sterilization in dentistry 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Sterilization in Dentistry
Presented by;M. Humayun
Afridi
Assisted By; Taif Ahmad And
Saqib Habib
Khyber College Of Dentistry
Peshawar
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STERILIZATION IN
DENTISTRY
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OBJECTIVE
At the end of the presentation the 2nd
year BDS students will know all about
the sterilization.
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Contents
Definition
Introduction
Need of sterilization
Classification of Instruments
Methods of sterilization
Sterilization monitoring
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What is Sterilization?
DEFINITION
“Sterilization is the process by
which all forms of microbial life
from surface,medium and
instruments are destroyed by
various physical and chemical
methods”
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Sterilization in Dentistry
Sterilization procedures are very
important to any good dental practice
Patients mouth are teeming with
microbes.
As Dental unit come across large
number of patients , an inherent
potential for spreading infectious
germs between patients and dental
staff, through contaminated
instruments and surfaces.7
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Why we need
Sterilization? Microorganisms capable of causing
infection are constantly present in the
external environment and on the
human body.
Microorganisms are responsible for
contamination and infection.
The aim of sterilization is to remove or
destroy them from materials or from
surfaces.
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How sterilization destroys
microbes?
a) Alteration of cell
wall or
cytoplasmic
membrane;
Cell wall
maintains the
integrity of cell.
When disrupted
cannot prevent cell
from bursting and
cellular contents leak
out.9
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b) Protein denaturing
Functions of
protein depends on
its specific 3-D
shape.
Various sterilization
methods denature
proteins and as a
result 3-D shape
and their functions
are lost.
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c) Interference with Nucleic Acid
Nucleic Acid is
considered as
controlling centre
of the cell.
Various methods of
sterilization
methods can
I. Produce mutation,
II. Interfere the process
of transcription.
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Sterilization of Dental
Instruments
Spaulding in 1968, classify dental instruments into three categories depending on the risk of transmitting infection.
Critical
Semi critical
Non critical
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CRITICAL INSTRUMENTS
Critical instruments are those that penetrate soft tissue, bone or blood stream.
They have the greatest risk of transmitting infection
They should be heat sterilized between patient uses.
Examples of critical instruments include surgical instruments,forceps, scalpels, scalers, and burs.
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SEMI CRITICAL
INSTRUMENTS Semi-critical
instruments are those
that do not penetrate
soft tissues or bone
but contact mucous
membranes
These instruments
should be sterilized or
high-level disinfection
is appropriate.
Examples: Mirrors,
reusable impression
trays and amalgam
condensers etc14
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NON CRITICAL INSTRUMENTS
Non-critical
instruments are
those that come in
contact with intact
skin.
Risk of transmission
of infection is
minimum.
Examples:X-ray
heads,pulse
oximeter,BP cuff
,dental chair etc.15
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DENTAL
CHAIR
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Methods of Sterilization
There are two types of sterilization:
1. Physical
2. Chemical
Physical Methods
Heat
Radiation
Microbial ControlMethods
Physical Agents
Chemical Agents
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Agents used in sterilization
Physical
agents:
1. Dry heat: flaming,
Moist heat: boiling,
steam under
pressure.
2. Radiation
Chemical
agents:
1. Phenols
2. Alcohols
3. Aldehydes
4. Gases: ethylene
oxide,
Formaldehyde
gas, ozone……
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Physical
Agents
Heat
Dry
Direct Flaming
Moist
Steam Under
Pressure
(autoclaving)
Radiation
Ionizing
X Ray,
Cathode,
Gamma
Non Ionizing
UV
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Dry Heat:“To sterilize
Forceps,
Scissors,
Scalpels.”
• Direct Flaming:
Used to sterilize
inoculating loops
and needles. Heat
metal until it has a
red glow.
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MOIST HEAT
Moist heat is more effective than dry
heat because water is good conductor
of heat than air
Mode of action: Denaturing of protein
TYPES
◦ Boiling
◦ Steam under pressure(autoclaving)
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AUTOCLAVING
Invented by Charles Chamberland in
1879
Most economical method of sterilization
Time required at 121 C is 15 mins at 15
lbs of pressure
Main Components of autoclave:
• Consists of vertical or horizontal
cylinder of stainless steel
• Lid , pressure gauge and a safety valve.
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ADVANTAGES
1. Short efficient cycle time.
2. Rapid and effective
3. Ability to process a wide range of
materials
4.Good penetration
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AUTOCLAVE
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RADIATION
There are mainly two types of
Radiations used in dentistry.
1. Ionizing radiation
2. Non Ionizing radiation.
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Ionizing radiations:
Ionizing radiation includes X-Rays and Gamma rays.
Cause mutations in DNA and produce peroxides.
These are commercially used for sterilization of disposable items. (cold sterilization).
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Nonionizing radiation
Non ionizing radiation includes
UV light and Infrared.
Affects 3-D structure of Proteins and nucleic acids.
Suitable for transparent fluids, and surfaces of objects.
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CHEMICAL METHODS
In Chemical methods of Sterilization
we use various chemical agents that
includes,
1) Phenolic compounds
2) Alcohols
3) Aldehydes
4) Gaseous sterilizers
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1. Phenols and Phenolics:
Phenol acts as protoplasmic
poison, penetrates & disrupts cell
wall and cause bacterial death by
inactivation of essential enzyme
systems.
Used for decontamination of
hospital environment including
laboratory surfaces, & for
noncritical medical & surgical
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2. Alcohols:
Kill bacteria (bactericidal), fungiand viruses.
Act by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes.
. Used as skin antiseptic to wipe microbes off skin before injections.
Also used for disinfection of thermometer, probes and external surfaces of stethoscope.
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3. Aldehydes:
Inactivate proteins by forming covalent cross links with several functional groups.
Commonly used aldehyde is FORMALIN (37% aqueous solution).
used extensively to inactivate viruses & bacteria in vaccines.
Also used to sterilize metal instruments.
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4. Gaseous Sterilizers:
Denature proteins, by
replacing functional
groups with alkyl
groups. Also reacts with
DNA & RNA.
These includes
1) Ethylene Oxide
2) Formaldehyde gas
3) Ozone…….
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Sterilization
Heat
Radiation
Gases
Chemicals
Methods of Sterilization
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STERILIZATION MONITORING
There are 3 methods of monitoring
sterilization:
Mechanical techniques
Chemical indicators
Biological indicators
These parameters evaluate both the
sterilization conditions and
procedure’s effectiveness 34
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MECHANICAL INDICATORS: Includes
assessing cycle time,temperature and
pressure by observing the displays on the
sterlizers
CHEMICAL INDICATORS: They allow
detection of equipment malfuctioning and
help in identifying procedural errors
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS: Most
accepted for monitoring sterilization
process
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References
Wikipedia
SS Hiremath
Google Images
Slide share
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