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TRANSCRIPT
STATUS OF DICOFOLPOPs under Elimination
b
About Toxics LinkToxics Link is an Indian environmental research and advocacy organization set up in 1996,
engaged in disseminating information to help strengthen the campaign against toxics pollution,
provide cleaner alternatives and bring together groups and people affected by this problem. Toxics
Link’s Mission Statement is “Working together for environmental justice and freedom from toxics.
We have taken it upon ourselves to collect and share both information about the sources and
danger of poisons in our environment and bodies, and information about clean and sustainable
alternatives for India and the rest of the world.”
Copyright © Toxics Link, 2018
All rights reserved
Published in June 2019
Toxics Link
H2 (Ground Floor), Jungpura Extension
New Delhi - 110014, India
Phone: 91-11-24328006, 24320711
Fax: 91-11-24321747 www.toxicslink.org
SUPERVISED BY:
Piyush Mohapatra Email: [email protected]
RESEARCH AND COMPILED BY:
Bikash Chetry Email: [email protected]
i
CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations: iii
Executive Summary: 1
Chapter 1: Introduction 3
1.1 Usage of Dicofol 4
1.2 Production 4
1.3 Environment and health Challenges from Dicofol 6
1.3.1. Environmental Impacts 6
1.4 Global regulation on Prohibition/Ban on Dicofol 8
1.5 Dicofol as Persistent Organic Pollutant: Stockholm Convention 8
Chapter 2: Research Methodology 9
Chapter 3: Survey on the use of Dicofol in India 11
Survey Findings on Use of Dicofol (Farmers Survey) 11
Use of Pesticides 11
Use of Dicofol 12
Hazards of Dicofol 13
Recommending the Use of Dicofol 15
Pesticide retailers Survey 16
Major Crops on which Dicofol is used 16
Farmers survey of Dicofol use 17
Chapter 4: Conclusion and Challenges 18
Annexures
Annex I: Pictures taken during field visit in Delhi and Dausa 19
Annex II: Tools for data collection 22
Questionnaire for Dicofol (Farmers) 22
Information of Use of pesticides 22
Environmental or health impact of Dicofol 23
Alternatives and Economies 24
Annex III: Name of Dicofol sold in India 25
Annex IV: Dicofol manufacturing companies in India 26
References 30
ii
List of FiguresFigure 1 Percentage usage of Dicofol globally 4
Figure 2 Estimated Dicofol used in (tons) globally 5
Figure 3 Percentage decrease of Dicofol usage globally 6
Figure 4 Folio Gold used farmers in Delhi 19
Figure 5 Alternatives of Dicofol sold in Dausa (Dupont) 19
Figure 6 Isablon used by farmers in Dausa 20
Figure 7 Hoshi Miticide used by farmers in Dausa 20
Figure 8 Pesticides ready for use in Dausa 20
Figure 9 Survey site in Dausa 20
Figure 10 Colonel Bought in Delhi 21
Figure 11 Colonel (Dicofol) bought in Dausa 21
Figure 12 Dicofol sold in Warangal 21
Figure 13 Dicofol sold in Khandwa 21
Figure 14 Retailer selling pesticides in Darjeeling 21
Figure 15 Alternatives of Dicofol found in Nashik 21
List of TablesTable 1 Chemical identity of Dicofol 3
Table 2 Global estimate of Dicofol (2000-2012) 5
Table 3 Continent wise Dicofol use in 2012 5
Table 4 Studies on Dicofol residues in Sediments and Water samples 7
Table 5 Studies on organo-chlorine pesticides residues in Sediments and Water samples 7
Table 6 Tolerance Limit for Food in India as per Food Safety and Standards Regulations 8
Table 7 Countries which have banned Dicofol 8
Table 8 The survey sample sizes are as follows 9
Table 9 The table below depicts major crops grown by the local farmers in the region 11
Table 10 Alternatives available in different states 15
Table 11 Cost of Dicofol and other Pesticides (In different location of data collection) 15
Table 12 Brands sold in different locations 16
Table 13 Dicofol usage in different regions 16
Table 14 Farmers survey of Dicofol usage 17
Table 15 Country with concentration of DDT and its compounds in Dicofol 29
Table 16 Research studies on Efficacy of Dicofol on various pests on Crops 29
Table 17 Approved list of Importers and Indigenous Manufacturers of Dicofol in India 29
iii
List of AbbreviationsCOP Conference of the Parties
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants
SC Stockholm Convention
NGO Non- Governmental Organization
WHO World Health Organisation
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
CAS Chemical Abstracts Service
US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
POPRC Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee
HIL Hindustan Insecticides Limited
HCH Hexachlorocyclohexane
NCEH National Center for Environmental Health
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Units of Concentrationmg/kg Milligram(s) per kilogram. Corresponds to parts per million (ppm) by mass
µg Microgram(s) per kilogram. Corresponds to parts per billion (ppb) by mass
ng/kg Nanogram(s) per kilogram. Corresponds to parts per trillion (ppb) by mass
AcknowledgementsThe report was prepared under the constant guidance of our Director Mr. Ravi Agarwal, Associate
Director Mr. Satish Sinha as well as the support of our fellow colleagues from Toxics Link.
We are also very grateful to Mr. Mahesh Sharma, Gramin Vikas Evam Paryavaran Samiti, Rajasthan,
Paryavaran Vikas Kendra, Gujarat and Assume Delhi who helped us in data collection during our
research. Moreover we would also like to extend our sincere gratitude towards Late Ashish Rai, from
Prerna NGO (Darjeeling) whose untimely demise was shocking for us. He was instrumental during
the process of data collection for this project and words aren’t enough to thank him for his invaluable
contribution in this study. Lastly, we would also like to thank Mr. Sudhanshu Sekhar, an intern from
Delhi School of Social Work who helped us in data collection in Delhi.
