Stress Patterns in Stress Patterns in Prefixes & SuffixesPrefixes & Suffixes

Presented To:Presented To:Mr. SOHAIL FALAK SHERMr. SOHAIL FALAK SHER

Presented By:Presented By:Muhammad Sajid us SalamMuhammad Sajid us Salam

Mphil LinguisticsMphil Linguistics

The Islamia University BahawalpurThe Islamia University Bahawalpur

cupidlucid@gmail.comcupidlucid@gmail.com

StressStress

Stress is an important feature of Stress is an important feature of English pronunciation and to become English pronunciation and to become a powerful communicator of English a powerful communicator of English one needs proficiency while using one needs proficiency while using different stress patterns in his different stress patterns in his communication. communication.

StressStress

Modern man is fully aware of the importance Modern man is fully aware of the importance of English in everyday affairs of modern of English in everyday affairs of modern world. Men and women both are aware of the world. Men and women both are aware of the extensive use of this language in the field of extensive use of this language in the field of trade and commerce, travel and tourism, trade and commerce, travel and tourism, banking, administration, aviation, law and banking, administration, aviation, law and above all education. And now with the advent above all education. And now with the advent of globalization and a revolution in of globalization and a revolution in information technology, the importance of this information technology, the importance of this language is further increased.language is further increased.

StressStress

Stress is crucial in English pronunciation. It Stress is crucial in English pronunciation. It can be called a grammatical device in English. can be called a grammatical device in English. In English a part of the meanings of a word In English a part of the meanings of a word depends on its stress. It serves to mark the depends on its stress. It serves to mark the function of words in spoken English. Most of function of words in spoken English. Most of our students learn English grammar from our students learn English grammar from books. That is why their sense of stress remain books. That is why their sense of stress remain undeveloped. undeveloped.

StressStress

One thing should necessarily kept in One thing should necessarily kept in mind that English word are pronounced mind that English word are pronounced with one dominant syllable while the with one dominant syllable while the other syllables tend to get squashed and other syllables tend to get squashed and reduced. So to say to become a reduced. So to say to become a powerful communicator of English one powerful communicator of English one must be proficient in using stress.must be proficient in using stress.

What is stress?What is stress?

Stress is the degree of force Stress is the degree of force with which a syllable or a word with which a syllable or a word is uttered. It can more easily be is uttered. It can more easily be defined as degree of defined as degree of prominence a syllable has. prominence a syllable has.

When we put a greater breath force When we put a greater breath force on a syllable it becomes a stressed on a syllable it becomes a stressed syllable. Stress is also called the syllable. Stress is also called the word accent of a sentence. If a word accent of a sentence. If a syllable has more than one syllable syllable has more than one syllable then one of the syllables stands out then one of the syllables stands out from the rest and this causes stress.from the rest and this causes stress.

Examples:Examples:

In a word table the first syllable is /tei/. It In a word table the first syllable is /tei/. It is more prominent than the second /bl/. is more prominent than the second /bl/. Similarly in the word committee /k'miti/ Similarly in the word committee /k'miti/ the second syllable /mi/ is more the second syllable /mi/ is more prominent. Taking example of prominent. Taking example of recommend, the third syllable /mend/ is recommend, the third syllable /mend/ is more prominent than others and it is said more prominent than others and it is said to receive the accent.to receive the accent.

Nature of Stress: Nature of Stress:

The nature of stress is simple enough. The nature of stress is simple enough. Everyone can easily understand that first Everyone can easily understand that first syllable of these words like syllable of these words like father, open, father, open, cameracamera is stressed. Then the middle is stressed. Then the middle syllable in syllable in potato, apartment,potato, apartment, and and relation relation is stressed. Again we notice that is stressed. Again we notice that final syllable in final syllable in about, reabout, receive, and ceive, and perhapsperhaps are stressed. are stressed.

Production and Perception of Stress Production and Perception of Stress Syllables:Syllables:

We can study stress from the point of We can study stress from the point of view of production and of perception. view of production and of perception. Both are closely related but not Both are closely related but not identical. Production of stress is identical. Production of stress is generally believe to depend on the generally believe to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables. than is used for unstressed syllables.

