Stereotypes, Prejudice, Discrimination

In-Groups/Out-Groups

In-Groups vs. Out-Groups

Reasons for RivalriesGeographic Proximity

Frequent Meetings in Important Games

Events that Increased tension between groups

Pre-existing Social and Political Tensions

10 Great Sporting Rivalries

Football: FSU vs. UFTwo Oldest Public

Universities in FloridaOne or both of them

often highly ranked(1994) Choke at Doak

Game28 Points from FSU in

the last quarter to tie game 31-31

The Comeback - FSU vs. UF

Feeding an Old RivalryAuburn vs. Alabama

Roll Tide/War Eagle

The Iron BowlAlabama vs. Auburn1893SEC Division

Rivalries and In-Group Bias.

Case Study: Barcelona – Real Madrid

Barcelona - Real Madrid

Why could this rivalry be considered more than just a soccer match? Provide details from the video.

How has the rivalry changed over time?

Case Study: AC Milan vs. Inter Milan

Italian Derby

Inter first allowed players from other countries to play when AC Milan wouldn’t

Differences have dissipated since their first match in 1908, but tension remains.

Case Study: The Old FirmCeltic F.C. vs. Rangers F.C.

Celtic vs. Rangers - More than a Game

Location: Glasgow, Scotland

Roots of Conflict National Identity: Native

Scots (Rangers) – Scots Irish (Celtic)

Religious Affiliation: Protestants (Rangers) – Catholics (Celtic)

Video: The Football Wars

Case Study: Rivalries and HistoryAli vs. Frazier

(1971)“Fight of the Century” Both undefeated Extension of tension in the

country Ali came to represent the

movement against Vietnam. Frazier became symbol for conservative America

Frazier won. (1974) Rematch: Ali won. (1975) Final Fight: Ali won in

the Philippines

Frazier vs. Ali - Rivals

Case Study: Rivalries and History Miracle On Ice

Sport: HockeyU.S vs. Soviet UnionKey Match: 1980 Winter

Olympic Games SemifinalImportance:

Cold War EraCompetition between

countries. U.S as the underdog story. Miracle On Ice

Case Study: India vs. PakistanSports as a microcosm of the world

India-Pakistan Conflict Fight over region of Kashmir.

Both countries have nuclear weapons

Conflict Analysis - India vs. Pakistan

Tension in the India/Pakistan border

Rivalry in Sports

How do people live the rivalry?

Group Behavior Affects Conflict:Conformity to our Group

Important Studies:Solomon Asch

Group Pressure

Stanley MilgramObedience to Authority

Irving JanisGroupthink: the tendency

of group members to conform by adopting a narrow view of some issue.

How are group pressure, obedience to authority and groupthink part of our allegiance as fans to a team?

. 

Asch Experiment

65% of subjects administered what they thought was lethal voltage on the shock machine.Milgram described the dilemma as a conflict between conscience and authority.

Groupthink

I Think, You Think, We ThinkGroupthink

•Groupthink: the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an incorrect or deviant decision-making outcome. Characteristics of groupthink include:Illusion of invulnerabilityCollective rationalizationBelief in inherent moralityStereotyped views of out-groupsDirect pressure on dissentersSelf-censorshipIllusion of unanimitySelf-appointed mindguards

Groupthink: Illusion of Invulnerability

Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks.

Groupthink: Collective Rationalization

Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions.

Groupthink: Belief in Inherent Morality

Belief that whatever the group does it will be right as they all know the difference between right and wrong.

Tendency to overlook the consequences of what they decide.

Are we born good people or is morality taught?

Groupthink: Stereotyped views of out-groups

Negative views of those who are different creates conflict.

Question: Are we born to hate or are we taught to hate?

Groupthink: Direct Pressure on Dissenters

Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group’s views.

Groupthink: Self-censorship

Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed

Why could self-censorship be problematic on the long run?

Groupthink: Illusion of unanimity

The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous.

Groupthink: Self-appointed mindguards

Member of a group who serves as an informational filter, providing limited information to the group and, consciously or subconsciously, utilizing a variety of strategies to control dissent

IN-GROUPS and OUT-GROUPS

“We all see only that which we are trained to see.” 

