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US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center
STORM Storage, Treatment, Overflow Runoff Model
User's Manual August 1977 Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited. CPD-7
Generalized Computer Program
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2. REPORT TYPE Computer Program Documentation
3. DATES COVERED (From - To)
5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
5b. GRANT NUMBER
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE STORM Storage, Treatment, Overflow Runoff Model
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S)
5F. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER CPD-7
10. SPONSOR/ MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 11. SPONSOR/ MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)
12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT The program provides a means for analysis of the quantity and quality of runoff from urban or non-urban watersheds. The two main types of output are statistical information on quantity and quality of washoff and overflow and pollutographs for selected individual events. Loads and concentrations of six basic water quality parameters are computed (suspended and settleable solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, orthophosphate, and total coliform). Land surface erosion is also computed. The purpose of the analysis is to aid in the sizing of storage and treatment facilities to control the quantity and quality of storm water runoff and land surface erosion. The model considers the interaction of seven storm water elements: rainfall/snowmelt; runoff; dry weather flow; pollutant accumulation and washoff; land surface erosion; treatment rates; and detention reservoir storage. The program is designed for period of record analysis using continuous hourly precipitation data. The continuous runoff (quantity and quality) is simulated using simple runoff percentages or SCS infiltration and unit hydrographs with recovery of the infiltration loss rates during dry period. The Corps program is only available on mainframe computers, but consultants have converted the program to the PC. 15. SUBJECT TERMS storm, runoff, quantity, quality, combined sewers, treatment, overflow, long-term simulation
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT U
b. ABSTRACT U
c. THIS PAGE U
17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU
18. NUMBER OF PAGES 184 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER
STORM Storage, Treatment, Overflow Runoff Model
User’s Manual
August 1977 US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616 (530) 756-1104 (530) 756-8250 FAX www.hec.usace.army.mil CPD-7
10 December 1984
Conditions of Use The following conditions regulate the use of computer programs developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC), Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. 1. The computer programs are furnished by the Government and are accepted and used by the recipient individual or group entity with the express understanding that the United States Government makes no warranties, expressed or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, reliability, usability, or suitability for any particular purpose of the information or data contained in the programs, or furnished in connection therewith, and that the United States Government shall be under no liability whatsoever to any individual or group entity by reason of any use made thereof. 2. The programs belong to the United States Government. Therefore, the recipient agrees neither to assert any proprietary rights thereto nor to represent the programs to anyone as other than Government programs. 3. The recipient may impose fees on clients only for ordinary charges for applying and modifying these programs. 4. Should the recipient make any modifications to the program(s), the HEC must be informed as to the nature and extent of those modifications. Recipients who modify HEC computer programs assume all responsibility for problems arising from, or related to, those modifications. User support from the HEC to third part recipients will only be provided after the second party demonstrates that program difficulties were not caused by their modifications. 5. This "Conditions of Use" statement shall be furnished to all third parties that receive copies of HEC programs from the recipient. Third party recipients must be notified that they will not receive routine program updates, correction notices, and other program services from the HEC unless they obtain the program(s) directly from the HEC. 6. All documents and reports conveying information obtained as a result of the use of the program(s) by the recipient, or others, will acknowledge the Hydrologic Engineering Center, Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, as the origin of the program(s).
FOREWORD
This manual describes concepts and i npu t data requirements f o r an
expanded version o f the STORM model. The major addi t ions t o the c a p a b i l i t i e s
o f the October 1974 version are the fo l low ing options:
New Capab i l i t i es
Soi 1 Conservation Service Runoff Curve Number Technique
Use of Un i t Hydrographs t o Define Runoff
Pol 1 utant Accumul a t i on i n Terms o f Pounds/ AcrelDay
A b i l i t y t o Compute ( o r Specify) Quant i t y and Q u a l i t y of Dry
Weat her Flow
Spec i f i ca t ion o f up t o 20 Land Uses
Choice of Engl ish o r Metr ic Uni ts
Future versions o f STORM w i l l contain the fo l low ing addi t iona l capab i l i t i e s :
Channel Routing and Combining o f Subbasins
Expanded Detention Reservoir S iz ing Capabi 1 i t y
Pl anning Level Treatment Computations
S e t t l i n g o f Po l lu tants i n Storage
Planning Level Stream Water Q u a l i t y Analysis
Frequency Analysis o f Po l lu tan t Loadings and Instream Concentrations
Economic Analysis
Post Processor f o r S t a t i s t i c a l and Graphical Displays
STORAGE, TREATMENT, OVERFLOW, RUNOFF MODEL "STORM"
Usws Flanual
Table o f Contents
Paragraph
1. Or ig in o f Program
2. Purpose o f Program
3. Hardware and Software Requirements
4. Descr ipt ion o f Program
a. General Concepts
b. Computation o f Snowmelt
c. Computation o f Quant i t y o f Runoff
(1) Coe f f i c ien t Method
(2) Soi 1 Conservation Service Method
(3) Dry-Weather Flow Quant i t y
(4) Un i t Hydrograph Procedure
d. Computation o f Qual i t y of Runoff
(1) Qual i t y o f Surface Runoff
(2) Q u a l i t y o f Dry-Weather Flow
e. Computation o f Storage, Treatment, and Overflow
f. Computation o f Land Surface Erosion
(1 ) The Universal S o i l Loss Equation
(2) Erosion by So i l Type
(3) Erosion During and A f t e r Construction
Page
1
1
2
2
2
5
6
6
9
15
18
2 0
2 0
2 6
28
32
32
35
37
Table of Contents (cont 'd)
Paragraph
(4) Erosion by Land Use
(5) Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR)
5. Program Operation
a. Computational Procedure
b. 1/0 U n i t Assignments and Program Specifications
c. Computer System Tmplementation Notes
6. Model Usage
a. Prediction of Wet-Weather Pol 1 utographs (Mass Loading Curves) fo r Use i n a Receiving Water Assessment Model
b. Prel iminary Sizing of Storage and Treatment Fac i l i t ies t o Sat isfy Desired Cri ter ia for Control of Storm Water Runoff
7. Input Structure
8. Program Output
9 . References
APPENDICES
A. Test Problems
B. Input Description
C. Poll utant Accumulation Rates
D. Input Data Organization
Page
3 7
38
39
39
39
42
STORAGE, TREATMENT, OVERFLOW, RUNOFF MODEL
"STORM"
1. ORIGIN OF PROGRAM
The o r i g i n a l version of t h i s program was completed i n January 1973
by Water Resources Engineers, Inc. (WRE) o f Walnut Creek, Ca l i fo rn ia , whi le
under cont ract w i t h The Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC). Parts o f the
program had been previously developed by WRE f o r the Environmental Protect ion
Agency and the City o f San Francisco. The HEC has revised the inpu t and
output formats o f the program t o conform t o i t s standardized methods and has
made numerous other program modif icat ions inc lud ing those summarized i n the
Foreword. Resource Analysis, Inc, , o f Cambridge, Massachusetts, added. the
capab i l i t y f o r dry weather f l ow computations. [l ]*
2. PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM
This program provides a means f o r analysis o f the quant i ty and q u a l i t y
of runoff from urban o r nonurban watersheds, The two main types o f output
are s t a t i s t i c a l informat ion on quant i t y and q u a l i t y o f washoff and overf low
and pol 1 utographs f o r selected ind iv idua l events. Loads and concentrations
of s i x basic water qual i t y parameters are computed (suspended and se t t leab le
so l ids, biochemical oxygen demand, t o t a l nitrogen, orthophosphate, and
t o t a l col i form). Land surface erosion i s a l so computed. The purpose o f
the analysis i s t o a i d i n the s i z i n g o f storage and treatment f a c i l i t i e s
t o cont ro l the quan t i t y and qual i t y of storm water r uno f f and land surface
erosion. The model considers the i n te rac t i on o f seven storm water elements:
*Refers t o l i s t o f references.
runoff
dry weather f 1 ow
pollutant accumulation and washoff
land surface erosion
treatment rates
detention reservoir storage
The program i s designed f o r period of record analysis using continuous
hourly precipitation data. I t i s , therefore, a continuous simulation model. I
3
3. HARDldARE AND SOFTSARE REQUIREMENTS
This program i s operable on the CDC, UNIVAC, IBM and certain other
computer systems. I t requires about 50,900 words of core storage. Input
i s accomplished by card reader and/or a tape/disk. O u t p u t i s accomplished
by a 132 position l ine printer. Six additional tape/disk units a re required
f o r temporary storage during processing although a l l s ix may not be used
during any given r u n depending on input/output options. The only non-
standard features of the three computer systems required by t h i s program
a re END OF FILE checks and the way i n which multiple output f i l e s are
handled. Up to three output f i l e s a re generated on tape/disk which are
automatically printed a t the conclusion of the job. Detailed instructions
will be found i n Paragraph 5c Computer System Implementation Notes.
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM
a . General Concepts. The quantity of storm water runoff has t radi-
t iona l ly been estimated by using a design storm approach. The design storm
was often developed from frequency-duration-intensi ty curves based on rain-
fa1 1 records. T h i s approach neglects the time interval between storms and
the capacity of the system to handle some types of storms better than others.
Infrequent , h i g h intensity storms may be completely contained w i t h i n
storage so that no untreated storm water overflows to receiving waters.
Alternately, a series of closely spaced stonns of moderate intensity may
tax the system to the point that excess water must be released untreated,
I t seems reasonable, therefore, to assume that precipitation cannot be
considered without the system, and a design storm cannot be defined by
i t s e l f , b u t must be defined i n the l ight of the characteristics of the
storm water fac i l i t ies . The approach used i n this program recognizes not
only the properties of storm duration and intensity, b u t also storm spacing
and the storage capacity of the storm water system,
Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the seven storm water
elements modeled by STORM, In th is approach, rainfall washes dust and
d i r t and the associated pollutants off the watershed. The resulting runoff
is routed to the treatment-storage f ac i l i t i e s where runoff less than or
equal to the treatment rate i s treated and released. Runoff exceeding the
capacity of the treatment plant i s stored for treatment a t a l a te r time.
If storage i s exceeded, the untreated excess i s wasted through overflow
directly into the receiving waters, The magnitude and frequency of these
overflows are often important i n a storm water study. STORM provides
s ta t i s t i ca l information on washoff, as well as overflows, The quantity,
qua1 i ty, and number o f overflows are functions of hydrologic character is t ics ,
land use, treatment rate, and storage capacity.
A t yp i ca l method o f inves t iga t ion i s t o a l t e r the treatment, storage,
and land use and note the resu l t i ng response o f the system, A group o f
a l te rna t i ves can then be selected from among those meeting the overflow
quant i ty and qual i t y objectives.
-
The fo l lowing sections describe the methodology o f t h i s approach of
est imat ing storm water runoff quant i ty and qual i t y . The four major steps
involved are 1) the computation o f runoff quant i ty, 2) the computation of
r uno f f qual i ty, 3) the computation o f treatment, storage, and overflow, and
4) computation o f 1 and surface erosion.
b. Computation o f Snowmel t. I f snowfall /snowme1 t computations are
t o be considered, the inpu t hour ly p r e c i p i t a t i o n record must f i r s t be
processed w i t h a d a i l y a i r temperature record f o r the same per iod o f time.
Snowmel t analyses are accompl i shed by the Degree-Day method as f 01 1 ows :
MELT = COEF * (7 - TT), MELT - < PACK
where
MELT = snowmel t i n basin inches/day (m/day)
COEF = degree day mel t coe f f i c i en t , usua l l y about 0.05 - 0.1 i n/dayj°F (2.3-4.6 mm/day/"C)
- T = average d a i l y a i r temperature, OF (OC)
TT = threshold temperatuce, OF (OC), a t which snow me1 t s
PACK = ava i lab le snowpack water equivalent i n basin inches (mn)
5
The inpu t p r e c i p i t a t i o n record i s processed w i t h d a i l y average o r
max/min temperatures i n order t o determine whether the p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s
l i q u i d o r snow. When the average d a i l y temperature i s below a f reez ing
threshold, the p rec ip i t a t i on d u r i ng t h a t day f a l l s as snow and accumulates
i n a pack. No runoff occurs on t h i s day. Conversely, when the average
d a i l y temperature i s above the f reez ing threshold, the snowpack mel ts and
provides r u n o f f i n add i t i on t o r a i n f a l l , i f any, during t h a t period. The
snow i s assumed t o me l t from 0900 t o 1700 hours. The r e s u l t i n g snowmelt
and r a i n f a l l record replaces the o r i g i n a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n record as inpu t
t o subsequent processing. Because r a i n f a l l energy i s considerably l a r g e r
than snowmel t energy f o r purposes o f land erosion computations, days on
which snowrnelt occurs are f lagged by negative signs so t h a t the appropr iate
computations can be made f o r erosion.
c. Computation o f the Quant i t y o f Runoff. Runoff quan t i t y can be
computed by one o f three methods, the c o e f f i c i e n t method, the U.S. So i l
Conservation Service Curve Number Technique, o r a combination o f the two.
