statistics on rural development and agricultural household income

STATISTICS ON RURALDEVELOPMENT AND

AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD INCOME

UNITED NATIONS

Table of Contents

Chapter IIntroduction and Background

Chapter IINational and International Rural Development Policies

1

Chapter IIIConceptual Framework – Rural Areas and Their Classification

Chapter IVConceptual Framework – Rural Development Indicators

Chapter VInventory of National Approaches to Rural Development Statistics

Chapter VIInventory of Rural Indicators by International Organizations

2

Chapter VIIData Sources

Chapter VIIIConceptual Framework: Introduction

3

Chapter IXThe Agricultural Household Concepts and Definitions

Chapter XDefinitions of Income

4

Chapter XIIncome Levels, Distribution, Poverty and Well Being

Chapter XIIMeasurement and Composition of Farm Household Wealth

Chapter XIIIInventory of Methodologies Used Agriculture Income and WealthStatistics

5

Chapter XIVIncome and Wealth Statistics for Selected Countries

Chapter XVFindings and Good Practices in Statistics on Rural Development andAgricultural Household Income – A Contribution to the ImplementationPlan of the Global Strategy

6

List of Focus Pieces

Chapter IIntroduction and Background

Chapter IINational and International Rural Development Policies

Chapter IIIConceptual Framework – Rural Areas and Their Classification

Chapter IVConceptual Framework – Rural Development Indicators

8

Chapter VInventory of National Approaches to Rural Development Statistics

Chapter VIInventory of Rural Indicators by International Organizations

Chapter VIIData Sources

Chapter VIIIConceptual Framework: Introduction

9

Chapter IXThe Agricultural Household Concepts and Definitions

Chapter XDefinitions of Income

Chapter XIIncome Levels, Distribution, Poverty and Well Being

Chapter XIIMeasurement and Composition of Farm Household Wealth

Chapter XIIIInventory of Methodologies Used Agriculture Income and WealthStatistics

10

Chapter XIVIncome and Wealth Statistics for Selected Countries

Chapter XVFindings and Good Practices in Statistics on Rural Development andAgricultural Household Income – A Contribution to the ImplementationPlan of the Global Strategy

11

PREFACETO THE HANDBOOK

WHY THIS HANDBOOK?

Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics

12

not

13

WHO IS THE HANDBOOK WRITTEN FOR?

.

good practice

.

web based living document

DIRECTIONS AND METHODS OF WORK FOR COMPILING THE HANDBOOK

14

DESIGNATION OF THE TASK FORCE AS THE WYE GROUP

Workshop on the Farm Household Firm Unit: Its importancein agriculture and implications for statistics

The Wye Group:Handbook on Rural Households’ Livelihood and Well Being:Statistics on Rural Development and Agriculture Household Income.

15

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE WYE CITY GROUP

16

Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics.

17

Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics

18

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

THE 2005/2007 EDITION OF THE HANDBOOK

CHAPTER PRINCIPAL AUTHORS

Note: for thesecond edition this material has been split into two chapters (the newChapters III and IV)

Note: this material has been taken into the new ChapterV

Note: this material has been taken intothe new Chapter VI

Note: this material has been taken into the new Chapter VII

Note:material has been transferred to other chapters in the second edition

19

Chapter II

Chapter IV

Chapter V

Chapter V

Chapter V

Chapter X

Chapter XII

Chapter XIII

Chapter XIII

THE 2011 EDITION OF THE HANDBOOK

20

LIST OF WYE GROUP MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD

22

LIST OF WYE GROUP OTHER MEMBERS.

23

I. CHAPTER I

I. INTRODUCTION ANDBACKGROUND

I.1 BACKGROUND TO THE HANDBOOK

I.1.1 WHY IS THE HANDBOOK BEING PRODUCED?

developed countries

living rural areas

1

1

CHAPTER I

24

developing countries

Three quarters of the world’s poor live in rural areas of developing countriesand depend mainly on agriculture and related activities for their livelihood. In2025, when the majority of the world population is expected to be urban, 60percent of poverty will still be rural. Thus, the millennium development goals ofhalving the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day and theproportion of those who suffer from hunger by 2015 cannot be achieved unlessrural poverty is urgently reduced”

“In the 21st century, agriculture continues to be a fundamental instrument forsustainable development and poverty reduction. Three of every four poor peoplein developing countries live in rural areas 2.1 billion living on less than $2 aday and 880 million on less than $1 a day and most depend on agriculture fortheir livelihoods”

25

Human Resources and Skills Development Canada

agricultural statistics

statistics for rural areas

beyond agriculture

FIGURE I.1Selected Areas of Well Being

27


Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural andRural Statistics et al

Global Strategy

Global Strategy

Global Strategy

Global Strategy.

a system ofstatistics for rural areas

ad hoc

2

28

Coverage of rural statistics

Finding what data exist, who are the owners, and how they are accessed.

Choice of variables, time periods and basic geographic units

Data acquisition and management

Structure for the management

Defining the household

Classification of households

Defining income

International organizations

OECD

United Nations FAO, World BankGlobal Strategy et al

Eurostat

OECD

Canberra Groupinter alia Luxembourg

29

Income Study [LIS] International Labour Office [ILO],

national organizationslarge differences

scope

objective consolidatehighlight fill gaps

quality

highlight good practicesinventory

benchmarking

I.1.2 WHO IS THE HANDBOOK INTENDED FOR?

assist compilers of the relevant statistics

wide range of users of ruraldevelopment statistics and of household income measures

30

I.1.3 THE ROLE OF STATISTICS

statistics should be policy driven

The quality of indicators

compromise

31

“Tracking results inagriculture and rural development in less than ideal conditions. A sourcebook ofindicators for monitoring and evaluation” et al

Data sources to be used

Censuses

Sample surveys

Remote sensingadministrative data

Geo referencing of data

Global Strategy

3

32

The geographical unit/reporting unit

The overall integrated data system

Integrated Survey Framework

DataManagement

System

33

I.2 WHAT IS RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND WHY IS IT A POLICYAREA?

territorial conceptmulti sectoral concept

dynamic concept

demographic pressures employment job creation economic wellbeing

economic growth quality of life

clean environment attractivelandscapes cultural heritage

Global Strategy

34

I.3 RURAL DEVELOPMENT – POLICY OBJECTIVES

economically, socially, culturally and environmentally healthy

35

I.4 WHY A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON AGRICULTUREHOUSEHOLD INCOME AND WEALTH?

36

I.5 AGRICULTURE HOUSEHOLDS, THEIR INCOMES ANDPOLICY OBJECTIVES

direct target group

control production and theuse of resources

highly diverse

38

REFERENCES

What can be done to reduce the high levels of youth joblessness inthe world?

Expert Group on Household Income Statistics – The CanberraGroup: Final Report and Recommendations

Council Regulation (EC) No 1257/1999 of 17 May 1999 on support for ruraldevelopment from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF)and amending and repealing certain Regulations

39

Measurement of farm incomes by the Commission

Income of the Agricultural Households Sector – 2001 Report

Farm Structure Survey

Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less–than–ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation

Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy

Rural data and rural statistics

Rural Poverty Report 2001 – The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty

Improving prospects for young women and men in the world of work. A Guideto Youth Employment Policy considerations and recommendations for the developmentof National Action Plans on Youth Employment

Global Employment Trends January 2009

road perspective of well being of agricultural andnon agricultural households.

