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Stres ErgonomikStres Ergonomik

Stress Stress ErgonomikErgonomik

Tekanan Ergonomik Fisik dan MentalTekanan Ergonomik Fisik dan Mental

DefinisiDefinisi= llmu yang mempelajari hubungan manusia dan = llmu yang mempelajari hubungan manusia dan

lingkungan kerjanya untuk mencapai keseimbangan lingkungan kerjanya untuk mencapai keseimbangan dalam efisiensi, kesehatan dan kesejahteraandalam efisiensi, kesehatan dan kesejahteraan

= disiplin ilmu yang ditujukan untuk membantu pekerja = disiplin ilmu yang ditujukan untuk membantu pekerja bekerja secara produktif, dalam taraf ekonomi yang bekerja secara produktif, dalam taraf ekonomi yang dapat diterima oleh pengusaha/pemberi kerja, dan pada dapat diterima oleh pengusaha/pemberi kerja, dan pada saat yang sama juga memberikan kesejahteraan faali saat yang sama juga memberikan kesejahteraan faali dan emosional yang tinggi pada pekerjadan emosional yang tinggi pada pekerjadan emosional yang tinggi pada pekerjadan emosional yang tinggi pada pekerja

Disiplin ilmu yang terkait: ilmu rekayasa, fisika, biologi, Disiplin ilmu yang terkait: ilmu rekayasa, fisika, biologi, sosial dan perilakusosial dan perilaku

TUJUAN ERGONOMI:TUJUAN ERGONOMI:

Mencegah tekanan kerja, kelelahan, ketidakpedulian Mencegah tekanan kerja, kelelahan, ketidakpedulian terhadap kerja, produktivitas rendah, labor turn over rate terhadap kerja, produktivitas rendah, labor turn over rate yang tinggiyang tinggi

IlmuIlmu--ilmu terkait ergonomikilmu terkait ergonomik

Engineering sciences: mechanicsEngineering sciences: mechanics Physical sciences: physical energy Physical sciences: physical energy

stressesstresses Biological sciences: anatomy physiologyBiological sciences: anatomy physiology Biological sciences: anatomy, physiology Biological sciences: anatomy, physiology biomechanicsbiomechanics

Social and behavioral sciences: Social and behavioral sciences: anthropology, (industrial) psychology, anthropology, (industrial) psychology, (industrial) sociology (industrial) sociology engineering engineering psychologypsychology

Aplikasi dalam industriAplikasi dalam industri

Orientasi desain dan produksi: Orientasi desain dan produksi: Human factors in engineeringHuman factors in engineering Industrial designIndustrial design Industrial engineeringIndustrial engineeringg gg g

Orientasi kesehatan/keselamatan:Orientasi kesehatan/keselamatan: Industrial hygieneIndustrial hygiene Safety engineeringSafety engineering Occupational medicineOccupational medicine

Ergonomi berhubungan denganErgonomi berhubungan dengan::

Anatomi, fisiologi memberikan informasi Anatomi, fisiologi memberikan informasi mengenai struktur dan fungsi tubuhmengenai struktur dan fungsi tubuh

Anthropometry memberikan informasi Anthropometry memberikan informasi mengenai ukuran tubuhmengenai ukuran tubuhP ik l i l j i f i d i t k dP ik l i l j i f i d i t k d Psikologi, mempelajari fungsi dari otak dan Psikologi, mempelajari fungsi dari otak dan sistem syarafsistem syaraf

Higiene industri, mendefiniskan kondisi Higiene industri, mendefiniskan kondisi pekerjaan yang membuktikan adanya bahaya pekerjaan yang membuktikan adanya bahaya terhadap tubuhterhadap tubuh

Ilmu fisika dan teknik lainnya yang mendukungIlmu fisika dan teknik lainnya yang mendukung

Ahli ergonomi harus menguasai:Ahli ergonomi harus menguasai:

AnatomiAnatomi--fisiologi tubuh fisiologi tubuh misal: efisiensi angkat junjung, misal: efisiensi angkat junjung, telunjuk untuk menunjuk/extension, dari lain untuk operationtelunjuk untuk menunjuk/extension, dari lain untuk operation

System muskuloSystem muskulo--skeletal skeletal keseimbangan beban pada ototkeseimbangan beban pada otot

System neuroSystem neuro--muskuler muskuler kecepatan rekasi/gerak kerja, kecepatan rekasi/gerak kerja, kelellahankelellahan

