stratification of english vocabulary literary and colloquial strata of words
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STRATIFICATION of English Vocabulary
Literary and Colloquial Strata of Words
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King Solomon’s Verse
What is man, that Thou are mindful of him? And the son of man, that Thou visitest him? Thou madest him lower than the angels; To crown him with glory and worship. Thou makest him to have dominion of Thy hands; Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet; All sheep and oxen; yea, and the beasts of the field; The fowls of the air, and the fishes of the sea; And whatsoever walketh through the paths of the seas.
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William Shakespeare, HAMLET, 1601
What piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty! In form and moving how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals!
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Dr. L.A.Borrodaile, 1912
Man is metazone, tribloblastic, chordate, vertebrate, pentadactyle, mammalian, eutherian, primate… . The main outlines of each of his principal systems of organs may be traced back, like those of other mammals, to the fishes.
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Stylistic Classification of English Vocabulary
General considerations
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Is it possible to classify the vocabulary?
Differences of opinion
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Three layers of English vocabulary
1. Neutral layer
2. Literary layer
(Super-neutral words)
3. Colloquial layer
(Sub-neutral words)
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Study the following examples:
Colloquial Neutral Literary
kid child infant
comfy comfortable commodious
get out go away retire
flapper young girl maiden
daddy father parent
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LITERARY STRATUM OF WORDS
1. Archaisms
2. Alienisms and foreign words
3. Terms and learned words
4. Poetic words
5. Literary coinages (including nonce - words)
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ARCHAISMS a) obsolete words: methinks (it seems to
me), nay (no); a palfrey (a small horse),
aforesaid, hereinafternamed;
b) archaisms proper (Fr.): troth (faith);
c) historical words: knight, spear; worrier;
d) poetic words: woe (sorrow), haply (perhaps);
e) morphological forms: singest, brethren, thou, thou makest.
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Alienisms and Foreign Words
1. Alien words - borrowings that have English equivalents: chic (stylish), ad infinitum (to infinity), babushka (kerchief tied under the chin).
2. Foreign words - do not belong to the English vocabulary: udarnik, a propos, perestroika, Deutsche Soldaten. Ex.: 1) «She had said ‘Au revoir!’ Not good-bye!» (J.Galsworthy)
2) «We have time, Herr Zippmann, to try your schnapps.” (Heim)
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Alien or foreign?1. Ivan Ilyich was le phenix de la famille, as
they used to say (L.Tolstoy).
2. Canada has a per capita income of about $17,000.
3. «I’ll go upstairs to get shmotki», I said (A.Burgess. A Clockwork Orange).
4. «Avanti, my dear and welcome. Get her a glass, Oliver» (B.Trapido. Brother of the more famous Jack).
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TERMS
Terms - words denoting objects, processes, phenomena of science, humanities, technique.
1) Single terms: psychology, equity, function.
2) Terms consisting of several words: subject-matter, computer-aided system, belles-lettres style.
Within a literary work terms may acquire a satirical effect.
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Terms in a satirical function
«What a fool Rawdon Crawley has been», Clump replied, «to go and marry a governess! There was something about the girl too.»
«Green eyes, fair skin, pretty figure, famous frontal development», Squills remarked (W.M.Thackeray, Vanity Fair).
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Literary coinages (including nonce-words)
Two types of literary neologisms:
1. Designate new-born concepts, terminological coinages: intertextuality, профессиограмма, immunodeficiency, ecosystem.
2. Create expressiveness of the utterance (nonce-words): anti-globalist, musicdom, bananarama, LASER (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation).
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NONCE WORDSNonce-words are chance words, occasional
words, words created for the given occasion with the existing words by means of affixation, composition, conversion, etc. Ex.: There was a balconyful of gentlemen…
The word balconyful was coined by analogy with the words “mouthful”, “spoonful”, “handful”. Nonce-words produce a humorous effect. Being used just once, they disappear completely.
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Colloquial Stratum of WordsSub-neutral Words
1. Slang
2. Vulgarisms
3. Jargonisms
4. Dialectal words
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SLANG
Slang is a non-standard colloquial layer, outside the literary language but forcing its way into it.
Function - to characterize the personage, to create a certain atmosphere (that of scandal, violence or intolerance or humor) in the literary text.
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WHY SLANG?
1. Striving for novelty of expression: intentional substitutes of neutral and elevated words and expressions: cripes instead of Christ.
2. Disguising from outsiders the meaning of what was said: Look at that chick! She’s really on fire. Посмотри на эту бабу. Клевая, не правда ли?
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Stylistic Sources of Slang
1/ Metaphor: He snaked out of here without his overcoat. Он выскользнул отсюда, оставив свое пальто.
2/ Metonymy: skirt (girl)
3/ Hyperbole: killing (astonishing)
4/ Understatement: whistle (flute)
5/ Clear as mud (irony).
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VULGARISMS (SWEAR WORDS)
Vulgarisms: stylistically lowest group of words which are considered offensive for polite usage.
a) abusive words, e.g. son of a bitch; b) hackneyed vulgar words: devil, bloody.
Function: to express strong emotions, mainly annoyance, anger, vexation and the like. Found in direct speech.
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ANSWER THE QUESTION
How are vulgarims euphemistically called?
(A euphemism - is a word or phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expression by a conventionally more acceptable one:
to die ---> to pass away, to be no more, etc.
Answer: sdrow rettel-ruof (mirror-reading)
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JARGONISMSJargonisms: words functioning in
limited spheres of society:
a) professional jargonisms;
b) social jargonisms.
Function: to replace those words which already exist in the language in order to make their speech incoherent to outsiders.
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Professional Jargonisms
Professional jargonisms are denominations of things, phenomena and process characteristic of given profession opposed to the official terms of this professional sphere.
Function: They are used by representatives
of the profession to facilitate the communication.
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Social Jargonisms
Social jargonisms are made of words used to denote non-professional thing relevant for representatives of the given social group with common interests (e.g., music fans, drug addicts and the like).
Function: they are used by representatives of the given group to show that the speaker also belongs to it and sometimes for the purpose of making speech incoherent to outsiders.
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DIALECTAL WORDS
Dialectal words are words and phrases characteristic of a certain locality.They reflect peculiarities of provincialism in phonetics and vocabulary.
Of special significance for English literature is Cockney - the dialect of the uneducated people in London.
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COCKNEY
1) The diphthong [ei] is replaced by [ai]: to sy, to py instead of to say, to pay;
2) the diphthong [au] is replaced by monophthong [a:]: nah then instead of «now then»;
3) words like «manners», «thank you» are pronounced as menners, thenk you.
4) the suffix ”- ing” is pronounced as [n]: sittin’, standin’.
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HOME ASSIGNMENT1. Ивашкин М.П. и др. A Manual of English
Stylistics. - Pp.22-28.
2. Galperin I.R. STYLISTICS. - Pp. 62-95; 103-117. Copy the drawing on p.63.
3. Глазунов С.А. Новый нагло-русский словарь современной разговорной лексики. - М.: Рус. яз., 1998. - 776 с.
4. Make a copy of Test No 2: Stylistic Lexicology and answer all the points. From № 1 of this list of literature. Pp.36-37.