1
Dicofol is a miticide that is still widely used in some parts of the world on variety of crops like
cotton, apples, citrus fruits, vegetables etc. The chemical has the characteristics of Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs) and has recently been included as a POP in the ninth meeting of the Stockholm
Convention held in May 2019 in Geneva. It is noteworthy that India which is the only producer of
Dicofol supported the move to include it in the Stockholm Convention and had pledged to ban the
production and use of the chemical within two months following its inclusion in the convention.
In this context, Toxics Link conducted a survey to understand the farmers’ perspectives towards
Dicofol. The analysis of data shows that some farmers are still using the chemical for tea plantation
and grapes in India. But on the other hand there are also effective alternatives available in India
which a large number of farmers are using as miticides.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
DICOFOL IS LARGELY BEING USED ON VARIETY OF CROPS LIKE COTTON, TEA, LADY FINGER, TOMATOES, PAPAYA, AND GRAPES ETC
3
INTRODUCTION
Dicofol is classified as an organo-chlorine miticide and it was introduced for commercial use in
1955 as it is considered effective against mites. However, WHO in 1996 declared Dicofol as an
environmental pollutant (WHO, 1996). The chemical formula of Dicofol is C14H9Cl5O or 2, 2, 2 –
trichloro – 1,1–bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethanol.1
Table 1 Chemical identity of Dicofol
Common name Dicofol
IUPAC Chem. 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol
CAS chemical name Benzenemethanol, 4-chloro-α-(4-chlorophenyl)-α-(trichloromethyl)- (CAS
Registry)1
4-chloro-alpha-(4-chlorophenyl)-α-(trichloromethyl) benzene-methanol (WHO,
1996)
1,1-bis(4’-chlorophenyl)2,2,2-trichloroethanol (UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/3)
Other names 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol and 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-
(4- chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol (‘p p’- and o,p’-isomer) (US EPA,
1998)
Trade name 1,1-bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol; 4-chloro-α-(4-chlorophenyl)-
α-(trichloromethyl)-; Acarin; Benzenemethanol; Carbax; Cekudifol; CPCA; De-
cofol; Dicaron; Dichlorokelthane; Dicomite; Difol; DTMC; ENT 23648; FW293;
Hilfol; Hilfol 18.5 EC; Kelthane; Kelthanethanol; Kelthane A; Kelthane (DOT);
KelthaneDust Base; Kelthane 35; Milbol; Mitigan; p,p-dicofol; NA2761 (DOT);
NCI-C00486 (WHO, 1996).2
Dicofol is significantly volatile and has the potential for long-range atmospheric transport. It has
several periods of half-lives depending upon the conditions in which it is present (UNEP, POPRC
Report, 2016)2. The monitoring data has shown that Dicofol is sufficiently persistent not only to
be transported via riverine inputs to the open sea but also to be detected in deep sediment layers
dating back several decades. The chemical has all the characteristics of Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs) and has therefore been listed in the Stockholm convention.
1 http://www.cas.org/content/chemical-substances2 APEDA/DIR/RMP-GRAPES,2005
1 1
4
1.1 Usage of Dicofol
Dicofol was extensively used as a miticide in many countries around the world. The chemical was
commonly used on a variety of crops including cotton, apples, citrus fruits, mint, strawberries, beans,
peppers, tomatoes, walnuts, stone fruits, and cucumbers, ornamental flowers such as orchids, other
fruits and vegetables. However, after the adverse health and environmental impacts of the chemical
came to be known, it was restricted or phased out gradually by many of the countries.
In India the chemical is largely being recommended for use on variety of crops like cotton, tea, lady
finger, tomatoes, papaya, and grapes etc. (Ministry of Agriculture Report, 2009)
1.2 Production3
Dicofol is manufactured from technical DDT by hydroxylation (van de Plassche et al. 2003). The
global production of Dicofol between 2000 to 2007 was exponentially higher and the production
was estimated at 5,500 (tons/year). The estimated production of Dicofol in USA was 160 tons/year
from 1999 to 2004 (Hoferkamp et al. 2010). On the other hand, Spain produced approximately 1500
tons/year and was one of the major producers in the whole of Europe (OSPAR, 2008). Brazil ceased
the use and production of Dicofol completely in 2014 following an agreement between the Brazilian
government and the producers. (Brazil, 2016).
However, looking at the data it is evident that the use of Dicofol has been reduced but there is
still growing demand of the chemical in the international markets and largely in Asia. Some of the
European countries which have banned the use of Dicofol continue to export it to the developing
countries, which clearly shows their double standards.
The global usage pattern of Dicofol during the 13-year period from 2000 to 2012 is depicted in the
pie chart below.
Figure 1 Percentage usage of Dicofol globally
The estimated use of Dicofol from 2000 to 2012 was 28.200 (tons) globally and
Asia was the main user of Dicofol (21,719 tons), followed by North America and
other continents.4
3 UNEP-POPS-POPRC.12-2.DicofolRP
0.05
5.07
5.44
6.20
6.43
76.81
� Asia
� North America
� Europe
� Latin America
� Africa
� Oceania
5
Table 2 Global estimate of Dicofol (2000-2012)
Name of continents Quantity of Dicofol used
Asia 21,719 tons
North America 1,817 tons
Europe 1,745 tons
Latin America 1,538 tons
Africa and 1,434 tons
Oceania 13 tons4
The estimated use of Dicofol during 2012 is depicted in the pie chart below:
Figure 2 Estimated Dicofol used in (tons) globally
Table 3 Continent wise Dicofol use in 2012
Name of continent Quantity of Dicofol used
Asia 619 tons(mainly in China 530 tons and India 43 tons)
North America 33 tons
Europe 1,745 tons
Latin America 38 tons
Africa 36tons
Oceania 1 tons5
4 Li et al., 2014a5 Li et al., 2014a
1
36
38
33
43
530
� China
� India
� USA
� Latin America
� Africa
� Oceania
6
Figure 3 Percentage decrease of Dicofol usage globally
Asia a hub for Dicofol use:
The use of Dicofol has been prohibited in many parts of the world, yet Asia was one of the principal
users and manufacturers of the chemical from 2000 to 2012. Asian countries used 619 tons of
Dicofol approximately out of which China produced 530 tons and India 43 tons.
