status of the first experiment at the pavelab fabricio leiva-villacorta, phd jose aguiar-moya, phd...
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Status of the first experiment at the PaveLab
Fabricio Leiva-Villacorta, PhDJose Aguiar-Moya, PhDLuis Loria-Salazar, PhD
August 31st, 2015
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Research Philosophy…
NANO
FULL SCALE
MICRO
MACRO
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Phase I Experiment
• 4 Different pavement structures, 8 sections• Compare
– Asphalt concrete thicknesses– Granular vs. cement treated base
• Evaluate construction practices• Painting evaluation under tropical climate
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HMA HMAHMA HMA
GBGB
CTBCTB
SB SBSB SB
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
AC1 AC2 AC3 AC4
Thic
knes
s, in
Thic
knes
s, cm
Test Section
Real pavement
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Phase I Experiment
Sifón-La Abundancia
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Instrumentation
• Laser profiler• Pavement Strain Transducers (PAST)• Soil Pressure Transducers (SOPT)• Multi-Depth Deflectometer (MDD)• Road Surface Deflectometer (RSD)• Thermocouples
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Subgrade
Subbase
GB/CTB
HMA
60 cm
MDD MDD
30 cm
Thermocouple
90 cm
Section Length = 6.0 m
Gauge Array
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20,000 bi-directional load repetitions per day Carriage speed: 10 km/hr Applied load: 40, 60, 70, 80 kN Test tire: Dual 11R22-5 Wheel wandering: 100 mm Dry condition 23/7
Test Settings
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Facility improvements
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Material Properties
Property Subgrade Subbase Base Base for CTB CTBWopt (%) 52.5 8.9 8.6 11.5 11.5
gd max (kg/m3) 1056 2204 2217 2013 2013
LL 56 - - 24.8 - PI 16 NP NP 4.4 -
CBR, % 6.6 95 95 Pend. 35 kg/cm2
QC SpecsNMAS, mm 19
AC, % 4.9 VMA 14.9 Min 14%VFA 72 65-75%
Estability, Kg 1482 Min 800
Flow 30 20-35 cm/100DP 1.04 0.8-1.3
Sieve Passing, % Specs25.4 mm 100 10019.1 mm 99 90-10012.7 mm 77 70-809.5 mm 65 55-65
N 4 41 35-43N 8 28 22-30
N 16 20 16-22N 30 14 11-17 N 50 10 7-14
N 200 4.9 2-5.8
Granular and CTB
HMA
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FWD
FWD0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
AC1
AC2
AC3
AC4 Sensor Location (mm)
Defl
ectio
n (m
m E
-2)
Layer M (MPa) M (ksi)HMA 3800 551CTB 1200 174Base 170 25
Subbase 140 20Subgrade 70 10
HMA HMAHMA HMA
GBGB
CTBCTB
SB SBSB SB
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
AC1 AC2 AC3 AC4
Thic
knes
s, in
Thic
knes
s, cm
Test Section
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Laser Profile
MDD´s
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Permanent Deformation-Laser
Average deformation (entire section)
10.16
2.57
12.64
6.13
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
0 5 10 15 20
Perm
anen
t def
orm
ation
, mm
MESALs
AC1
AC4
AC2
AC3
HMA HMA HMA HMA
GBGB
CTBCTB
SB SBSB SB
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
AC1 AC2 AC3 AC4
Thic
knes
s, in
Thic
knes
s, cm
Test Section
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IRI
Average of wheelpath
2.46
1.17
2.50
1.99
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
0 5 10 15 20
IRI (
m/k
m)
MESALs
AC1 AC4
AC2 AC3
HMA HMAHMA HMA
GBGB
CTBCTB
SB SBSB SB
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
AC1 AC2 AC3 AC4
Thic
knes
s, in
Thic
knes
s, cm
Test Section
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Stress @ subgrade
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Pres
sure
, kPa
MESALS
AC1
AC2
AC4
AC3 pressure cell did not workHMA HMA
HMA HMA
GBGB
CTBCTB
SB SBSB SB
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
AC1 AC2 AC3 AC4
Thic
knes
s, in
Thic
knes
s, cm
Test Section
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MDD´s
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Defl
ecti
on, m
m
Distance, m
mdd1-0
mdd1-180
mdd1-450
mdd1-700
mdd2-60
mdd2-300
mdd2-600
mdd2-900
60 cm
MDD MDD
30 cm
Thermocouple
90 cm
Section Length = 6.0 m
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Max. Deflection @ 40 kN - MDDs
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.4
0 5 10 15 20
MD
D S
urfa
ce
Defl
ecti
on, m
m
MESALS
AC1AC4AC2AC3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 5 10 15 20
MD
D S
ubgr
ade
Defl
ecti
on, m
m
MESALS
AC1AC4AC2AC3
Surface
Subgrade
HMA HMAHMA HMA
GBGB
CTBCTB
SB SBSB SB
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
AC1 AC2 AC3 AC4
Thic
knes
s, in
Thic
knes
s, cm
Test Section
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MDD Backcalculaded Layer Moduli
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 250000 500000 750000 1000000
Back
calu
late
d M
odul
us, M
Pa
Repetitions
M1 M2 M3 C
y = 1.0016xR² = 0.9962
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700Es
tim
ated
Defl
ecti
on, m
m-3
Measured Deflection, mm-3
DeflectionEquality
n
dSR MPa
CE
1.0
Average “n” value = -0.4
Deflections @ 40 kN
AC1
CR-ME
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RSD-AC1
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1000000
Defl
ecti
on, m
m
Repetitions
N1 S1 N2 S2
60 cm
MDD MDD
30 cm 90 cmRSD – N1 RSD – N2
RSD – S2RSD – S1
100 cm
Construction variability !!!
