Understanding the concepts

Frustration• Frustration, Stress, and Burnout are the elements of human

behaviour• Resulting from the blocking of goal-directed activity• Experiencing incongruence• And the end result of stress experienced but not properly

coped with.

• Frustration is the result of privation, deprivation, and conflict and starts a cycle of frustration and hope. Exploration helps a frustrated individual to cope and offers remedies to manage frustration more effectively.

The Dynamics of Frustration• What causes frustration? -Several factors contribute to frustration. All of these are goal-related factors. these are shown in the following formula:

F = fL * V * O + I + PWhere: F = Frustration f = is the function L = expectation to achieve the goal V= valence (attractiveness of the goal) O= opportunity to achieve the goal in the near future (low) I = investment of efforts and other inputs in the achievement of the goal P = public knowledge of the expected achievement.

THE CIRCULARITY OF FRUSTRATIONTHE CIRCULARITY OF FRUSTRATION

Adaptive deterioration

Adaptive deterioration

Defensive behaviourDefensive behaviour

Distorted perceptionDistorted

perceptionIsolationIsolation

Problem solving

Problem solving

Realistic analysisRealistic analysis

Exploration Exploration insightinsight

Disappointment Disappointment

Frustration cycle

Frustration cycle Hope cycleHope cycle

STRESS

Several terms have been used synonymously with stress :• Stress• Strain• Conflict• Pressure

eustress dis-stress

• Life Stress : stress is produced from several happenings in life. In general every transition or change produces stress.

Definition of Stress• According to Fred Luthans :

“An adaptive response to an external situation that results in physical, psychological and/or behavioral deviations for organizational participants.”

• According to Robbins :“Stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint or demand related to what he or she desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important”.

What is not Stress

• Stress is not simply anxiety.

• Stress is not simply nervous tension.

• Stress is not necessarily something damaging, bad or to be avoided.

STRESS MODEL

Environmental Factors:•Economic uncertainty•Political uncertainty•Technological uncertainty

Environmental Factors:•Economic uncertainty•Political uncertainty•Technological uncertainty

Organizational Factors:•Task demands•Role demands•Interpersonal demands•Organizational structure•Organizational leadership•Organization’s life stage

Organizational Factors:•Task demands•Role demands•Interpersonal demands•Organizational structure•Organizational leadership•Organization’s life stage

Individual factors:•Family problems•Economic problems•Personality

Individual factors:•Family problems•Economic problems•Personality

Individual Differences•Perception•Job experience•Social support•Belief in locus of control•Self-efficacy•Hostility

Individual Differences•Perception•Job experience•Social support•Belief in locus of control•Self-efficacy•Hostility

Experienced stressExperienced stress

Physiological symptoms:•Headaches•High blood pressure•Heart disease

Physiological symptoms:•Headaches•High blood pressure•Heart disease

Psychological symptoms:•Anxiety•Depression•Decrease in job satisfaction

Psychological symptoms:•Anxiety•Depression•Decrease in job satisfaction

Behavioural symptoms:•Productivity•Absenteeism•Turnover

Behavioural symptoms:•Productivity•Absenteeism•Turnover

Potential SourcePotential Source ConsequencesConsequences

Effects of Stress

Stress is the “wear and tear” our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing environment. It has physical and emotional effects on us and creates positive or negative feelings.

As a positive influence, stress can help compel us to perform an action which results in new awareness

As a negative influence it can result in feeling of “rejection”, ”anger” and “depression”.

Effects of stress can differ from individual to individual

They can be:-

1. Reduced: if there is support available.

2. Aggravated: if there are other outside circumstances which also put stress on the individual.

Effects of stress can be categorized as:-

• Mental (how the mind works)

• Physical (how the body works)

• Behavioral (the things we do)

• Cognitive (the way we think and concentrate)

Stress is a combination of responses in the body. Stress can be short-term (acute) or chronic, acute stress is the “fight to flight” response.