The c o e f f i c i e n t method spec i f ies t h a t a ce r t a i n f r a c t i o n o f r a i n f a l l w i l l
r un o f f each hour o f each r a i n f a l l event whi le the SCS method uses a ra i n -
f a l l - r u n o f f r e l a t i onsh ip based on antecedent condi t ions f o r each r a i n f a l l
event. The t h i r d opt ion uses the coe f f i c ien t method on impervious areas
and the SCS method on pervious areas, weighting the sum according t o the
t o t a l f rac t ion o f impervious area.
(1 ) Coe f f i c ien t Method. The coe f f i c i en t method uses the fo l low ing
equation f o r computation o f runof f volume dur ing each hour ly t ime i n te r va l .
where
r = runof f i n inches (mm)
C = composite runof f coe f f i c ien t
P = rainfall/snowmelt i n inches (mn) over the area
f = avai lable depression storage i n inches (mm)
Average annual runoff coef f ic ients f o r the pervi ous and impervious
areas o f the watershed are speci f ied and subsequently weighted according
t o the t o t a l f r ac t i on imperviousness so as t o obtain a single composite
runof f coef f ic ient , The runof f coe f f i c ien t accounts f o r losses due t o
i n f i l t r a t i o n and i s computed by the fol lowing equation:
where
C~ = runoff coef f ic ient f o r pervi ous surfaces
CI = runoff coe f f i c ien t f o r impervious surfaces
Xi = area i n land use i as a f rac t i on o f t o t a l urban watershed area
Fi = f rac t ion o f land use i that i s impervious
L = t o t a l number o f land uses
The composite runof f coe f f i c ien t i s used f o r every r a i n f a l l event i n
the r a i n f a l l /snowme1 t record regardless o f r a i n f a l l character ist ics o r
antecedent moisture conditions. One wou1 d expect t h i s method t o perform
better on watersheds of relatively high percent imperviousness, for which
losses due to infiltration are re1ativel.y small.
Before the runoff coefficient is applied, depression storage losses
must be satisfied. Depression storage represents the capacity of the
watershed to retain water in depressions and on foliage. The amount of
depression storage at any point in time is a function of Past rainfall/
snowmel t and evaporation. Depression storage is computed on a continuous
basis by the following expression:
f = fo + NDk, f - < D (4 )
where
fo = available depression storage, in inches (mm) at the end of
previous rainfall event
ND = number of dry days since end of previous rainfall event
k = pan evaporation rate, in incheslday (mm/day) , representing
the recovery of depression storage
D = maximum depression storage in inches (m) .
Before the surface runoff enters the storaqe-treatment computations it
may be modified bv a diversion. The diverted flow is considered lost from
the system and is not used in any further computations. Since the diversion
option applies only to the surface runoff, it cannot be used to divert dry
weather flow in combined sewer systems. Overflows from a combined system
may be approximated by setting the treatment rate equal to the average flow
at which overflow begins.
The equation fo r runoff i s :
R = r - w (r - DVU,~,), fo r r 5 DVU,,, (5
R = r - w (DVUmax - DVUmin), f o r r > DVUma, (6
where
R = surface runo f f a f te r d ivers ion
r = surface runo f f before d ivers ion
w = f r a c t i o n o f runof f between DVUma, and DVUmin d i ve r ted
DVUmin = r u n o f f a t which d ivers ion begins
DVUma, = runoff a t which no addi t iona l d ivers ion can occur
Figure 2 i l l u s t r a t e s a sample o f the manner i n which the p r e c i p i t a t i o n
(P), depression storage ( f ) , excess r a i n f a l l (P-f) and the r e s u l t i n g
runo f f (R) are handled by the c o e f f i c i e n t method, Treatment, storage and
overflows are a lso depicted.
(2) S o i l Conservation Service Method. [2] The SCS Curve Number
Technique uses a cu rv i 1 inear re1 a t ionsh ip between accumul ated runo f f and
accumulated r a i n f a l l , The basic equation used f o r each r a i n f a l l event i s
where
Q = accumulated r u n o f f i n inches (mm)
P = accumulated p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n inches (mm)
I A = i n i t i a l abst rac t ion i n inches (mn). Represents a l l i n i t i a l losses
- RAINFALL ( P )
RAINFALL ( P - f ) IN EXCESS OF DEPRESSION STORAGE
-- AVAILABLE DEPRESSION STORAGE (maximum = .06 inches/ hour
la EVAPORATION, k =.Ol lN/HR -
TlME IN HOURS
- RUNOFF (C (P-f 1); C - 0 . 9
-- TREATMENT RATE = .02 in/hour
RUNOFF AVAILABLE FOR STORAGE OR OVERFLOW
TlME IN HOURS
DURATION OF
a 2 O 1 EVENT
I - STORAGE LEVEL
I -- STORAGE CAPACITY
TIME IN HOURS
FIGURE 2 TlME HISTORIES OF RAINFALL, RUNOFF, AND STORAGE
USING THE COEFFICIENT METHOD 10
(depression storage, interception, and inf i l tration during the
f i l l ing of depression storage) t h a t occur prior t o the time when
runoff begins . S = total soil moisture capacity for storage of water in inches (mm).
In situations where values for IA are unavailable, the SCS suggests using
IA = 0.2*S. This has been included as a default i n the program, however,
i t may yield too high values of IA for urbanized areas. During each
precipitation event, soil moisture capacity (S) i s decreased due to
infi l t rat ion and increased due to percolation to ground water.
Computations are carried out i n terms of soil moisture capacity,
however, the curve number and soil moisture capacity are related by the
following equation (for English units).
Figure 3 i l lus t ra tes examples of SCS runoff curves. Each curve (CN)
represents a unique re1 ationship between rainfall and runoff, No runoff
occurs until the in i t i a l abstraction ( I A ) is satisfied. Thereafter, the
runoff proceeds along the parabolic function and eventually becomes asymptotic
t o a 45' line. In the asymptotic region, nearly a l l additional precipitation
is assumed to run off, (A curve number of 100 with an in i t i a l abstraction of
0 would represent a completely impervious watershed w i t h no storage or
interception. ) Since the Curve Number Technique was developed to compute
total storm runoff volume, an assumption was made that the curves could
also be used t o represent the cummulative runoff du r ing an event. Cal i-
bration should include verification of th is assumption.
8
WH
ER
E:
n
6
--
P =
AC
CU
MU
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D P
RE
CIP
( IN
.or
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.)
15
0
5
1, =
STA
RTI
NG
IN
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L
-11 A
BS
TR
AC
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N ( I
N,
or M
M. )
w
5
--
LA
1
25
S
= S
TAR
TIN
G M
OIS
TUR
E
L
0
25
5
0
75
1
00
12
5 1
50
17
5 2
00
2
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2
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3
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EC
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.
Fig
ure
3.
SC
S
RU
NO
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RO
CE
DU
RE
Since STORM i s a continuous simulation model, a procedure i s needed
t o compute evapotranspiration, i n f i l t r a t i o n from i n i t i a l abstraction,
and percolation during periods of no prec ip i ta t ion. The model computes
the s o i l moisture capacity ( d e f i c i t ) a t the beginning o f each time increment
by the fol lowing equation. Baseflow i s not simulated.
where
A = 0.7 ( ( s M - s ~ _ ~ ) / s M ) ~ (10)
B = ( ( s M - s ~ - ~ ) / s M ) ~ (11)
S = s o i l moisture capacity f o r storage o f water i n inches (mn)
I N = maximum i n f i l t r a t i o n ra te from i n i t i a l abstraction i n inches1
hour (mm/hour)
EV = pan evaporation ra te i n incheslhour (mm/ hour)
MP = maximum s o i l percolation ra te i n incheslhour (mn/hour)
SM = maximum s o i l moisture capacity f o r storage o f water i n inches (mm)
t = time
A t = 1 hour
v = exponent regulating evapotranspiration
p = exponent regulat ing percolation
The exponents v and p should be determined during cal i b ra t i on t o
observed data. Preliminary studies a t HEC indicate that they range from
1.0 t o 5.0. An +increase i n v o r p wiJ.1. cause an increase, i n the surface
runof f . Figure 4 i l l u s t r a t e s a sample o f the manner i n which i n i t i a l
abstraction ( I A ) , s o i l moisture capacity (S), p rec ip i ta t ion (P), and the
resu l t ing runoff (R) are handled by t h i s option i n STORM.
(3) Dry-Weather Flow Quantity. Dry-weather f low i n combined
sewer systems i s of ten a major contr ibutor o f po l lu tants t o the receiving
waters. Capabil i ty has been placed i n t h i s version of STORM t o a1 low the
user t o specify o r compute the quant i ty and qua l i t y o f dry-weather flow.
Previous versions o f STORM d id not have the capabi l i t y t o compute qua1 i ty
o f dry-weather flow a1 though the quant i ty o f pipe storage could be included
i n the watershed storage value.
The quant i ty of dry-weather flow i s produced by domestic, commercial
and indus t r ia l waste water discharges and pipe i n f i l t r a t i o n from ground
water.
Four options f o r computing the quant i ty o f dry-weather f low have
been provided:
(1) Specif ication of the - t o t a l waste water f low (sum o f
domestic, commercial and i ndus t r i a l ) and the i n f i I t r a t i o n
f low i n m i l l i o n gallons per day ( m i l l i o n l i t e r s per day).
( 2 ) Domestic, commercial, indus t r ia l , and i n f i l t r a t i o n flows
speci f ied separately, a l l i n m i l l i o n gallons per day
(mi 11 ion 1 i ters per day).
(3) Speci f icat ion o f the coeff ic ients required i n the fol lowing
equations t o compute each component o f dry-weather flow:
Domestic Flow = cl*Population
Conmercial Flow = c2*Comnercial Area i n acres (hectares)
I ndus t r i a l Flow = cg* Indust r ia l Area i n acres (hectares)
I n f i 1 t r a t i o n Flow = c4*Total Area i n acres (hectares)
where the coe f f i c ien ts have the fo l lowing un i ts :
c1 i n mgd per cap i ta (mi l 1 i o n l i t e r s per day per capi t a )
c2, c3 and c4 i n mgd per acre ( m i l l i on l i t e r s per day per hectare)
(4) Same as Option 3 except t h a t the model assumes the fo l lowing
values f o r the coe f f i c ien ts cl, c2, c3 and c4 [3].
c1 = 0.0001 mgd/capi t a (0.3785 m3/day/capi t a )
c2 = 0.03 mgd/acre (280.5 m3/day/hectare)
c3 = 0.01 mgd/acre (93.5 m3/day/hectare)
c4 = 0.002 mgd/acre (1 8.7 m3/day/ hectare)
Three options f o r d a i l y va r ia t ions i n dry-weather f low have been
provided :
(1) Speci f icat ion of the r a t i o of f low fo r every day o f the
week t o average d a i l y flow.
(2) Default values given i n Table 1 w i l l be used f o r the above ra t i os .
(3) A value o f 1.0 w i l l be used fo r a l l the above ra t ios .
Three options f o r hour ly var ia t ions i n dry-weather f low have been
provided :
Table 1
Default Values for Ratio of Daily Flows to Average
Daily Flows [4]
Dqy
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Ratio
1.08
1.04
0.92
1.03
1 .OO
0.96
0.95
(1) Spec i f icat ion o f the r a t i o o f f low f o r every hour o f the
day t o the average hour ly flow.
(2) Default values given i n Table 2 w i l l be used f o r the
above r a t i 0s.
(3) A value o f 1.0 w i l l be used f o r a l l the above ra t ios .
The dry-weather flow for the I - t h day of the week and J - t h hour o f
the day i s computed as:
where: ADWF = average d a i l y dry-weather flow i n mgd (10 3 m 3 /day)
DVAR(1) = r a t i o o f dry-weather f low f o r day I t o the average
d a i l y dry-weather f l ow
HVAR(J) = r a t i o of dry-weather f low for hour J t o the average
hour ly dry-weather f low
(4) Un i t Hydrograph Procedure. The u n i t hydrograph provides
a means o f rou t ing basin excesses t o the o u t l e t of each subbasin. STORM
employs the Soi 1 Conservation Service t r i angu la r u n i t hydrograph [5]. I t
re l ieves the r e s t r i c t i o n t h a t STORM be appl ied only t o small subbasins
where rou t ing effects could be neglected. The on ly add i t iona l var iables
required t o use the u n i t hydrograph opt ion are the time of concentrat ion
o f the subbasin and the r a t i o o f t ime o f recession t o time t o peak o f the
u n i t hydrograph. The u n i t hydrograph procedure can be used w i t h e i t h e r
Table 2
Ratio o f Hourly Flow t o Average Hourly Flow [4]
Hour - 1 2
3
4 5 6
7 8
9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16
2 7 18 19
20 21
22 23
24
Ratio -
the c o e f f i c i e n t method o r the SCS method o f r uno f f computation. Po l lu tan t
masses are a lso routed by the uni tgraph procedure. The equations f o r the
u n i t hydrograph charac te r i s t i cs are shown below f o r a one hour u n i t
hydrograph ( i n Engl i s h un i t s ) .
where
T~ = t ime t o peak of the u n i t hydrograph (hrs)
Tc = time of concentrat ion o f the subbasin (hrs)
Tr = time of recession o f the u n i t hydrograph (hrs)
A = drainage area i n acres (hectares)
Q = one inch o f surface runoff
Qp = u n i t hydrograph peak i n cfs ( l i t e r s per second)
d. Computation o f t h e Q u a l i t y o f Runoff.