Deflections @ 40 kN
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RSD-AC4
2 different locations along the center line
10
100
1000
10000
0 5 10 15 20
Back
calc
ulat
ed M
odul
us,
MPa
MESALs
HMA CTB SBG SG10
100
1000
10000
0 5 10 15 20
Back
calc
ulat
ed M
odul
us,
MPa
MESALs
HMA CTB SBG SG
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Strain Transducers
AC2 @ 2k rep.
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mic
rost
rain
Distance, m
LongitudinalTransverse
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mic
roSt
rain
Distance, m
Longitudinal
Transverse
AC2 @ 1M rep.
Strains @ 40 kN
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AC2Strains @ 40 kN
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mic
rost
rain
MESALS
Longitudinal
Transverse
Water added to surface
Strain Transducers
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AC2
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AC3Strains @ 40 kN
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mic
rost
rain
MESALS
Longitudinal
Transverse
Evidence of fatigue cracking
Strain Transducers
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Fatigue cracking
AC3
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Just over 50 Million ESALs
Test section Repetitions ESALS
001 AC1 1 000 000 10 708 004
002 AC4 1 500 000 21 550 195
003 AC2 1 000 000 9 350 541
004 AC3* 1 240 000* 11 066 122*
*Until August 2015
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Deflection Analysis
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Defl
ecti
on, m
m-3
Sensor Location, mm
FWD
RSD
MDD
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
0 200 400 600 800
Sens
or L
ocati
on, m
m
Surface Modulus, MPa
FWD
RSD
MDD
Initial state
Captures non-linear behavior of the lowers layers.
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Deflection Analysis
Failure State
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Defl
ecti
on, m
m-3
Sensor Location, mm
FWD
RSD
MDD
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sens
or L
ocati
on, m
m
Surface Modulus, MPa
FWD
RSD
MDD
2.5 – 3 times higher More intensified non-linear behavior of the lowers layers. Exhibits the presence of the test pit concrete support layer (shallow rigid layer).
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Lab. Characterization
Sample
APA (AASHTO TP 63) HWT (AASHTO T324) FN (AASHTO TP 79-11)
% Air Voids PD, mm % Air Voids PD, mm FN @ 58 °C FN @ 52 °C FN @ 46 °C
Plant Produced 7.7 2.751 7.5 3.35 178 418 1523
Lab Prepared 7.9 2.121 8 8.28 153 307 1493
Sample
TSR (AASHTO T283) Mr (AASHTO TP31-96/ASTM 4123)
1 Cicle 3 Cicles 6 Cicles % Air Voids Mr @ 5 °C, MPa
Mr @ 25 °C, MPa
Mr @ 40 °C, MPa
Plant Produced 101 85 77 7.7 17362 5703 2207Lab Prepared 96 78 62 7.2 17522 5619 2121
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Repe
titi
ons
Strain
4PBB Test (AASHTO T321)
Plant 30°CPlant 20°CPlant 10°CLab 30°CLab 20°CLab 10°C
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• Perm. Def. HMA
Transfer functions𝜀𝑝𝜀𝑟 = e−10.919𝑇2.961𝑁0.355
𝑁𝑓 = e37.352ሺ𝜖ሻ−4.554𝑒0.094𝑇 • Fatigue HMA
𝜀𝑝 = 10−4,998 ∗𝑁0,069 ∗𝜎𝑑 1,687 ∗𝜎30,077 ∗%𝑤1,881 • Perm. Def. Gran. Base
𝜀𝑝 = 10−32,954 ∗𝑁0,040 ∗𝜎𝑑 2,041 ∗𝜎30,421 ∗%𝑤16,983 • Perm. Def. Subgrade
Lab developed models are being calibrated with HVS results
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MLET
Linked to software development
HMA MASTER CURVES SOFTWARE
AppRIGID CR-ME 2.0 –EXCEL BASED-
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FUTURE
Climatic Condition Chamber- Infrared + UV: Temperature +
aging- Raining system moisture- Water table simulation
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Summary
• Increase in Deflections• Increase in vertical stress• Increase in horizontal strain
• Visible low severity cracks (fatigue) within effective section for AC2, AC3 (granular base).
• Cracking pattern initiates with transverse cracks @ 30 cm, then @15, finally blocks are formed
Cumulative damage
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Thank You!
http://www.lanamme.ucr.ac.cr/pavelab
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APT 2016
Important dates
1. October 9, 2015: Deadline for submission of full paper for peer review
2. January 15, 2016: Comments, notification of acceptance/rejection of
full paper
3. March 11, 2016: Submission of full, revised paper
September 19-21, 2016: APT 2012 Conference