 . G eology o f th e G lobe C opper D i s t r i c t , A r iz o n a : U. S . G e o l. S u rv e y , P r o f . P a p e r 1 2 .

__________ , 1 9 0 4 , T he g e o lo g y a n d o r e d e p o s i t s o f t h e B l s b e eq u a d r a n g l e , A r i z o n a : U . S . G e o l . S u r v e y , P r o f .P a p e r 2 1 .

__________ , 1 9 1 6 , Some P a l e o z o i c s e c t i o n s i n A r i z o n a a n dt h e i r c o r r e l a t i o n : U. S . G e o l. S u rv e y , P r o f .P a p e r 9 8 k .

S h r l d e , A . F . , 1 9 6 1 , Some a s p e c t s o f y o u n g e r P r e c a m b r i a n g e o lo g y i n s o u t h e r n A r i z o n a : U n lv . o f A r i z o n au n p u b l i s h e d d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , 2 3 4 p .

S to y a n o w , A . A . , 1 9 3 6 , C o r r e l a t i o n o f A r i z o n a P a l e o z o i c F o r m a t i o n s : G e o l . S o c . A m e r ic a B u l l . , v . 4 ? ,p . 4 5 9 -5 4 0

56

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PLATE I

EXPLANATION

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Q U A T E R N A R Y Q al Al l uvl um

IGNEOUS ROCKS

T E R T I A R Y L a m p r o p h y r e Di ke s

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

P O S T - C R E T A C E O U S PK e gC a t a l i n a G n e i s s

P A L E OZ OI C

D M m eD e v o n i a n - M i s s i s s i p p i a n

M a r t i n F o r m a t i o n - E s c a b r o s a L i m e s t o n e U n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d

< •€ aC a m b r i a n

Ab r i g o L i m e s t o n e

C a m b r i a n

B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e

P C dsD r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e

Y O U N G E R P R E CAMBRI AN

A P A C H E G R O U P

P- Cds b B a r n e s C o n g l o m e r a t e M e m b e r

<

P - Cp P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n

F a c i e s

SYMBOLS

C o n t a c t s , d a s h e d w h e r e a p p r o x i m a t e

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p- e dsDrip ping S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e

Y O U N G E R P R E C A M B R I A N

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<

p-ep P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n

Fa c i e s

SYMBOLS

C o n t a c t s , d a s h e d w h e r e a p p r o x i m a t e

F a u l t s , d a s h e d w h e r e a p p r o x i m a t e

U, u p t h r o w n s i d e D , d o w n t h r o w n

T h r u s t F a u l t

S a w t e e t h o n u p p e r p l a t e

2 5 © S t r i k e a n d d i p o f b e d s , h o r i z o n t a l

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S t r i k e a n d d i p o f f o l i a t i o n

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GEOLOGIC MAP

OF THE

PIETY HILL AREA

PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONAS C A L E 1 : 5 4 0 0

5 0 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 ____________ 5 0 0 _________ 1 0 0 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 5 0 0 _________ 2 0 0 0 Ft ,I E— I l— T \ i t i _ J

C O N T O U R I N T E R V A L 8 0 F E E TT O P O G R A P H Y FROM U. S. G E O L O G I C A L S U R V E Y B E L L O T A R A N C H Q U A D R A N G L E , 1 9 5 7

Geology By

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A P P R O X I M A T E ME A N

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C O N T O U R I N T E R V A L 8 0 F E E TT O P O G R A P H Y FROM U. S. G E O L O G I C A L S U R V E Y B E L L O T A R A N C H Q U A D R A N G L E , 1 9 5 7

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PLATE I

o

Q U A T E R N A R Y

T E R T l A R Y

P O S T - C R E T A C E O U S

P A L EOZOI C

Y O U N G E R P R E CAMBRI AN

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EXPLANATION

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Al l uvl um

IGNEOUS ROCKS

L a m p r o p h y r e Di ke s

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

C a t a l i n a G n e i s s

D e v o n i a n - M i s s i s s i p p i a n

Ma r t i n F o r m a t i o n - E s c a b r o s a L i m e s t o n e

C a m b r i a nAb r i g o L i m e s t o n e

C a m b r i a n

B o l s a Q u a r t z i t e

D r i p p i n g S p r i n g Q u a r t z i t e

P- Gdsb B a r n e s C o n g l o m e r a t e M e m b e r

P i o n e e r F o r m a t i o n

G n e i s s i c F a c i e s

SYMBOLS

C o n t a c t s , d a s h e d w h e r e a p p r o x i m a t e

F a u l t s , d a s h e d w h e r e a p p r o x i m a t e

U, u p t h r o w n s i d e D , d o w n t h r o w n

T h r u s t F a u l t

S a w t e e t h o n u p p e r p l a t e

S t r i k e a n d d i p o f b e d s , h o r i z o n t a l

S t r i k e a n d d i p o f f o l i a t i o n

a n d p l u n g e o f l i n e a t i o n

5 0 0

GEOLOGIC MAP

OF THE

PIETY HILL AREA

PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONAS C A L E | : 5 4 0 0

5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 Ft ,

C O N T O U R I N T E R V A L 8 0 F E E TT O P O G R A P H Y FROM U. S. G E O L O G I C A L S U R V E Y B E L L O T A R A N C H Q U A D R A N G L E , 1 9 5 7

Geology By

Jon P. Broderick 1 9 6 5 - 6 6

A P P R O X I M A T E ME A N

A t t i t u d e o f a x i s a n d a x i a l p l a n e o f d r a g f o l d s

S m a l l p r o s p e c t p i t

D r a i n a g e , i n t e r m i t t e n t s t r e a m s

£ < ? ? ? / / f 6 7

U n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d

s i d e

b e d s

D E C L I N A T I O N , 1 9 5 7