(1) Qua1 i ty o f Surface Runoff. Po l lu tants tend t o accumulate
on the land surface i n many ways. Some o f the most comnon accumulations
occur i n debr is dropped o r scat tered by people, sidewalk sweepings, erosion
and debris from const ruct ion o r renovation, remnants o f household refuse,
residue from automobile exhaust and t i r e s , and the f a l l o u t o f p a r t i c u l a t e
matter from the a i r , I r respec t i ve o f the way i n which po l l u t an t s tend t o
accumulate on the watershed, they can be general ly c l a s s i f i e d i n t o one o f
the fo l lowing categories o f s t r e e t l i t t e r : rags, paper, dust and d i r t ,
vegetation, and inorganics.
Some of the most s i g n i f i c a n t water qua1 i ty parameters include suspended
and se t t leab le so l ids, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, n i t rogen , phosphorous and co l i f o rm bacteria, Other po l l u t an t s found i n storm water
runoff can include pest ic ides, herbicides, and numerous inorganic
consti tuents.
Two methods f o r spec i fy ing pol l u t a n t accumulation are avai 1 able i n
STORM, the dust and d i r t method and the d a i l y po l l u t an t accumulation method.
The dust and d i r t method assumes t h a t a1 1 po l lu tan ts are associated
w i t h the dust and d i r t accumulation i n the streets. A study [6] done i n
Chicago concluded t h a t the most s i g n i f i c a n t category o f s t r e e t l i t t e r i s
dust and d i r t except dur ing the f a l l when organic mater ia l becomes the
dominant component. The Chicago study a lso determined the dust and d i r t
accumulation r a t e i n the s t ree ts o f several t e s t areas and re l a ted the
concentrations o f various po l lu tan ts t o the amount o f dust and d i r t , This
opt ion i n STORM al lows the user t o spec i fy the dust and d i r t accumulation
i n terms of pounds/100 f e e t o f gu t t e r length/day (kg/100 m gutter/day) f o r
each land use. The po l lu tan ts are expressed as f rac t ions o f the dust and
d i r t f o r each land use. This method o f p o l l u t a n t accumulation should no t
be used where a s i g n i f i c a n t por t ion o f the po l lu tan ts come from areas other
than s t ree ts nor where non-urban land uses represent a s i g n i f i c a n t po r t i on
o f the watershed. Use o f the dust and d i r t method on a non-urban watershed
would requi re spec i f i ca t ion o f f i c t i c i o u s s t ree t gu t t e r dens i t ies f o r each
1 and use,
The computation o f the q u a l i t y o f storm water r uno f f using the dust
and d i r t basis involves a continuous analysis o f the accumulation and
washoff o f the dust and d i r t w i t h i n the study area. The amount o f
po l lu tan ts washed i n t o the storm drains and eventual ly t o the treatment
faci 1 i t i e s o r rece iv ing waters i s r e l a ted t o several fac tors inc lud ing
the i n t e n s i t y o f r a i n f a l l , r a te o f runoff , the accumulation o f dust and
d i r t on the watershed and the frequency and e f f i c i ency o f s t r ee t sweeping
operations. The r a t e o f dust and d i r t accumulation, DDL, f o r a given land
use, L, can be expressed as:
where
DDL = r a t e o f dust and d i r t accumulation on land use L i n Ibslday
(Kgslday
ddL = r a t e o f dust and d i r t accumulation f o r land use L i n lbs/day/100
f e e t of gu t t e r (Kgs/day/100 m o f gu t t e r )
GL = feet (m) o f s t r ee t gu t t e r per acre (hectare) f o r land use L
AL = area o f land use L i n acres (hectares)
If the number of days since the last runoff i s less than the street
sweeping interval, the initial quanti ty of a pollutant p on land use L
a t the beginning of a storm i s computed as:
where
P~ = total pounds (Kgs) of pollutant p on land use t a t the
beginning of the storm
Fp = pounds (Kgs) of pollutant p per pound (Kg) of dust and dir t
ND = number of days without runoff since the last storm
P ~ o = total pounds (Kgs) of pollutant remaining on land use L a t
the end of the last storm.
If the number of days without runoff i s greater than the street
sweeping interval , the fol 1 owi ng expression i s used :
where
N, = number of days between street sweepings
n = number of times the street was swept since the last storm
E = efficiency of the street sweeping, expressed as a fraction
Fina l l y , the expression used t o compute the hour ly r a te a t which
po l lu tan ts are washed o f f the watershed i s
where
RI = runoff r a t e i n inches/hour (mm/hour) from impervious surfaces
f o r the coe f f i c ien t method o r t o t a l r uno f f for the SCS method
and combination method.
K = washoff decay c o e f f i c i e n t
This equation must be modified, however, because no t a l l o f the dust
and d i r t on the watershed i s ava i lab le f o r inc lus ion i n the runo f f a t a
given time. The fo l low ing se t o f equations i s used t o ca lcu la te the hour ly
r a t e o f washoff, M, o f the suspended so l ids (sus), se t t leab le so l ids (set ) ,
biochemical oxygen demand (bod), t o t a l n i t rogen ( n i t ) , t o t a l orthophosphate
(PO4) and t o t a l co l i f o rm (Col i ) .
- Msus - Psus EXPT
where
*S us = avai 1 abi 1 i ty o f suspended materi a1
= A P EXPT Mset se t se t
where
= avai l a b i 1 i ty of se t t l eab le materi a1
= 0.028 + R ~ ~ * ~
Mbod = Pbod EXPT + O.lOMsus + 0.02Mset
- Mni t - 'n i t EXPT + 0.05Msus + O.O1MSet
M~04 = P P04 EXPT + 0.005MSuS + O.OOIN se t -
'col i - 'col i EXPT
I f some o f the runo f f i s l o s t due t o the d ivers ion option, the
po l l u t an t washoff i s reduced by the r a t i o o f the f lows before and a f t e r
diversion. That i s
where
= pounds/hour (kgs/hour) o f po l l u t an t p a f t e r d ivers ion
M~ = pounds/hour (kgs/hour ) o r po l l u t a n t p before d ive rs i on
R = r uno f f a f t e r d ivers ion i n inches (mm)
r = runo f f before d ivers ion i n inches (mm)
The second method o f po l l u t an t accumulation i s the d a i l y po l l u t an t
accumulation method. It i s t o be used i n watersheds where a s i g n i f i c a n t
por t ion o f the po l lu tan ts are assumed t o come from areas o ther than s t ree ts
o r where a s ignif icant portion of the land uses are non-urban. The method
requires only average daily accumulation rates for each pollutant. Dust
and dirt accumulation rates are not required. Street sweeping i s not
allowed w i t h this method.
(2 ) Qua1 i ty of Dry-Weather Flow. The qua1 i ty constituents
predicted by the dry-weather flow portion of STORM are the same as those
predicted by the surface runoff portion. These are suspended so l ids ,
se t t leable sol i d s , biochemical oxygen demand, to ta l nitrogen, to ta l
orthophosphate, and to ta l co l i fom. Four options are also provided for
computation of quality of dry-weather flow. The same option - must be used
for quality as f o r quantity: (see page 15)
(1) Specification of the - total daily pollutant loads for the
f irst five constituents i n pounds per day (kg$ per day)
and coliforms i n b i l l ion MPN (Most Probable Number) per day.
( 2 ) Specification of domestic, commercial, industr ial , and
pipe in f i l t r a t ion pollutant loading rates i n pounds per
day (kgs per day) fo r the f i r s t f ive constituents and
coliforms i n bi l l ion MPN per day.
(3) Specification of the coefficients ((B(1 ,J), J = 1 ,6 ) , I = 1,4)
required i n the fol 1 owing equations t o compute each component:
Domestic Loads-:
Suspended Sol i d s = B(l ,I )*Population
S e t t l e a b l e So l ids = B(1,2)*Population
Biochemical Oxygen Demand = B(l,3)*Population
N i trogen = B(1,4)*Population
Orthophosphate = B(l ,5)*Populati on
Col i forms = B(1,6)*Popul a t i on
Commerci a 1 Loads :
Suspended Sol i d s = B(2 ,I )*Commercial Area i n ac res (hec ta res )
S e t t l e a b l e Sol ids= B(2,2)*Commercial Area i n ac res (hectares)
Col i forms = B(2,6)*Commercial Area i n ac res (hectares)
Indus t r i a1 Loads :
Suspended Sol i d s = B(3 ,I )*Industr ial Area i n ac res (hectares)
S e t t l e a b l e Sol i d s = B(3,2)*Industri a1 Area i n acres (hectares)
Col iforms = B(3,6)*Industrial Area i n ac res (hectares)
I n f i l t r a t i o n Loads:
Suspended So l ids = B(4,1)*Total Area i n acres (hec ta res )
S e t t l e a b l e So l ids = B(4,2)*Total Area i n ac res (hec ta res )
Co 1 i forms = B(4,6)*Total Area i n ac res (hectares)
where the coefficients have the following units:
( ~ ( 1 , J ) , J = 1,5) i n pounds (kgs) per capita per day
B(1,6) i n billion MPN per capita per day
( ( B ( I , J ) , I = 2,4), J = 1,5) i n pounds per acre per day (kgs per
hectare per day).
(B(1,6), I = 2,4) i n billion MPN per acre per day (billion MPN per
hectare per day),
(4) Same as Option No. 3 except that the default values shown
i n Table 3 a re used for the coefficients,
The option used for dry-weather flow quality computations must be
the same as that used for the dry-weather flow quantity computations,
Option No. 1 i s the most accurate since i t uses data from the
prototype system, Option No, 2 can be used where estimates of the
individual components can be computed. Option No. 3 requires typical
coefficients for each component. Option No. 4 should be used only as
a l a s t resort since the default values may not be appropriate for the
prototype system.
e. Computation of Storage, Treatment and Overflow. Computations of
treatment, storage, and overflow are accompl ished on an hourly basis throughout
the rainfall/snowmelt record. Periods of no rain are skipped, The number of
dry hours i s used for various purposes including recovery of soil moisture
Table 3
Default Values for Coefficients Used i n Computation of
Dry-Weather Flow Qua1 i t y [7], El61
Values of B(1,J) (I=use, J=pollutant)
Domes - Comer - Indus- Inf i 1 t ra - t i c (1) cia1 ( 2 ) t r i a l (3) tion (4)
Suspended 0.22 0.33 0.44 0. Solids (1)
Settleable 0. 22 0.33 0.44 0. Sol i d s (2)
BOD (3) 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.
Coliforms (6) 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.
(b i l l ion YPN/ (bi 11 ion !l~N/acre/day) capi ta/day)
Note: Values fo r Comnercial and Industrial may vary over large ranges,
storage capab i l i t y . Every hour i n which runoff (may inc lude dry-weather f low)
occurs, the treatment f a c i l i t i e s are u t i l i z e d t o t r e a t as much r u n o f f as
possible. When the runo f f r a t e exceeds the treatment ra te , storage i s u t i l i z e d
t o contain the runo f f , When runo f f i s l ess than the treatment ra te , the excess
treatment r a t e i s u t i l i z e d t o d iminish the storage l eve l . I f the storage
capaci ty i s exceeded, a l l excess r u n o f f i s considered overf low and does not
pass through the storage f a c i l i t y . This overf low i s l o s t from the system and
cannot be t rea ted l a t e r , While the storm r u n o f f i s i n storage i t s age i s
increasing. Various methods o f aging are used inc lud ing average, f i r s t - i n :
las t -out , f i r s t - i n : f i r s t out, o r others, depending on the i n l e t and o u t l e t
conf igurat ions o f the storage reservo i r . This vers ion o f STORM does no t
compute the amount o f p o l l u t a n t reduct ion due t o sett lement o f so1 i d s wh i le
i n storage.
