stomatognathic physiology - app eldof3a3/25/2020 8 the larynx •the air from the lungs comes...
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Stomatognathic physiology
It is a learning process & develops over an
extended period.
There are NO organs for speech per se.
COMPONENTS OF SPEECH
1. Respiration.
2. Phonation.
3. Resonation.
4. Articulation.
5. Neurologic integration.
6. Audition.
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2)Respiration
3) Phonation
4) Resonation
5) Articulation
6) Neurological integration
1) Audition
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Nasal Cavity
Nose
Mouth
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus
Diaphragm
Throat
(pharynx)
Windpipe (Trachea)
Left lungs
Ribs
MB
1.RESPIRATION
During speech ; inhalation phase is shortened & exhalation phase is prolonged.
Upward movement of the diaphragm + Contraction of the costal cartilages & adjacent muscles [expiratory muscles]INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE [greater than atmospheric pressure].
Air expelled from lungs
2.PHONATION
LARYNX is the 1st organ
to control the respiratory
air stream.
THE VOCAL CORDS
modify the stream of air
by creating resistance to
it;
In low-pitched sounds
thick & flaccid.
In high-pitched sounds
thin & tense.
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The larynx
•The air from the lungs comes
through the wind pipe or trachea,
at the top of which is the larynx.
•In the larynx are two vocal cords,
which are like a pair of lips placed
horizontally from front to back.
•They are joined in the front, but
can be separated at the back, and
the opening between them is called
the glottis.
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Voicing
Cords open – voiceless
sounds are produced with
the vocal cords ABDUCTED,
leaving a sizeable gap
between the vocal folds. This
gap is what we call the
GLOTTIS
Cords vibrating - voiced are accompanied by vibration of
the VOCAL CORDS (ADDucted)
3.RESONATION
It is THE AMPLIFICATION OF VOICE TONES.
The sounds produced at the level of vocal cords are collected & modified by chambers [RESONATORS] above level of glottis;
1. Pharynx.
2. Oral cavity.
3. Nasal cavity.
4.ARTICULATION
Resonated sound is formulated into
speech by THE ARTICULATORS, these
are;
Lips.
Cheeks.
Teeth.
Palate.
TONGUE [The most important one]
5.NEURAL INTEGRATION
All factors of speech are highly integrated
by THE C.N.S.
The loss of motor innervation of the soft palate
COMPROMISED SPEECH
6.AUDITION
Is the ability to receive acoustic signals
Interpretation of these signals
Controlled speech output
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It is the act of expelling a column of air past the
vocal cord by the expiratory muscles,
As the expiratory air is expelled and leaves the lungs,
The vocal folds modify the stream of air
by creating resistance to it
adduction, vibration of approximated vocal folds of the
larynx and complex tone is generated Vowel sounds and
voiced consonants phones.
abducted vocal folds (without vibration) and phonation
does not occur. They are the so called the voiceless
consonants (e.g. huh).
2) Respiration
3) Phonation نطق
1) Audition االستماع and ability to hear sound
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Resonance is amplification of voice tone.
The breath stream is shaped into sounds through
impedance produced by the various articulators. : the vocal
folds, the velum and the pharynx, the tongue,the lips and the
alveoli.
All factors are highly coordinated by the central
nervous system.
4) Resonation يرن
The sound waves produced at the vocal folds are
selectively amplified, by changing in the volume
(shape and size) of pharyngeal, oral and nasal
cavities, these cavities act as resonating chambers
(resonators) permitted by neuromuscular control.
5) Articulation (modification of sounds)
6) Neurological integration
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The Organs of Speech
The respiratory system
The phonatory system
The articulatory system
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Respiratory System Phonatory System Articulatory System
Lungs Muscles of the chest
Trachea
Larynx
Pharynx Roof of the mouth
TeethLips
Organs of Speech
Tongue
Vocal cords
Tip
UvulaHard palate
Teeth ridge
Soft palate
Blade Front Back Rims
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The Organs
of Speech
Nasal Cavity
Nose
Mouth
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus
Diaphragm
Throat(pharynx)
Windpipe (Trachea)
Left lungs
Ribs
SPEECH SOUNDS
Speech sounds are classified accordingto behavior of vocal cords (phonation)into:
1. Voiced (phonated) sounds. e.g. vowels { i, e, o & u }
2. Voiceless (breathed) sounds. E.g. f,p
Speech sounds are classified accordingto direction of air stream (resonance)into:
1. Oral sounds. e.g. vowels { i, e, o & u }
2. Nasal sounds. E.g. m,n&ing
Speech sounds are classified accordingto freedom of air stream (articulation)into:
1. Vowels { i, e, o & u } little flow of air
Fig. 17-5: Tongue position for the
usual pronunciation of a, e, i ,
o , and u.
Fig.17-6: (A) Diagram of relative tongue
positions for front cardinal vowels. (B)
Diagram of relative tongue position for back cardinal vowels.
Consonants could be:
1- The Labial Or Bilabial Consonants. P, B, and M
1- The Labial Or Bilabial Consonants. /hw/ and /w/
2- Labiodental Consonants. F, V, and Ph
3- The Linguo Dental Consonants. “ th’’ / Ø/ and / ð
Fig.17-12,A: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of lingua-
dentals / Ø/ and / ð /.Notice the proper tongue position when this patient, wearing complete
dentures, pronounces the word thick.
Fig. 17-12,B: Effects of vertical positioning of anterior teeth on the pronunciation of th. A. The
tongue is prevented from extending properly between the teeth. B. The tongue extending between the teeth when they are properly positioned.
4- Linguo-alveolar consonants:
A) T, D, and N sounds.
B) The Linguo-alveolar S, Z, and, C (soft), sounds.
Fig.17-13: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of lingua-
alveolar plosives and nasal / t /, / d/, and / n /.
4- Linguo-alveolar consonants:
B) The Linguo-alveolar S, Z, and, C (soft), sounds.
4- Linguo-alveolar consonants:
C) The fricatives ƒ (sh) and z (of measure).
Fig.17-20: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of lingua-
alveolar fricatives / ƒ / and / z /.
4- Linguo-alveolar consonants:
D) The phonemes / tf (ch) / and /dz (dg)/
Fig.17-21: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of hngua-
alveolar affricates /t f / and /d z /
4- Linguo-alveolar consonants:
E) The consonant /L/
5- The Linguopalatal Consonants. R and j
Fig.17-23: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of
linguapalatal semivowel / r/.
Fig.17-24: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of linguapalatal glide /j/.
6- Linguovelar Consonants. / k/, / g /, and / ŋ/
7- Glottal Consonants. X,h &همزه
Fig.17-25: Midsagittal representation, palatogram, and frontal view of articulation of
linguovelar plosives and nasal / k/, / g /, and / ŋ/