System sensoriSystem sensori--neural neural display, bentuk, diskriminasi display, bentuk, diskriminasi k l tk l tpermukaan alatpermukaan alat

Pancaindera Pancaindera display visual, auditory, taktualdisplay visual, auditory, taktual

System kardioSystem kardio--vaskuler: kelelahanvaskuler: kelelahan

Biokimia: energi untuk kerja, beban kerjaBiokimia: energi untuk kerja, beban kerja

Gizi, kesehatan: fitnessGizi, kesehatan: fitness

Dasar desain peralatan industri: handtools, antropometriDasar desain peralatan industri: handtools, antropometri

Layout ruang kerjaLayout ruang kerja

Penempatan peralatanPenempatan peralatan

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Jenis pekerjaan terbagi:Jenis pekerjaan terbagi: KERJA STATIK:KERJA STATIK:

-- Sering dilupakanSering dilupakan-- ada otot yang lelahada otot yang lelah-- postur tubuh perlu diperhatikan postur tubuh perlu diperhatikan -- lengkung/bungkuk menyebabkan lelah karena beban lengkung/bungkuk menyebabkan lelah karena beban pada satu bagian tubuh, supply oksigen kurang, pada satu bagian tubuh, supply oksigen kurang, b k l i k l l hb k l i k l l hbuangan terakumulasi, otot akan lelahbuangan terakumulasi, otot akan lelah-- sebaiknya kerja bergantian statis dan dinamissebaiknya kerja bergantian statis dan dinamis

KERJA DINAMIKKERJA DINAMIK-- Membawa, mengangkatMembawa, mengangkat-- perlu diperhatikan sandaran lengan yang empukperlu diperhatikan sandaran lengan yang empuk-- posisi yang tidak alami perlu dihindariposisi yang tidak alami perlu dihindari-- karena perbedaan antropometri karena perbedaan antropometri alat harus alat harus disesuaikandisesuaikan

Sumber KelelahanSumber Kelelahan Orang yang lelah Orang yang lelah mudah mengalami mudah mengalami

kecelakaan/cacat dan sakitkecelakaan/cacat dan sakit Variabel pekerja: usia, jenis kelamin, ukuran Variabel pekerja: usia, jenis kelamin, ukuran

antropometriantropometri Lelah = perasaan yang subyektifLelah = perasaan yang subyektif

Lelah = penurunan efisiensi kerja fisik dan ketahanan Lelah = penurunan efisiensi kerja fisik dan ketahanan kerjakerjaS b k l l hS b k l l h Sumber kelelahan: Sumber kelelahan: -- kelelahan umumkelelahan umum -- beban fisik dan mental berat beban fisik dan mental berat -- kelelahan mental dan lamakelelahan mental dan lama-- kelelahan visual kelelahan visual -- lingkungan: suhu, bising, lingkungan: suhu, bising, -- kelelahan syarafkelelahan syaraf iluminasi, cuaca, suasanailuminasi, cuaca, suasana-- kerja yang monoton kerjakerja yang monoton kerja-- sakit badaniah, gizi, kebiasaan makansakit badaniah, gizi, kebiasaan makan-- aktor kejiwaan: tanggung jawab, konflik, risauaktor kejiwaan: tanggung jawab, konflik, risau

Gejala kelelahanGejala kelelahan PerhatianPerhatian turunturun ReaksiReaksi lambanlamban SulitSulit berpikirberpikir KemauanKemauan menurunmenurun MotivasiMotivasi kerjakerja turunturun KurangKurang efisienefisien didi kerjakerja

• Kaku dan canggung dalam gerak

• Ingin berbaring, susah berpikir

• Lelah bicara• Menjadi gugup

Tid k d t k t igg jj

fisikfisik/mental/mental BeratBerat didi kepalakepala, , lelahlelah seluruhseluruh

badanbadan Kaki Kaki terasaterasa beratberat MenguapMenguap PikiranPikiran kacaukacau MengantukMengantuk BeratBerat matamata

• Tidak dapat konsentrasi• Sukar memberi perhatian• Cenderung lupa• Kurang percaya diri• Cemas• Koordinasi gerak menurun• Kaku di bahu• Nyeri punggung

Mencegah kelelahan kerjaMencegah kelelahan kerja

Aspek postur tubuh: keserasian Aspek postur tubuh: keserasian tubuh dengan alat kerja, volume tubuh dengan alat kerja, volume kerjakerja

Aspek rekayasaAspek rekayasa

Aspek lain: motivasi kerjaAspek lain: motivasi kerja Aspek lain: motivasi kerja, Aspek lain: motivasi kerja, aturan istirahat, suasana yang aturan istirahat, suasana yang menyenangkan, perbaiki menyenangkan, perbaiki kesejahteraan termasuk gaji, kesejahteraan termasuk gaji, gizi.gizi.