The computation o f storage and the in te rp lays among r a i n f a l l /snowme1 t , storage, and treatment represent a s i m p l i s t i c approach t o d i v i d i n g a ra i n -
f a l l record i n t o unique events such t h a t the event i s defined i n terms o f
the charac te r i s t i cs o f the urban system. For example, whether two "storms"
are considered as two i so l a ted occurrences o r as one la rge storm i s e n t i r e l y
dependent upon how the system w i l l r eac t t o them. I f the system has not
recovered from the f i r s t when the second ar r ives, the two d e f i n i t e l y w i l l
i n t e r a c t and hence must be considered together. An "event" i s defined,
therefore, as beginning when storage i s requ i red and cont inu ing u n t i l the
storage reservo i r i s emptied, A l l the r a i n f a l l occurr ing w i t h i n t h i s per iod
i s p a r t of the same event, I f r u n o f f p lus dry-weather flow does not exceed
the treatment ra te , the r e s u l t i n g waste water w i l l pass through the t r ea t -
ment process wi thout causing an event. From the standpoint o f the storm
water system, such p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s inconsequential and hence i s no t p a r t
o f an event even i f i t should occur imnediately before an event.
The quan t i t y o f the system overflows are computed by
QT = minimum o f (R + QS , T) t -1
QS = minimum o f (R - QT,S)
where
Qo = basin inches (mm) o f runo f f overf low
QT = basin inches (mm) o f r uno f f t rea ted
Qs = basin inches (mn) o f r uno f f stored
Qs = basin inches (mm) o f storage remaining i n previous hour t -1
R = basin inches (mm) o f r u n o f f p l us dry-weather f low (routed)
T = treatment r a t e i n basin inches/hour (mm/hour)
S = storage capaci ty i n basin inches (mm)
The qua1 i t y of the system overflows are computed as fo l lows f o r each
po l l u t an t f o r each hour,
M ~ o = M6(Qo/R)
M p ~ / s ' M6 - Mpo
where
M ~ o = t o t a l pounds (kg) of po l l u t an t p overf lowing from system M i = t o t a l pounds (kg) o f pol l u t a n t p coming i n t o the system as
computed by equation (29)
M ~ ~ / s = t o t a l pounds (kg) o f po l l u t an t p going t o storageltreatment
sys tem
This version of STORM does no t model the biochemical aspects o f the
treatment process, It merely computes the quan t i t y o f water treated.
I f the dry-weather f l ow op t ion i s used, the treatment r a t e spec i f i ed by
the user should, i n general, be greater than the average dry-weather flow.
Otherwise, a continuous combined sewer overf low w i 11 occur requ i ri ng
continuous storage.
f. Computation o f Land Surface Erosion.
(1 ) The Universal S o i l Loss Equation. The universal so i l - l oss
equation i s used t o ca lcu la te land surface erosion. [a]
SER = EI*K*LS*C*P*SDR (35)
where
SER = land surface erosion from the subbasin i n tonslacre (metr ic
tonslhectare) f o r the event
E I = r a i n f a l l f ac to r based on r a i n f a l l/snowmel t erosive energy
K = s o i l e r o d i b i l i t y f a c t o r based on s o i l propert ies
LS = length-slope fac tor , a function of ground surface slope (s) and
overland f low length (L) as fo l lows:
C = cropping-management factor , represent ing the character and extent
of ground cover (grass, b~ash , trees, etc.)
P = erosion-control p rac t i ce fac tor , intended t o represent manmade
erosion cont ro l pract ices o r st ructures,
SDR = sediment de l i ve ry r a t i o
Rain fa l l Factor. Although the r a i n f a l l f ac to r i s ca lcu la ted from
r a i n f a l l i n t ens i t y , i t i s based on raindrop s i ze versus terminal ve l oc i t y
as determined by a regression equation. A basic assumption i s t h a t r a i n
storm events west o f the Rocky Mountains produce r a i n drops which obey
the same regression equation as the one f o r storms east of the Rocky
Ftountains. Snowfall, however, produces no impact energy and ye t , the
r e s u l t i n g runoff produces 1 and surface erosion. Therefore, the E I value
from snowmelt i s a r b i t r a r i l y decreased t o 1/3 of the value f o r an equivalent
r a i n f a l l excess.
Length-Slope Factor. The length used i n t h i s f a c t o r should be the
overland f low distance t o the po in t where a stream o r g u l l y i s encountered.
Construct ion can change t h i s distance. Slope length would then be measured.
as the l o t dimension i n the d i r ec t i on o f ground surface slope, The
ob jec t i ve i s t o r e l a t e the length o f the slope being analyzed t o the
length o f the standard s o i l erosion t e s t p l o t s used by the SCS t o develop
the s o i l erosion coe f f i c ien ts .
Cropping-Management Factor. is used t o reduce erosion r a t e due t o the
presence o f ground cover. Table 4 contains suggested values.
Table 4. Ground Cover Factors
Ground Cover C Factor o r Treatment % Remaf ks
Bare ground 1 00
Seed and f e r t i l i z e r [ 91 6 0 During 18-20 mo. constr, period
Seed, f e r t i l i z e r & straw mulch [ 9 1 30 I# @I I# I( I(
Erosion control chemicals A&B 9 0 )I (I I( I t 11
Erosion control chemical X [ 9 1 60 I( II #I I t II
Grass cover [ lo] 1
Land denuded by f i r e (judgment) 100
Erosion Control Practice Factor. Table 5 contains suggested values.
Table 5. Erosion Control Practice Factors L101
Practice Land Slope (%) !L@l No cons i de ra t i on - 100
Contouring e l2 6 0
Contouring 12-18 80
Contouring 18-24 90
Contour str ipcropping <I2 4 0
Contour s t r i pcropping 12-18 6 0
Contour str ipcropping 18-24 70
The values suggested f o r C and P are subjective; therefore, f i e l d
v e r i f i c a t i o n i s needed. The Soi 1 Conservation Service shoul d be
consulted f o r addl t i ona l information regarding local conditions.
(2) Erosion by Soil Type. Default values for the so i l erosion
variables, except fo r EI, are coded into the computer program so tha t one
need only specify the so i l type by i t s c lassif icat ion code (BtB , HaC, . . . , etc . ) in order t o calculate the erosion ra te and total erosion. An example
of a procedure for u t i l iz ing a so i l map t o code so i l s information is
described i n the fol lowing paragraphs.
The program does not require the user t o code a l l of every so i l
type i n the study area. One or more representative sample areas can be
coded and the program will "scale up" the so i l erosion variables t o the
en t i r e study area. For example, the so i l types, columns (1) and (4) i n
Table 6 were coded from the 1/2 square mile ,sample area shown on Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Table 6. Sampling Soil Types i n a Study Area
Soi 1 No. of % of Soi 1 No. o f % of Type Grid Points Study TY pe Grfd Points Study - (sample) - Area - (sampl e) Area -
(1 1 (2) (3) (41 (5) ( 6")
L bC 3 .7 BeB 7 1.7
Cac 3 .7 Pte 5 1.2
P t D 6 1.4 P t B 5 1.2
C i D 4 1 ,O LaD 17 4.0
DaT 4 1.0 P t B 2 . 5
C i D 12 2.9 PtD 3 .7
P t C 12 2.9 P t C - 2 - .5 - TOTAL 104 25.0
Figure 5. Soi l Map
A g r i d sampling technique was used t o obtain the sample data i n which
a 1/2 square m i l e g r i d has 104 points, The numbers o f po in ts i n various
s o i l groups i n the sample are shown i n columns (2) and (5). The percent
o f the t o t a l 2 square m i l e study area i s calculated by d i v i d i ng the number
o f points f o r each s o i l type by the number o f g r i d po in ts i n the t o t a l
study area (41 6).
( 3 ) Erosion During and After Construction. When evaluating the
impact of a development on land surface erosion, L , S, C and P may be
specified for each land use. The soil type codes are used again to identify
the soil types i n each land use category. The program will then calculate
erosion rate, erosion, and washoff of dust and dirt from impervious areas
for a single storm or for the period of record. One can calculate erosion
during construction or du r ing some other phase of land management by varying
C and P. 7be increase or decrease i n land surface erosion due to ultimate
development or interim construction practice can be estimated by comparing
these resul t s w i t h those representing natural conditions .
(4) Erosion by Land Use. When computing land surface erosion
by l a n d use, one must specify the variables for equation (35) for each
land use. I t i s d i f f icul t to select one average value for each land use
since there are so many different so5 1 types. Therefore, the capabi 1 i t y
of specifying each set of soil properties and erosion control practices
as a percent of the total area for that land use i s provided. The program
weights and combines these distributed properties into one representative
value for that land use called "potential soil erosion factor", Each
land use may be sampled independently. There i s no program limit t o the
number of samples or the number of soil types. Some samples may account
for 100 percent of that land use category while others i n the same data
se t may not.
(5) Sediment Delivery Rat io (SDR). The soil erosion equation
(35) predicts the erosion rate a t the point where soil i s dislodged. Other
factors are important i n determining the fraction of erosion that reaches
the outlet of the watershed. Sediment will deposit i n the surface and
subsurface conveyance systems, streets , sediment traps and on adjacent
areas. The size of sediment particles, flow w i d t h , flow depth, flow
velocity and change i n energy slope are among the important factors in the
determination of the portion of eroded soil that i s delivered to the outlet
of the watershed.
STORM lumps the effects of the important sediment delivery factors
into an empirical coefficient called the Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR).
I t replaces al l of the complex equations required to model sediment transport
in conveyance systems and movement of sediment in overland flow. Table 7
presents average sediment del i very ratios for various size drainage areas.
The data used to develop the relationship were taken from several studies
[I 5). Dependable results require cal i bration of the SDR using observed data.
Table 7, Sediment Delivery Ratios Sediment
Drai nage Area Del i very Drainage Area Square Miles Ratio Square Miles
Sediment Delivery
Ratio .21 .18 012 .09 .05
The land surface erosion option is intended to be used where onlv
sediment production i s to be studied. Sediment loads calculated by this
option are not added to the suspended or setteable solids loads and therefore
are no t reflected in pollutograph, event or annual values of suspended and
settleable solids. In studies where soil erosion may be a contributor, b u t
no t necessarily the major source, the loading coefficients f o r suspended
and settleable sol ids must be adjusted i n order for the soil erosion to be
reflected i n the qua l i ty output.
5. PROGRAM OPERATION
a. Computational Procedure. A sumnary o f the computational procedure
i s shown i n Figure 6. Some of the computations may be bypassed depending
upon the program options speci f ied. Basic data are read i n the f i r s t
b lock i n c l udi ng:
Job speci f i c a t i ons 1
Hourly p r e c i p i t a t i o n record ava i lab le on magnetic tape from
Da i l y temperature record the National Weather Service, Ashevil l e , North Carol ina
Land use data inc lud ing runo f f parameters
Pol l u t a n t accumulation and washoff data
Land surface erosion data
The e n t i r e ra in fa l l /snonmel t record i s processed f o r each storage/
treatment a l te rna t i ve .
b. 1/0 Un i t Assignments and Program Specif icat ions, The program
requires a minimum of one tape/disk u n i t i f r a i n f a l l data i s read from
cards and on ly the quan t i t y analysis i s generated. The f o l lowing u n i t
assignments are necessary f o r the ind icated options,
FORTRAN Logical Un i t
I N ( Input var iab le)
ITAPE ( Input va r iab le )
Opt i on
Input p r e c i p i t a t i o n record from tape/ d i sk " IN "
Input temperature record from tape/di s k "ITAPE"
Scratch f i l e f o r So i l Erosion Analysis
Working storage f o r snowmel t computation
Working storage f o r p rec ip i t a t i on record
Output f i l e f o r Qua1 i t y Analysis
Output f i l e f o r Pol 1 utogra?h Anal ys i s
Output f i l e f o r So i l Erosion Analysis
STORM
COMPUTATION PROCEDURE
START 7' READ BASIC DATA CREATE RAINFALL RECORD ON TAPE
,Ah \ READ TEMPERATURE / YES AND
SNOWMELT DATA
I NO 4
CREATE RAINFALL - - - - /SNOWMELT RECORD
b ON TAPE 11
READ DRY WEATHER
EOUIRED ? FLOW DATA
AND QUALITY OF DRY WEATHER FLOW
ON A WEEKLY PATTERN
READ STORAGE
TREATMENT
COMPUTE RUNOFF QUANTITY AND
OVERRIDE 0 IF INPUT HYDROGRAPHS USED. ACCUMULATE RAINFALL /SNOWMELT ENERGY APPLY DIVERSION APPLY UNIT HYDROGRAPH
Figure 6 ( 1 of 2 )
Y E S STORERUNOFFTO DRY WEATHER FLOW) CAPACITY, OVERFLOW ,-
REMAINDER TREATMENT
COMPUTE QUANTITY ACCUMULATE QUANTITY OF WASTE WATER AND QUALITY INFORMATI0
COMPUTE LAND SURFACE EROSION.
,
OF RAINFALL/ COMPUTE
SNOW MELT SUMMARY INFORMATION
8
Figure 6 (2 of 2 )
A maximum of 6 tape/disk units are required during a given run. The
rainfall record need not be read and edited for each run. The working
tape/disk on unit 12 can be saved and used as input for successive runs
where snowmel t is not computed. Similarly, snowmel t computations need
not be recomputed for each job. Once the snowmelt computations are
satisfactory, the working tape/disk on unit 1 1 can be saved for successive
runs. The variable IN then specifies input on unit 11. The Input
Description (Appendix B ) describes the tape/di s k options.