In-Groups and Out-Groups

Social Identity

Social categorization divide world into in-group (“us”) and out-group (“them”)

When do we start categorizing?

Video - Categorization at a Young Age?

In-Groups and Out-groups

Sport rivalries feed on the distinctions between in-groups and out-groups. So do other conflicts.

An in-group is a social group commanding a member’s esteem and loyalty; it is the one we identify with.

An out-group is a social group toward which one feels competition or opposition.

In-group bias: view our own group more favorably

Jane Elliott's "blue eyes/brown eyes“In-Groups vs. Out-Groups

3rd Grade Teacher Jane Elliott

Experiment conducted on the days after Martin Luther King assassination (1968)

Wanted to explain discrimination to 8 year olds.

Experiment deals with stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the creation of in-group bias.

Glossary Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are thought to be

characteristic of members of particular groups. A mental image or judgment of a group based on opinion without regard to individual differences. They can be either positive or negative.ex. Women are nurturing, car salesmen are dishonest

Prejudice - A negative judgment or opinion formed about a group without knowledge of the facts.

Discrimination - Treating someone less favorably based on the group, class or category they belong to. Discrimination is prejudice in action.

StereotypesA mental image of a

group based on opinion without regard to individual differences.

Oversimplification or exaggeration about a group of people

They can be either positive or negative.

If individuals differ from stereotype, they are treated as exceptions.

Which of these stereotypes are attributed to males and which ones to females?

Aggressive Dependent Easily InfluencedDominantPassiveHome-orientedTalkativeToughRarely CriesEmotional Cruel

Examples of StereotypesPeople: Mothers serving meals

to their familiesBoys playing with action

figuresMen working on their

cars

Things and Places:All inner cities are

corrupt and sinfulSmall towns are safe

and clean

PrejudiceA negative judgment

or opinion formed about a group without sufficient knowledge

It is the attitude that we have towards other groups

It is based on stereotypes

Forms of PrejudiceSexism : prejudice based on a person’s biological gender

Racism: prejudice based on a person’s ethnicity

Sectarianism : prejudice based on a person’s religious

background and/or political beliefs

Homophobia : prejudice based on a person’s sexual

orientation

Disability Prejudice: Prejudice based on a person’s physical

or mental abilities

Ageism: prejudice based on a person’s age

What forms of prejudice are more preponderant in society

today?

Sexism

Prejudice based on a person’s biological gender

Belief that one sex is by nature superior to another

Sexism and the Wage GapLevel of women’s

income relative to that of men.

1960s: women earned 60 cents for every dollar earned by men

Today: women earn 77-80 cents for every dollar earned by men

Sexism and the Glass Ceiling

Invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper-level positions in business

Women and Sports: Journalism

Males: Is there prejudice towards women’s opinions in sports? What about other topics?

Females: Do you feel any prejudice when voicing your opinions about sports? What about other topics?

Disability Prejudice

Discuss:

Do you think professional sports should strive to incorporate people with disabilities in their competitions or should it provide more competitions for disabled people?

AgeismAgeism in Work

Interviews

Prejudice based on a person’s age.

How does ageism affect you?

How does ageism affect athletes, both old and young?

Nazi Germany Olympic Games (1936)

German Olympic Games

Why did Germany wanted to host the Olympic Games in 1936?

Why could this event be considered as more than just a sporting event?

HomophobiaPrejudice based on a

person’s sexual orientation

Homophobia in the Russian Olympic Games

Is it the government’s role to defend those who are being discriminated by other nations?

What is the role of athletes in this debate? Some say they should boycott the Games. Do you agree with it?

Forms of PrejudiceCome up with at least one real life example for any

three of the following forms of prejudice:

Sexism

Racism

Sectarianism

Homophobia

Disability prejudice

Ageism

DiscriminationDiscriminationDiscriminationDiscrimination

PrejudicePrejudicePrejudicePrejudice

Attitudes and EmotionsAttitudes and EmotionsAttitudes and EmotionsAttitudes and Emotions

Stereotypes, Ideas, and BeliefsStereotypes, Ideas, and BeliefsStereotypes, Ideas, and BeliefsStereotypes, Ideas, and Beliefs

Discrimination Discrimination is the

unfair treatment of

an individual

because of his/her

membership of a

particular group

Discrimination is

prejudice in action

Robert Merton: Patterns of Prejudice and Discrimination

The Active BigotPrejudiced and

Openly discriminatory

The Timid BigotPrejudiced, but is

afraid to discriminate because of society’s pressures

The Fair-Weather LiberalNot prejudiced but

discriminates anyway because of society’s pressures

The All-Weather LiberalNot prejudiced and

does not discriminate

Direct and Indirect Discrimination

Direct vs. Indirect Discrimination

Direct discrimination happens when someone is treated unfavorably because of a personal characteristic protected by the law.