Hubungan manusia dengan mesinHubungan manusia dengan mesin Ada perbedaan sistem manusia dan mesin.Ada perbedaan sistem manusia dan mesin. Manusia menerima dan memproses informasi kemudian Manusia menerima dan memproses informasi kemudian

bertindakbertindak Task stresses, tekanan pada tugas pekerjaanTask stresses, tekanan pada tugas pekerjaan

Yang paling utama adalah fisiologi dan psikologi, Yang paling utama adalah fisiologi dan psikologi, pekerjaan harus sesuai dengan umur, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan harus sesuai dengan umur, jenis kelamin, bentuk tubuh pekerja.bentuk tubuh pekerja.

Pekerjaan terlalu mudah membosankan, terlalu berat Pekerjaan terlalu mudah membosankan, terlalu berat akan sakit.akan sakit.

Tugas Industrial Hygienist adalah mencari Tugas Industrial Hygienist adalah mencari keseimbangannya.keseimbangannya.

Kemampuan manusia vs mesin (1)Kemampuan manusia vs mesin (1)

Manusia unggul dalamManusia unggul dalam Mesin unggul dalamMesin unggul dalam

Deteksi rangsang Deteksi rangsang

berenergi rendahberenergi rendah

Melatih pertimbanganMelatih pertimbangan

MonitoringMonitoring

Rutin, berulangRutin, berulang

Deteksi/ambil informasiDeteksi/ambil informasi Melatih pertimbangan Melatih pertimbangan

untuk kejadian yang tidak untuk kejadian yang tidak

dapat didefinisikandapat didefinisikan

Keuntungan dari Keuntungan dari

pengalaman dalam pengalaman dalam

mengambil tindakanmengambil tindakan

Deteksi/ambil informasi Deteksi/ambil informasi

dalam waktu singkatdalam waktu singkat

Operasi dalam lingkungan Operasi dalam lingkungan

berbahayaberbahaya

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Kemampuan manusia vs mesin (2)Kemampuan manusia vs mesin (2)

Manusia unggul dalamManusia unggul dalam Mesin unggul dalamMesin unggul dalam

Belajar dari pengalaman Belajar dari pengalaman

dan mengubah jalur dan mengubah jalur

tindakantindakan

menghitung hal kompleks menghitung hal kompleks

dengan cepat dan akurasi dengan cepat dan akurasi

tinggitinggi

dapat berargumentasi dapat berargumentasi

induktif (dari spesifik ke induktif (dari spesifik ke

general)general)

dapat membuat berbagai dapat membuat berbagai

solusi alternatifsolusi alternatif

gggg

mengerjakan banyak hal di mengerjakan banyak hal di

waktu yang samawaktu yang sama

respon cepat terhadap respon cepat terhadap

signal controlsignal control

BiomekanikBiomekanik

Biomekanika = Mekanika biologi organismeBiomekanika = Mekanika biologi organisme Biomekanika merupakan alat yang dapat mencegah Biomekanika merupakan alat yang dapat mencegah

beban kerjabeban kerja Mempelajari fungsi dan struktur bagian tubuh serta Mempelajari fungsi dan struktur bagian tubuh serta

efeknya tekanan/beban internal/eksternal terhadapnya.efeknya tekanan/beban internal/eksternal terhadapnya.y p yy p y

Beban berat yang kumulatif dapat menyebabkan Beban berat yang kumulatif dapat menyebabkan kelainan fisik.kelainan fisik.

Dirasakan sebagai gejala pertama sakit: sesuatu yang Dirasakan sebagai gejala pertama sakit: sesuatu yang tidak comfortabletidak comfortable

Bila tidak diperhatikan dapat menyebabkan kecelakaan Bila tidak diperhatikan dapat menyebabkan kecelakaan di kemudian haridi kemudian hari

Contoh BiomekanikaContoh Biomekanika

Tangan dan lengan bawahTangan dan lengan bawahkerja tangan dilaksanakan oleh otot yang melekat pada kerja tangan dilaksanakan oleh otot yang melekat pada tulang ulna dan radius tulang ulna dan radius memperhatikan garis fleksi memperhatikan garis fleksi tangan dan lengan bawahtangan dan lengan bawahContoh: memegang obeng, gegep, dll.Contoh: memegang obeng, gegep, dll.