In addition to the tape/disk units previously mentioned, the program
uses a card reader and a 132 position line printer. Some other specifi-
cations of the program operation are shown below.
CDC 7600
Core storage, decimal words 48,640
Compi lati on time, CPU seconds 2.8
Execution of Test 1, CPU seconds
Execution of Test 2, CPU seconds
Execution of Test 3, CPU seconds 0.6
Execution of Test 4, CPU seconds 2.2
c. Computer System Implementation Notes. The STORM model has been
generalized as much as possible to permit easy implementation on four ma,jor
computer systems: UNIVAC 1108; IBM 360; IBM 370; and CDC 7600. The source
program that has been provided is operable on a CDC 7600 with addition of a
PROGRAM card. Certain changes are necessary in order to operate the program
on the other three computer systems. These changes are due t o TAPE hand1 i ng
procedures, and END OF FILE checks. The fo l lowing paragraphs explain the
changes and t h e i r locat ions.
SCRATCH and/or INPUT Tape/Disk Usage. Two data inpu t un i t s may be used as
i d e n t i f i e d by var iab le " I N " and "ITAPE" on the C1 and D l input cards,
respect ively. S ix SCRATCH un i t s are a lso required. Un i t 12 i s designated
f o r r a i n f a l l and un i t s 11 and 12 fo r r a i n f a l l and snowmelt. Un i t 1 i s
required t o accommodate decoding alphanumeric s o i l c l ass i f i ca t i ons i n
subroutine ERODE. Un i ts 13, 14, and 15 are used for s t o r i ng output in for -
mation dur ing processing and are p r i n ted a t the conclusion o f the run by
subroutine PRT, SCRATCH and 1/0 un i t s are defined a t card sequence # I s
1154-1159, 1194-1196, 1214-1216, 1224, 3627301, 6206, and 6208.
UNIVAC 1108. No change necessary if assigned un i t s conform t o standard
un i t s on the system.
CDC The "Program" card establ ishes the SCRATCH and 110 un i t s :
PROGRAM STORM( INPUT ,OUTPUT ,TAPE5=INPlJTyTAPE6=OUTPUT9TAPEl ,TAPE1 1 9
TAPE12,TAPE13,TAPE14,TAPE15)
IBM //FTOIFOOI DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(TRK,(I ,I ) )
//FTllF001 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(CYL, (5,2) )
//FT12F001 DD UNIT=SYSDA,SPACE=(CYL,(5,2) )
TAPE11 and TAPE12 are w r i t t e n i n unformatted binary form. They can be saved
f o r use i n subsequent runs t o reduce processing time. A s ing le r a i n f a l l /
snowmelt day consists o f 26 words and each record contains 200 days fo r the
t o t a l o f 5,200 words.
SCRATCH output f i l e s on the IBM 370 must be specified by JCL as follows:
//FT15F001 DD UNIT-SYSDA ,SPACE= (1 33, (500,50) ) , / / DCB=(RECRd=FB ,LRECL=l33,BLKSIZE=133)
END-OF-FILE. Subroutines STORM, INPUT, PRT and SKPFIL use FORTRAN -
end-of-file checks which have not been standardized on a l l computer systems.
Refer t o card sequence numbers 1110-1117, 4651-4662, 5729-5732, 6114-6124
f o r information on the necessary changes.
6. MODEL USAGE
The STORM model can be used f o r two important planning components of
a storm water study. These are:
a. Prediction of Wet-Weather Pollutographs (Mass Loading Curves) f o r
Use i n a Receiving Water Assessment Model. These pollutographs can include
both surface runoff and dry-weather flow. Since the computations a r e based
on land use, the predictions can represent ex i s t ing conditions o r any o ther
land use conditions. The impact of land use change can, therefore , be
evaluated.
b. Preliminary Sizing of Storage and Treatment F a c i l i t i e s t o Sa t i s fy
Desired Cr i te r ia f o r Control of Storm Water Runoff. The model can analyze
a matrix of storages and treatment ra tes . Results include s t a t i s t i c a l infor-
mation on quanti ty and qua l i ty of washoff of pol lutants and so i l erosion,
as well as s t a t i s t i c a l information on the quant i ty and qua l i ty of storage
overflows fo r each combination of storage and treatment r a t e .
Before the model can be used i n these analyses, ce r ta in model parameters
must be cal ibra ted t o observed quant i ty , qua l i ty and erosion data.
Runoff volumes can be surnmari zed and compared with h i s to r ica l runoff.
This comparison will a s s i s t parameter adjustment fo r the long term water
balance. Pol 1 utographs may be requested fo r selected events and fu r ther
ca l ib ra t ion made t o reproduce hourly runoff volumes or pollutant loadings.
Detailed recommendations on the ca l ib ra t ion and application of STORM wi l l
be found in the HEC report "Guidelines f o r the Calibration and Application
of STORM" [ I l l .
7. INPUT STRUCTURE
A detai led description of the STORM input data i s given i n Appendix B.
Data a re input on cards and cer ta in tape/disk units .
8. PROGRAM OUTPUT
The STORM program produces four output reports:
Quanti ty Analysis
Qua l i ty Analysis
Pol lutograph Analysis
Land Surface Erosion Analysis
The quant i ty analysis repor t i s generated d i rec t lv on the l i n e p r in t e r
as the program executes. The other three reports a re generated concurrently
on tape/disk and automatically printed a t the end of the job. Input
variables allow control of the level of printout which may be summary only,
a l l events, and/or de ta i l ed analysis of se lected events. The quanti ty and
qua1 i t y reports a1 so include average annual s t a t i s t i c s of the ra in fa l I /
snowmelt, runoff, pol lutant washoff and the quanti ty, qua l i ty and frequency
of overflows t o the r e c e i v i n g water. The land surface erosion r e p o r t shows
average annual values f o r sediment production and d e l i v e r y t o the r e c e i v i n g
system. The input and output f o r several t e s t problems i s shown i n Appendix A.
9. REFERENCES
1. Resource Analysis, Inc., "Modifications to the STORM Program,"
January 1975.
2. U .S. Soil Conservation Service, "Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds, "
TR NO. 55, January 1975.
3. American Society of Civil Engineers, "Design and Construction of
Sanitary and Storm Sewers," New York, 1970.
4. Huber, W. C., et . a1 . , "Storm Water Management Model , " Users Manual , Version I I, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Environmental Research Center,
March 1975.
5. Victor Mockus, et.al . , U.S. Soil Conservation Service, "National Engineering Handbook, Section 4, Hydrology," 1964, with revisions
o f 1969.
6 . American Pub1 ic Works Association, "Water Pol 1 ution Aspects of Urban
Runoff," Water Pollution Control Research Series, Federal Water
Pol 1 ution Control Administration, Report No. WP-20-15, January 1969.
7. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., University of Florida, Water Resources
Engineers, Inc., "Storm Water Management Model , " Water Pol l ution
Control Research Series, EPA Report Nos. 11024-DOC-07/71 through
11 024-DOC-1 0/71, July 1971.
8. Wischmeier, Walter H. and Dwight D. Smith, "Rainfall Energy and
Its Re1 ationship to Soil Loss, " Transactions, American Geophysical
Union, Vol. 39, No. 2, April 1958.
9. Brandt, G. t l . , et .a1 . , "An Economic Anal.ysis of Erosion and Sediment Control Measures for Watersheds Undergoing Urbanization, " the Dow
Chemical Company, Contract No. 14-31-0001-3392, February 1972, p. 85. -
10. "Rainfall - Erosion Losses from Cropland East of the Rocky Mountains,"
Agriculture Handbook No. 282, Government Printing Office, Washington,
D. C. , 1965.
11. Abbott, J. W. ,"Guidelines f o r Calibration and Application of the
STORM Model ," The Hydro1 ogi c Engineering Center, U . S. Army Corps
of Engineers , Davi s , Cal i forni a , October 1977.
12. CH2M Hill, Inc., Water Resources Management Study,"Hydrocomp Simu-
1 a t ion Programming Water Qua1 i t y Users Manual Supplement ," Apri 1 1974.
13. Kramer, C h i n and Mayo; Water Resources Engineers, Yoder, T ro t t e r ,
Orlob and Associates, f o r the S e a t t l e D i s t r i c t U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers , "Envi ronmental Planning f o r the Metropol i tan Area, Cedar
Green River Basin, Washington, Urban Drainage Study;Appendix C Storm
Water Monitoring Program, December 1974.
14. Nichandros , H. M, , Water Resources Engineers, Inc. ,"Documentation of
t he Urban Stormwater Program STORM" fo r the Hydrologic Engineering
Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Davis, California , March 1973.
15. Renfro, Graham W. , Present and Prospective Techno1 ogy f o r Predicting
Sediment Yields and Sources, "Use of Erosion Equations and Sediment
Del ivery Ratios f o r Predicting Sediment Yield", Proceedings of the
Sediment Yield Workshop, USDA Sedimentation Lab. , Oxford, Nissi ss ippi , November 28-30, 1972.
16, McGauhey, P. H. , "Engineering Management of Water Qua1 i t y , " YcGraw
Hi1 1 Book Company, 'Jew York, New York, 1968.
APPENDIX A
Test Problems
Table o f Contents
Test No. Major Options Page
1. Quanti ty Analysis A- 1
2. Quant i ty and Qua1 i t y Analyses, Snowmel t , Unit Hydrographs A-26
3, Quanti ty and Q u a l i t y Analyses, Dry Weather Flow, bletric Units A-58
4. Rainfall-Runoff Analysis, Land Surface Erosion Analysis A-76
TEST DATA SET 1 QUANTITY ANALYSIS
T h i s t e s t data s e t contains a sample run exercising only the storage
volume and treatment rate (quantity) options i n STORM, Three years of
rainfal l data are used a1 though the program will handle many years. The
length of record should be based on study needs and s t a t i s t i c a l consid-
eration, i , e , , whether a short record accurately represents long term
conditions,
Two treatment rates are investigated. The storage-uti 1 ization curve
i s plotted for each combination. Printout level is reduced to sumnary
only f o r the second treatment rate. The following pages contain a l i s t i n g
of the data deck for Test Data Set 1 and the resul ts .
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APPENDIX A
TEST DATA SET 2 QUANTITY AND QUALITY ANALYSES, SNOWMELT, UNIT HY DROGRAPHS
Test Data Set 2 uses the snowrnelt option i n STORM. I t a l so provides
both a quantity and quality analysis of surface runoff. The Soil Conser-
vation Service Techniques a re used fo r computing quantity of runoff as
well as the character is t ics of the unit hydrograph. The input hydrograph
option is exercised t o demonstrate tha t computed hydrographs can be
rep1 aced w i t h user desi red observed hydrographs (dimensioned fo r 100
consecutive days of input hydrograghs). A one year sample rainfal l record
i s used. Pollutant accumulation rates are expressed i n terms of pounds/
acre/day. Hourly pollutographs are computed fo r several selected events
t o i l l u s t r a t e calibration of the model using observed runoff quantity and
quality data f o r these events. The following pages contain the input and
output fo r Test Data Set 2.
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APPENDIX A
TEST DATA SET 3 QUANTITY AND QUALITY ANALYSES, DRY WEATHER FLOW, METRIC UNITS
Test Data Set 3 provides a quan t i t y and q u a l i t y analysis t h a t includes
d ry weather flow. Dry weather f low i s the r e s u l t o f domestic, comnercial
and i n d u s t r i a l waste water discharges and p ipe i n f i l t r a t i o n from ground
water. The dust and d i r t method o f po l l u t an t accumulation i s used. A l l
i npu t and output i s i n metr ic un i t s . Hourly pol lutographs are computed
f o r three selected events. The f o l l ow ing pages contain the inpu t and
output f o r Test Data Set 3.
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APPENDIX A
TEST DATA SET 4 RAINFALL-RUNOFF ANALYSIS, LAND SURFACE EROSION ANALYSIS
Test Data Set 4 presents a sample run using the land surface erosion
analysis i n STORM. A s ing le year o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n data i s used t o "dr ive"
the erosion analysis, Erosion i s predicted from both urban and nonurban
land uses f o r three selected events. A t o t a l f o r the year i s a lso
presented. The fo l low ing pages contain the inpu t and output from Test
Data Set 4.
