stéréotypes de genre: impact sur la cognition ... en ligne/16...huguet, maltese, polderman,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition
(mathématiques/raisonnement/ habiletés visuo-spatiales)
Pascal Huguet
Directeur de Recherche Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive
(LAPSCO UMR 6024) Université Blaise Pascal et CNRS
![Page 2: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition
(mathématiques/raisonnement/ habiletés visuo-spatiales)
Pascal Huguet
Directeur de Recherche Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive
(LAPSCO UMR 6024) Université Blaise Pascal et CNRS
![Page 3: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Les stéréotypes sociaux
Croyances partagées—à des degrés divers—à propos des attributs ou des caractéristiques (capacités intellectuelles, etc) de certains groupes sociaux. Fondées sur un processus de catégorisation
sociale fonctionnel (dans ses deux aspects: inductif et déductif) mais simplificateur !
![Page 4: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Assimilation et Contraste Effet d’assimilation: amplification des similitudes (perçues ou attendues) entre les membres d’une même catégorie… Effet de contraste: amplification des différences (perçues ou attendues) entre les membres de deux catégories différentes…
![Page 5: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Infériorité supposée des femmes en mathématiques …
![Page 6: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
… ne savent pas lire les cartes routières…
![Page 8: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Pink Parking Spaces ! (South Korea)
![Page 9: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Stress émotionnel…
![Page 10: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
stéréotypes liés au vieillissement
![Page 11: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
stéréotypes liés au vieillissement
![Page 12: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Processus de généralisation Fond de vérité? Généralisations donc erreurs probables puisque la diversité est la règle du vivant!
![Page 13: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Underrepresentation of Women in STEM Fields (EU-15)
![Page 14: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Underrepresentation of Women in STEM Fields
and Scientific Boards (EU-15)
![Page 15: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
« Procès » en Incompétences
En matière de prise de responsabilité, de capacité décisionnelle, et de leadership … Mais aussi, plus fondamentalement, en
matière de pensée rationnelle, d’où aussi cette idée d’une infériorité intrinsèque des femmes en mathématiques, en sciences, et dans les activités impliquant un raisonnement logique …
![Page 16: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Femmes et Maths…
![Page 17: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Lawrence H. Summers Président de Harvard University
![Page 18: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Scholastic Aptitude Test-Maths (SAT-M) exemple
![Page 19: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Camilla Benbow Vice chair of the National Math Advisory Panel (White House) Member of the National Science Board
Dans les hauts niveaux de performance (> 700 points au SAT-M), plus d’hommes que de femmes…
Causes en partie d’origine biologique (exposition pré-natale à la testostérone).
![Page 20: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Claude Steele: rôle des stéréotypes
Infériorité liée à l’intervention d’un stéréotype négatif (obstacle supplémentaire auquel ne sont pas confrontés les hommes).
![Page 21: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Spencer, Quinn, & Steele (1999), JESP(SAT-M items difficiles)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
"sex difference" "no sex difference"
Perf
orm
ance
(SAT
-M)
Women men
Fig 1. Sex x Context interaction (p < .05)
![Page 22: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Spencer, Quinn, & Steele (1999), JESP(SAT-M items difficiles)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
No information "no sex difference"
Perf
orm
ance
(SAT
-M)
Women Men
Fig 2. Sex x Context interaction (p < .05)
![Page 23: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure Complexe de Rey-Osterrieth (version expérimentale)
![Page 25: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Stéréotype de genre et performances cognitives Huguet & Régner (2007), JEP, 99, 545-560.
20 filles et 20 garçons (11-13 ans) tous en réussite en Maths/Géométrie (au minimum 14/20 au 2ème trimestre -- juste avant l’étude).
Test de la figure complexe en passation individuelle au collège.
Test présenté comme un « Test de Géométrie » versus un « Jeu de Mémoire ». 50 sec à l’encodage, 5 min au rappel.
![Page 26: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Geometry test Memory game
Perf
orm
ance
(m
ax =
44
pts)
Context
Girls
Boys
Fig 3. Sex x Context interactionF(1, 36) = 8.89, p < .006
Stéréotype de genre et performances cognitives Huguet & Régner (2007), JEP, 99, 545-560.
![Page 27: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Geometry Drawing
Per
form
ance
(m
ax =
44
pts)
Context
Girls
Boys
Fig 4. Sex x Context interaction F(1, 176) = 11.62, p < .001
En passation collective (par demi-classes)
Stéréotype de genre et performances cognitives Huguet & Régner (2007), JEP, 99, 545-560.