Tungkai bawahTungkai bawahBeberapa titik lemah:Beberapa titik lemah: Daerah belakang lututDaerah belakang lutut Bagian bawah dan belakang tungkai atasBagian bawah dan belakang tungkai atas Lengkung bawah kakiLengkung bawah kaki Jangan menekan bagian iniJangan menekan bagian iniContoh: posisi duduk, bila tidak sesuai akan Contoh: posisi duduk, bila tidak sesuai akan

menyebabkan kesemutanmenyebabkan kesemutan

Tungkai bawahTungkai bawah

Kursi terlalu dalam akan Kursi terlalu dalam akan menekan lututmenekan lutut

Kursi terlalu tinggi akan Kursi terlalu tinggi akan menekan bagian bawah menekan bagian bawah belakang tungkai atasbelakang tungkai atas

Sandaran kaki bila sepatuSandaran kaki bila sepatu Sandaran kaki, bila sepatu Sandaran kaki, bila sepatu empuk, lekuk kaki akan empuk, lekuk kaki akan tertekantertekan

Timbul kesemutanTimbul kesemutan

Pedal kaki yang terlalu Pedal kaki yang terlalu dekat/jauh akan dekat/jauh akan menyebabkan sudut normal menyebabkan sudut normal terlampauiterlampaui

Head height Head height Allow adequate space for the tallest possible worker. Allow adequate space for the tallest possible worker. Position displays at or below eye level because people naturally look slightly Position displays at or below eye level because people naturally look slightly

downward. downward. Shoulder height Shoulder height Control panels should be placed between shoulder and waist height. Control panels should be placed between shoulder and waist height. Avoid placing above shoulder height objects or controls that are used often. Avoid placing above shoulder height objects or controls that are used often. Arm reach Arm reach Place items within the shortest arm reach to avoid overPlace items within the shortest arm reach to avoid over--stretching while reaching up stretching while reaching up

or outward. or outward. Position items needed for work so that the tallest worker does not need to bend while Position items needed for work so that the tallest worker does not need to bend while

reaching down. reaching down. Keep frequently used materials and tools close to and in front of the body. Keep frequently used materials and tools close to and in front of the body. Elbow height Elbow height Adjust work surface height so that it is at or below elbow height for most job tasksAdjust work surface height so that it is at or below elbow height for most job tasks Adjust work surface height so that it is at or below elbow height for most job tasks. Adjust work surface height so that it is at or below elbow height for most job tasks. Hand height Hand height Make sure that items that have to be lifted are kept between hand and shoulder Make sure that items that have to be lifted are kept between hand and shoulder

height. height. Leg length Leg length Adjust chair height according to leg length and the height of the work surface. Adjust chair height according to leg length and the height of the work surface. Allow space so that legs can be outstretched, with enough space for long legs. Allow space so that legs can be outstretched, with enough space for long legs. Provide an adjustable footrest so that legs are not dangling and to help the worker Provide an adjustable footrest so that legs are not dangling and to help the worker

change body position. change body position. Hand size Hand size Hand grips should fit the hands. Small hand grips are needed for small hands, larger Hand grips should fit the hands. Small hand grips are needed for small hands, larger

grips for bigger hands. grips for bigger hands. Allow enough work space for the largest hands. Allow enough work space for the largest hands. Body size Body size Allow enough space at the workstation for the largest worker. Allow enough space at the workstation for the largest worker.

MengangkatMengangkat--junjungjunjung

MengangkatMengangkat--junjungjunjung bendabenda beratberat dapatdapat menyebabkanmenyebabkanterjadinyaterjadinya kecelakaankecelakaan

PerluPerlu memperhatikanmemperhatikan::

-- VariabelVariabel kerjakerja: : lokasilokasi, , ukuranukuran obyekobyek, , ketinggianketinggian daridaridandan ketempatketempat junjungjunjung, , frekuensifrekuensi kerjakerja, , beratberat obyekobyek, , posisiposisi kerjakerja

-- VariabelVariabel manusiamanusia:: usiausia jenisjenis kelaminkelamin pelatihanpelatihan-- VariabelVariabel manusiamanusia: : usiausia, , jenisjenis kelaminkelamin, , pelatihanpelatihan, , fitness, fitness, ukuranukuran tubuhtubuh

-- variabelvariabel lingkunganlingkungan: : temperaturtemperatur, , kelembabankelembaban, , kontaminankontaminan didi udaraudara