However, in the year 2014 as per China’s notification to the Stockholm secretariat, it shut down its
production line for technical Dicofol by a letter dated 28 February 2014 and withdrew the use of
D0DT as a closed-system site-limited intermediate starting from June 2014 (UNEP/POPS/ COP.7/4/
Rev.1-Corr.1). But India continued its use of Dicofol and is the only producer of the chemical until
recently in 2019 when it accepted to phase it out.
In India, the Indian state-owned enterprise and currently the only known producer of Dicofol,
HIL (India) Pvt. Ltd. has a production capacity of 150 tonnes/year (company homepage6) with
an average annual production output of approximately 50 tonnes (Li et al. 2014a). Apart from
HIL, there are other private manufacturers claiming to be the producer and supplier of Dicofol
in the country. In Conference of Parties of Stockholm Convention held in May 2019, India has
declared that HIL will stop producing Dicofol as soon as possible.
1.3 Environment and health challenges from Dicofol
Globally there are ample studies and literature which establish the adverse effects of the use of
Dicofol on public health and environment. However, in India there is not enough research available
to ascertain this linkage with environment and health.
Environmental Impacts10
In India, the concentration of these pesticides have been detected in almost all the segments in
the environment. Due to their extensive use in the past they got bio-magnified and accumulated in
animal tissues, human body, disposed tissues and breast milk.
A study by Kavitha, Francis and Variyar, 2016 from the Department of Biotechnology and
Microbiology, Kannur University clearly elucidates how the evidence for thyroid disruption due
6 http://www.hil.gov.in/DICOFOL%20.html
� Europe
� USA
� India
� China
89.9
1
89.8
1
70.34
73.67
7
to organochlorine exposure is increasing. The study also shows the toxic influence of Dicofol, an
organochlorine pesticide on the thyroid gland in female pubertal rats. The Dicofol-treated rats
showed a significant decrease (p = 0.05) in body weight gain during the experimental period with
noticeable change in the high dose group, when compared with the controlled one.
Table 4 Studies on Dicofol residues in Sediments and Water samples
Pesticide Region Water (ppm) Sediment (ppm) Reference
Dicofol
West Bengal and Dooars
Mean concentration - 0.0036 (April – dry season)
-Bishnu et al., 2009
River Deomoni 0.0086 0.4884 Pal et al., 2011
Deomani, Terai and Darjeeling
0.0424 0.0446Singh et al., 2015
Again, Kumari and Duhan (2011) from the Department of Entomology, Chaudhary Charan Singh
Haryana Agricultural University in their research found the persistence of residues of Dicofol on
cotton and in soil after spraying shows that the residues of Dicofol dissipated almost completely
from the soil in 60 days (dissipation took place in half-life of 9 days). Dicofol residues were also
detected in cotton lint and seed.
Yet another study by Bishnu et al., 2009 from the Department of Environment, Institute of
Environmental Studies and Wetland Management, West Bengal in the Dooars region demonstrates
the health impacts of Dicofol that caused reproductive malfunctions such as eggshell-thinning and
feminization of male embryos in birds. Furthermore Dicofol, DCBP and FW-152 have been detected
in birds’ eggs which indicates maternal transfer to the offspring. It has also been detected in variety
of environmental compartments and biota.
The study by Bishnu et al. (2009) also detected Dicofol in the water bodies of tea gardens in the
Dooars region of West Bengal at a mean level of 3.6 (range 0.9 – 5.8) µg/L. Besides Dicofol was found
at mean concentration levels ranging from 0.03 to 0.34 µg/g (Nag & Raikwar 2011) in the animal
feed samples.
One more study conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows the
presence of a low percentage of organo chlorine pesticides which have been detected in tissues of
most human beings and animals (NCEH, 2005).
Also, in a study conducted by Singh et al., 2004 in the Bhagalpur stretch found that the residues in
Dicofol show higher values over a period of two years which indicates overuse of pesticides for pest
management in tea gardens that flows to water bodies via runoffs. The contamination of rivers by
pesticide residues from run offs impacts the aquatic ecosystem leading to deleterious effect on the
aquatic organisms and human beings dependent on water supply from these rivers.
Table 5 Studies on organo-chlorine pesticides residues in Sediments and Water samples
Sampling Site Average Concentration (ng/g) dry weight Remarks (ng/g) dry weight Reference
Agricultural Soils, North India 37.67±5.88
HCH (34.96)>DDT (1.6)>Endosulfan (0.95)>Dieldrin (0.16)
Kumar et al., 2011
Municipal Drains, Delhi 27.26±9.7HCH (17.29)>DDT (4.40)>Endosulfan (3.52)>Dieldrin (2.05)
Kumar et al., 2011
8
Table 6 Tolerance Limit for Food in India as per Food Safety and Standards Regulations
Name of Insecticides Food Tolerance limit (mg/kg.ppm)
Dicofol
Fruits and Vegetables 5.0
Tea (dry manufactured) 5.0
Chilies 1.07
1.4 Global regulation on Prohibition/Ban on Dicofol
WHO (1996) reported that Dicofol leads to stimulation of axonal transmission of nerve signals and is
also believed to be related to inhibition of ATP ashes in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Looking
at the health and environmental impacts of Dicofol, its use has been prohibited in many countries.