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STORM USERS MANUAL
APPENDIX B
INPUT DATA DESCRIPTION
VERSION 2.7
AiiG'UST T977
Each inpu t card i s described i n d e t a i l below. Variable locat ions on
each card are shown by f i e l d number. Most cards are div ided i n t o ten
f ie lds of e igh t columns each except f i e l d 1. Variables occurring i n f i e l d
1 may only occupy card columns 3-8 because card columns 1 and 2 are reserved
for the card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n alphanumeric characters. The card I d e n t i f i c a t i o n
characters w i l l be re fe r red t o as f i e l d zero. Cards w i t h a d i f f e r e n t format
are so noted. V
The magnitudes and condi t ions f o r each var iab le are described. Some
var iables simply ind ica te whether a program opt ion i s t o be used o r no t by
using the integers 0 o r 1. Other var iables contain numbers which express
the magnitude o f the var iable. A p lus s ign (+) i s shown under "Value" where
the numerical value i s t o be entered. When the magnitude o f a var iable i s
zero, the corresponding f i e l d may be l e f t blank since a blank f i e l d i s read
as zero. "AN" r e fe r s t o alphanumeric characters.
A Cards ( three cards required)
Three t f t l e cards A l , A2, and A3 f o r output t i t l e ,
F i e l d - Variable Descr ipt ion
0 A l , A2, A3 Card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n i n columns 1 and 2,
1-10 NTITLE AN Job t i t l e information, preferab ly centered i n columns 3-80
Thi rd t i t l e card w i l l be used as a pa r t o f the heading on each page o f output.
B Cards (two cards required)
Job Spec i f icat ion Cards.
B1 Card (required)
F i e l d Variable Val ue - 0 91
1 NWSHD +
2 I SNO 0
3 ISED 0
4 IQUAL I)
Descr ipt ion
Card i den t i f i ca t i on .
Number o f subbasins t o be analyzed. Cal ls f o r NWSHD sequences o f E through T cards as required. Default = 1.
No snowmelt computations w i l l be made. O m i t D cards.
Snowmel t computat i on w i 1 1 be made. Include D cards.
No 1 and surface erosion computati ons w i l l be made, W i t P I through R cards.
Land surface erosion computations w i l l be made. Include P I through R cards.
No runo f f qual i t y computations w i l l be made, O m i t F2 cards.
Runoff qual i ty computations w i 11 be made. Include F2 cards.
B1 Card (cont'd)
Field Vari a bl e - Val ue
5 IEVNT 0
6 IODWF 0
7 I DVAR 1
3
8 IHVAR 1
Description
No hourly pol 1 utographs wi 1 1 be computed, IPOLMX (T2-3) will be zero.
Hourly pol lutographs w i 11 be computed. IPOLMX (T2-3) will be greater than zero.
No dry-weather flow computations w i 11 be made. Omit F3-F19 cards.
Dry-weather flow computations w i 11 be made using Option do. 1. Include F3 card,
Dry-weather flow computations will be made using Option No. 2, Include F4- F7 cards,
Dry-weat her f l ow computations w i 1 1 be made using Option No. 3, Include F8- F11 cards,
Dry-weather flow computations will be made using Option No. 4. O m i t F3-F19 cards.
Daily variations i n dry-weather flow w i 1 1 be computed using Option No, 1 , Include F12 card.
Daily variations In dry-weather flow will be computed using Option No. 2, Omit F12 card,
No daily variations i n dry-weather flow will be computed. hit F12 card,
Hourly variation i n dry-weather flow will be computed using Option No, 1. I n c l d e F13 cards.
Hourly variations i n dry-weather flow will be computed using Option No. 2. Omi t F13 cards,
No hourly variations i n dry-weather flow will be computed, O m i t F13 cards,
I31 Card (cont'd)
F ie ld - Variable Val ue Description
9 IHPVAR 0 No hourly var ia t ion i n dry-weather f low po l l u t i on loading w i l l be computed, O m i t F14-F19 cards,
1 Hourly var ia t ion i n dry-weather f low po l l u t i on loading w i l l be computed. I nc l ude F14-F19 cards.
82 Card (required)
Climatic Bata,
F i e l d - Variable
0
1 NSUMR
2 LEXT
3 LINE
4 L DATE
5 LHR
6 NHY DRO
Val ue - B 2
t
Descri p t i on
Card ident i f i ca t ion .
Length, i n days, o f average sumner (period of no ra in ) , default = 30, Saves computer time, Does not a f fec t computations.
Number o f i n i t i a l hours o f overflow f o r which separate quant i ty and qua1 i t y report ing i s desired (defaul t = 3).
Number o f years o f r a i n f a l l represented i n r a i n f a l l record (defaul t = computed value).
Date (YR, MO, DY) o f the end o f r a i n f a l l f o r the l a s t major p rec ip i ta t ion preceding the f i r s t r a i n f a l l record. Six columns r i g h t j us t i f i ed ,
Number o f days since the end o f r a i n f a l l from 1 as t p rec ip i ta t ion preceding the f i r s t r a i n f a l l record, (Default = 6)
Hour o f l a s t major p rec ip i t a t i on precedi n the r a i n f a l l record. (Default = midnight 7 No u n i t hydrograph computations w i l l be made,
Uni t hydrograph computations w i 11 be made.
B2 Card (cont'd)
Fi el d - Vari able Val ue - Descri pti on
7 METRIC 1 Input variables w i 1 1 be expressed i n metric units. Output will be in metric units.
2 Input variables will be expressed i n English units. Output will be in English units. (default = 2)
C Cards
Prec ip i ta t ion Data.
C1 Card (required)
F i e l d - Variable - Value
0 C 1
1-4 NAME AN
6 IFILE
7 I START
IEND
Descript ion
Card i den t i f i ca t i on ,
T i t l e of p rec ip i t a t i on record, columns 3-32 inc lus ive.
Prec ip i ta t ion data i s t o be supplied on C2 cards.
Uni t number f o r p rec ip i t a t f on data tape/ disk. No C2 cards are read, Format i s same as on C2 card,
Previously generated unformatted b inary tape/disk r a i n f a l l /snowme1 t records w i 11 be used. O m i t C2 and D cards. This i s a t ime saving opt ion since the basic preci p i t a t i o n and temperature data need only be processed once, Tape/disk 12 should be saved f o r r a i n f a l l on ly and tape/disk 11 should be saved f o r r a i n f a l l p lus snowmel t.
Number o f tape f i l e s t o be skipped i n order t o reach required p r e c i p i t a t i o n record. Used on ly i f data i s read from tape/di s k,
Date ( s i x d i g i t in teger f o r year, month and day) of f i r s t p rec ip i t a t i on record t o be analyzed. Default equals f i r s t day i n the p rec ip i t a t i on record, Can be used t o s t a r t analysis a t any po in t i n a p rec ip i t a t i on record. Not t o be used i f inpu t p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s on cards.
Date o f the l a s t p rec ip i t a t i on record t o be analyzed. Default equals l a s t day i n the p rec ip i t a t i on record. Not t o be used i f inpu t p rec ip i t a t i on data i s on cards.
Input precipitat~on/snowmel t record w i l l not be p r in ted i n the output.
Inpu t p rec ip i t a t i on record w i l l be p r in ted i n the output.
C2 Card (required only i f IN(C1-5) i s 5). Format (2X, 16, 2413). Use C2 card f o r each day o f r a i n f a l l .
F i e l d - Variable - Val ue Descr ipt ion
0 C2 Card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n
1 KDATE t Date o f r a i n f a l l data on t h i s card. Year, month and day spec i f ied i n s i x col umns (3-8).
2-25 KRAIN t Hourly r a i n f a l l i n hundredths o f an inch (tenths o f a mn) spec i f ied i n 24 three-column f i e l ds , Days on which no r a i n f e l l may be omitted.
A blank C2 card must fo l low the l a s t day o f r a i n f a l l when reading from cards.
D Cards (required only i f ISNO (81-2) i s greater than zero), Dl Card (required only i f ISNO (81-2) i s greater than zero). w t Parameters, Field - Varf able - Val ue Description 0 Dl Card identification 1 ITAPE 5 Temperature da ta i s t o be supplied on
D2 cards.
+ Unit number for temperature da ta tape/ disk, No D 2 cards are read. Format i s same as on D2 card.
2 IFILE t Number of f i les to be skipped to reach beginning of temperature record.
3 I FREZ + Temperature (integer) below which snow fa l l s and above which snow me1 t s (Fahrenheit or Celsius) .
4 PACK + Starting snowpack water equivalent over basin i n inches (mm),
5 ITMP 0 Temperatures on D2 cards are daily means.
1 Temperatures on D2 cards are daily max/mi n .
6 COEF t Degree-day me1 t rate coefficient . Default = ,07 inl°F/day. (3.2 mm/"c/day)
D2 Card (required only i f ISNO (B1-2) is greater than zero). Daily temperature data i n US Weather Service format (5X, 16, 213, 55X, 13). Only Max/Min or average teinperatures are necessary as indicated by ITMP (Dl-5). Field - Variable Value Description
0 D2 Card identification or station identi- fication i n columns 1 through 5.
1 JDATE + Date of temperature data on this card. Year, month and day specified i n six columns (6-11).
2 I MAX t Maximum dai ly temperature, columns 12-1 4 (Fahrenheit or Ce1 si us)
3 IMIN + Minimum daily tern erature, columns 15-17 7 (Fahre~heit or Ce sius) 4 ITEMP + Average dai ly temperature, columns 72-74
(Fahrenheit or Celsius) All days of the month are to be i n p u t including the las t month whether or n o t the precipitation record ends on the last day of the month.
E Cards (required)
One set o f El-T5 cards i s required f o r each subbasin. The same o r i g i n a l r a i n f a l l/snowmelt data w i l l be used f o r each subbasin i n a s ing le run. However, the rainfal l /snowmelt data may be modif ied f o r each subbasin by use o f RFU (E2-2)
E l Card (required)
F i e l d - Variable - Value Descr ipt ion
0 El Card i den t i f i ca t i on .
1-2 NAMEWS AN Name of subbasin.
3 MXLG + Number of land uses i n t h i s subbasin (max = 20).
4 EXPTE + Washoff decay c o e f f i c i e n t ( K equation (1 9) (de fau l t = 2.0
5 REFF + St reet sweeping ef f ic iency. Fract ion o f dust and d i r t removed (de fau l t = 0.70). Not requ i red i f IPACUM (El-8)=2.
6 TRTP + Rat io o f t ime o f recession t o time t o peak o f the t r i angu la r u n i t hydrograph. Varies from 1.2 f o r steep t e r r a i n t o 3.3 f o r f l a t swampy areas. An average val ue i s 1 .67. Not required i f NHYDRO (B2-6) = 0.
7 TSUBC + Time o f concentrat ion f o r subbasin i n hours. Not required i f NHYDRO (82-6) = 0.
8 I PACUM 1 Variable FRACTN on F2 cards i s i n terms o f pounds/day/100 f ee t o f gu t t e r (kg/day/100 m gu t te r ) .
2 Variable FRACTN on F2 cards i s i n terms o f pounds/day/acre (kg/day/ hectare).
E2 Card (required)
Fie1 d Variable Va 1 ue Descr ipt ion
0 E2 Card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
1 AREA + Area o f subbasin i n acres (hectares)
2 RFU + Factor by which KRAIN ( r a i n f a l l array) i s mu1 t i p 1 i e d t o obtain average sub- basin r a i n f a l l ( de fau l t = 1.0).
E2 Card (cont 'd)
F i e l d - Variable Val ue - 3 1 QU 0
4 DVU t
5 DVUMX +
7 POPULA t
E3 Cards (two cards required)
Pan Evaporation Rates
Fie1 d - Variable Value - 0 E3
1 RECVRT +
2 RECVRT +
Descript ion *
No input hydrographs w i l l be input on G cards.
Input hydrographs w i l l be read on G cards. Overri des computed runoff during periods indicated,
Minimum f low i n c f s ( l / s ) above which f l ow from the subbasin i s d iver ted (defau l t = no diversion).
Maximum f low i n cfs (11s) above which no addi t iona l f low i s diverted.
Proport ion o f ava i lab le f low between DVUMX and DVU t h a t i s diverted.
Population of t h i s subbhsin i n thousands of persons. Required only i f IOWF (BI -6) = 3 o r 4,
Descr ipt ion
Card i den t i f i ca t i on ,
Pan evaporation ra te i n incheslday (mn/day) f o r January,
Pan evaporation ra te i n incheslday (mm/day) f o r February,
Continue i n a s i m i l a r manner f o r March through December,
E4 Card (required)
Loss Computation Data,
Field - Vari a bl e Val ue - 0 E4
1 LOSSEQ 1
E5 Cards
Field - 0
Description
Card identification.
Infi l t rat ion losses will be computed by the coefficfent method,
Infi l t rat ion losses will be computed by the SCS Curve Number Technique.
Infi l t rat ion losses will be computed by the coefficient method on impervious areas and by the SCS method on pervious areas.
CPERV + Runoff coefficient for pervious areas (default = .15). Required only i f LOSSEQ (E4-1) = 1,
CIMP + Runoff coeffi clent for impervious areas (default = .go). Required only i f LOSSEQ (E4-1) = 1 o r 3,
DEPRS + Maximum depression storage capacity i n inches (mm) (for LOSSEQ = 1 and 3).
