stratospheric satellites summary of the concept including simulations global aerospace corporation...
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Stratospheric SatellitesStratospheric SatellitesSummary of the Concept including
Simulations
Global Aerospace Corporation711 West Woodbury Road, Suite H
Altadena, CA 91001-5327626-345-1200
http://www.gaerospace.com/
Global Aerospace
Corporation
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Global Aerospace
Corporation
SIMULATION VIEWERSIMULATION VIEWER
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Global Aerospace
Corporation CONCEPTCONCEPT
• Tens to hundreds of small, long-life (3-10 years) stratospheric balloons or “satellites”
• Uniform global and regional constellations maintained by trajectory control systems (TCS)
• Flight altitudes of 35 km achievable with advanced, lightweight, superpressure balloon technology
• Provide low-cost, continuous, simultaneous, global and regional Earth observations
• Provides in situ and remote sensing from very low earth “orbit”
BENEFITSBENEFITS
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Global Aerospace
Corporation
CONCEPT SCHEMATICCONCEPT SCHEMATICStratoSat™ SystemNorthern Hemisphere
Constellation
383 StratoSat™ Platforms2° Elevation Angle
Max Slant Range of 483 kmCoverage Circle Diameter of 960 km
Snap-shot of Controlled Constellation
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Global Aerospace
Corporation
BENEFITS AND THEMESBENEFITS AND THEMES
POTENTIAL COVERAGE BENEFITS• Good diurnal coverage
• Low altitude observations improve remote sensing resolution and/or SNR
• Frequent to continuous measurements
• Provide horizontal gradients in addition to vertical profiles
• Long dwell time over science targets
• Targeted dropsonde opportunities
ADAPTIVE SAMPLINGHURRICANE TRACKING
STRING OF PEARLSSTRING OF PEARLSSTRING OF PEARLSSTRING OF PEARLS
• 20 StratoSats, ~$5-10M• Measurements
– Dropsondes– Wind Lidar– Sea-state – Precipitation Radar– Imager
• Economics– Goal to reduce landfall
uncertainty by 50%– Save ~$150M per
landfall
EARTH SCIENCE THEMES• Climate change studies - ERB, Ice shields
• Ozone studies - Distribution, Loss
• Global circulation - Stratosphere/Troposphere
• Global ocean productivity - Biocycles
• Plate Techtonics - Magnetic field anomalies
• Weather and adaptive sampling - Hurricanes and improved prediction
• Hazard detection and monitoring - Early warning & improved communications
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Flight Path GuidanceFlight Path Guidance
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Global Aerospace
CorporationSTRATOSAIL®
TRAJECTORY CONTROL SYSTEMSTRATOSAIL®
TRAJECTORY CONTROL SYSTEM
– Wing hanging vertically on long tether in higher density air below balloon system
– Rudder controls angle of attack
15 kmTether
First GenerationTrajectory Control System (TCS)
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Global Aerospace
Corporation
STRATOSAIL® TCS FEATURESSTRATOSAIL® TCS FEATURES
Passively exploits natural wind conditions
Operates day and night Offers a wide range of control
directions regardless of wind conditions
Can be made of lightweight materials, mass <100 kg
Does not require consumables Requires very little electrical power Bounded & underactuated control
system
Radio-Controlled Dynamically-scaled Model (1:4) Tested in Natural Winds Suspended From Tethered Blimp,
April 2001
Relative Wind at Wing
Lateral ForceComponent
Drag ForceComponent
ResultantForce
TCSWingAngle of Attack
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Wing AssemblyWing Assembly
Winch TestbedWinch Testbed
STRATOSAIL® TCS ROLL OUT
March 16, 2002
STRATOSAIL® TCS ROLL OUT
March 16, 2002
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Uncontrolled Trajectory
AliceSpringsLanding
ChristchurchLaunch
• 100-day flight • ~ 60 days at -70° • 35 km Altitude• Launch 11/15/88• Historical Winds• 5 m2 Wing Area• 1st Order Model• Simple Control Strategy
TRAJECTORY CONTROL PERFORMANCE
TRAJECTORY CONTROL PERFORMANCE
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Global Aerospace
Corporation ADVANCED TCS CONCEPTADVANCED TCS CONCEPT
Advanced StratoSail® TCS Design Features
– Lift force can be greater than weight
– Will stay down in denser air
– Less roll response in gusts
– Employs high lift cambered airfoil
– Greater operational flexibility
– Possible Dynamic Power Generation
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BalloonBalloon
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ADVANCED SMALL ULTRA LONG DURATION BALLOON (ULDB) DESIGN
ADVANCED SMALL ULTRA LONG DURATION BALLOON (ULDB) DESIGN
• Euler Elastica Pumpkin Design
• Volume ~ 70,000 m3
• Advanced Composite Film, 15 g/m2
• 140 Gores ~1.3 m Wide
• Zylon® Load Tendons
• Balloon Mass ~ 250 kg
• Euler Elastica Pumpkin Design
• Volume ~ 70,000 m3
• Advanced Composite Film, 15 g/m2
• 140 Gores ~1.3 m Wide
• Zylon® Load Tendons
• Balloon Mass ~ 250 kg
NASA ULDBScale Model Tests
NASA ULDBScale Model Tests
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Global Aerospace
Corporation NASA ULDB FLIGHT TESTNASA ULDB FLIGHT TEST
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Stratospheric SatelliteFlight Path Control, Formation Flying