Canada was the first country which banned the use of Dicofol in 2011, followed by USA and some
other countries which started banning the use of the chemical over the years.
In the European Union, Dicofol was used for plant protection; however, as per the Commission’s
Decision in 2008/764/EC6, it has been stopped from 2010. According to the Biocidal Products
Regulation No (EC) 528/20127, the use of Dicofol has been also banned in all non-agricultural
products in European countries.
In the recently concluded Stockholm Convention COP9 on 30th April 2019, COP9 has adopted the
decision to list Dicofol in Annex A (without any exemption). In response to that India supported the
inclusion and announced that it will stop the production of Dicofol in the next few months.8
Table 7 Countries which has banned Dicofol
Country Year
Canada : Use not permitted Since 2011
USA : Use not permitted After 20168
Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, European Union, Guinea, Iraq, Indonesia, Japan, Mauritania, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland
Banned since 2015
Brazil Banned in 2016
China Use of Dicofol is banned on tea plants by Ministry of Agriculture China9
India Banned the production of Dicofol without any exemption since 2019.
1.5 Dicofol as Persistent Organic Pollutant: Stockholm Convention1
The risk profile of Dicofol provides adequate information which supports that Dicofol is
persistent. The UNECE Task Force concluded that “based on persistence, bioaccumulation,
toxicity and air monitoring data from the Arctic, there was sufficient information to
suggest that the substance was likely to have significant adverse human health and/or
environmental effects as a result of LRAT”. Therefore it can be concluded that Dicofol is
persistent to substantiate its consideration within the scope of the Stockholm Convention.
7 https://www.fssai.gov.in/dam/jcr:755c6420-a74b-44f4-9301-4ddd289b23fc/Contaminants_Regulations.pdf8 Lietal.2014a;AnnexEinformation,USA,20159 AspertheNoticeNo.11of1997issuedbyMinistryofAgricultureofChina,ithasbannedtheuseofDicofolonteaplants.Alsothe
MinisterialAnnouncementofAgricultureNo.199of2002restressedthebanofDicofolonteaplants.http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-POPRC.12-2.English.docx
9
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted among the farmers and pesticide retailers in eight states of India namely
West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Maharashtra, New Delhi and
Rajasthan (Dausa).The aim of the study was to check the status and use of Dicofol- based pesticides
by the farmers, to assess the cost and available alternatives in the markets and also to understand
the possible environmental and health implications.
Table 8 The survey sample sizes are as follows:
State District Farmer Pesticide Trader Agricultural Expert Total
West Bengal Darjeeling 23 6 3 30
Andhra Pradesh Warangal 20 5 3 28
Madhya Pradesh Khandwa 20 5 2 28
Gujarat Rajkot 20 5 3 28
Punjab Bhatinda 20 5 2 28
Maharashtra Nasik 20 5 3 28
New Delhi New Delhi 10 5 0 15
Rajasthan Dausa 10 5 0 15
Total 143 41 16 200
The criteria for the selection of these states was because they were the major producers of chillies,
cotton and tea where Dicofol was extensively as a miticide.
Delhi
Darjeeling
Khandwa
Warangal
Nasik
Dausa
Bhatinda
Rajkot
10
Objectives
• To ascertain information on the use of Dicofol by the farmers.
• To get an overview of cost-effective alternatives in the research area.
• To check the possibility of environmental or health impacts of Dicofol in the study area.
Methodology
The methodology used for the research was the Mixed-method. Both quantitative and qualitative
methods of data collection were used for the study to ascertain the use of Dicofol in agriculture,
its environmental and health impacts and the available alternatives in the markets. The tools used
for the research were Semi-Structure Interview Schedule and Focus Group discussion. Descriptive
Research design was used for the study as its aim was to assess the cost and availability of the
alternatives of Dicofol.
Rationale of the Study
Dicofol has been included in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention and India has taken a stand for
phasing it out as soon as possible. The study is an attempt to give an overview of the status of the
use of Dicofol in India and perhaps the report would help in better implementation of the decision of
Stockholm convention and facilitate in shifting towards safer alternatives of the chemical. Also, the
study is the stand-alone research document in the country which looks at the diverse management
issues of Dicofol.
11
SURVEY ON THE USE OF DICOFOL IN INDIA
Survey Findings on Use of Dicofol (Farmers Survey)
Major crops
Table 9 The table below depicts major crops grown by the local farmers in the region.
Darjeeling Warangal Khandwa Rajkot Bhatinda Nasik Delhi Dausa (Rajasthan)
Potato, Tea, Cardamom, Ginger, Green Chilly, Tomato, Carrot, Peas, etc.
Cotton, Green Chilly, etc.
Soya bean, Wheat, Gram, Corn, Green Chilly, etc.
Cotton, Onion, Green Chilly, Wheat, etc.
Wheat, Rice, Cotton, etc.
Grapes, Onion, Green Chilly, etc.
Green Chilly, Vege-tables and Toma-toes
Green Chilly, To-mato, Lady finger, Vegetables, Wheat etc.
Use of Pesticides
The analysis of the data shows that, all the surveyed farmers in Warangal, Khandwa, Bhatinda and
Nasik use miticides/pesticides (like Hoshi, Tryzofas, Nuvan, Omite, Dicofol etc.) for mite control. On
the other hand in Darjeeling and Rajkot, 75% and 70% of the interviewed farmers use miticides/
pesticides while the remaining farmers mentioned that they practiced organic farming.