Measurement of muscular effort is difficult but it Measurement of muscular effort is difficult but it seems possible according to experimental study seems possible according to experimental study while producing stressed syllables muscles that are while producing stressed syllables muscles that are used to expel air from the lungs are more active. used to expel air from the lungs are more active. Many experiments have been carried out on the Many experiments have been carried out on the perception of stress. From perceptual point of view perception of stress. From perceptual point of view all stressed syllable have one characteristic in all stressed syllable have one characteristic in common and that is prominence. Stressed syllables common and that is prominence. Stressed syllables are recognized as stressed because they are more are recognized as stressed because they are more prominent than unstressed syllables.prominent than unstressed syllables.

Types of Stress:Types of Stress:

There are two types of stress.There are two types of stress.

1) 1) Word stress.Word stress. 2) Sentence stress.2) Sentence stress.

Word Stress:Word Stress:

Word stress shows what syllable or Word stress shows what syllable or syllables in a word are stressed. e.g, syllables in a word are stressed. e.g, useful is stressed on the first syllable, useful is stressed on the first syllable, mistake is stressed on the second mistake is stressed on the second syllable, advantageous has a primary syllable, advantageous has a primary stress on the third syllable and a stress on the third syllable and a secondary stress on the first syllable.secondary stress on the first syllable.

Rules of Word Stress:Rules of Word Stress:

Stress on words in English is not tied to any Stress on words in English is not tied to any particular syllable for the entire vocabulary. particular syllable for the entire vocabulary. Stress pattern of the each word in English has Stress pattern of the each word in English has to be learnt individually. There are certain to be learnt individually. There are certain groups of words which follow some regular groups of words which follow some regular stress patterns. These patterns allow so few stress patterns. These patterns allow so few exceptions that they may be regarded as rules exceptions that they may be regarded as rules of word stress. These rules are based on the of word stress. These rules are based on the kinds of prefixes and suffixes or word endings.kinds of prefixes and suffixes or word endings.

Rules Related to Suffixes:Rules Related to Suffixes:

There are two types of suffixes.There are two types of suffixes. Inflexional SuffixesInflexional Suffixes Derivational SuffixesDerivational Suffixes

Inflexional Suffixes:Inflexional Suffixes:These are those suffixes when These are those suffixes when attached towards do not change their attached towards do not change their parts of speech or grammatical parts of speech or grammatical status. Another feature of these status. Another feature of these suffixes is that once they have been suffixes is that once they have been attached to a word, no other suffix attached to a word, no other suffix can be added. Such suffixes do not can be added. Such suffixes do not affect the stress of words.affect the stress of words.

Examples: Examples: 'Picture 'pictures 'Picture 'pictures 'enter 'enter

'entering 'entering 'Table 'tables 'Table 'tables 'play 'play

'played 'played'Simple 'simpler 'Simple 'simpler 'heavy 'heavy

'heavier'heavier

Derivational Suffixes:Derivational Suffixes:Derivational suffixes are those Derivational suffixes are those which we use to derive new which we use to derive new words. They may or may not words. They may or may not change the part of speech of the change the part of speech of the word to which they are attached. word to which they are attached. Some derivational suffixes do not Some derivational suffixes do not affect the stress while others do.affect the stress while others do.

a.The following derivational a.The following derivational

suffixes do not affect the stress.suffixes do not affect the stress. Examples:Examples:'Persona 'personage 'Persona 'personage 'Hermit 'Hermit 'hermitage 'hermitage 'Differ 'difference'Differ 'difference'Utter 'utterance'Utter 'utterance

b.The derivational suffixes that b.The derivational suffixes that bring change in stress are given bring change in stress are given

below.below.Examples:Examples:

Millio 'nair engi 'neer Millio 'nair engi 'neer addres 'see addres 'see

Cava 'lier Cava 'lier ru 'pee tru 'steeru 'pee tru 'stee

Sentence Stress:Sentence Stress:Sentence stress indicates what Sentence stress indicates what

words in a sentence are stressed. words in a sentence are stressed. Look at the following example:Look at the following example:

Examples of sentence stressExamples of sentence stress1) It’s a `door.1) It’s a `door. 2)`Take a `book out of the `bag. 2)`Take a `book out of the `bag. 3) The `dog is a `faithful `animal. 3) The `dog is a `faithful `animal. 4) `Bring me a `pencil. 4) `Bring me a `pencil.