Example: An employer advises an employee that they will not be trained to work on new machinery because they are too old to learn new skills. The employer has discriminated against the employee by denying them training in their employment on the basis of their age.

Indirect discrimination

an unreasonable requirement, condition or practice is imposed that disadvantages a person or group because of a personal characteristic.

Example: A store requires customers to produce photographic identification in the form of a driver’s license before collecting an order. This may disadvantage a person with a vision impairment who is not eligible to hold a driver’s license.

Discrimination in Society Legal Discrimination

System of laws in a society allows for discrimination to occur

Ex. Apartheid in South Africa

Laws in South Africa distinguished political, economic, and legal rights of white and non-white South Africans

Apartheid Laws

Institutionalized Discrimination

When discrimination and inequality become part of the social structure

No necessity for dominant group to intentionally dominate minority group.

More difficult to change because it runs deeper than the laws created.

White Privilege: the advantages that whites receive because of their skin color.

Accumulation of Wealth

Case Study: South Africa Under Apartheid

It was a system of government in South Africa from 1948 to 1990.

This Afrikaans word means separation: the whites were separated from the black Africans and minorities.

The white minority ruled the country and the black majority did not have many rights.

How did the world react to Apartheid?

A lot of countries boycotted South Africa during Apartheid: they refused to buy its products.

Film and pop stars refused to perform in South Africa

Sports Against Apartheid

South Africa was absent from international sport events for most of the apartheid era due to sanctions

A lot of teams and champions refused to compete either in South Africa or against South Africa

Nelson Mandela

He was the most important anti-apartheid leader

He spent 27 years in prison for his ideas

In 1994 he became the first black president after the first free elections in South Africa.

Used sports as a way to unite the country, especially the 1995 Rugby World Cup

How do cultures deal with different groups?

From Acceptance to Extermination

Intergroup Relations

Intergroup RelationsTreatment of different groups varies from

culture to culture and has varied over time

Examples: Cultural PluralismAssimilationLegal ProtectionSubjugationSegregationPopulation TransferExtermination

Cultural Pluralism vs. Assimilation

Cultural Pluralism exists when groups maintain their individual identities.

In a pluralistic society, groups remain separate, and their cultural and social differences persist over time.

Assimilation is a process in which formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merge together socially.

As a society undergoes assimilation, differences among groups begin to decrease.Names Offer Path to Cultural Assimilation

Legal ProtectionMinority Rights

protected by law.

Ex. Affirmative Action

Programs Efforts to correct past imbalances in educational and employment opportunities for minority groups. Give preference to

minoritiesCritics believe it is a

form of “reverse discrimination”

Legal Protection in Sports“The Rooney Rule” -

2003

Requires NFL teams to interview minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operations

2003 – Detroit Lions fined $200,000 for not interviewing minority candidates

NFL Coaches

Video

Case Study: Alcorn State University

First White Head Football Coach

Segregation and Subjugation

SubjugationDominant group controls

every aspect of minority group life through force

SegregationMinority group is

physically separated from dominant group

Example: U.S. 1960s

Jackie Robinson1966 - Kentucky vs. Texas

Western

Population Transfer

Dominant group moves minority group to new locations within or outside the country

Terezin Soccer LeagueTerezin GhettoJewish people played

soccer 160,000 Jews lived

there4,000 survived

ExterminationDominant group attempts

to destroy minority group

Ex. The HolocaustAuschwitz

Extermination Camp

Nazi Germany

Genocide: when the goal of extermination is the destruction of a national, racial, ethnic or religious group

Extermination – Case Study:Rwandan Genocide

April 1994

Fight between two ethnic groups

Hutu majority conducted mass killings of Tutsi minority

Around 800,000 people were killed over a period of 100 days