The analysis of data shows that 90% of the farmers from Delhi use pesticides largely for agriculture.
The farmers who were interviewed mentioned that the major pesticides used by them are Dicofol,
3
Darjeeling
Warangal
Khandwa
Rajkot
Bhatinda
Nassik
Delhi
Dausa
75%
100%
100%
70%
100%
100%
90%
89%
Use of pesticides among farmers in percentage
12
Dupont, Regent etc which are used after every 15 days. In Dausa 89% of the farmers have either
used or are using pesticides in farming and in places like Bhatinda and Nasik, all farmers accepted
the fact that they are using some kind of pesticides. However, they were unaware of the names of
the pesticides/miticides.
The analysis of data shows the gradual trend of augmented use of Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHP)
in the study areas (Dausa, Delhi and some other locations) in the last few decades among the farmers.
When the research team investigated the increased use of such HHP the farmers asserted that the
pesticides are very effective and fetch them maximum profits. Also, according to the farmers they
are cost effective compared to others which is the sole reason for the application of such chemicals
on different vegetables, grains, fruits etc. Lastly, the analysis shows that in most of the locations
Dicofol was either used 2-3 years before or is being currently used as well.1311
Data from the Field:
“As Dicofol is found to be more effective on vegetables, wheat etc. compared to other
miticides most of the farmers prefer to buy and make use of it. However, there is demand of
Mitigate as well among farmers and it is extensively used by the farmers” (As mentioned by
Rakesh Yogi, Ghoreat, Dausa). Another farmer from Yamuna Pusta, Delhi asserted that “If we
don’t use the pesticides on our fields we won’t get the adequate production. This won’t be
enough to feed a family of seven. Also in the past we have seen our income starts dwindling
and we were forced to look for alternative livelihood opportunities from our traditional
source of income” (As mentioned by Shyam Saran,).
As most of these pesticides are easily available in the local markets, farmers and retailers
asserted that the “Government should take stringent steps and ban the chemicals in order
to restrict the use of highly hazardous pesticides in India when India has committed in the
Stockholm Convention to ban Dicofol in the coming few months”.10
Use of Dicofol
The following chart illustrates the details of farmers using Dicofol-based pesticides in the study
area. From the analysis of the data it has been observed that Warangal and Dausa districts were
the locations using the maximum Dicofol as 75% of the farmers in Dausa and 50% of the farmers
in Warangal are still using the chemical on vegetables, fruits etc. The rest of the farmers reported
that they have stopped using Dicofol-based pesticides few years back or they have switched to
alternatives of Dicofol. The data also depicts that 48% of farmers are using Dicofol in Delhi while
45% of the farmers in Darjeeling accepted that they are using it and few of them have used it in the
past. As for the rest of the locations where data was collected the analysis showed comparatively
less use of Dicofol in those areas.
During the Toxics Link survey all farmers in Rajkot and Bhatinda confirmed that they have stopped
using Dicofol-based pesticides approximately 3 to 5 years back and majority of them don’t use Dicofol
for agriculture now. The farmers who are still using Dicofol in Delhi, Dausa and Khandwa mentioned
that they use it on crops like potato, tomato, carrot and green chillies etc. The agriculturists who
continue to use Dicofol- based pesticides revealed that such pesticides are effective on crops and
they have witnessed an average surge in their yield by 10-15% approximately. The data shows that
there has been gradual reduction in the use of Dicofol in other states and farmers in Rajkot, Bhatinda
mentioned that they have started opting for alternatives of Dicofol (e.g. Dupoint, Hoshi, Regent and
10 Fieldnotesfrom26thMarch2019.
13
other chemicals). During the field survey Dicofol was found to be easily available in shops in Jaipur,
Dausa and Khandwa and few shops in Nashik were selling these miticides as well.
Data from the Field:
More than 90% of the retailers from Dausa and Warangal mentioned “The pesticides which
would give us more profit whether it is Dicofol or Endosulfan, looking at its demand among
the farmers we keep stock of these chemicals. If I don’t sell these chemicals in my shop there
will be someone else in the village who would sell these chemicals to the farmer and we will
lose our business. Rather than asking us not to sell Dicofol, Government of India should take
restrictive measures on the production of this chemical so that the use of the chemicals can
be restricted”.
Hazards of Dicofol
The consciousness about the health impacts of Dicofol was low among the surveyed farmers. The
awareness level of the farmers from Warangal and Nashik was comparatively lower than the other
locations that were surveyed. Information about the health impacts of Dicofol was a dismal 5% in
Warangal and 10% in Nashik. However, majority of the farmers from Bhatinda (90%) were aware
of the health hazards of Dicofol while only 75% of the farmers in Darjeeling knew about its health
impacts.
Darjeeling
Warrangal
Khandwa
Rajkot
Bhatinda
Nassik
Delhi
Dausa
45%
50%
5%
0%
0%
10%
48%
75%
Use of DICOFOL among farmers in percentage
Awareness among farmers about Health impact of DICOFOL in percentage
0
20
40
60
80
100
�Darjeeling �Warrangal �Khandwa �Rajkot �Bhatinda �Nashik �Delhi �Dausa
75
5
3540
90
107 5
14
Some of the farmers reported that they have come across some health hazards after
continuously using Dicofol based pesticides. Some of the hazards pointed out by them are as
below:
On Humans
• Weak immune system of farmers
• Headache and nausea
• Drowsiness
• Breathing problem
• Red eyes and nose resulting to itching
• High blood pressure
• Red spots and ulcer on skin
Also it has been observed that majority of farmers don’t wear any safety gears while
spraying the chemicals, which might be the reason for these health hazards among farmers in
these communities.
