Brain Development

StemCellsS.V.

What are Stem Cells?Classification of Stem CellsCurrent Uses of Stem CellsLegal RestrictionsInduced Pluripotent Stem CellsTherapeutic CloningPotential Use of Stem CellsNew & Exciting ResearchConclusionTable of Contents

Stem cells are pluripotent.

Stem cells serve as a repair system for the body.

Stem cells have the potential in many different areas of health and medical research.

By studying stem cells we can understand diseases and how serious conditions occur.

Stem cells may be used one day in the future to make cells and tissues for therapy for many different diseases.

Stem Cells

Source 1 and 23ClassificationEmbryonicFormed as a normal part of embryonic developmentCan be isolated from an early embryo and grown in a dish

Ethical Considerations:when hES cells are isolated from an embryo the embryo is destroyedPotential as Therapy:ES cells are pluripotentES cells are a promising source of cells for treating diseasesSpecial Considerations:Patients immune system will recognize transplanted stem cells as foreign and attack them

Source 5, 6, 134SomaticAlso called adult stem cellsExist naturally in bodyImportant for growth, healing, and replacing cells lost through daily wear and tearCan become only a subset of related cell typesEthical Considerations:Not controversial Same ethical considerations that apply to all medical proceduresPotential as Therapy:Can treat blood and skin diseasesOnly certain cells can be produced from somatic stem cellsSpecial Considerations:Cells low in abundanceDifficult to isolate and grow in cultureCan be transplanted but will be attacked by patients immune systemClassification

Source 5, 135Stem cell therapies are not newSomatic Cell Therapy for blood and skin diseases

Current UsesSkin Disease Therapies Regenerative capabilities of human skin to treat victims of severe burns using skin transplantsPossible cause stem cells located under top layer of skin that reproduce worn out skin cells dailyAfter severe burns, source of these reproducing stem cells are destroyedPast: used to treat burns by transplanting sections of skin of undamaged area to burned areas but if not enough unharmed skin found then no treatmentNow: scientists grow sheets of new skin by culturing stem cells from small pieces of healthy skin

Source 6, 8, 12

http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%202%20Review/Ch%205%20Skin%20Grafts.htm

6Current UsesBlood & Bone Marrow Therapies Can already treat leukemia, sickle cell anemia, bone marrow damage, some metabolic disorders and immunodeficiencies where the body has lost ability to replenish its healthy blood cellsHematopoietic stem cell gives rise to all blood cells Only way to use hematopoietic stem cells is bone marrow transplantsScientists are exploring new use for these stem cells that go beyond blood related diseasesPeripheral Blood and Umbilical Cord Stem CellsNow we can drive hematopoietic stem cells from blood in umbilical cords and placentas at birth and from peripheral bloodProblem with PBSCs is that due to small quantity its difficult to collect enough for a transplantUmbilical cord blood lacks immune cells so there is less chance of transplanted cells will attack recipients bodyStem cells from umbilical cords and placentas are more accessible than from the bone marrow

Source 6, 8 12

http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/bone-marrow-transplant.html

7Canada:Governed by Assisted Humans Reproduction Act Protect principles of free and informed consent, human dignity, non-commercialization of gametes and embryos and respect for embryosNot ethically acceptable to create human embryos for researchIn vitro fertilization embryos may be usedReproductive and research cloning are prohibited and punishable Legalities

Source 158

How do "Stem Cells seem to be evolving in the future?

ClassificationInduced PluripotentCreated artificially by reprogramming patients cellsMade from readily available somatic cells An alternate to hES but not the same Ethical Considerations:Same ethical considerations that apply to all medical proceduresPotential as Therapy:Mouse iPS cells can become any cell in body of a mousePredictably same for humansPromising source of cells for treating diseases

Special Considerations:Much cheaper to generate than ES cells from therapeutic cloningNo danger or immune system rejection

Source 5, 6, 1310ClassificationTherapeutic Cloning Method of cloning patient-specific embryonic stem cellsAlso known as nuclear transferEthical Considerations:Involves creating clone of human beingDestroying cloned embryo Requires human egg donorPotential as Therapy:in theory, can generate hES cells with potential to become any type of cell in human body No possible rejection by immune system

Special Considerations:Not successful in creating human embryo to blastocyst stageIn animals cloning has been time consuming, inefficient and expensive.

Source 511Potential UsesThere are many potential uses and applications of Stem Cells.

