stress. a negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or...
TRANSCRIPT
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Stress
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• A negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person’s resources or ability to cope
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Health psychology
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• The branch of psychology that studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and health-related behaviors
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Biopsychosocial model
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• The belief that physical health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological , and social factors
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Stressors
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• Events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging
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Daily hassles
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• Everyday minor events that annoy and upset people
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Conflict
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• A situation in which a person feels pulled between two or more opposing desires, motives, or goals
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Acculturative stress
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• The stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture
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Fight-or-flight response
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• A rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people either to fight or take flight from an immediate threat
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Catecholamines
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• Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that cause rapid physiological arousal; include adrenaline and noradrenaline
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General adaptation syndrome
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• Selye’s term for the three-stage progression of physical changes that occur when and organism is exposed to intense and prolonged stress. The three stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
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Corticosteroids
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• Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that play a key role in the body’s response to long-term stressors
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Immune system
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• Body system that produces specialized white blood cells that protect the body from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells
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Lymphocytes
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• Specialized white blood cells that are responsible for immune defenses
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Psychoneuroimmunology
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• An interdisciplinary field that studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system
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Optimistic explanatory style
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• Accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, and specific explanations
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Pessimistic explanatory style
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• Accounting for negative events or situations with internal, stable, and global explanations.
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Type A behavior pattern
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• A behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness
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Social support
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• The resources provided by other people in times of need
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Coping
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• Behavioral and cognitive responses used to deal with stressors; involves efforts to change circumstances, or your interpretation of circumstances, to make them more favorable and less threatening
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Problem focused coping
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• Coping efforts primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor
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Emotion-focused coping
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• Coping efforts primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation
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Robert Ader (b. 1932)
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• American psychologist who, with immunologist Nicholas Cohen, first demonstrated that immune system responses could be classically conditioned; helped establish the new interdisciplinary field of psychoneuroimmunology
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Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)
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• American physiologist who made several important contributions to psychology, especially in the study of emotions. Described the fight-or-flight response, which involves the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system
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Janice Kiecolt-Glaser (b. 1951)
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• American psychologist who, with immunologist Ronald Glaser, has conducted extensive research on the effects of stress on the immune system
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Richard Lazarus (b. 1922)
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• American psychologist who helped promote the cognitive perspective in the study of emotion and stress; developed the cognitive appraisal model of stress and coping with co-researcher Susan Folkman
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Martin Seligman (b. 1942)
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• American psychologist who conducted research on explanatory style and the role it plays in stress, health, and illness
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Hans Selye (1907-1982)
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• Canadian endocrinologist who was a pioneer in stress research; defined stress as “the nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed on it” and described a three-stage response to prolonged stress that he termed the general adaptation syndrome