Data from the Field:
When the researcher inquired about the health impacts due to the use of Dicofol the
farmers mentioned that, “While we use the chemical like Dicofol or DuPont in our farms we
often tend to experience severe headache or continuous sneezing or some issue related to
breathing as well, which we tend to overlook and we think it is normal. However, the problem
of headache has increased exponentially over the years among the farmers. But Dicofol alone
can’t be blamed for growing health issue in the area” (the views are expressed by farmers
from, Delhi, Dausa and other locations).
Despite being aware of the hazards of Dicofol some of the farmers in Darjeeling were still found to
be using Dicofol-based pesticides.
Data from the Field:
Another farmer explained that “Even if I am drenched in the pesticides nothing has happened
to me so far; however, over few years I have headache, rashes and allergy in the body which
has become very common. Before I never had such problems but over the years this problem
has augmented”.
The level of ignorance among the farmers is evident as they believe that Dicofol is not that harmful.
It clearly shows their lack of understanding towards its health impacts. However, contrary to the
farmers’ beliefs it has been well-established through primary research that Dicofol has adverse
impacts on human health.
Alternatives of Dicofol:
Farmers were also asked about the available alternatives of Dicofol in their region. Their responses
are listed in the table below.
15
Table 10 Alternatives available in different states
District Alternatives of Dicofol
DarjeelingThey do not use any chemical pesticides rather they use organic pesti-cides like fermented cow urine, cow dung manure, etc. when it comes to looking for alternatives of Dicofol.
Warangal They are not aware of any alternative.
Khandwa Tryzofas, Koragen , Karate, Nuvan, Omit, Confider, Megister, Indosulph, Pocklame, etc.
Rajkot Aldcarb, Omite, Confider, etc.
Bhatinda Confider, Trajo, Monoseal, Meghi, Blue Copper, Actara, Proclaim, etc.
Nasik Omite, Koragen, Karate, Benevia, Proclaim, etc.
Delhi Regent, Dupoint
Dausa Regent, Dupoint, Hoshi etc.
Farmers unanimously expressed that the alternatives of Dicofol-based pesticides are very costly, and
sometimes even two or three times costlier than the chemical itself. And as regards the effectiveness
of alternatives, they have comparatively less effect on the crop yield.
Data from the Field:
The farmers expressed that “The cost of alternatives of Dicofol are expensive compared to
Dicofol and as these miticides aren’t that effective they have to be used twice the number
compared to Dicofol on their farms which in a way increases the cost on pesticides. They
further added that, the alternatives that we buy cost us Rs. 480 (Du Pont for 30 ml);
however, Dicofol used to cost Rs. 180 ( for 250 ml)”. (Farmers from SetalSagar, Boroda Dausa
Rajasthan).
Table 11 Cost of Dicofol and other Pesticides (In different location of data collection)
Name of the Chemical Cost (in Rs)
Dicofol Rs. 180 (250 ml), Rs. 318 (5000 ml)
Hoshi (Gibberellic Acid) Rs. 228 (250 ml)
Chamak Rs. 320 (100ml)
DuPont Coragen Rs. 480 (30ml)
Syngenta Isabion Rs. 178 (100ml)
The alternatives that were used on the farms could sustain for only 12-15 days as compared to
Dicofol which is effective for 20-25 days and that reduces the cost of miticides/pesticides. Thus most
of the farmers preferred to buy Dicofol rather than any other miticide.
Suggestion for using Dicofol
The following chart provides details about the farmers who recommend the use of Dicofol. Majority
of the farmers denied recommending the use of Dicofol while only a few still feel that the use of the
chemical is good and they suggest it to others. The data shows that farmers in Warangal (25%), Delhi
(30%), Rajkot (15%) and Darjeeling (10%) recommended the chemical. The farmers were more willing
to recommend it to others based on the good yield owing to the use of Dicofol.
However, in several other districts farmers have unanimously rejected recommending the use of
Dicofol to others.
16
Pesticide retailers Survey
The existing agricultural product retailers in different surveyed locations were asked about selling
Dicofol. The analysis of data shows that majority of the traders in Darjeeling, Warangal and Nashik
were found to be selling the highest amount of Dicofol amongst all the surveyed sites compared to
Khandwa, Dausa and Rajkot while none of the retailers were found to be selling Dicofol in Bhatinda.
The statistics clearly show the growing demand of Dicofol in Warangal, Nashik, Khandwa, Dausa and
Rajkot compared to the other locations. The demand could be due to the low cost and effectiveness
of Dicofol in agriculture.
Common Brands of Dicofol/Pesticides
In order to identify the brands which were sold in the different markets, retailers were asked about
the available brands of Dicofol or pesticides in their region. Their responses are listed in the table
below.
Table 12 Brands sold in different location
District Brands of Dicofol/Pesticides
Darjeeling Sapamathine, Clorifloriphos, Bound off, Nagarjun, Ethion, Anchor Dumite, Blitox, Sufala, Indofil, Colt, Topger, Omit, etc.
Warangal Indofil, Deofol, etc.
Khandwa Omite, Deofol, Demite, etc.
Rajkot Rusfol, etc.
Bhatinda Not aware
Nasik Omite, Deofol, Colonel, etc.
Delhi Colonel, Sikkifol, Deofol and Rusfol
Dausa Colonel, Sikkifol, Deofol and Rusfol
Dicofol usage
In order to identify the major crops where Dicofol is used as a miticide, farmers and retailers from
the surveyed locations were also interviewed about the crops where Dicofol is used in their region.
Their responses are listed in the table below. Analysis of the data depicts that majority of the
farmers used Dicofol largely on Lady Finger, Green Chillies, Tomato, Cabbage etc. However there
were many other vegetables and fruits wherein Dicofol is largely used as well.