MengangkatMengangkat bersamabersama--samasama

SemerataSemerata mungkinmungkin, , janganjangan terlaluterlalu banyakbanyak orangorangsehinggasehingga mengganggumengganggu, , sebaiknyasebaiknya samasama tinggitinggi, , bergerakbergerakbersamabersama--samasama--komandokomando, , setiapsetiap orangorang padapada posisiposisi dandanpeganganpegangan yang yang benarbenar

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Basic ergonomic principles Basic ergonomic principles It is generally most effective to examine work conditions on It is generally most effective to examine work conditions on a casea case--byby--case case basis whenbasis whenapplying ergonomic principles to solve or prevent problems. Sometimes even applying ergonomic principles to solve or prevent problems. Sometimes even minorminorergonomic changes in the design of equipment, workstations or job tasks can makeergonomic changes in the design of equipment, workstations or job tasks can makesignificant improvements in worker comfort, health, safety and productivitysignificant improvements in worker comfort, health, safety and productivity. The following. The followingare a few examples of ergonomic changes which, if implemented, can result in significantare a few examples of ergonomic changes which, if implemented, can result in significantimprovements: improvements: For assembly jobs, material should be placed in a position such that the worker's For assembly jobs, material should be placed in a position such that the worker's

strongest muscles do most of the work. strongest muscles do most of the work. For detailed work which involves close inspection of the materials, the workbench For detailed work which involves close inspection of the materials, the workbench

should be lower than for work which is heavy. should be lower than for work which is heavy. Hand tools that cause discomfort or injury should be modified or replaced. Workers Hand tools that cause discomfort or injury should be modified or replaced. Workers

are often the best source of ideas on ways to improve a tool to make using it more are often the best source of ideas on ways to improve a tool to make using it more comfortable. For example, pliers can be either straight or bent, depending on the comfortable. For example, pliers can be either straight or bent, depending on the need. need.

A task should not require workers to stay in awkward positions, such as reaching, A task should not require workers to stay in awkward positions, such as reaching, bending, or hunching over for long periods of time. bending, or hunching over for long periods of time.

Workers need to be trained in proper lifting techniques. A well designed job should Workers need to be trained in proper lifting techniques. A well designed job should minimize how far and how often workers have to lift. minimize how far and how often workers have to lift.

Standing work should be minimized, since it is often less tiring to do a job sitting than Standing work should be minimized, since it is often less tiring to do a job sitting than standing. standing.

Job assignments should be rotated to minimize the amount of time a worker spends Job assignments should be rotated to minimize the amount of time a worker spends doing a highly repetitive task, since repetitive work requires using the same muscles doing a highly repetitive task, since repetitive work requires using the same muscles again and again and is usually very boring. again and again and is usually very boring.

Workers and equipment should be positioned so that workers can perform their jobs Workers and equipment should be positioned so that workers can perform their jobs with their upper arms at their sides and with their wrists straight. with their upper arms at their sides and with their wrists straight.

If the workstation is properly designed, the worker should be able to maintain aIf the workstation is properly designed, the worker should be able to maintain acorrect and comfortable body posture. This is important because ancorrect and comfortable body posture. This is important because anuncomfortable work posture can cause a variety of problems, such as: uncomfortable work posture can cause a variety of problems, such as: back injury; back injury; development or aggravation of RSIs; development or aggravation of RSIs; circulatory problems in the legs. circulatory problems in the legs.

The main causes of these problems are: The main causes of these problems are: poorly designed seating; poorly designed seating; standing for long periods; standing for long periods; reaching too far; reaching too far; inadequate lighting forcing the worker to get too close to the work. inadequate lighting forcing the worker to get too close to the work. q g g g gq g g g g The following are some basic ergonomic principles for workstation design. A The following are some basic ergonomic principles for workstation design. A

general rule of thumb is to consider body size information, such as height, general rule of thumb is to consider body size information, such as height, when choosing and adjusting workstations. Above all, workstations must be when choosing and adjusting workstations. Above all, workstations must be adjusted so that the worker is comfortable. adjusted so that the worker is comfortable.

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6

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vv

Interactions between man and such Interactions between man and such traditional environmental elements traditional environmental elements including all tools and equipment including all tools and equipment pertaining to the work placepertaining to the work placepertaining to the work place.pertaining to the work place.

The modern concept: man is to be The modern concept: man is to be considered the monitoring link of a manconsidered the monitoring link of a man--machine environment system.machine environment system.