![Page 28: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Un stéréotype peut en cacher un autre… Les difficultés (et la sous représentation) des
femmes et des filles en maths (comme dans les disciplines scientifiques et techniques) correspondraient notamment à des inégalités en matière d’habiletés visuo-spatiales …
Les femmes ne savent pas lire les cartes routières!
![Page 29: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Women Can’t Read Maps ?
![Page 30: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
3D Mental Rotation Task (MRT)
![Page 32: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotation Task
« Sur les 4 figures présentées à droite, deux seulement sont identiques à celle présentée à gauche. »
• 20 problèmes en temps limité (6 min). • À chaque essai,1 point est accordé si et seulement si les deux figures choisies sont correctes.
![Page 35: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Rotations mentales d’objets 3D
88,5
99,510
10,511
11,512
Standard Falsification
Perf
orm
ance
/20
Contexte
Filles Garçons
Fig 7. Interaction Sexe x Contexte (p < .05)
![Page 36: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Back to Biological Forces : The Role of Prenatal Exposure to Testosterone in Mental Rotation
![Page 37: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mental Rotation Ability & Testosterone
Sex differences favoring males on 3-D mental rotation tests are also thought to be rooted, at least partially, in prenatal exposure to testosterone (Vuoksimaa et al., 2010; Heil et al., 2010)
In this is true, then females with exposure to higher levels of prenatal testosterone may perform better on 3-D mental rotation tests than females with lower levels of testosterone.
![Page 38: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Prenatal Exposure to Testosterone
This hypothesis has been examined by comparing females from opposite-sex twin pairs (females with co-twin males) to females from same-sex twin pairs (females with co-twin females) … assuming that intra-uterine hormonal transfer is operating (no direct evidence so far in humans and very few in other animal species)… In this approach, females from opposite-sex twin pairs should perform better than females from same-sex twin pairs
![Page 39: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
« Having a male Co-Twin Masculinizes Mental Rotation Performance in Females » Vuoksimaa et al., Psych Science (2010)
p <.01; d = .30
ns
![Page 40: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
« Mental Rotation in Female Fraternal Twins: Evidence for Intra-Uterine Hormone Transfer »
Heil et al. Biol Psych (2010)
Twins Siblings
ns *
![Page 41: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Limitations…
Vuoksimaa et al.(2010): The performance context remained unspecified (absolutely no info)… Did participants work alone ? Did they work in presence of their cotwin ? Heil et al. (2010): The MR test was administered by post (and so self-administered based on specific instructions) … Both studies left open the question of whether the masculinization hypothesis holds in more controlled conditions.
![Page 42: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Hormonal Transfer vs. Stereotype Threat: An Integrative Study
Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation)
We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone in 3D mental rotation ability, while manipulating the situational context and controlling for important individual variables (e.g., working memory capacity)
![Page 43: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Method
Participants : 62 pairs of Dizygotic twins (opposite-sex and same-sex pairs; 19 years-old on average) from the Netherlands Twin Register or recruited from newspapers in France
Computer-based 3D mental rotation task
Participants were told (in the lab context) that they would take the same test as their co-twin (condition allowing a comparison with the co-twin) VERSUS a different test (condition preventing comparison with the co-twin), while the test was identical in both conditions J
![Page 44: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Expectations
According to the masculinization hypothesis: females from opposite-sex twin pairs should perform better than females from same-sex twin pairs in the two conditions (« same test » vs. « different test »)
According to the stereotype threat hypothesis:
females from opposite-sex twin pairs in the same task condition (allowing a potentially self-threatening comparison with their brother) should perform lower and also report more anxiety than females from same-sex twin pairs both groups (females from opposite-sex pairs and females from same-sex pairs) should perform equally well in the different task condition (preventing self-threatening comparisons).
![Page 45: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
% Correct Responses
70
75
80
85
90
Same test (potential threat) Different test (no threat)
% c
orre
ct r
espo
nses
DZSS
DZOS
Same Sex
Opposite Sex
Test Characterization
![Page 46: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
% Correct Responses
Test Characterization
![Page 47: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Self-Reports of Anxiety
15
20
25
30
Same test (potential threat) Different test (no threat)
Self-
repo
rts o
f anx
iety
DZSS
DZOS Opposite Sex
Same Sex
Test Characterization
![Page 48: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Self-Reports of Anxiety
Test Characterization
![Page 49: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
In Short
Twin findings supporting the prenatal masculinization hypothesis seem difficult to replicate in more controlled (Lab) conditions, to say the least...