Table 13 Dicofol usage in different regions
District Crops for which Dicofol is used
Darjeeling Orange, Potato, Tea, Tomato, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Carrot, Beat, Peas, Green Chilly, etc.
Warangal Green Chilly, Lady finger, etc.
Khandwa Green Chilly, Lady finger, Cotton, etc.
Rajkot Cotton, Vegetables, etc.
Bhatinda Cotton, Grapes, Vegetables, etc.
Nasik Tomato, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Peas, Green Chilly, etc.
Dausa Green Chilly, Lady finger, Wheat (few farmers used it on and Tomato
Delhi Tomato, Cabbage and Green chilies
17
Majority of the retailers (i.e. 85%) revealed that there has been comparatively less demand of Dicofol
with time; only 15% of respondents were of the view that it is either the same or increasing in the
last few decades. The farmers also informed that they do not have any stock of Dicofol left with
them. Most of the retailers ordered such pesticides depending on the demand and as the products
were more or less sold no stock was left behind with them.
Some of the retailers said that they recommend alternatives of Dicofol like Phytoneem, Vermi
Compost, Cobra, Gammaxene, Omite, Ethion, Megister, Oberon, Delton, Confider, Monoseal, Koragen,
Mitigate, Dupont Cornage etc to their customers. These alternatives are well accepted by customers,
as stated by the retailers. The retailers specified that the alternatives of Dicofol- containing pesticides
are costlier and sometimes even two three times higher than the cost of the chemical.
Data from the Field:
Most of the retailers asserted that,”we would prefer to buy Dicofol if it is available in the
market as it is comparatively cheaper than the other miticide and it gives satisfactory
results. However, the results of Dicofol were found to be exceptionally good in agriculture”
(as expressesd by Beni Ram, farmer from, Dausa).
Farmers survey of Dicofol use
According to the farmers of different locations that were surveyed, the most common brands of
Dicofol used by them in their region are mentioned in the table below.
Table 14 Farmers survey of Dicofol usage
District Dicofol brands used by Farmers Dicofol used for which Crops
Darjeeling Acarine, Celthine, Biosar, Ustad Flowers, chilly, cabbage and cauliflower
Warangal Deofol, Rusfol Cotton, green chilies, lady finger
Khandwa Omite, Ethion, Spiromesifen Chilly, lady finger, tomato
Rajkot Rusfol Cotton, green chilies, Brinjal
Bhatinda Monoseal, Confider Cotton, fruits, vegetables
Nasik Omite, Koragen Tomato, green chilies, other vegetables
Dausa Colonel and RusfolGreen chilies, Lady finger, Round Gourd, Tomato and Wheat (few farmers used it sometimes)
Delhi Colonel Tomato, Cabbage and Green chilies
Some of the farmers were of the view that Dicofol is usually not recommended by the retailers for
use but sometimes it is used by the farmers to control mites or as an anti-termite agent. Some of
them find Dicofol to be effective while others had no knowledge about the miticide. The retailers
opined that the demand for Dicofol is decreasing in some of the locations; however, there are still a
few locations where the demand of Dicofol is comparatively higher.
The retailers recommend alternatives of Dicofol to the farmers. These are either less persistent
chemicals like Omite, Sulphur powder, Ethion, Phytoneem or organic pesticides like herbs, cow urine,
cow dung etc.
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4 CONCLUSION AND CHALLENGES
Dicofol was one of the highly used miticides across the globe. However, after the health and
environmental impacts of the chemical came into the limelight, countries have started phasing it out.
India is perhaps the only country in the world which has been using Dicofol until recently when it
made an announcement to stop the production of the chemical in the Stockholm convention.
In this context this study was an attempt to get an overview on the present usage of Dicofol among
the farmers. The statistics indicated that the use of the chemical is not uniform across the country.
In some places like Darjeeling and Nashik we found that Dicofol is popular due to its use on tea and
grapes respectively. However, the study also shows that the farmers have stopped its use on cotton
in places like Bhatinda and Rajkot. Moreover, it was also found that the farmers are adopting other
alternatives instead of Dicofol which are widely available across the country.
Though the chemical has been extensively used in India there is limited research data in the country
to understand the impact of the chemical on the environment and human health. However there
are a number of global studies available to analyze the adverse effects of Dicofol. Many countries
including China submitted the health risk profile to POPRC during the review of the chemicals, which
led to the decision to ban this chemical.
Finally phasing out of Dicofol from India is a positive step to get rid of highly hazardous pesticides
from the country. There are a number of environment-friendly pesticides available to replace
Dicofol; therefore adoption of alternatives should not be a problem in India. However, there are few
challenges ahead which need to be addressed to get rid of the chemical completely.
• The government needs to come out with a clear notification to prohibit the sale, use and import
of Dicofol in the country.
• During our survey we found that apart from HIL India there are also other companies which are
producing Dicofol and this needs further investigation so that appropriate action can be initiated.
• There are reports that Dicofol is being imported to India so perhaps an advisory can be issued
to stop its import.
• The government should create awareness among the farmers about the environmental and
health impacts of Dicofol and help them in shifting to alternative products.
• The authorities also need to come up with a strategy to deal with the existing Dicofol which is
already in circulation.