Territorial Indicators of Employment. Focusing on Rural Development

Creating Rural Indicators for Shaping Territorial Policy

Review of Rural Policy. Finland

Territorial Outlook

40

Household Income Issues in OECD Countries: A Synthesis ReportFarm Household

Income – Issues and Policy Responses

The Future of Rural Policy: From Sectoral to Place Based Policies in RuralAreas

The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance.

The future of farm policy analysis: A household perspective

Youth Unemployment and Employment Policy. A Global Perspective

Promoting an Integrated Approach to Rural Development in DevelopingCountries for Poverty Eradication and Sustainable Development – Report of theSecretary General

Measurement of Rural Labour Force in Poland

Africa’s Growing Pains

World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development


World Development Indicators, 2010

41

FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER I

The New RuralEconomy: Change, Dynamism and Government Policy.



Territorial Outlook


The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance

, , New Evidence on the Urbanization of GlobalPoverty

View through a window may influence recovery from surgery Science

Nearby nature: a buffer of life stress among ruralchildren ,



42

FURTHER READINGS

Natural amenities and ruraldevelopment: understanding spatial and distributional attributes

Amenities and Rural Development: Theory,Methods and Public Policy

43

Focus on the Importance of Natural Amenities1

44

Nearby Nature: a Buffer of Life Stress Among Rural Children

FOCUS FIGURE I.1Nature moderates effects of stressful life events on psychological distress

45

FOCUS FIGURE I.2Map of U.S. Natural Amenities Scale

48

Farm Programs, Natural Amenities and Rural Development

Potential Impacts of Changing Agricultural Activities on Scienic Beauty:a Prototypical technique for Automated rapid Assessments

FOCUS FIGURE I.3Land in forest and average rural county population change, 1990 2000

FOCUS FIGURE I.4Preferences in a Swiss agricultural setting

49

FOCUS FIGURE I.5Land in forest and rural county employment indicators

50

FOCUS PIECES

View through a window may influence recovery from surgery Science

Nearby nature: a buffer of life stress among ruralchildren ,

FURTHER READINGS

Natural amenities and ruraldevelopment: understanding spatial and distributional attributes

Amenities and Rural Development: Theory,Methods and Public Policy

51

Focus on Common Problems of Rural Areas in OECDCountries

economic base

et al

human capital

migration

Depopulation

repopulation

structural imbalance

high poverty rates socialexclusion

52

Focus on Common Problems of Rural Areas in OECD Countries

rural areas are notnecessarily synonymous with economic decline.

et al.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

53


Classification of rural areas in the Danish Rural Development Programme 20072013

54

Focus on Common Problems of Rural Areas in OECD Countries

FOCUS PIECES

The New RuralEconomy: Change, Dynamism and Government Policy.


Territorial Outlook



55

Focus on Common Problems in Rural Areas of DevelopingCountries

diversity in development experiences

agriculture based countries

transforming countries,

urbanized countries

56

FOCUS PIECES


, , New Evidence on the Urbanization of GlobalPoverty



57

CHAPTER II

II. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONALRURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

II.1 OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL RURAL DEVELOPMENTPOLICIES

CHAPTER II

58

World Bank review

59

II.2 RURAL DEVELOPMENT – A SECTORAL BASED(AGRICULTURE) APPROACH

II.2.1 THE AGRICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

pluriactivefarming

II.2.2 TRENDS IN AGRICULTURE IN THE LAST 50 YEARS – EMPLOYMENTAND PRODUCTIVITY

rapidly falling employment

high productivity increases

cultivated farmland area has been more or less stable

4

60

agricultural labour productivity

et al

II.2.3 TRENDS IN AGRICULTURE IN THE LAST 30 YEARS IN DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES – PRODUCTIVITY

61

II.2.4 THE CURRENT SITUATION FOR AGRICULTURE

COUNTRY 1995 2005

globalization

TABLE II.1Rate of total economically active population in Agriculture over totaleconomically active population

63

environmental consequences

social implications

Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics et al.,

64

II.2.5 OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE

Multifunctionality and agriculture

“…the existence of multiple commodity and non commodity outputs that arejointly produced by agriculture, and the fact that some of the non commodity outputsexhibit the characteristics of externalities or public goods

Distinguishing public from private goods

Distinguishing material from immaterial wealth

65

Ethiopia

Mauritius

“The role of agriculture in all countries is not limited to the production of foodand fibre. In many cases, it underpins the socio economic fabric of rural areasand often, that of countries themselves. In a number of developing countries,provides an instrumental link to the development of eco tourism, production ofenergy, avoidance of the use of fossil fuels, the provision of social amenities andin fostering research and technology development. Moreover, it has an importantrole in the protection and preservation of the environment and biodiversity”.

II.2.6 THE FARM POLICY DILEMMA

66

II.3 RURAL DEVELOPMENT – A TERRITORIAL BASEDAPPROACH

II.3.1 EMPLOYMENT – THE DRIVING FORCE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

rurality in itself is not a handicap for job creation

67

85+80 8475 7970 7465 6960 6455 5950 5445 4940 4435 3930 3425 2920 2415 1910 14

5 9> 5

Male Female

Scale maximum = 90000

85+80 8475 7970 7465 6960 6455 5950 5445 4940 4435 3930 3425 2920 2415 1910 145 9

> 5Male Female

Scale maximum = 800000

Agricultural population by sex and age group, Guinea, West Africa

69

II.3.2 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND JOB CREATION IN RURAL AREAS

70

II.3.2.1 MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRY SECTORS

entrepreneurial class

manufacturing

71

large firms

specialization

II.3.3 SERVICES

II.3.3.1 EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT IN RURAL REGIONS

72

II.3.3.2 THE ROLE OF TOURISM

United Kingdom

73

Zambia

II.3.3.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATIONS

Zambian

mobility

74

The role of information technology for rural development

75

Bangladesh

Kumuzi Kwath”, Chikaya chitu”

76

II.3.4 SECTORAL MIX AND TERRITORIAL DYNAMICS

Taiwan's

77

II.3.5 OBJECTIVES FOR TERRITORIALLY BASED RURAL POLICIES

78

II.3.6 NEW ISSUES IN RURAL POLICY MAKING

Past public policies have made simplistic distinctions between rural and urban areas. Furthermore, they have tended to regard rural areas as homogenous, with uniform problems and similar opportunities. In fact every rural place has different assets (OECD, 2001).

II.4 CONCLUSIONS

79

REFERENCES

Multifunzionalità e sviluppo rurale in Africa: un'analisi alivello household

Transport Investment and Economic Development

Rural Development: Problems, Policies and Perspectives. Brazil

Guest editorial: directions in rural development policy –lessons from both sides of the Atlantic.

Information for policy makers: the use of territorial indicators

Section 3: Rural Development.

Agricultural Trade Liberalization and Brazil's Rural Poor:Consolidating Inequality

81

Community Radio: A Powerful Tool to fight HIV/AIDS and Poverty

Communication forDevelopment

Achieving success in rural development: towardimplementation of an integral approach

Multifunctional Agriculture in the International Context: A Review

Perspectives for agriculture and rural indicators andsustainability

Overview of European Union Activities. Agricolture in Brief

Agricultural censuses and gender: lessons learned in Africa.

