strategy implementation organizing for action. the three strands the configuration of structure the...
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Strategy Implementation
Organizing for action
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The three strands
• The configuration of Structure
• The processes that drive people
• Relationships that connect people within and around
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Structural Types
• Functional Structure
CEO
Production Finance Marketing Operations
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Advantages & Disadvantage
• + CEO in touch with all operations
• + Reduces/ simplifies control
• + Clear definition of responsibilities
• - Senior managers burdened with chores
• - No time for strategic thinking
• - Coordination between functions difficult
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The multidivisional structure
Head Office
Division A Division B Division C
Function 1 Function 2
Central Service
Function 4 Function 5Function 3
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Advantages and Disadvantages
• + Flexible ( add / divest divisions )
• + Control by performance
• + Ownership of Strategy
• - Additional costs for the centre
• - Duplication at divisional level
• - Fragmentation and non cooperation
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The holding company
• A Holding company is an investment company consisting of shareholdings in a variety of separate business operations
• Holding companies are extremely flexible
• However little scope of synergy
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Matrix Structure
Product1
Manager
EMEA
Product 1
Manager
AG
Product 1
Manager
AP
Product1
Manager
LA
Product 2
Manager
EMEA
Product 2
Manager
AG
Product 2
Manager
AP
Product 2
Manager
LA
Product 3
Manager
EMEA
Product 3
Manager
AG
Product 3
Manager
AP
Product 3
Manager
LA
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Advantage and Disadvantage
• + Integrate knowledge
• + Flexible
• + Allow dual dimensions
• - Time taken to make decisions
• - Fuzzy job / task responsibilities
• - Degrees of conflict inherent
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Transnational Structure
International Divisions Global Product Divisions
Local subsidiaries Transnational corporations
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Characteristics of Transnational teams
• Each national unit operates independently
• National units achieve greater scale of economies through specialization
• The corporate centre manages this global network
• Very demanding of managers
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Team Based Structures
• Team based structures attempts to combine both horizontal and vertical coordination through structuring people to cross functional teams
• Team based structures can help organizations respond flexibly to diverse customers
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Project Based Structures
• A project based structure is one where teams are created , undertake the work and are then dissolved
• Project based structures are very flexible and can work virtually too .
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Comparison of Structures
Challenge
Functional
Multidivisional
Holding
Matrix
Transnational
Team
Project
Control
I I I
I I I I I I I I I
Change
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Knowledge
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Glob I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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Relationships
Relationships
Internal External
Centre Strategy Outsourcing Alliance NetworksVirtuality
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Relating internally
• Devolution concerns the extent to which the centre of an organization delegates decision making to units and managers lower down in the hierarchy
• Devolution is particularly important when knowledge is dispersed throughout the organization and responsiveness to customer needs is crucial
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Relating over Strategy
• In a Strategic Planning style of control the relationship between the centre and the business units is one of parent who is the master planner prescribing detailed roles for departments and business units
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Relating over Strategy
• In financial control the role of the centre is confined to setting financial targets , allocating resources, appraising performances, and intervening to avert or correct poor performances
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Relating over Strategy
• Strategic control is concerned with shaping the behavior in Business Units and the context in which managers are operating
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Relating externally
• Outsourcing – as in the IT & ITES domain
• Strategic Alliance
• Networks
• Virtual organisations
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The Strategy Structure link
• A new strategy required a new or at least refashioned structure if the enlarged enterprise was to be operated efficiently ….Unless new structures are developed to meet new administrative needs, which result from an expansion of a firm’s activities into new areas, functions or product lines , the technological , financial & personnel economies of growth and size cannot be realized – Chandler 1962
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Strategic Choices as Adaptation Processes
• Miles and Snow ( 1978 ) identified three basic problems which the organizations must identify, confront and solve
• Entrepreneurial problem : defining an organization's domain – the products / services it chooses to offer
• Engineering problem – operationalizing the management solution to the entrepreneurial problem – eg selection of appropriate technology
• Administrative problem – designing of appropriate org structure and systems for uncertainty reduction
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Differences in Adaptation problems of the Three Strategic types
Adaptation problem
Defender Analyzer Prospector
Entrepreneurial
How to seal off market
How to locate new market keeping base intact
How to locate and exploit new market
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Differences in Adaptation problems of the Three Strategic types
Adaptation problem
Defender Analyzer Prospector
Engineering
How to produce and distribute goods
How to be efficient in the stable domain and flexible in the rest
How to avoid commitment to a single technology process
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Differences in Adaptation problems of the Three Strategic types
Adaptation processes
Defender Analyzer Prospector
Administrative
How to achieve strict control to ensure efficiency
How to differentiate the org structure to accommodate all
How to facilitate rather than control organization operation
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Types of Organizational Structures
• Bases of Structural ConfigurationsA. The Strategic Apex – this consists of the
top level management B. The Operating Core – this consists of
employees who perform the basic work related to the production of goods.