19
ANNEXURE IPictures taken during field visit in Delhi and Dausa
Figure 4 Folio Gold used farmers in Delhi
Figure 5 Alternatives of Dicofol sold in Dausa (Dupont)
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Figure 6 Isablon used by farmers
in DausaFigure 7 Hoshi Miticide used by
farmers in Dausa
Figure 8 Pesticides ready
for use in Dausa Figure 9 Survey site in Dausa
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Figure 10 Colonel Bought
in Delhi
Figure 12 Dicofol sold in the
Warangal
Figure 13 Dicofol sold in
Khandwa
Figure 14 Retailer selling
pesticides in Darjeeling
Figure 15 Alternatives of
Dicofol found in Nashik
Figure 11 Colonel (Dicofol)
bought in Dausa
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ANNEXURE IITOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
Questionnaire for Dicofol (Farmers)
Profile of the Respondent:
Name of the Farmer
Address
Phone number:
Name of the Village
Annual Income:
a. Below 1 lakh per annum
b. 1-2.5 lakhs per annum
c. 2.5-5 lakhs per annum
d. Above 5 lakhs
Information of Use of pesticides:
1. What are the Crops that you grow? (Explain)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Do you use pesticides for farming
a. Yes b. No
If yes, what are the common pesticides that are used for farming? (Names of the
pesticides)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Do you use Dicofol based pesticides for your crops? Like Rusfol, Sikkfol, Deofol, Colo-
neletc. or any other (brand) in your farms?
a. Yes b. No
23
4. If yes, what are the crops on which Dicofol is used? (Specify)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. How effective is the use of Dicofol on the crop? (Specify)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. On which crops do you use Dicofol (Specify)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. What is the cost of Dicofol in the market (Specify)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Was there any increase in yield observed by using Dicofol for farming?
a. Yes b. No
Environmental or health impact of Dicofol:1. Do you know Dicofol is harmful to environment and human beings?
a. Yes b. No
2. Have you come across any health hazards due to Dicofol use?
a. Yes b. No
If yes, what were the health impacts (explain)?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Have come across any environmental hazards or yield being reduced due to use Di-
cofol? (like impact on animals and husbandry, low production or yield decreased or
any other)
a. Yes b. No
If yes, what were the impacts (explain)?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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24
Alternatives and Economies:1. Are there any alternatives of Dicofol used in agriculture?
a. Yes b. No
If yes, what are the alternatives?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. What is the cost of these alternatives?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. How effective are these alternatives for farming? (specify)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Do you still use Dicofol for farming?
a. Yes b. No
If No, when did you stop using it for farming?
a. Year:
b. Reason (why you stopped using it):
5. Now, that you aware would you recommend/use Dicofol even if its alternatives are
little expensive compared to it?
a. Yes b. No
If yes, what would be the reason of its use?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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25
ANNEXURE III NAME OF DICOFOL SOLD IN INDIA:
Figure 13 Dicofol sold in Khandwa Figure 13 Dicofol sold in Khandwa
Figure 13 Dicofol sold in Khandwa
Figure 13 Dicofol sold in Khandwa
Figure 13 Dicofol sold in Khandwa
Figure 13 Dicofol sold in Khandwa
26
ANNEXURE IV DICOFOL MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN INDIA
11
12
11 http://sarvavaagritek.com/acaricide.php12 https://indofilcc.com/business-area/agricultural-chemicals/acaricides/colonel-s/
27
13
14
15
13 https://jaishreerasayan.tradeindia.com/dicofol-18-5-ec--938849.html#prod_img14 http://www.ankarindustries.in/dicofol-18-5-e-c--1594967.html15 http://www.joshi-group.com/dicofol-2784845.html
28
16
16 http://www.chemetchemical.in/dicofol-18-5-ec-1449535.html
29
Table 15 Country with concentration of DDT and its compounds in Dicofol
Country/Agency Concentration of DDT and its compounds in Dicofol
FAO/WHO < 0.1%
Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, EU, USA 0.1%
China No more than 0.5% in technical dicofol and not more than 0.1% for formu-lated dicofol by 2003
Turkish Market For formulated dicofol, range is 0.3 – 14.3%
India 3.5%
Table 16 Research studies on Efficacy of Dicofol on various pests on Crops17
Crop Name of Pests Efficacy Reference
Bhendi T.Telarius At 0.036% in 14 days Shankarappa et al, 1981
Lady Finger T. Neocaledonicus 18.5 EC ( less superior) Peter et al, 1987
Okra Okra Mite (T.Macfarlanei) 67.07% effective in 1 day at 0.05% Patel &Yadav, 1988
Okra T. Cinnabarinus At 0.075% ( less superior) Ambikadevi and Rai (1997)
Okra T. Urticae 18.5 EC Mani et al, 2003
Okra T.Urticae Max 81.35% mite mortality Singh and Singh, 2005
Dicofol is either manufactured or imported by indigenous manufacturers described as follows (This
needs to be investigated further):
Table 17 Approved list of Importers and Indigenous Manufacturers of Dicofol in India18
Common Name Approved Source for Import (M/s) Indigenous manufacturers (M/s)
Dicofol (Technical 82% min & 85% min)
1. Agan Chemical Manufacturers Ltd., Israel
2. MakhteshimAgan, Israel
3. DowAgro Science, Italy
4. I.P.I.CI.SPA, Italy
5. Dow Agro Science, USA
6. Makhteshim Chemical Works Israel.
7. Montecinca, S.A., Barcelona, Spain
1. IndofilIndutries Ltd, Andheri(E)
2. Hindustan Insecticide Ltd (82%)
3. A.S Joshi Company
4. Ankar Industries Private Limited
5. Indofil Industries limited
6. SarvanaAgritek Private Limited
17 Parmar,K.D.(2010).RELATIVEBIO-EFFICACYOFSOMEINSECTICIDES/MITICIDESAGAINSTPESTCOMPLEXOFOKRA,Abelmoschus-esculentus(L.)MoenchANDTHEIRRESIDUESINOKRAFRUITS(Doctoraldissertation,AAU).
18 www.cibrc.nic.in/biopesticides.doc
30
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34
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