Women and food security

Zambia First PRSP ImplementationProgress Report January 2002 – June 2003

Rural Data and Rural Statistics

Chapter 3, Why Agriculture Still Matters

Key Indicator of Labour Market

World Employment Report 2001. Life at Work in the Information Economy

82

Development of Databases, Database Frameworks and Key Indicators forIntegrated Management and Rural Development

The New Geography of World Trade: A Rural Perspective

Issues in setting a register based statistical system for ruraldevelopment in Sweden

Geography and Trade

Rural Development: Issues and Strategies

A Comparison of U.S. and EU AgriculturalProductivity With Implications for EU Enlargement.

evelopment with Unlimited Supplies of Labor

Small Farmers Development Agency in India: An Experiment inControlled Decentralization

Proposal for a system of rural development statistics in Ireland

nformation provision for rural development: Final report on phaseone of the INFORD research project

83

Zambia Poverty Reduction StrategyPaper, 2002 2004

Rural Development: Capitalist and Socialist Paths. Volume Two:Brazil and Nigeria

Information and Communication Technologies for rural developmentand food security: Lessons from field experiences in developing countries

Grassroots Based Rural Development Strategies:Ecuador in Comparative Perspective


etter Policies for Rural Development

Chapter 9: Rural Trends and Policy Issues


8th Session of the Working Party on Territorial Indicators, May/June 2004:Presentations on Patterns and Trends in Regional Competitiveness

PRSP and Rural Development: Reflections, experiences to date andimplications

The Institutional Foundation of China’s Market Transition

84

Barriers and Opportunities in the Development of RuralIndustries: a Case Study of Silverware and Batik Production in Kelantan, PeninsularMalaysia

Women, migration, environment and rural development policy inBrazil

Planning for Sustainable Development in Rural Areas

The Impact of the Informal Sector on Urban and Rural SocioeconomicDevelopment in China

Census of Agriculture, 1996

Decentralized Planning and Financing of Rural Development inIndia

Economic development

Agriculture employment and productivity trends, observations andmeasurement methods

Chapter V, Industrialization, trade and structural change

World Summit on the Information Society

Promoting an integrated approach to rural development in developingcountries for poverty eradication and sustainable development

85

Eastern Africa Rural DevelopmentExperience: Strategies in Local Level Development

Future issues for Agricultural Statistics


The Role of Tourism in Regional Economic Development inChina

FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER II

Guest Editorial: Directions in Rural Development Policy –Lessons from Both Sides of the Atlantic.

Agricultural Productivity Growth in China:Farm Level versus National Measurement.

Using agricultural policy to promote ruraldevelopment: Contrasting the approach of the European Union and the United States.

Transatlantic Similarities and Contrasts in RuralDevelopment Policies. EuroChoices Special Edition comparing EU and US RuralDevelopment Policies

Rural Strategy 2004.

Checklist of Rural Lens Considerations.


86

The Direction of Rural Development Policies in Japan


Collaborative Governance Frameworks and Processes to EnhanceCoherence between Agricultural and Rural Development Policies: Lessons Learned fromthe Canadian Rural Partnership (1996 2005)

Review of Agricultural Policies.

Coherence of Agricultural and Rural Development Policies


Methods to Monitor and Evaluate the Impacts of Agricultural Policies onRural Development

Evaluation of Agricultural Policy Reforms in Japan.

Rural Policy Review: China.

. Agricultural Policies in Emerging Economies: monitoring andevaluation.

The New Trend of Rural Development Policies in Japan

Rural development: 2007 Farm Bill ThemePapers

China Overcoming Rural Poverty

World Development Report 2008.

87

Focus on OECD Countries: National Rural DevelopmentPolicies

EU Member States and their rural development policy objectives

England (UnitedKingdom)

Economic and Social Regeneration

Social Justice for All

Enhancing the Value of our Countryside

Sweden

to coordinate different sectors of society andworking for good living conditions and development opportunities for rural areas andrural populations

88

Ireland

FOCUS BOX II.1Ireland’s “Future Vision and Policy Agenda”

89

Objectives in other OECD countries

The example of Canada

Canada

Agricultural Policy Framework

90

The example of Australia

Australia

91

The example of Japan

Japan

Agricultural Basic Law

Basic Law on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas

92

The example of United States

United States

et al.

Economic development:

Infrastructure development:

Special needs programmes:

Natural resource enhancement:

93

Contrasting problems, objectives and approaches in the EU and USA

Differences in social values.

Differences in breadth of rural development, especially in terms of the naturalenvironment

94

Agenda 2000

Structural differences.

Organizational framework.

95

FOCUS PIECES

Guest Editorial: Directions in Rural Development Policy –Lessons from Both Sides of the Atlantic.

Using agricultural policy to promote ruraldevelopment: Contrasting the approach of the European Union and the United States.

Transatlantic Similarities and Contrasts in RuralDevelopment Policies. EuroChoices Special Edition comparing EU and US RuralDevelopment Policies


Checklist of Rural Lens Considerations.


The Direction of Rural Development Policies in Japan


Collaborative Governance Frameworks and Processes to EnhanceCoherence between Agricultural and Rural Development Policies: Lessons Learned fromthe Canadian Rural Partnership (1996 2005)

Coherence of Agricultural and Rural Development Policies


Methods to Monitor and Evaluate the Impacts of Agricultural Policies onRural Development

96

Evaluation of Agricultural Policy Reforms in Japan.

The New Trend of Rural Development Policies in Japan

Rural development: 2007 Farm Bill ThemePapers

97

Focus on Developing Countries: National Rural DevelopmentPolicies

India

India

Zambia

Zambia

98

China

Brazil

99

FOCUS PIECES

Rural Policy Review: China.

Review of Agricultural Policies.

. Agricultural Policies in Emerging Economies: monitoring andevaluation.

100

Focus on Agricultural Productivity in Developing Countries

Productivity employment – The example of China

China

Productivity employment – The example of Sub Saharan Africa

Sub Saharan Africa

Population density and land availability.

Infrastructure underdevelopment.

Geography and agro ecology.

101

Low fertilizer use.

Land degradation.

Distorted policies.

FOCUS PIECES

Review of Agricultural Policies, China

Agricultural Productivity Growth in China:Farm Level versus National Measurement.

China Overcoming Rural Poverty

World Development Report 2008.

102

Chapter III

III.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK –RURAL AREAS AND THEIR

CLASSIFICATION

vis à vis

CHAPTER III

103

alternative groupings

III.1 DEFINITIONS OF RURAL

“given the variety of situations in the countries ofthe world, it is not possible or desirable to adopt uniform criteria to distinguish urbanareas from rural areas [...]. Clearly, national statistical offices are in the best position toestablish the most appropriate criteria to characterize urban areas in the respectivecountries

104

BOX III.1Ways of constructing a gradient of rural areas

105

III.1.1 CONCEPT OF RURAL AREAS IN OECD COUNTRIES

no single accepted official definition of “rural” exists.

et al.

et al.

106

A) Size of territorial unit

A priori

Two level approach – an explanation

107

properlyreflect the diversity

appropriate level for territorial analysis

numerical example

108

Stability of units

Boundaries are frequentlychanged

B) Criteria for designating areas as rural

criteria widerange

C) Quantitative thresholds

alternative definitionscreate different pictures of their

problems and perspectives.