Which Words are Stressed and Which Words are Stressed and Which are not:Which are not:

In English speech some words are In English speech some words are stressed and others are not. In stressed and others are not. In

normal speech all nouns, normal speech all nouns, demonstrative and interrogative demonstrative and interrogative

pronouns, main verbs, adjectives and pronouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are stressed. The pronouns, adverbs are stressed. The pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, helping prepositions, conjunctions, helping

verbs are not stressed.verbs are not stressed.

Examples:Examples:

Her complexion is fair. (Adjective)Her complexion is fair. (Adjective)Who is there? (Interrogative)Who is there? (Interrogative)I went to Multan. (Main Verb)I went to Multan. (Main Verb)Ahmad is a good boy. (Noun)Ahmad is a good boy. (Noun)Marry went there quickly. (Adverb) Marry went there quickly. (Adverb)

MorphemeMorpheme

WordsWords

Simple Simple Complex Complex CompoundCompound

Simple Simple Complex Complex CompoundCompound

CareCare CarefulCareful CarelessnessCarelessness

Majority of the words in English are Polysyllabic.

Means two or more than two syllables are there.

Poly means many

It is observed that English has It is observed that English has borrowed thousands of words from borrowed thousands of words from

other languagesother languages

FrenchFrenchLatinLatinGreekGreekHindiHindi

Let’s See How?Let’s See How?

PerPer PermitPermit

Sub mit Sub mit SubmitSubmit

ComCom CommitCommit

CataCata CatalogueCatalogue

ana logue analogueana logue analogue

diadia dialoguedialogue

Types of Complex WordsTypes of Complex Words Words made from a basic word form Words made from a basic word form

(which we call the stem), with the (which we call the stem), with the addition of an affix (Prefix + suffix)addition of an affix (Prefix + suffix)

e.g. e.g. rereopen, Openopen, Openeded.. Which are made of two (or more than Which are made of two (or more than

two) independent English wordstwo) independent English words

e.g. e.g. Ice-Cream, Arm-ChairIce-Cream, Arm-Chair

In 1In 1stst type type(3 possible effects)(3 possible effects)

The affix itself receives the primary stress (e.g. The affix itself receives the primary stress (e.g. semi + circle=semicircle, semi + circle=semicircle, ssklkl --- ---semissemisklkl))

The word is stressed just as if the affix were The word is stressed just as if the affix were there there

(e.g. pleasant, (e.g. pleasant, pleznplezntt, unpleasant, , unpleasant, nnpleznplezntt)) The stress remains on the stem, not the affix, but The stress remains on the stem, not the affix, but

is shifted to a different syllable.is shifted to a different syllable.

e.g. magnete.g. magnet, , mmgngnt, t, magneticmagnetic, m, mggnetnetk.k.

SuffixesSuffixes

It is observed that there are a number of It is observed that there are a number of suffixes in English language but some are suffixes in English language but some are more productive.more productive.

Productive means that by using those Productive means that by using those suffixes, we generate hundreds of new suffixes, we generate hundreds of new words.words.

ProblemsProblemsAs we already have discussed that As we already have discussed that English has borrowed a lot of words English has borrowed a lot of words from other languages which made from other languages which made things so much ambiguous.things so much ambiguous.

Example # 1Example # 1

e.g. if we consider word e.g. if we consider word

““audacityaudacity”.”.

It is not easy to divided it It is not easy to divided it into Stem + affix.into Stem + affix.

Example #2Example #2

Person + alPerson + alOrOrPerson + al + ityPerson + al + ityOrOrPersonal + ityPersonal + ity

Person = rootPerson = rootPersonal = StemPersonal = StemIty = SuffixIty = Suffix