The fact that females from opposite-sex twin pairs underperformed relative to females from same-sex twin pairs (contrary to the prenatal hormone transfer hypothesis) in the condition associated with a potentially threatening social comparison (and only in this condition) lend further support to the ST hypothesis.
![Page 50: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Interférence repérable chez les femmes contre-stéréotypiques ?
Quid en particulier des étudiantes MPSI?
Un effet du stéréotype dans Grandes Écoles ?
![Page 51: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
53 femmes et 64 hommes en écoles d’ingénieurs (Toulouse et Marseille)
Sessions individuelles dans le cadre de l’école.
Test de raisonnement: « Matrices de Raven » (version la plus
complexe). Manipulation expérimentale:
Condition de « falsification du stéréotype »: Les sujets sont informés qu’hommes et femmes obtiennent généralement les mêmes performances sur ce test. Condition standard: aucune information à l’encontre du stéréotype.
Régner, Smeding, Gimmig, Thinus-Blanc, Monteil, & Huguet (Psychological Science, 2010, 21, 1646-1648)
![Page 52: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Régner, Smeding, Gimmig, Thinus-Blanc, Monteil, & Huguet (Psychological Science, 2010)
0,7
0,72
0,74
0,76
0,78
0,8
0,82
0,84
0,86
0,88
0,9
Standard Falsification
Sco
re d
'exa
ctitu
de
Femmes Hommes
Fig 8. Interaction Sexe x Contexte
![Page 54: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Par conséquent… Pour réussir en mathématiques/en sciences, les filles
doivent faire face à un obstacle supplémentaire (le stéréotype négatif) auquel ne sont pas confrontés les garçons.
Cet obstacle explique au moins en partie leur désaffection massive ultérieure (classes préparatoires, universités, grands organismes de recherche) pour les disciplines scientifiques et techniques.
Les quelques femmes issues des filières MPSI sont contre-stéréotypiques, elles souffrent cependant elles-mêmes du stéréotype négatif.
L’obstacle subsiste donc jusqu’au bout!
![Page 55: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Merci!
![Page 56: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Une brève évocation des mécanismes au niveau cérébral
![Page 57: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Stereotype threat: fMRI findings
![Page 58: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
About the Brain under Stereotype Threat: fMRI findings
Young men and women from math-intensive classes solved two series of 36 arithmetical equations (96/4 + 19x3 = 81?) under time pressure (8 sec to determine if each equation was true or false). In one series, they were told that gender differences were expected (stereotype validated condition), whereas in the other series (of equal difficulty) they were told that no gender differences were expected (stereotype invalidated condition) Series and conditions were counterbalanced
![Page 59: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Huguet, Moretti, Richard, Schneider, & Sirigu (under review)
« 96/4 + 19x3 = 81? » Time pressure: 8 sec
![Page 60: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Stereotype threat: fMRI findings
![Page 61: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Stereotype threat: fMRI findings
![Page 62: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Quant à nos manuels scolaires… Étude du Centre Hubertine Auclert (financé par la région Ile-de-France)
Seulement 3% de femmes citées parmi les savants et autres « découvreurs » Idem pour les personnages de fiction imaginés à l'appui des leçons ou des exercices !
![Page 63: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
UN PETIT TEST POUR TERMINER …
![Page 64: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
… le plus grand mathématicien de tous les temps selon Einstein …
?
![Page 65: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
… le plus grand mathématicien de tous les temps selon Einstein …
Emmy Noether (Allemagne 1882-1935)
![Page 66: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Qui se souvient de ?
![Page 67: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Qui se souvient de Mileva Einstein ?
![Page 68: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Qui se souvient de ?
![Page 69: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Qui se souvient de Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia Mozart («nannerl») ?
![Page 70: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Merci!
![Page 71: Stéréotypes de Genre: Impact sur la Cognition ... EN LIGNE/16...Huguet, Maltese, Polderman, Carlier, & Boomsma (in preparation) We re-examined the role of prenatal exposure to testosterone](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042211/5eafef96f245fc0b900d9de6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Special Thanks Dorett Boosma (Prof, Vrije Univ) Michèle Carlier (Prof, Aix-Marseille Univ) Laura Moretti (Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, CNRS, Lyon)
Jean-Marc Monteil (Prof, CNAM-Paris) Isabelle Régner (Assistant Prof, Soci Psych, Aix-Marseille Univ) Nathalie Richard (Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, CNRS, Lyon) Annique Smeding (PhD, Blaise Pascal Univ, France)
Fabien Schneider (Radiology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne)
Angéla Sirigu (Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, CNRS, Lyon) Catherine Thinus-Blanc (Prof, Aix-Marseille Univ)