France

109

United States

Canada

Rural as the residual of urban

110

III.1.2 RURAL AREAS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

111

III.2 TYPOLOGIES OF AREAS

Criteria for classification

rural at the level of local communities

Population density

Japan

112

III.2.1 OECD – AN EXAMPLE OF REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION

typology of regions

local communities regions.

population density

percentage of populationliving in rural communities

Predominantly rural

Intermediate

Predominantly urban

size of the urban centres

113

criterion

degree of rurality

Refinements

equivalence ofterritorial grids

114

regional share of ruralpopulation size of the urban centre

very low density regions

115

BOX III.2A French definition and typology of rural areas

Institut national de la statistique et des étudeséconomiques espace à dominante rurale, EDR

communes)espace à dominante urbaine,

EDU

Urban centres

Periurban rings

Multipolar municipalies

Rural employment centres

Rural employment ringsOther predominantly rural areas

bassins devie

Source: Organisation territorial de l'emploi et des services. INSEE PremièreRepenser les Campagnes Mécanismes

économiques à l'œuvre dans les espaces ruraux, conceptions du rural et logiques de l'intervention publiqueLes bassins de vie des bourgs et petites villes: une économie résidentielle et

souvent industrielle. INSEE PremièreStructuration de l’espace rural: une approche par les bassins de vie

117

Classification of rural areas in the Danish Rural Development Programme 20072013

118

REFERENCES

Indicators – spotlight or smokescreen?

Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS.

Hacia una nueva definición de “rural” con fines estadísticos en AméricaLatina

Proposal for a Council Regulation on support for rural development by theEuropean Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD); COM (2004)490 final.

Rural Development in the European Union. Statistical and EconomicInformation. Report 2008

Second progress report on WCARRD programme of action, including the roleof women in agricultural development.

World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Guidelineson socio economic indicators.

World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Ten years offollow up the impact of development strategies on the rural poor.

What it is, what it does

Part 4: Socio economic aspects of sustainable development.

Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation

119

Rural Definitions in the U.S.: Concept and Practice.

Rural Indicators and Rural Development. Final Report

Territorial Indicators of Employment. Focusing on Rural Development.

Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy.

OECD Regions at a Glance 2007

The role of agriculture and farm household diversification in the ruraleconomy: Evidence and initial policy implications.

Refinement of the OECD regional typology: Economic Performance ofRemote Rural Regions.

Territorial classification for income policies: practical solutions based onrural and urban definitions.

Caracterización rural – urbana de los distritos ycantones de Costa Rica. Lo rural es diverso:evidencia para el caso de Costa Rica

Poverty incidence and income profiles of rural households intwelve Latin American countries

On the Pertinence and Implications of Modifying the Criteria toSeparate Rural from Urban in Latin America. etal. Hacia una nueva definición de “rural” con fines estadísticos en AméricaLatina

Refinement of the OECD regional typology: economicperformance of remote rural regions.

120

Exploración de gradientes de ruralidad y de lascaracterísticas urbano – rurales Lo rural esdiverso: evidencia para el caso de Costa Rica

Use of remote sensing in combination withstatistical survey methods in the production of agricultural, land use and otherstatistics: Current applications and future possibilities.

An Exploratory Literature Review of Efforts to Help the Small scale,Resource Poor Farmer in International Agricultural Development.

World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision.

Promoting an integrated approach to rural development in developingcountries for poverty eradication and sustainable development

Use of the CORINE land cover toidentify the rural character of communes and regions at EU level Trends of someagro environmental indicators in the European Union

Agriculture as a key issue for rural development in theEuropean Union.

A continuous multi dimensional measure of rurality: moving beyondthreshold measures

Monitoring Rural Well being: a Rural Score Card.


Agriculture and rural indicators in China.

121

FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER III

Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS

Defining rural England.


Corine Land Cover – a Key database for EuropeanEnvironmental Assessment

. The Rural Development Challenge In OECD Member Countries. OptionsMéditerranéennes, Skr.

Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy

Regions at a glance

A Review of Urban and Rural Area Definitions Preliminary Draft FinalReport

What is Rural? Some Key Definitional Issues

Agriculture as a key issue for rural development in theEuropean Union

122

Focus on National Definitions of Rural in UNECE and OECDCountries

A. Summary analysis of responses from countries surveyed by the UN EconomicCommission for Europe (UNECE) in 2003

large variety ofnational definitions

administrative areas

settlement based definition

combination of two or more variables,way these

variables were used differed greatly

123

thresholds applied could be very different

countries used existingadministrative areas as the basic territorial unit

degrees of rurality

124

Information from OECD on national definitions in its Member Countries1

Standard Geographical classification

Remoteness Area classification

Census definition:

Rural and Small Town methodology

e.g.

Narrow definition

Broader definition

Census definition

Classification of Agricultural Area (MAFF statistics

FOCUS TABLE III.1National statistical definitions of rural in OECD countries

125

Standard classification

Alternative classification

126

Focus on National Definition of Rural Areas at a Very DetailedLocal Level – the Example of England and Wales (UnitedKingdom)

et al.

et al.

127

Rural Strategy

morphology context

Settlement type Context


FOCUS TABLE III.2England: Classification of Census Output Areas by Settlement Type and Context

128

morphology context

density profilesettlement

typecontext measure,

context

settlement morphology

settlement context

rural

types

FOCUS BOX III.1The basis of area classification system in England leading to the definition of ruralareas (summarised from Shepherd 2007)

129

urban

rural

types

FOCUS PIECES



et al. A Review of Urban and Rural Area Definitions Preliminary DraftFinal Report

What is Rural? Some Key Definitional Issues

130

Census Bureau Definition:

Office of Management and Budget metro and non metro classification:

ERS Rural Urban Continuum Code

Official Federal definition:

FOCUS PIECES

Annex 3 MAFF MAFFCountry Reviews

131

Focus on OECD Typologies of Regions in Member Countries

Regional grids

region”

OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms

132

Region NUTS2 Non Official Grid (NOG) NUTS3

FOCUS TABLE III.3Regional grid of OECD member countries

133

Regional typology

first criterion

second criteriondegree of rurality,

third criterion

134

Three types of region – degrees of rurality

135

Tuesd

1995 2005

Country NamePredominantly

Urban IntermediatePredominantly

RuralPredominantly

Urban IntermediatePredominantly

Rural

Typology of regions by degree of rurality: shares of population in national totals*1995 – 2005 (National total = 100)

FOCUS TABLE III.4Typology of regions by degree of rurality: shares of population in national totals*1995 – 2005 (National total = 100)

136

Tuesday

1995 2005

CountryPredominantly

urbanisedIntermediate

Predominantlyrural

Predominantlyurbanised

IntermediatePredominantly

rural

FOCUS TABLE III.5Typology of regions by degree of rurality: shares of area in national totals*1995 – 2005 (National total = 100)

137

FOCUS FIGURE III.1Distribution of population by type of region (Regional populations share innational totals, %)

138

Regions at a glance

FOCUS PIECES

. The Rural Development Challenge In OECD Member Countries. OptionsMéditerranéennes, Skr.


Regions at a glance

FOCUS FIGURE III.2Distribution of population (left) and area (right) into predominantly urban,intermediate and predominantly rural regions (2005)

139

Focus on Typology of Regions in the European Union (EU)

et al.