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Management is interested in the behavior and Management is interested in the behavior and physical operating characteristics of man to the physical operating characteristics of man to the extent that they affect the economic and extent that they affect the economic and productive outputs from such system.productive outputs from such system.

A system is an orderly arrangement of A system is an orderly arrangement of components which are interrelated and which components which are interrelated and which act and interact to perform some task or function act and interact to perform some task or function in a particular environment.in a particular environment.

It is essential to recognize that a failure of It is essential to recognize that a failure of malfunction of any component can affect the malfunction of any component can affect the other components and thus degrade other components and thus degrade performance.performance.

The environment is an important consideration The environment is an important consideration ppin a system. Most components (man, tools) in a in a system. Most components (man, tools) in a system will perform their task properly only system will perform their task properly only under a given set of conditions.under a given set of conditions.

A component that works well at normal A component that works well at normal temperatures may malfunction or fail if placed in temperatures may malfunction or fail if placed in a system near another component that a system near another component that generates high heat.generates high heat.

To achieve maximum efficiency, a manTo achieve maximum efficiency, a man--machine system must be designed as a machine system must be designed as a whole, with man being complementary to whole, with man being complementary to the machine and the machine being the machine and the machine being complementary to the abilities of man.complementary to the abilities of man.

Consideration should be given to the Consideration should be given to the general physical and mental demands of general physical and mental demands of the task, so as not to overload the the task, so as not to overload the operator. operator.

Ergonomics includes the physiological and Ergonomics includes the physiological and psychological stresses of the task.psychological stresses of the task.

The task should not require excessive The task should not require excessive mental and muscular effortmental and muscular effortmental and muscular effort.mental and muscular effort.

The job should not be so easy that The job should not be so easy that boredom and inattention lead to boredom and inattention lead to unnecessary errors and accidents.unnecessary errors and accidents.

These ergonomic stresses can impair the health These ergonomic stresses can impair the health and efficiency of the worker just as significantly and efficiency of the worker just as significantly as the other more common environmental as the other more common environmental stresses. stresses.

Most men can work for short periods under Most men can work for short periods under overloaded conditions, such as when there are overloaded conditions, such as when there are high production demands; however, when such high production demands; however, when such an overload reaches some undefinable point, an overload reaches some undefinable point, man may completely breakdown.man may completely breakdown.

The task of the design engineer and safety The task of the design engineer and safety professional is to find the happy blend professional is to find the happy blend between “easy” and difficult” jobs. between “easy” and difficult” jobs.

With very low levels of physiological and With very low levels of physiological and y p y gy p y gpsychological stress, performance is also psychological stress, performance is also low; as stress increases, however, low; as stress increases, however, performance also increasesperformance also increases——to a point.to a point.

The task is to design jobs that will be The task is to design jobs that will be centered around optimum performance.centered around optimum performance.

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Often, the man’s contribution to a system Often, the man’s contribution to a system is to provide a countermeasure in the is to provide a countermeasure in the event of system malfunction or component event of system malfunction or component failurefailurefailure. failure.

To do this he must know that a failure has To do this he must know that a failure has occurred and what to do about it.occurred and what to do about it.

BiomechanicsBiomechanics——physical demandsphysical demands

Trigger finger (Definition)Trigger finger (Definition) Trigger finger is an inflammation of the Trigger finger is an inflammation of the

synovial sheath that encloses the flexor synovial sheath that encloses the flexor tendons of the thumb and fingers. tendons of the thumb and fingers. Tendons are the cords that connect Tendons are the cords that connect bones to muscles in the body. Usually, bones to muscles in the body. Usually, tendons slide easily through the sheath tendons slide easily through the sheath as the finger moves.as the finger moves.

In the case of trigger finger, however, the In the case of trigger finger, however, the synovial sheath becomes swollen and the synovial sheath becomes swollen and the tendon cannot move easily through smalltendon cannot move easily through smalltendon cannot move easily through small tendon cannot move easily through small pulleys in the finger, causing the finger to pulleys in the finger, causing the finger to remain in a flexed (bent) position. In mild remain in a flexed (bent) position. In mild cases, the finger may be straightened cases, the finger may be straightened with a pop, like a trigger being released. with a pop, like a trigger being released. In severe cases, the finger becomes In severe cases, the finger becomes stuck in the bent position. Usually this stuck in the bent position. Usually this condition can easily be treated; contact condition can easily be treated; contact your doctor if you think you may have your doctor if you think you may have trigger finger.trigger finger.