C. The Middle Line- who connect the strategic apex to the operating core – intermediate managers
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Types of Organizational Structures
D. The Technostructure – consists of staff functionaries and analysts who design systems for regulating and standardizing the formal planning of work . Departments such as finance , production planning , personnel
E. The Support Staff – those who provide indirect support eg cafeteria, mailing , transport etc
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Simple Structures
• Where the power is centralized in the hand of the hands of one or few managers to whom everybody reports directly eg Nirma , Super Cassettes
• + Facilitates rapid decision making • + Has the capability to innovate• - Very demanding on the owner / manager• - increasingly inadequate as volumes
increase
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Machine Bureaucracy
• Characterized by coordination of work through a high degree of standardization of work resulting in low skilled , highly specialized jobs eg the railways , postal department
• +Achieve efficiency through specialization• +Low cost operational and managerial • +Large size & standardization provide
stability
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Machine Bureaucracy
• - Experience difficulty in inter-functional coordination and decision making
• - High cost of coordination and support
• - Find difficult to innovate and adequately respond to environmental changes
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Professional Bureaucracy
• While the machine bureaucracies coordinates through standardization of work the professional bureaucracy runs by standardizing skills eg Hospitals , Universities
• + Can accomplish complex but known tasks efficiently on a large scale
• - Internal politics and rivalry among professionals may lead to loss in synergy
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Divisionalized Form
• This structural form is most appropriate when the organization starts producing new products in new markets or new locations eg ITC , UB Group, Tata Sons
• + Allows division to develop • + Ensures performance by making
divisions accountable for it • - Fosters potentially dysfunctional
competition for corporate resources
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Adhocracy
• Adhocracies are characterized by a high amount of complexity, non standardization and a fluidization of processes eg Adlabs, consultancy firms, moviemaking units
• + Encourage innovation and initiative• + Flexible , discourages empire building• - Weak control structure , low personal
accountability• - Are inefficient in utilization of resources
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Relationships between coordinating mechanisms ( Mintzberg )
Coordinating mechanisms
Key part of the organization
Configuration
Direct supervision
Strategic Apex Simple Structure
Standardization of activities
Technostructure Machine bureaucracy
Standardization of skills
Operating Core Professional bureaucracy
Standardization of output
Middle line Divisionalised form
Mutual adjust Support Staff Adhocracy
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The 7S Framework
• Beyond Structure and Strategy there are at least five other identifiable elements .
• The factors are interconnected
• There is no starting point or implied hierarchy of the factors
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The 7S Framework
• Structure – what will the org be like
• Strategy – the way a company aims to improve its position vis a vis competition
• Systems – all the procedures formal and informal that make the organization go day by day
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The 7S Framework
• Style – basic personality of top management team
• Staff – people as a pool of resources
• Skill – dominating attributes or capabilities
• Superordinate Goals- the fundamental ideas around which a business is built.
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The 7S Framework
• Suggests the wisdom of taking the ‘ soft informal’ variables in the purview of top management interest
• Framework forces us to concentrate on the fit . Real energy comes when all the variables in the model are aligned .