Proposal on Agri Environmental Indicators

rural areas are defined by either (low) population densityor a percentage share of the workforce employed in agriculture

etal

a six fold typology of Europeanterritories

140

FOCUS PIECES


Corine Land Cover – a Key database for EuropeanEnvironmental Assessment

Agriculture as a key issue for rural development in theEuropean Union

141

Chapter IV

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK – RURALDEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

IV.1 THE GLOBAL STRATEGY CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKFOR AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL STATISTICS

“Global Strategy To Improve Agricultural And RuralStatistics” et al.

CHAPTER IV

142

IV.1.1 DIMENSIONS OF DATA DEMAND

The economic dimension of agriculture

The environmental dimension of agriculture

The social dimension of agriculture

143


IV.2 GENERAL NATURE OF INDICATORS

IV.2.1 INTRODUCTION

FIGURE IV.2The conceptual framework for agricultural statistics

Households, institutions, enterprises

Agricultural statistics (scope and coverage)

Inputs, outputs, outcomes, impacts Agricultural production processes, agro processing and markets

crops, livestock, fisheries, etc.

144

(1) published statistics(2) consistently collected (3) comparable areas (4) same unit

(5) clear definition (6)sensitive to changes and trends over time

IV.2.2 QUALITY OF INDICATORS

:

146

IV.2.3 DIMENSIONS OF INDICATORS

state

dispersion

tendency

level.dispersion concentration

improving getting worse

tendency over time

147

level dispersion tendency

IV.2.4 “SOFT” AND “HARD” INDICATORS

148

IV.3 THEMES AND SET OF INDICATORS

Territory

Themes

Time

et al.

149

asset pentagon

1. natural capital

2. financial capital

3. human capital

4. physical capital

5. social capital

6. The capacity of the community/region to generate and to implementstrategies .

Desired Outcomes

Sets of stage related indicators to evaluate rural development policies

baseline.

objectiverelated

150

context related

inputs outputs

resultsimpacts

IV.3.1 THEMES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

in alia

Logical FrameworkApproach (LFA),

151

Handbook on the Common Monitoring and EvaluationFramework.

Baseline indicators.Objective related baseline indicators

Context related baseline indicators

Input indicators.

Example

Output indicators

Example

Result indicators.

Example

Impact indicators

Example

BOX IV.1Indicators at various stages of rural development policy (EU CMEF)

152

Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statisticset al.

China

agriculture, rural development rural residenceintegrated rural system

IV.3.2 DATA ISSUES

adhoc

154

Sourcebook of indicators formonitoring and evaluation (M&E) agriculture and rural development in less than idealconditions et al.

IV.4 WARNINGS AND SUGGESTIONS ON INDICATORS

IV.4.1 INDICATORS – USE AND MISUSE

155

synthetic indicators

Human Development Reports

156

IV.4.2 SYNTHETIC INDICATORS: PROS AND CONS

Defining the phenomenon

Selecting a group of primary indicators

157

Normalising primary indicators Normalisation

Aggregating and weighting

et al.

Pros of composite indicators

Cons of composite indicators

158

REFERENCES

The Evaluation of Rural Development Policy in theEU EuroChoices – Special Issue on Evaluating Rural Development Policy.

Indicators – spotlight or smokescreen?

Section 3: Rural Development Landsis g.e.i.e. Proposal on AgriEnvironmental Indicators PAIS.

Composite Indices for MultidimensionalDevelopment and Poverty: An application to MDG indicators

Proposal for a Council Regulation on support for ruraldevelopment by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD); COM(2004)490 final.

Handbook on the Common Monitoring and EvaluationFramework.

Rural Development in the European Union. Statistical andEconomic Information. Report 2008

Working Paper on Approaches for assessing the impacts oftheRuralDevelopmentProgrammes in thecontext of multiple intervening factors.

World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Guidelineson socio economic indicators.

World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Ten years offollow up the impact of development strategies on the rural poor.

What it is, what it does

Part 4: Socio economic aspects of sustainable development.

159

Second progress report on WCARRD programme of action, including the roleof women in agricultural development.

Handbook on the Logical Framework Approach (LFA).

CountrySTAT presentation

Social Well Being, Economic Development andSustainability in Rural and Urban Areas. A Comparison of Indicators.


Rural Indicators and Rural Development. Final Report

The aggregation problem in its historical perspective: A summaryoverview.

Measuring Quality of Life: an Approach Based on NonSubstitutability of Indicators

A Generalized Composite Index based on Nonsubstitutability of Individual Indicators

Indicators – use and misuse.

Non compensatory Composite Indicators for RankingCountries: A defensible Setting


160


Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators. Methodology and userguide

An Exploratory Literature Review of Efforts to Help the Small scale,Resource Poor Farmer in International Agricultural Development

Promoting an integrated approach to rural development in developingcountries for poverty eradication and sustainable development.

Use of the CORINE Land Cover toIdentify the Rural Character of Communes and Regions at EU Level. Trends ofsome Agri environmental Indicators in the EU

Agriculture as a key issue for rural development in theEuropean Union.

Monitoring Rural Well being: a Rural Score Card.


Agriculture and rural indicators in China.

FOCUS PIECES CHAPTER IV

Disaggregation in econometric modelling.


161

Rural Development 2007 2013. Handbook On CommonMonitoring and Evaluation Framework. Guidance document.

World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development: Guidelines onsocio economic indicators.

Aggregation and the microfoundations of dynamicmacroeconomics.


Social Well Being, Economic Development andSustainability in Rural and Urban Areas. A Comparison of Indicators

Is aggregation necessarily bad? The Review ofEconomic and Statistics,

Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide.

Testing for aggregation bias in linear models.The Economic Journal (Supplement),

The aggregation problem in its historical perspective: a summaryoverview.

Environmental indicators: Development, measurement and useEnvironmental indicators for environmental performance reviews


Econometric analysis in the context oflinear prediction models. Econometrica

Linear aggregation of economic relations.

Forecast combinations. Handbook of economic forecasting

162



An efficient method of estimating seemingly unrelated regressions andtests for aggregation bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association

163

Focus on the Aggregation Problem

aggregation

longitudinal or spatial aggregation

temporal aggregation

contemporal aggregation

164

a priori

versus

FOCUS PIECES

Disaggregation in econometric modelling.

Aggregation and the microfoundations of dynamic macroeconomics.

Is aggregation necessarily bad? The Review of Economicand Statistics,

Handbook onConstructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide.

Testing for aggregation bias in linear models. TheEconomic Journal (Supplement),

The aggregation problem in its historical perspective: a summary overview.

Econometric analysis in the context of linearprediction models. Econometrica

Linear aggregation of economic relations.