Carpal Tunnel SyndromeCarpal Tunnel Syndrome is a disease of the wrist and is a disease of the wrist and hand, which is caused by abnormal pressure on the hand, which is caused by abnormal pressure on the Median Nerve. As the Median Nerve passes through the Median Nerve. As the Median Nerve passes through the wrist and into the hand, it travels through a tunnelwrist and into the hand, it travels through a tunnel--like like structure called the Carpal Tunnel. This tunnel is located structure called the Carpal Tunnel. This tunnel is located on the thumb side of the palm of the hand. Within this on the thumb side of the palm of the hand. Within this tunnel lie tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and the tunnel lie tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and the Median Nerve, all covered by a nonMedian Nerve, all covered by a non--elastic tissue band elastic tissue band called the Transverse Carpal Ligament. If one or more of called the Transverse Carpal Ligament. If one or more of the structures within the Carpal Tunnel become enlarged the structures within the Carpal Tunnel become enlarged or swollen, it exerts pressure on the Median nerve, or swollen, it exerts pressure on the Median nerve, causing numbness, tingling, burning, pain, and causing numbness, tingling, burning, pain, and weakness in the fingers and hand. weakness in the fingers and hand.

Symptoms:Symptoms: Symptoms usually begin gradually, and Symptoms usually begin gradually, and may consist of burning, tingling, pain, and/or, numbness may consist of burning, tingling, pain, and/or, numbness in the thumb, index and middle fingers, and in the palm in the thumb, index and middle fingers, and in the palm of the hand. One can usually relate these symptoms to of the hand. One can usually relate these symptoms to some activity that is associated with bending the wrists, some activity that is associated with bending the wrists, such as knitting, typing, or driving. Frequently, these such as knitting, typing, or driving. Frequently, these symptoms will occur during sleep, when many people symptoms will occur during sleep, when many people sleep with their wrists flexed. As this disease progresses, sleep with their wrists flexed. As this disease progresses, one may eventually experience: tingling and numbness one may eventually experience: tingling and numbness with all finger and hand activities; decreased strength in with all finger and hand activities; decreased strength in the hand and thumb; difficulty in making a fist; and the hand and thumb; difficulty in making a fist; and ; y g ;; y g ;inability to pick up small objects. inability to pick up small objects. If the pressure on the If the pressure on the nerve is relieved early enough, the symptoms will usually nerve is relieved early enough, the symptoms will usually be relieved.be relieved.

Causes:Causes: There may be a developmental There may be a developmental reason why some people develop this reason why some people develop this disease, and others do not. It is felt that disease, and others do not. It is felt that some people are born with a narrower some people are born with a narrower Carpal Tunnel, and this may predispose Carpal Tunnel, and this may predispose them to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. With a them to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. With a narrower Tunnel, it is easier for the Median narrower Tunnel, it is easier for the Median Nerve to become compressed. It is felt that Nerve to become compressed. It is felt that the most common cause of Carpal Tunnel the most common cause of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is certain repetitive finger and Syndrome is certain repetitive finger and thumb motions when the hand is flexedthumb motions when the hand is flexedthumb motions, when the hand is flexed thumb motions, when the hand is flexed either down or up at the wrist. These either down or up at the wrist. These motions exert excessive pressure on the motions exert excessive pressure on the ligaments and tendons that lie within the ligaments and tendons that lie within the Carpal Tunnel. The ligaments and tendons Carpal Tunnel. The ligaments and tendons respond to this excessive pressure by respond to this excessive pressure by swelling; and, because the covering of the swelling; and, because the covering of the Carpal Tunnel is nonCarpal Tunnel is non--elastic (has no "give") elastic (has no "give") it cannot expand; therefore, the swollen it cannot expand; therefore, the swollen structures press on the Median Nerve, structures press on the Median Nerve, causing the above symptoms.causing the above symptoms.

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Those people that are most at risk for experiencing Those people that are most at risk for experiencing the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome include the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome include those that are engaged in the following activities: those that are engaged in the following activities:

• Computer keyboard typing• Computer keyboard typing• Driving long distances• Driving long distances• Use of tools that produce vibrations in the hand, • Use of tools that produce vibrations in the hand, such as: hammers, saws, drills, and jacksuch as: hammers, saws, drills, and jack--hammershammers• Repetitive assembly line work• Repetitive assembly line work• Folding materials such as laundry and paper • Folding materials such as laundry and paper g y p pg y p pproductsproducts• Knitting and sewing • Knitting and sewing

Other, less common causes of Carpal Tunnel Other, less common causes of Carpal Tunnel swelling may include cysts, tumors, fluid retention swelling may include cysts, tumors, fluid retention during pregnancy, arthritis, and wrist fractures.during pregnancy, arthritis, and wrist fractures.