EERC + Exponent in evapotranspiration term in recovery equation for soi 1 storage capacity. (for LOSSEQ = 2 and 3)
EPRC + Exponent i n percolation term in recovery equation for soil storage capacity. (for LOSSEQ = 2 and 3)
(required only i f LOSSEQ (E4-1) = 2 or 3).
Vari able Va 1 ue - Description E5 Card identification
LNDUSA AN or N Land use designation. A t least 2 characters (beginning in column 3). AN or N. If NUMERIC format i s used, integers less than 10 must include a O (01, 02, 03, e tc) . Max = 20. I f dry weather flow option 3 or 4 i s used, comnercial use must be on the t h i r d F1 card and industri a1 use must be on the fourth F1 card.
E5 Cards (cont 'd)
F i e l d - Variable Value
2 DEPR t
3 ACTIA t
4 S ACT t
5 SMAX t
7 PERCMX t
Descr ipt ion
Maximum i n i t i a l abstract ion capacity i n inches (nun).
S ta r t i ng i n i ti a1 abstract ion capaci ty i n inches (mm).
Star t ing so i 1 moisture re ten t ion capacity i n inches (mn) . Maximum so i 1 moisture r e t e n t i on capacity i n inches (mm).
Maximum s o i l i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e i n inches/hour (mmlhour). Used only t o remove water from i n i t i a l abstract ion.
Maximum percolat ion ra te from so i 1 storage i n i nches/hour (mm/hour) .
Use 1 E5 card for each land use.
F Cards
F1 Card (required)
Land Use Data. One F1 card i s required for each land use.
Fi el d - Variable Val ue Description
0 F 1 Card identification
1 (col. 3-8) LNDUSE AN or N Use same designation as LNDUSA on E5 card. If dry-weather flow option 3 o r 4 i s used, commercial use m u s t be on the 3rd F1 card and industrial use must be on the 4th F1 card.
2 PRCNT + Percent of subbasin area (card E2-1) i n this land use.
3 FIMP + Percent imperviousness of this 1 and use. Not required i f LOSSEQ (E4-1) = 2.
4 STLEN t Length of s t reet gutters in feet per acre (m/ha) i n th is land use. Mot required i f IPACUM (El-8) = 2 o r i f IQUAL (Bl-4) = 0.
5 NCLEAN + Number of days between s t reet sweeping in this land use. Not required i f IPACUM (El-8) = 2 or i f IQUAL (81-4) = 0. Default = 30 days.
Place F1 cards in the same order as E5 cards ( i f used).
F2 Card (required only i f IQUAL = 1)
Pol 1 u t a n t Accumulation and Contents.
Fie1 d - Variable Value Description
0 F2 Card identification
1 DD t Daily rate of accumulation of dust and d i r t in pounds per 100 feet of gutter (kg/100 m gutter/day) . Not required i f IPACUM = 2.
F2 Card (cont 'd)
Field Variable Va 1 ue - Description
2 FRACTN (L,1) + Pounds (Kg) of suspended sol ids per 100 pounds (100 kg) of dust and d i r t fo r IPACUM = 1 , o r pounds/day/acre (Kgs/day/hectare) fo r IPACUM = 2.
3-6 FRACTN(L,2-5) + Continue i n f i e lds 3-6 fo r se t t leable sol i ds , BOD, N i trogen and Orthophosphate, respectively.
7 FRACTN (L,6 ) + Bi 1 lion MPN of col iform organisms per 100 pounds (100 kgs) of dust and d i r t for IPACUM=1 , or b i 11 ion MPN per day per acre (hectare) fo r IPACUM=2.
F3 Cards (required only i f IODWF (Bl-6) = 1) .
Field - Value Vari able Description
0 F3 Card identification
1 AVDWF + Average daily flow from resident ial , comnerti a1 and i ndustri a1 sources i n mgd (thousand &/day).
2 ASUS t Average dai ly to ta l suspended sol ids load i n lbs/day (kg/day) .
3 ASET + Average daily total se t t leable sol ids 1 oad i n I bs/day (kg/day ) .
4 ABOD + Average daily to ta l BOD load i n Ibs/day ( kg/day .
5 AN + Average daily to ta l nitrogen load i n W d a y (kg/day).
6 AP04 + Average dai ly total orthophosphate load in lbs/day (kglday).
7 ACOL I + Average daily to ta l col i form organisms load i n b i l l ion MPN/day.
8 AIDWF + Average dail i n f i l t r a t ion flow in mgd Y (thousand m /day).
F4 Card (required only i f IODWF (81 -6) = 2).
Domes t i c Dry-weat her f 1 ow.
F i e l d Variable Value - Descript ion
0 F4 Card i d e n t i f i ca t ion .
1 DDWF t Average d a i l y domestic ry-weather rl f l ow i n mgd (thousand m /day).
2 DSUS + Average d a i l y domestic suspended so l ids load i n lbs/day (kg/day).
3 DS ET + Average dai l y domestic s e t t l eabl e so l i ds load i n I bs/day (kg/day),
4 DBOD + Average d a i l y domestic BOD load i n 1 bs/day ( kglday ) .
5 DN % + Average dai 1 y domestic n i t rogen load i n lbs lday (kglday).
6 DP04 t Average d a i l y domestic orthophosphate load i n lbs/day (kg/day).
7 DCOL I t Average d a i l y domestic c o l i f o m load i n b i 11 i o n MPN/day.
F5 Card (required only i f IODWF (Bl-6) = 2).
Commercial Dry-Weather Flow.
F i e l d - Variable Val ue Descr ipt ion
0 F5 Card i den t i f i ca t i on .
1 CDWF t
3 CSET t
6 ' CBOD t
Repeat same parameters as on F4 card f o r commercial source,
5 CON + 6 CP04 + 7 CCOL I t
F6 Card (required only i f IODWF (Bl-6) = 2).
I n d u s t r i a l Dry-Weather F l ow.
Fie1 d Var iable Value Descr ipt ion
0 . F6 Card i den t i f i ca t i on ,
1 I DGJF t
3 ISET + Repeat same parameters as on F4 card f o r i n d u s t r i a l .
4 IBOD t
5 INN +
6 I PO4 + 7 I COL I t
F7 Card (required on l y i f IODWF (Bl-6) = 2).
Pipe I n f i l t r a t i o n Flow,
Fie1 d Variable Val ue - Descript ion
0 F7 Card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
1 INDWF t
2 INSET t
3 I NSUS + Repeat same parameters as on F4 card f o r p ipe i n f i l t r a t i o n .
4 INBOD t
5 I NFN t
6 I NP04 + 7 I NCOL I t
F8 Card (required on ly i f IODWF (Bl-6) = 3).
Domestic Load Coeff icients.
F i e l d Variable Val ue Descr ipt ion
0 F8 Card i den t i f i ca t i on .
1 DDWFC t Domestic f l ow coe f f i c i en t i n gal lons/ day/capi t a (m3ldaylcapi t a ) .
2 DSUSC t Domestic suspended so l ids c o e f f i c i e n t i n 1 bs/day/capi t a (kg/day/capi t a ) .
3 DSETC + Domestic se t t l eab le sol i d s c o e f f i c i e n t i n 1 bs/day/capi t a (kg/day/capi t a ) ;
4 DBODC t Domestic BOD c o e f f i c i e n t i n 1 bs/day cap i ta (kg/day/capi ta) ,
5 DONC t Domestic n i t rogen c o e f f i c i e n t i n 1 bs/day/capi t a (kg/day/capi t a ) .
6 DP04C t Domestic orthuphasphate c o e f f i c i e n t i n 1 bs/day/capi t a ( kg/day/capi t a ) ,
7 DCOL I C t Domestic co l i f o rm c o e f f i c i e n t i n b i 11 i on MPN/day/capi t a .
F9 Card (required on ly i f IODWF (Bl-6) = 3).
Commercial Load Coef f ic ients .
Fie1 d - Val ue Variable Descr ipt ion
0 F9 Card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
1 C DW FC t Commercial f l ow c o e f f i c i e n t i n mgd/ acre (m3/day/ha).
2 CSU S t Repeat same parameters as on F8 card
3 CSETC + f o r commercial, Po l lu tants i n 1 b/day/ acre (kgldaylha) . Col i f o rm i n b i l l i on
4 CBODC + MPN/day/acre ( b i 11 i on MPN/day/ha) . 5 CONC +
7 CCOLIC + B-17
F10 Card (required only i f IODWF (Bl-6) = 3).
I ndus t r i a l Load Coeff ic ients.
F i e l d - Vari a b l e Val ue - Descript ion
0 F10 Card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n
1 I DWFC t I n d u s t r i a l f low c o e f f i c i e n t i n mgd/ acre (m3/day/ ha) ,
2 ISUSC + Repeat same parameters as on F8
3 I SETC + card f o r i ndus t r i a l . Pol 1 utants i n I bldaylacre (kgldaylha) . Col i form
4 I BODC + i n b i 1 1 ion MPN/day/acre ( b i 1 1 i o n MPN/ day/ ha) .
5 INNC +
7 ICOLIC t
F11 Card (required on ly i f IODWF (Bl-6) = 3).
Pipe I n f i l t r a t i o n Load Coeff ic ients.
Fie1 d - Variable Va 1 ue - Descript ion
0 F11 Card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n ,
1 I NDWFC t I n f i 1 t r a t i o n f low c o e f f i c i e n t i n mgd/ acre (m3/day/ha). Uses AREA as basis f o r i n f i l t r a t i o n flow.
2 INSUSC t
Repeat same parameters as on F8 3 INSETC t card f o r p ipe i n f i l t r a t i o n . Pol 1 utants
i n I b/day/acre (kg/day/ha) , Col i form i n 4 I NBODC + b i 11 ion MPN/day/acre ( b i 11 i on MPN/day/ha) . 5 INFNC t
7 INCOLC t
Note: Cards F10-F19 requ i re columns 1-3 f o r the card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and columns 4-8 f o r the var iab le i n F i e l d 1.
F12 F15-F19 F13 F 14
F12 Card (required on ly i f IDVAR (Bl-7) = 1).
Da i l y Variations.
Fie1 d Variable Val ue Descri p t i on
0 F12 Card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n
1-7 DVAR (1 -7 ) + Rat io o f f low f o r each day o f the week t o average d a i l y f low (Note: Monday i s day 1 ) .
F13 Cards (required on ly i f IHVAR (81-8) = 1 ),
Hourly Var iat ions (3 cards required).
F i e l d - Variable Val ue Descr ipt ion
0 F13 Card i den t i f i ca t i on .
1-24 HVAR(1-24) + Rat io o f f l ow f o r each hour o f the day t o average hour ly flow.
F14 Cards (required on ly i f IHPVAR (B1-9) = 1).
Hourly Suspended Sol i d s Pol 1 u tant Var ia t ion (3 cards required).
F i e l d - Val ue Variable Descri p t i o n
0 F14 Card i den t i f i ca t i on .
1-24 HPOLDW (1 , 1-24) + Rat io of suspended so l ids loading f o r each hour o f the day t o average hour ly loading.
F15-F19 Cards HPOLDW (2-6, 1-24) Repeat same parameters as on F14 card f o r se t t leab le sol ids, BOD, N, PO4 and Coliform, respect ively.
G Cards (required on ly i f IQU (E2-3) i s greater than zero).
D i rec t Input Hydrograph Data.
G I Card (required on ly i f I Q U (E2-3) i s greater than zero).
F i e l d - Variable - Value Descr ipt ion
0 G I Card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n ,
1 A t Transformation factor "A" i n the fo l low ing equation t o be appl ied t o the inpu t hydro- graphs. (defau l t = 0.0)
Q' = A t B*Q
2 B t Input hydrograph transformation f ac to r "B" (de fau l t = 1.0).
62 Card (required on ly i f IOU (E2-3) i s greater than zero.
F i e l d - Variable Val ue - Descript ion
0 G2 Card i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
1 I DQU t Sta t ion i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , integer.
2 I DATE t Date o f f low data on fo l lowing 3 cards. must correspond t o a date i n the r a i n f a l l / snowmel t array.
3 Quo t Average f low dur ing f i r s t hour o f day IDATE i n c f s ( l / s ) .
4 Qu(2) + Average f low dur ing second hour o f day IDATE i n c f s ( l / s ) ,
5-1 0 Qu t Average f low i n c f s ( l / s ) dur ing hours 3-8. Fol lowing two 62 cards have same format f o r hours 9-16 and 17-24 respect ively. 62 cards are repeated f o r a l l days fo r which f low i s t o be input . Maximum = 100 days i n ascending sequence.
One blank 62 card i s required t o end the inpu t hydrograph f l ow data.
Note: H - 0 cards no t used.
PI Card (required i f ISED (Bl-3) i s greater than zero),
Job Parameters,
F i e l d - Variable Val ue - Descript ion
0 I C G & IDT P 1 Card i den t i f i ca t i on .
1 t i 2 Not used.