Stress is additive

Symptoms of stress

Various Symptoms of Stress

Causes of stressIndividual Factors:• Family problems• Economic problems• Personality

Organizational Factors:• Task demands• Role demands• Interpersonal demands• Organizational structure• Organizational leadership• Organization’s life stage

Common patterns of creating pressure1. Excellence2. Speed3. Effort4. Do the job yourself5. Please other people- Recognition and contact6. Need for structure and stability.7. Future threat: a problem today.8. Memories9. Messages from the past

Role DemandRole Stress : Role – space Conflicts• Self-role distance• Intra-role conflict• Role stagnation• Inter-role distance

Role Stress: Role- set Conflict• Role ambiguity• Role expectation• Role overload• Role erosion• Resource inadequacy• Personal inadequacy• Role isolation

Management of Stress

There are three options:-1.Prevention and control2.Escapism3.Adaption

Three major approaches to cope with stress:-

STRESS STRESS

DYSFUNCTIONAL COPINGDYSFUNCTIONAL COPING DEFENSIVE COPINGDEFENSIVE COPING DIRECT COPINGDIRECT COPING

Dysfunctional Coping

• Individuals might become alcoholic, overweight, chain-smokers, or drug addicts.

• They also run the risk of becoming accident prone.

• Individuals exhibit coronary disease-prone behavior patterns.

Defensive Coping

• It involves mental or physical escape from the stressful situation.

• Some common and important defense mechanisms are

• REPRESSION, • REGRESSION, • RATIONALIZATION, • DIRECT AGGRESSION, • DISPLACEMENT.

Direct Coping

• It involves self awareness in order to avoid the harmful and far reaching consequences of stress.

• The process involves introspection, identification of problem, determination of a solution by considering available alternatives and choosing an action accordingly.

Organizational Level Techniques

• Personal Wellness- the level of one’s physical and mental potential through a personal health promotion programs.

• Improved Communication- it reduces uncertainty by lessening role ambiguity and role conflict.

• Participative Decision Making- by giving employees a voice in those decisions that directly affects their job performance, management can increase employee control and can reduce job stress.

Contd..

• Job Design- it involves enriching job either by improving job content factors or by improving core job characteristics.

• Selection and Placement• Training and Development

Pressure at work

THREAT PERCEIVED

THREAT PERCEIVED

Assertive behaviourAssertive behaviour

Aggressive behaviourAggressive behaviour

Passive behaviour

Passive behaviour

Unassertive behaviour

Unassertive behaviour

Assertive Behaviour

• Confronting conflict is not easy for some people.

• Some managers may feel inferior or be in awe of the other person’s power.

• Neither responses is truly productive.• A constructive alternative is to practice

assertive behaviour

Assertiveness

• Process of expressing feelings.

• Asking for legitimate changes.

• Giving and receiving honest feedback.

Assertive Individuals

• Not afraid to request that other person change an offensive behaviour.

• Not uncomfortable refusing unreasonable requests from someone else.

• Direct honest and expressive

• Very confident and gains self-respect and others feel valued.

Aggressive Individuals

• Humiliate others• Elicit either pity or scorn

from others.

Stages of assertivenessStage

1. Describe the behaviour.

2. Express your feelings.

3. Empathize

4. Negotiate a change

5. Indicate consequences

Example“When you do this……”

“I feel……”

“I understand why you……”

“I want to……”

“if you do(don’t), I will…….”

Developing the skills

Understanding the options and the ideas

Underpinning your behaviour

Understanding the options and the ideas

Underpinning your behaviour

Identifying the body language you want to use

Identifying the body language you want to use

Identifying the kinds of words and phrases you want

to use

Identifying the kinds of words and phrases you want

to use

Getting your inner dialogue-

conversation with your-self right

for you and the occasion

Getting your inner dialogue-

conversation with your-self right

for you and the occasion

Practice – integrating these elements and developing realistic self confidencePractice – integrating these elements and developing realistic self confidence

Checking that you have worked on/are aware of any early messages that might get in the way of using the skills you’re choosing

Checking that you have worked on/are aware of any early messages that might get in the way of using the skills you’re choosing

Planning and rehearsal for suitable situation

Incorporating hints and technique

Planning and rehearsal for suitable situation

Incorporating hints and technique

Some more ideas

• Optimism• Laughter• Spirituality

THANK YOU…!!!