Relief for Carpal Tunnel Relief for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:Syndrome: The most effective The most effective treatment that is recommended treatment that is recommended by physicians and therapists is by physicians and therapists is immobilizing the wrist in a immobilizing the wrist in a splint, to minimize and prevent splint, to minimize and prevent those wrist motions which those wrist motions which cause swelling in the Carpal cause swelling in the Carpal Tunnel. This will reduce the Tunnel. This will reduce the pressure on the Median Nerve, pressure on the Median Nerve, and help to alleviate the and help to alleviate the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.Syndrome.

Other treatment tips, which should be used Other treatment tips, which should be used in conjunction with the above products in conjunction with the above products include: include:

• Applying ice to the palm and wrist, may • Applying ice to the palm and wrist, may help to reduce swelling and pain. Always help to reduce swelling and pain. Always apply the ice so that it is soothing, and not apply the ice so that it is soothing, and not uncomfortably cold.uncomfortably cold.• Try to prevent your wrist from flexing and • Try to prevent your wrist from flexing and extending when doing chores. The Carpal extending when doing chores. The Carpal Lock will do this for you.Lock will do this for you.• When using tools, make sure the handle • When using tools, make sure the handle fits your hand, and you can grasp the tool fits your hand, and you can grasp the tool with your whole hand, rather than grasping with your whole hand, rather than grasping with the tips of your fingers or thumbs.with the tips of your fingers or thumbs.• Reduce the speed your wrist and hands • Reduce the speed your wrist and hands work at.work at.• Exercise your wrists and hands regularly • Exercise your wrists and hands regularly at work. Take a one minute break every 30 at work. Take a one minute break every 30 minutes to perform some of the exercises minutes to perform some of the exercises shown below.shown below.

1. Range1. Range--ofof--motion exercisesmotion exercises: Clench fist tightly : Clench fist tightly for 5 seconds, then release, straightening your for 5 seconds, then release, straightening your fingers all the way and keep them straight for 5 fingers all the way and keep them straight for 5 seconds. Repeat 5 times for each hand. seconds. Repeat 5 times for each hand.

2 Stretching exercises2 Stretching exercises: Using one hand bend: Using one hand bend 2. Stretching exercises2. Stretching exercises: Using one hand, bend : Using one hand, bend the fingers of the other hand gently as far as you the fingers of the other hand gently as far as you can, stretching the fingers and wrist. Hold for 5 can, stretching the fingers and wrist. Hold for 5 seconds. Repeat 5 times for each hand. seconds. Repeat 5 times for each hand.

3. Isometric exercises3. Isometric exercises: Clench fist with palm : Clench fist with palm facing up. Use other hand to push down on fist, facing up. Use other hand to push down on fist, while providing resistance with the fist. Hold for 5 while providing resistance with the fist. Hold for 5 seconds. Repeat with palm of clenched fist facing seconds. Repeat with palm of clenched fist facing down. Repeat 5 times for each hand.down. Repeat 5 times for each hand.

Bunch upBunch up

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DisplayDisplay

Display atau control untuk kepentingan Display atau control untuk kepentingan keamanan kerjakeamanan kerja

Display merupakan input bagi pekerjaDisplay merupakan input bagi pekerja

Dapat berupa display visual, auditori ataupun Dapat berupa display visual, auditori ataupun t kt lt kt ltaktualtaktual

Display untuk mengecek, kuantitatif dan kualitatif Display untuk mengecek, kuantitatif dan kualitatif menunjukkan bagaimana mesin berfungsimenunjukkan bagaimana mesin berfungsi

Kesalahan mengartikan informasi dan tidak Kesalahan mengartikan informasi dan tidak jelasnya display pada peralatan jelasnya display pada peralatan kesalahan kesalahan operasi, kecelakaanoperasi, kecelakaan

User friendly?User friendly? The result is….The result is….

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Ergonomics Vs ?Ergonomics Vs ?Adjust in height by simply lifting up on the platform!

The Sit or Stand Table provides superior workstationefficiency and comfort. With a touch of a button, the table can be raised or lowered to the desired height.

This unique design allows the CPU to extend past the worksurface and swivel 360°.