166

Forecast combinations. Handbook of economic forecasting

An efficient method of estimating seemingly unrelated regressions and testsfor aggregation bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association

Focus on the Aggregation Problem

Appendix A

Longitudinal aggregation

i t

' 1, ..., 1,...it it i ity x u i n t T (1.1)

ty 1( ,..., )it it kitx x x k

i i th itu2i

1

n

at it at a ati

y y x u

'it rt i itx Z (1.2)

1 2( , ,..., )rt at at katZ diag x x x it

aggregationbias

'

1 1

ˆˆ ˆ ˆ( )n n

at it it i iti i

u u u (1.3)

2 1 ' 2 2

1 1

ˆˆ ˆ( )T n

a it i i ijt i j i

n (1.4)

167

1

0n

i i ai

X X b

0

( ) ( ) ( )it it itL y L x L

( ), ( ), ( )L L Ldynamization effects

1 2, ,...,t t t ntX x x x

t t tX WC h (1.5)

( , ,...., )t t t tC c c c 1 2( , ,...., )t t t nth h h h

1 2, ,..., nW W W W

ˆ ˆ( )it i t it i ity W c h u (1.6)

168

'

1 1 1 1

ˆ ˆ( )n n n n

at it i t it i iti i i i

y y W c h u (1.7)

1 1

ˆˆ ˆ ˆn n

at it it i iti i

u u h u (1.8)

2 1 ' 2 2

1 1

ˆˆ ˆ( )T n

a it i i ijt i j i

n h (1.9)

1 1 2 2( ) ( ) ..... ( )it i t i t i q qt ity b L c b L c b L c h

169

Appendix B

Temporal aggregation

tyk k

2 1(1 ... )kL L Lk

t k ty L y

1

0

( )k

lt t i t ii

y A L y y

( ) t tL y (2.1)

( ) ( ) ( )t tA L L y A L (2.2)

s

( 1)( 1)p ks

k

p,q

( ) ( )t tL y L (2.3)

s

( 1)( 1)p k qs

k

p,d,q

(1 ) ( ) ( )dt tL L y L (2.4)

170

p,d,ss

1 1 1p k d k qs

k

171

Focus on OECD Indicator Requirements

Statistics for rural development policy

172

Communication

Comparison

Co operation

173

Relevance clearly defined purpose

Reliability a sound scientific basis

Realisability be built on availablestatistical data

Environmental indicators

policy relevance and utilityanalytical soundness, measurability.

174

FOCUS PIECES

Environmental indicators: Development, measurement and useEnvironmental indicators for environmental performance reviews


175

Focus on European Union Indicator Requirements and theirAssessment

FOCUS PIECES


176

Focus on European Union Indicator Requirements and theirAssessment

FOCUS PIECES


177

Focus on the Selection of Rural Indicators

Scheme I

A. Components of rural development

B. Potential of rural development

C. Special focuses on developing countries

Scheme II

asset pentagon

.

178

The capacity of the community / region to generate and to implementstrategies.

Indicators of Desired outcomes

Scheme 1

A. Components of rural development

A.1) Natural environment

Character: Quality of the countryside and the condition of the natural environment(natural resources and wildlife), as necessary requirements to reach a goodquality of life and as an opportunity to enhance the economic conditions ofthe rural population.

1. State

Per capita drinking water tt

Per capita CO2 emission t t

Per capita energy consumption tt

Biodiversity indext

t

Landscape index

t t

Waste recycling index t

179

2. Tendency over time

For each indicator t t 1

A.2) Social well being

Character: Quality of social life and welfare. Good quality means good education andhealth; reduced risks and vulnerability of people.

1. State

Literacy ratet

Infant mortality ratet

Newspapers per capita tt

Political rights

Green areas rate t


For each indicator t t 1

A.3) Conditions for economic well being

Character: Income and wealth of people.

1. State

Real per capita income t t

2. Tendency

Real per capita income growth tt 1

180

3. Dispersion and concentration

Real per capita income inequality tt

B. Potential of rural development

B.1) Territory with respect to population

Character: territory available to the rural population to live, to cultivate (usableagricultural land) and to perform other economic activities.

1. State

Per capita territory tt

Per capita AAUt

t

Rural youth tt

2. Dispersion

Per capita territory

t

Per capita AAUt


Rural pop. growth t t 1

B.2) Economic structure

Character: Health of the economic environment of the rural population.

181

1. State

Employment rate t t

Local government debt rate r tr t


Migration rate: t

Employment growth rate tt 1

Local government debt reduction r tr t 1

B.3) Communications

Character: Ability of rural population to communicate and interact with the rest of theworld.

1. State

Per capita stationst t

Per capita telephonest t


Per capita stations rate of growth: t/t 1

Per capita telephones rate of growth tt 1

C. Special focus on developing countries

182

C.1) Market and institutions

C.2) Infrastructure

C.3) Poverty

C.4) Agriculture

C.5) Natural resource

C.6) Education

C.7) Health

183

Scheme 2

ASSETS, CAPACITY to design and implement strategies and desired OUTCOMES forsustainable livelihoods

Selected possible indicators for urban and ruralpopulations

One possible rural specific indicatorfor this item

Potential indicators of the ASSETS of a locality or region are:Natural Capital

Financial Capital

Physical Capital

Human Capital

Social Capital

184

Potential indicators of the CAPACITY to design andimplement development strategies would include:

Potential indicators of the desired OUTCOMES of the sustainable livelihoods of individuals within urban or ruralcommunities or regions:

185

FOCUS PIECES

Social Well Being, Economic Development andSustainability in Rural and Urban Areas. A Comparison of Indicators

186

Focus on EU Rural Development Themes

The general socio economic context of the geographical area

Performance of the agricultural, forestry and food sectors:

Environment and land management:

187

Rural economy and quality of life:

Leader:

FOCUS PIECES

Rural Development 2007 2013. Handbook On CommonMonitoring and Evaluation Framework. Guidance document.

188

Focus on FAO Themes and Set of Indicators

189

Accelerated rural development is essential to achieve theinternationally agreed development goals, including the millennium development goals.The present report provides policy recommendations on ways to promote an integratedapproach to rural development, encompassing the economic, social and environmentaldimensions, with a number of mutually reinforcing policies and programmes that addressa broad range of issues related to rural development

et al

A. Sector wide indicators for agriculture and rural development

B. Specific indicators for sub sectors of agriculture and rural development

190

C. Indicators for thematic areas related to agriculture and rural development

FOCUS PIECES




191

Focus on FAO Themes and Set of Indicators

192

Accelerated rural development is essential to achieve theinternationally agreed development goals, including the millennium development goals.The present report provides policy recommendations on ways to promote an integratedapproach to rural development, encompassing the economic, social and environmentaldimensions, with a number of mutually reinforcing policies and programmes that addressa broad range of issues related to rural development

et al



193


FOCUS PIECES




194

Focus on the List of Indicators from the Global Strategy(2011)

Global Strategy The purpose of the GlobalStrategy is to provide the framework for national and international statistical systems toproduce the basic data and information to guide the decision making required for the 21st

century. It is based on three pillars:

The first pillar is the establishment of a minimum set of core data that countrieswill provide to meet the current and emerging demands.

The second pillar is the integration of agriculture into the national statisticalsystems in order to meet policy maker and other data user expectations that thedata will be comparable across countries and over time. The integration will beachieved by implementing a set of methodology that includes the development of aMaster Sample Frame for Agriculture, the implementation of an Integrated SurveyFramework, and with the results available in a Data Management System.

The Third Pillar is the foundation that will provide the sustainability of theagricultural statistics system through governance and statistical capacity building.

The Global Strategy is based on a thorough assessment of data user needs and what iscurrently available. This revealed that not only is there a serious decline in the quantityand quality of agricultural statistics, it is occurring at the same time many new datarequirements are emerging. These emerging data requirements include issues surroundingagriculture including poverty and hunger, global warming, the use of land and water, andthe increasing use of food/feed commodities to produce biofuels.