3 MDS t Maximum number o f depths i n the s o i l column. P3 card s o i l p roper t ies are i d e n t i f i e d a t MDS depths beneath the ground surface (de fau l t = 3).
4 MPD
5 MCSC
6 MCSG
7 W F
8 RMI
9 SMEC
10 I DBUG
Maximum number o f s o i l parameters f o r each depth en t ry inc lud ing the depth as the f i r s t parameter,
Maximum number o f characters i n the so51 c l a s s i f i c a t i o n code (de fau l t = 3).
Maximum number o f characters i n the slope group (de fau l t = I),
Weighting f a c t o r f o r slope groups, The range o f WF i s 0, t o 1. A 0. value weights the natura l ground slope t o the minimum value o f the range o f slope. A value o f 1. weights the natura l ground slope t o the maximum value f o r the range of slope (de fau l t = . 5 ) .
Rat io o f maximum hour ly p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n t e n s i t y t o the maximum 30 minute p rec ip i t a t i on i n tens i t y , i nches/hour (mm/hour). I f the maximum 30 minute i n t e n s i t y i s ava i lab le from r a i n f a l l tapes, t he RMI value i s no t used (de fau l t = 0.625).
+ Reduction c o e f f i c i e n t f o r snowmelt r e l a ted energy (def aul t = .33 o f the r a i n f a l l value).
0 Debug informat ion f o r arrays KSP and SPRO w i l l no t be provided.
1 Debug informat ion on arrays KSP and SPRO w i l l be provided, Use t h i s only when there appears t o be a problem i n the manner i n which the program i s handling
8-21 the P I , P2 and P3 cards.
P2 Card (required i f ISED (Bl-3) i s greater than zero).
Ground Slope Data. One P2 card i s required f o r each slope group, F i e l d - Variable Val ue - Descript ion
0 I C G & IDT P2 Card i den t i f i ca t i on .
1 & 2 Mot used.
3 NS G c Number o f the slope group which the fo l lowing slope val ues describe.
4 SLOPE + SCS designated ground surface slope expressed i n percent. ( A l l o f the s o i l ser ies i d e n t i f i c a t i o n codes can be d iv ided i n t o slope groups. The d is t ingu ish ing f ac to r i s the r a t e o f change o f slope w i t h designations "A" through "F" )
P3 Card (required i f ISED (81-3) i s greater than zero).
So i l Properties, Use as many P3 cards as are required t o describe a l l so i 1 types.
F i e l d Variable Val ue Descr ipt ion
0 I C G & IDT P 3 Card i den t i f i ca t i on . 1 Not used.
2 KS P t Enter the f i r s t two d i g i t s i n the alpha- numeric code assigned by SCS t o i d e n t i f y the s o i l series. Group a l l s o i l s w i t h the same slope group together.
3 NSG t The s o i l type on t h i s card belongs t o slope group NSG (P2-3).
4 DEPTH t The depth below the ground surface i n inches (m) where the fo l low ing value o f XK applies.
5 XK + Soi 1 -erodi b i 1 i ty fac to r (K ) i n the universal so i l - l oss equation. Enter MDS (PI-3) pa i r s o f (DEPTH, XK).
The f i r s t value o f XK entered w i 11 be used from the ground surface t o the f i r s t DEPTH. Thereafter, the mean value of XK i s used f o r depths between the two end values o f DEPTH. S o i l e r o d i b i l i t y values may a l so be entered on the R cards.
P4 Card (required if ISED(B1-3) i s greater t h a n zero)
Default values of Universal Soil-Loss equation variables.
Fie1 d Variable Val ue Description
0 ICG & IDT P4 Card identification.
1-2 Not used.
Enter the same variables as fields 3-9 of R card.
Q Card* (required i f ISED (Bl-3) i s greater than zero).
Sediment Trap Data.
Field - Variable Va 1 ue Description
0 I CG Q Card identification.
1842 Not used.
3 TEFF t Sediment detention reservoir trap efficiency. Express as a fraction,
R Cards
The R card data describes po ten t ia l development by land use as i t w i l l impact on land surface erosion potent ia l . Any number o f R cards may be u t i l i z e d . The e n t i r e basln or a representat ive sample may be entered. A sample w i l l be expanded automat ical ly by the program t o represent the e n t i r e basin.
F i e l d - Varia b l e Val ue Descr ipt ion
0 I CG R Card i den t i f i ca t i on .
1-2 (co l 3-16) IS1 AN o r N Two en t r ies are made i n t o the var iab le IS1 array. The f i r s t i s land use using the i den t i ca l land use code used on the E5 card (E5-I),
The second en t ry i n IS1 i s the s o i l ser ies i d e n t i f i c a t i o n ( s o i l type) fo r the land use. It may come from the tab le o f values entered on the P3 card, i n which case the slope and so i l - e rod ib i l i t y proper t ies can be determined from t h a t table, Leave a t l eas t one blank column between the two en t r ies i n the IS1 array.
3 PALU
4 XLTH
Percent o f area i n t h i s land use category t h a t has the so i 1 and .slope proper t ies t o be defined on t h i s R card. PALU values are summed f o r a l l R cards spec i fy ing the same land use and i f t h i s summation i s less than 100 percent, R cards are assumed t o be a representative sample from the basin, The sample w i l l be expanded by the program t o represent the 100 percent o f the land use.
The length of l o t i n the d i r ec t i on o f the ground s 1 ope, expressed i n f ee t (m) . This must be an average value f o r the percent of land use shown on t h i s R card.
Ground slope i n percent. Enter a pos i t i ve value f o r those parcels s loping away from impervious areas (s t reets) . Enter a negative value f o r those l o t s sloping towards the impervious areas t o a l low the r e s u l t i n g land surface erosion t o be contr ibuted t o the impervious area system.
R END
R eards (cont'd)
Field - Variable Val ue Description
6 GCOV t Ground cover factor i n percent.
7 ECP + Erosion control practice factor i n percent.
8 X K t Soil erodi bi 1 i ty factor.
9 SDR + Sediment del ivery rat io . Express as a fraction.
I f anv of the R-card variahlsz are l e f t blank, the i r values will be taken from the defaults specified on the P4 card.
END Card
After the l a s t R card, include a card w i t h the word "END" in the f i r s t three columns t o identify tha t a l l sediment yield data has been entered.
Note: S cards not used.
T Cards
Treatment Rate and Storage Capacity A1 ternati ves . TI Card (required).
Fie1 d Vari a bl e Val ue - Description
0 TI Card identification.
1 MAX + Nulaber of treatment rates to be investigated. MAX sets of T2 through T5 cards will be input. When using a &ong rainfall record (25-50 years) it is usually best to investigate only one treatment rate per run.
T2 Card (required).
Treatment Rate, Storage Capacity and Pol 1 utograph Data.
Field - Vari abl e Value Descri pt i on
0 T2 Card Identification.
1 TRATER (M) + Treatment rate in inches per hour (mm/hour). Must be greater than average dry weather flow rate.
2 N X + Number of storage capacities (on T3 cards) to be investigated with above treatment rate (default = 1, maximum = 20).
3 I POLMX r) No oollutoaranhs will be com~uted.
+ Number of pol lutographs to be computed as listed by event number on T4 card. If IPOLMX is greater than zero, IEVNT (Bl-5) must be greater than zero (maximum = 20).
4 I PLOT 0 Storage utilization curve will not be plotted.
1 Storage utilization curve will be plotted.
5 IPRINT 0 Suppress printout of individual events. Print only summary information for quantity and qua1 i ty analyses.
T2 card (cont 'd) '
F i e l d Variable Val ue - 1
I PRTS
7 I ERDMX
8 I AGE
T3 Card (required)
Storage Capacities.
F i e l d - Variable Va 1 ue - 0 T3
1 CAPR(M,1 ) +
Descr ipt ion
P r i n t a l l s t a t i s t i c s f o r each event f o r quant i ty analysis and summary 1 i s t i n g f o r both quan t i t y and q u a l i t y analyses.
P r i n t a l l s t a t i s t i c s f o r each event f o r q u a l i t y analysis and s u n a r y l i s t i n g f o r both quant i ty and qual i t y analysis,
P r i n t a l l s t a t i s t i c s f o r each event f o r both quant i ty and q u a l i t y analyses and sumnaries f o r both quan t i t y and qual i t y analyses
Suppress land surface erosion s t a t i s t i c s f o r each event.
P r i n t land surface erosion s t a t i s t i c s f o r each event bu t suppress breakdown by ind iv idua l land use.
P r i n t complete land surface erosion s t a t i s t i c s f o r each event by land use.
Number o f events f o r which complete land surface erosion s t a t i s t i c s are required, Not used i f IPRTS i s 1 o r 2. Maximum = 20, Event numbers w i l l be spec i f ied on T5 cards.
Ages o f storage w i l l no t be computed. Saves computer time.
Ages o f storage w i 11 be computed,
Descr ipt ion
Card i den t i f i ca t i on ,
Storage capacity i n inches (mm) f o r f i r s t of NX (T2-2) storages t o be analyzed.
T3 Card (contld)
F i e l d - Variable Val ue Descr ipt ion
2 CAPR(M,2) + Storage capacity i n inches (mm) f o r second storage t o be analyzed.
Enter remaining storages i n successive f i e l ds ,
T4 Card (s) (required if IPOLMX (T2-3) i s greater than zero).
Event Numbers f o r Pol 1 utographs.
F ie l d Variable Val ue - Descript ion
0 T4 Card i den t i f i ca t i on .
1 IPOLUT(1) + Event number o f f i r s t po l 1 utograph t o be pr inted,
2 I POLUT(2) + Event number of second pol lutograph t o be printed.
Enter remaining event numbers i n successive f i e 1 ds. (Maximum = 20).
T5 Card ( s ) (required i f IERDMX (T2-7) i s greater than zero).
Land surface erosion f o r spec i f i c events.
F ie l d - Variable - Descript ion Val ue
0 T5 Card i den t i f i ca t i on .
1 IERD(1) + Event number of f i r s t event f o r which land surface erosion s t a t i s t i c s are t o be pr inted.
2 IERD(2) + Event number o f second event f o r which land surface erosion data i s t o be pr inted.
Enter remaining event numbers i n successive f i e l ds . (Maximum = 20).
APPENDIX C
Table C-1
Dust and D i r t Accumulation Rates and Po l lu tan t Fractions fo r Use i n Dust and D i r t Method (IPACUM=l)
Dust and D i r t Pol 1 utan t Fractions Accumul a t i on Rate I b s pol 1 utant/100 I b dust and d i r t
Land Use 1 b/day/100 ft gu t te r - SUS SET BOD NIT PO4 - - - - COL I - Single Family Res, b 7 - 1 / 11.121 I . ,5001' .04d1 .0051/ 59.02- 3/
Mu1 t i p l e Family Res. 2.3 8,O .8 ,360 .061 ,005 122.58
Commercial
I ndus t r i a l
Parks 1.5 11.1 1.1 .500 .048 ,005 3 . 0 8
I/ data from a study 161 done i n Chicago, I l l i n o i s - 2/ from reference [14] - 31 10' MPN/100 1bs o f dust and d i r t from reference 141 - 4/ from reference [ I31 -
Note: These coe f f i c i en t s may not be representat ive o f other c i t i e s and should be adjusted based on s i t e - spec i f i c data f o r a given study.
APPENDIX C
Tab1 e C-2
Land Use
Po l lu tan t Accumulation Rates f o r Use i n Da i l y Po l lu tan t Accumulation Method (IPACUM=2)
Pol 1 u tan t Accumulation Rates, Pounds/Acre/Day 3 / 41
S US- - '/ - SET- " - BO&/ - NIT- - $ 3 PO&/ COLI-
Low Dens i ty Res . .12 .09 .04 .007 .0042 2-5 DU/A&/
Med. Density Res. .45 . I8 ,07 .028 ,0063 1.260 5-10 DU/AC
High Density Res. 3.16 1 .OO . I 3 .025 0200 9.800 > I 0 DU/AC
Comnercial '46 .212 ,0400 9.000
I n d u s t r i a l I .39 .209 ,0300 10 .OOO
Open Space and Average values . 02 .007 0020 1 .OOO Rural not avai lable.
Consult 1 ocal Pastures water qua1 i ty 3.10 .392 .3500 120.000 1 spec ia l i s ts . Farming I . 02 ,044 .!I002 500
Forests (Douglas F i r) J I/ from a study done i n Seatt le, Washington 113) - 21 from reference [ I 21 - 3/ organic n i t rogen + NH3 + NO3 -
5/ h e l l i n g uni ts /acre mote: These coe f f i c i en t s may not be representat ive o f a given stud,y area
and should be adjusted based on s i t e - spec i f i c data.
APPENDIX D
ORGANIZATION OF INPUT DATA
A Required cards. Other cards a r e requi red depending upon input options. Repeat E-T cards f o r each subbasin. Cards requi red if not readinq r a i n data from d isc .
A Required cards. Other cards are required depending upon input options.
GPO 689-1 66/031