and Constellation Control
Stratospheric SatelliteFlight Path Control, Formation Flying
and Constellation Control
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Global Aerospace
Corporation
STRATOSAT™ SYSTEM OVERFLIGHT SIMULATION
STRATOSAT™ SYSTEM OVERFLIGHT SIMULATION
Trajectory Objectives• Achieve overflight of OK ARM site• Avoid overfight of China and Libya
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Global Aerospace
Corporation HURRICANE TRACKINGHURRICANE TRACKING
• Hurricane Alberto• 20 balloons, Advanced TCS (0.5-5 m/s, reel-up capability)• Actual easterly winds at 35 km• 1-day look-ahead• 4 hrs/frame, 31 days• Latitude control strategy
– >90° track lat
– <90° aim eye
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Global Aerospace
Corporation
BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL GROUPS
BEHAVIOR OF NATURAL GROUPS
• Group-level characteristics emerge from individual-level behaviors• Schools/Pods/Flocks
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Global Aerospace
Corporation ARTIFICIAL POTENTIALS (APs)ARTIFICIAL POTENTIALS (APs)
• Control derived from a gradient of artificial potentials
• Model local "traffic rules"– Attraction– Repulsion
• Potentials and virtual members produce emergent group behavior
– Manipulate group geometry– Direct group motion
• Useful for stability/robustness proofs
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Global Aerospace
Corporation
EXAMPLE HEMISPHERICAL CONSTELLATION MANAGEMENT
EXAMPLE HEMISPHERICAL CONSTELLATION MANAGEMENT
• Constellation– 383 StratoSat platforms, >15° latitude– Gondola altitude @ 35 ± 1 km– StratoSail® Trajectory Control System
(TCS) @ 20 km altitude– Artificial Potentials control algorithm
– ~30 days (start 1 June 2000) • Legend
– Red - StratoSat platform locations– Yellow - 2° elevation– Green - overlaps
• 1 hr/frame, 48 frames/sec, 173,000x faster than reality
• UKMO weather data• Control Model
– Bounded and under-actuated control system
– ∆V proportional to relative wind velocity, Vrel, at 20 km
– Feasible, limited control directions with respect to Vrel
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Global Aerospace
Corporation
EXAMPLE LINEARNETWORK SIMULATION
EXAMPLE LINEARNETWORK SIMULATION
• Constellation– 100 StratoSat platforms, Overfly 34.5° N
latitude and 69.2° E longitude– Gondola altitude @ 35 ± 1 km– StratoSail® Trajectory Control System
(TCS) @ 20 km altitude– Multiple prioritized objectives: maintain
latitude, equal spacing, overfly target– 15 days (start 15 June 2000)
• Legend– Red - StratoSat platform locations– Yellow - 2° elevation– Green - overlaps
• 4 hr/frame, 12 frames/sec, 173,000x faster than reality
• UKMO weather data
• TCS Model– Bounded and under-actuated control
system– ∆V proportional to relative wind velocity,
Vrel, at 20 km
– Feasible, limited control directions with respect to Vrel
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Global Aerospace
Corporation
POSITIONING OVERDISASTER AREAS
POSITIONING OVERDISASTER AREAS
• Constellation Assumptions– 100 StratoSat™ platforms, +/-20° latitude– Gondola altitude @ 35 ± 1 km– StratoSail® Trajectory Control System (TCS) @ 20 km altitude– Biological group control algorithm (like flocks of birds)– 365 days (start 1 January 2000)
• Cost ~ $44 M
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StratoSat™ Gondola and an Operations Strategy
StratoSat™ Gondola and an Operations Strategy
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Global Aerospace
Corporation
EXAMPLE STRATOSAT™ GONDOLAEXAMPLE STRATOSAT™ GONDOLA
StratoSat Mass of 221 kg
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Global Aerospace
Corporation
EXAMPLE CENTRALIZED STRATOSAT™ OPERATIONS
EXAMPLE CENTRALIZED STRATOSAT™ OPERATIONS
StratosphericForecastCenter
Gondolacalculates
TCS commands
TWA
Observed Strat.Winds &
In-situ DataConstellationOperations
Center ImprovedStratospheric
Forecasts
TCSCommands
ConstellationGeometry &Atm. Param.
Location &Environment
Standard Sat. & In-situ
Observations
ConstellationGeometry &
Environments
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Science Mission Cost EstimatesScience Mission Cost Estimates
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Global Aerospace
CorporationCOST SUMMARY OF
ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS CONSTELLATION
COST SUMMARY OF ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS
CONSTELLATION
Operations about $5M/yr.
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SummarySummary
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Global Aerospace
Corporation SUMMARYSUMMARY• Stratospheric satellites can provide:
– Low-cost, continuous, simultaneous, global and regional observations options
– Satellite validation and verification
– In situ and remote sensing from very low earth “orbit”
• Global and regional stratospheric constellations will expand scientific knowledge of the Earth system
• Mission definition has progressed on several demonstration science missions
• A demonstration mission is essential first step toward regional and global measurements from 35 km
• A low-cost demonstration flight could leverage ongoing ULDB technology development (balloons, power generation, flight path control)