These data requirements led to defining a conceptual framework that provides anoverview of the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of agriculture. Thisconceptual framework brings forestry, fisheries, and land and water use into theagricultural and rural framework. The conceptual framework and data requirements callfor a linkage between the household, the agricultural holding, and the land they occupy.The scope and coverage of agricultural production and activities is outlined.

195

Indicator Data Requirements Data Sources Technical NotesSector Wide indicators for agriculture and rural development

FOCUS TABLE IV.1Menu of indicators, data requirements, data sources and technical notes

196

Indicator Data Requirements Data Sources Technical Notes

Indicators for subsectors of agricultural and rural

197


198


Climate Change, land, and the environment

199


The agricultural and rural economy

FOCUS PIECES


200

Focus on the List of Priority Indicators in Less than IdealConditions




201

FOCUS PIECES


202

. Chapter V

V. INVENTORY OF NATIONALAPPROACHES TO RURAL

DEVELOPMENT STATISTICS

V.1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER V

203

EuroChoices

open source

data dissemination

et al.

204

V.2 INVENTORY OF NATIONAL RURAL DEVELOPMENTSTATISTICS

205

V.3 AVAILABILITY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND RELATEDSTATISTICS IN UNECE/OECD COUNTRIES

responsibility

several countries were in the process ofdeveloping or were investigating the need for a set of indicators

BOX V.1The UNECE’s 2003 survey rural development statistics

Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireRural Development Statistics

Availability of statistics for small areas

Rural Development Policy

207

not

Internet

smallestareas for which statistics were available

percentage of the populationpercentage of land

comparability

208

What is the percentage ofpopulation that are classifiedto live in rural areas?

What is the percentage of thetotal land area that is classifiedas rural?

AustraliaBulgaria

Canada

Czech RepublicEstoniaFinland

FranceGermanyHungary

IrelandItalyKyrgyzstan

LatviaLithuaniaNetherlandsNorway

RomaniaRussian FederationSlovakia

SwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited Kingdom

England

ScotlandWales

Northern IrelandUnited States

UNECE Rural Questionnaire

TABLE V.1Rural population and rural land

209

etal.,

V.4 RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY IN UNECE / OECDCOUNTRIES

responsibility

ministry responsible foragricultural policy

210

objectives and majorthemes

V.5 NATIONAL CASE STUDIES

211

REFERENCES

An open sourceapproach to disseminate statistical data on the Web.


Definitions of Rural

Special Issue comparing EU and US Rural Development Policies.

Special Issue on Evaluating Rural Development Policy.

Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal conditions. A Sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation

Rural Development: Theories of Peasant Economy and Agrarian Change

Rural Indicators and Rural Development, Final Report

Rural Statistics Project: Determining DEFRA’s Rural Statistics


OECD Territorial Reviews: Canada

World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision

Future issues for Agricultural Statistics

212

FOCUS PIECES CHAPTER V

Recent Developments in Low Income Cut offs

Education and Local Employment Growth in aChanging Economy

Rural Livelihood Diversification and its Measurement Issues: Focus India.Second.

Rural and Town Canada Analysis Bulletin

213

INFORMATION ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND RELATED STATISTICSAVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES

Australia

Bulgaria

Canada

Denmark

Estonia

France

Germany

Hungary

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

214

Latvia

Lithuania

Norway

Russian Federation

Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

215

Focus on Results of UNECE Survey on Methods Used forMeasuring Rural Development Statistics in UNECE and OECDMember Countries

Rural Development Statistics Questionnaire

Rural Development Statistics

Availability of statistics for small areas

Rural Development Policy

FOCUS BOX V.1The UNECE 2003 survey rural development statistics

216

Focus on Canada: Case Study

vis à visRural and

Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin

Rural and SmallTown Canada Analysis Bulletin

Definitions and typologies

Definition 1: For analysis of metropolitan versus non metropolitan regions andtheir sub categories

Metropolitan regions:

Major metro (central)

Major metro (fringe)

Mid sized metro

217

Non Metropolitan regions:

Small city (metro adjacent)

Small city (non metro adjacent)

Small town (metro adjacent)

Small town (non metro adjacent)

Rural (metro adjacent)

Rural (non metro adjacent)

Northern

Definition 2: The second typology concerns Rural and Small Town (RST) areas

Rural and Small Town

Census Metropolitan Areas

Census Agglomerations

Definition 3: The third definition is based on the OECD definition

Predominately urban

Intermediate

Predominately rural

218

Results

Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin.

(i) Population issues

Migration to and from rural areas

Rural youth migration

Population structure and change

219

Rural and small town population is growing in the 1990s

Immigrants

Immigrants in rural Canada – preference for urban regions

220

(ii) Employment and labour force issues

Seasonal variation in rural employment

Employment structure up to 2000

221

Employment structure

222

Other results

Employment structure in the primary sector

Employment structure in the manufacturing sector

223

Employment patterns in the non metro workforce

Self employment activity

Employment in agri food industry by type of region

AgricultureAgri food

Employment,

224

Part time employment in rural Canada

Occupational pattern

(iii) Income and expenditures

Rural – urban income divide

Rural and urban household expenditure patterns for 1996

225

Measuring income and well being

226

Rural income disparities

227

(iv) Social issues

A rural urban comparison of health indicators

Health status and behaviours of Canada’s youth: a rural urban comparison

How far to the nearest physician?

Housing conditions

suitability

adequacy

affordability

228

Gender balance

Household Internet and computer use

229

(v) Business structures and economic growth issues

Economic diversification

The producer services sector

The composition of business establishments in smaller and larger communities inCanada

Factors associated with local economic growth

230

(vi) Educational issues

Rural and urban educational attainment

(vii) Territorial issues

Urban consumption of agriculture land

Concluding remarks

vis à vis

232

Rural and Small Town Canada Bulletin,

1996 2000 % changeEmployment level

Employment rate (per cent)

Unemployment rate (per cent)


FOCUS FIGURE V.1Canada: Percentage population change by types of regions, 1981 1996

FOCUS TABLE V.1Canada: Employment level and rate and unemployment rate in larger urbancentres and rural and small town, 1996 and 2000

233

Rural and Small Town Canada

FOCUS FIGURE V.2Canada: Employment and unemployment rates by age groups and type ofgeographical area, 1996 2000 (RST = rural and small town areas; LUC = largerurban centres)

234

Urban Rural1986 1996 1986 1996

Per cent of total expenditure

Expenditure in $ per household

Per cent of transportation expenditure

Expenditure per household in constant 1996dollars


FOCUS TABLE V.2Canada: Household expenditures by expenditure categories in urban and ruralareas, 1986 and 1996 (constant 1996 dollars)

235

Statistics Canada, Rural and Town Canada Analysis Bulletin,

FOCUS FIGURE V.3Canada: Employment in agriculture and agri food by type of regions

236

Self ratedhealth

(excellent)

Body massindex

(overweight)

Smoking(daily/

occasionally)

Arthritis/Rheumatism

26.9 26.5 21.6 13.428.6

32.724.9 28.3 16.825.8 29.424.0 35.724.5 36.8 29.1

37.1 29.5 15.9

19.3 45.320.2 42.3 32.0 18.420.8 41.9 32.7

Canada 25.6 32.4 25.9 15.3

Statistics Canada, Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin,

Less thangrade 9

Grade 9 13(no

certificate)

High schoolcertificate(no post

secondary)

Somesecondary

1981 1996 1981 1996 1981 1996 1981 1996

Statistics Canada, Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin

FOCUS TABLE V.3Canada: Selected health indicators by type of region

FOCUS TABLE V.4Canada: Percentage distribution of population (25 to 54 years of age) by levelof educational attainment

237


FOCUS FIGURE V.4(a) Canada: Percentage share part time employment in RST and LUC in 1987

1999(b) Canada: Annual average percentage change in part time and full

employment in 19987 97 and 1997 99(RST = Rural and Small Town Areas; LUC = Larger Urban Centres)

238



FOCUS FIGURE V.5Canada: Intensity of occupation by type of occupation and region in 2001,expressed as a location quotient

FOCUS FIGURE V.6Canada: Percentage distribution of population (25 to 54 years of age) by levelof educational attainment

239

FOCUS PIECES

Recent Developments in Low Income Cut offs

Education and Local Employment Growth in aChanging Economy

Rural and Town Canada Analysis Bulletin

240

Focus on England: Case Study

Introduction

The national system of Neighbourhood Statistics

A New Commitment to Neighbourhood Renewal: A NationalStrategy Action Plan”.