The three I am going to discuss are:Resource for Testing New Medical Treatments Development and Disease ResearchRegenerative MedicineResource for Testing New Medical TreatmentsBy either obtaining or producing stem cells (from embryo, iPS or therapeutic cloning) we can test new medications on these stem cells to see how they react Development and Disease ResearchDevelopment of EmbryosResearch on diseases like Parkinsons or CancerNormal stem cells and tumor stem cells exist in low number but can replicate and differentiateCancerous stem cells lack control to stop divingResearch in difference in gene expression between normal and tumor stem cells may lead to treatments where the root of the problem occurs

Make a sheet to read off of.. Sources 2, 3, 7, 9, 1012Potential UsesRegenerative MedicineNew field that aims to use stem cells to repair damaged tissues that cant heal itselfMany animals can grow new body portsRegeneration in humans is limited , human stem cells can only heal injuries not replace missing piecesScientists are looking for ways to activate stem cells inside the body and coax them to go beyond their natural healing abilitiesSome existing drugs can activate stem cells, thus scientists may be able to develop new drugs that will activate other types of stem cells to heal damaged tissueScientists trying to use hES and iPS stem cells to grow organs or stem cells to treat diseases or damagesTissue engineers can grow patches of repaired damaged heart tissueIn animals they can grow whole hearts, livers, lungs and kidneys

Make a sheet to read off of.. Sources 2, 3, 7, 9, 1013Antipsychotic drug, Thioridazine, found by McMaster University researchers, is a smart drug that kills only cancer stem cells and appears to have no effect on normal cells Was removed from shelved by Health Canada because it causes irregular heartbeat that may cause sudden deathOne of 26 drugs found by Bhatia and his teamStudying how Thioridazine works also led McMaster researchers to discover new ways in which cancer stem cells grow and evolve.

New Research

Source 114As we grow from fertilized eggs into fully formed human beings, stem cells give rise to all of our differentiated tissues and organs. Stem cells continue to play an important role throughout our lives as they help to heal and maintain our bodies. Stem cells offer an exciting promise for future therapies and may be used one day to make cells and tissues for therapy for many devastating diseases like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Diabetes.

Conclusion

ReferencesDI Gieuseppe, M., Vavitsas, A., Ritter, B., Dr., Fraser, D., Arora, A., & Lisser, B. (2003). The Importance of the Nervous System. In Nelson Biology 12 (pp. 471-472NIH: National Institutes of Health. (2012). Stem Cells. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stemcells.html Euro Stem Cell. (2009, June 1). What are the potential applications of stem cell research? Retrieved May, 2012, from http://www.eurostemcell.org/faq/ what-are-potential-applications-stem-cell-research Genetic Science Learning Center (1969, December 31) The Nature of Stem Cells. Learn.Genetics. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/scintro/ Genetic Science Learning Center (1969, December 31) Stem Cell Quick Reference. Learn.Genetics. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/quickref/Genetic Science Learning Center (1969, December 31) The Stem Cell Debate: Is It Over?. Learn.Genetics. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/scissues/Reiser, J., Ph.D., & LSU Health New Orleans. (n.d.). Mending the Broken Brain: Novel Ways to Repair Brain Damage Using Stem Cells and Genes. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/genetics_center/ louisiana/article_brokenbrain.htm Genetic Science Learning Center (1969, December 31) Stem Cells In Use. Learn.Genetics. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/sctoday/Genetic Science Learning Center (1969, December 31) Unlocking Stem Cell Potential. Learn. Genetics. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/scfuture/

ReferencesUBC. (2004, August). Stem Cell Bioengineering. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://www.scq.ubc.ca/ stem-cell-bioengineering/ National Institute of Health Research. (2009). Stem Cell Basics. Retrieved May 2, 2012, from http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics6.asp The National Academies. (2009). Stem Cell Basics. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://dels-old.nas.edu/ bls/stemcells/why-stem-cell-research.shtml The National Academies. (2009). Stem Cell Basics - Ethics. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://dels-old.nas.edu/ bls/stemcells/ethics.shtml The National Academies. (2009). Stem Cell Basics - Ethics. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://dels-old.nas.edu/ bls/stemcells/working-with-stem-cells.shtml Stem Cell Network. (2009). Canada's Regulatory Oversight of Stem Cell Research. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/ index.php?page=canada-s-regulatory-oversight-of-stem-cell-research Frketich, J. (2012, May 25). Drug that kills cancer stem cells has safety concerns . Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved from http:/http://www.thespec.com/news/local/article/ 730705--drug-that-kills-cancer-stem-cells-has-safety-concerns

Slide 3 http://www.stemcelltreatments.in/strokeSlides 4, 5, 10 & 11 - http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/quickref/ Slide 6 - http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%202%20Review/Ch%205%20Skin%20Grafts.htmSlide 7 - http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/bone-marrow-transplant.htmlSlide 9 - http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/california-stem-cell-agency-s-road-to-success-for-next-five-years-will-have-to-run-through-the-clinic/77899540/ Slide 13 - http://repairstemcell.wordpress.com/2011/11/16/adult-stem-cells-and-radiation/Animation Slide 15 - http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/differentiation.html

Picture References