241

Defra’s rural statistics for England – the methodology

all

242

Results for rural areas in England

243

Educational Attainment.

Type ofarea

2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

FOCUS PIECES

FOCUS TABLE V.5England: % of pupils at the end of Key Stage 4 achieving five or more Grades A* Cin the General Certificate of Secondary Education

244

Focus on the Framework of Agricultural and RuralDevelopment Statistics in India

Introduction

Statistics on agriculture and rural development and their sources

agricultural statistical system

245

Agricultural Statistics at a Glance

rural development statistics

CENSUS

Vital statistics:

246

Rural Socio Economic Indicators through National Sample Survey

247

National Family Health Survey

Basic Statistics for Local Level Development

,

248

FOCUS PIECES

Rural Livelihood Diversification and its Measurement Issues: Focus India.Second.

ANNEX 1

Census of India 2001: Data Finder

A)Series Tables: General Population Tables

B) Series Tables: Economic Tables

C) Series: Social and Cultural Tables

D) Series: Migration Tables

249

F) Series: Fertility Tables

HH) Series: Household Tables

H) Series: Tables on Houses, Household Amenities and Assets

250

ANNEX II

Broad Subjects covered by NSSO nd Indicators (www.mospi.gov.in)

Consumer Expenditure

Employment Unemployment and Migration:

Household Wealth / Finance

Health, Hygiene and Housing condition:

251

Education:

Non Agricultural enterprises (Manufacturing, Trade, Services)

Informal Sector

Land Holdings, Livestock Holdings and other agrarian issues:

Others

252

ANNEX III

Brief note on Existing Methodology of Poverty Calculation

et al

Poverty and IncomeDistribution in India

Sarvekshana

253

Focus on Results of UNECE Survey on Methods Used forMeasuring Rural Development Statistics in UNECE and OECDMember Countries

Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 1

Which organisation(s) is/are responsible for statistics on rural areas?

Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics (responsible for national statistics for all areas including rural areas); Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE), State Government agencies and some Industry Associations also collect statistics on various aspects of rural activity.

Bulgaria National Statistical Institute; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

Canada Statistics Canada; other federal agencies; provincial, territorial and local agencies;

Czech Republic Czech Statistical Office (Agricultural and Environment, Family Accounts and Population Statistics)

Denmark Statistics Denmark; Ministry of the Environment; Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries

Estonia Statistical Office

Finland Statistics Finland; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (joint Finnish Rural Indicators Project)

France INSEE; Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Rural Affairs

Germany Federal and Regional Statistical Offices

Hungary Hungarian Central Statistical Office; Tax and Financial Control Administration; Research and Information Institute for Agricultural Economics; Institute for Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Ireland Central Statistics Office Ireland

Italy Instituto Nazionale di Economia Agraria/National Institute for Agricultural Economics (INEA), Instituto per Studi, Ricerche e Infomazioni sul Mercato Agricolo/Institute for Analysis, Research and Information on the Agricultural Market (ISMEA); Instituto Nazionale di Statistica/National Statistical Institute (ISTAT)

Kazakhstan Agency of Statistics

Kyrgyzstan National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic

Latvia Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia

Lithuania Statistics Lithuania

Netherlands Statistics Netherlands

Norway Statistics Norway

Romania National Institute of Statistics; Ministry of Development and Prognosis; Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry; Ministry of Education and Research; Ministry of Health and of the Family; Life Quality Research Institute; Institute of Agrarian Economy

Russian Federation Local statistical committees are responsible for statistics on rural areas. Local data are aggregated in regional, territorial and republican committees and in Goskomstat for the country as a whole.

Slovakia Statistical Office of Slovakia

Sweden 1) National Rural Development Agency; Swedish Board of Agriculture

Switzerland Swiss Federal Statistical Office (Agricultural Statistics Section, Spatial Data Section and Population Census)

Turkey Regional Statistics Division of the State Institute of Statistics

United Kingdom Defra and Devolved Departments responsible for Rural Affairs/Development; Office for National Statistics; Countryside Agency; Office of the Deputy Prime Minister; and others

United States U.S. Census Bureau; Bureau of Labor Statistics; Bureau of Economic Analysis; Economic Research Service; National Agricultural Statistics Service

1) no official statistics for rural areas, thus no responsible organisation but some information provided by these organisations

254


What variable(s) is/are used to distinguish rural from non-rural areas?

Australia Population density and population level; remoteness from services and goods

Bulgaria Population density and population level in the biggest town of the municipalities

Canada Population level and population density; population level and intensity of commuting to a major urban centre within a labour market radius; population density; population level

Czech Republic Number of permanent residents in the municipality (population level)

Denmark Population level of municipalities

Estonia Administrative distribution; population level

Finland Various i.e. Urban Network Study

France Number of jobs and commuting pattern

Germany Population level of urban centres and population density of surrounding areas of urban centres

Hungary Population level and population density at settlement level

Ireland Population level

Italy Population density (no single official definition though)

Kazakhstan Population level and share of population engaged in agriculture

Kyrgyzstan The status of every settlement/village is defined by Jogurky-Kenesh - the Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic

Latvia In Latvia the rural area is the total land area excluding urban areas. Rural areas will be in the Draft Law on Agriculture and Rural Development which is not yet approved by the Cabinet of Ministers).

Lithuania Population level, characteristics of towns

Netherlands No official statistics to monitor rural policy yet. Discussions started with the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality on possible definitions. Possibly for different aims of rural development policy different definitions of rurality are appropriate.

Norway At present there is no official definition of rural/non-rural in Norwegian statistics.However, Norway has a Standard Classification of Municipalities based on industry, population density and centrality.

Romania The 'rural' status for a settlement is established by law without taking into account the demographic size or population density

Russian Federation Various variables among others types of activities i.e. crop and livestock production

Slovakia Population density and population level; municipalities that have no urban status and have got a characteristic settlement and economical structure based on agriculture, forestry and that have got less developed infrastructure.

Sweden Population level of settlement

Switzerland All the areas outside isolated towns and agglomerations are considered as rural (population level, commuting pattern, population growth rates, built-up area, population/job density and employment in the primary sector are used delimit agglomerations and isolated towns).

Turkey Population level

United Kingdom A variety of definitions, including one based on settlement size and one based on socio-economic variables

England A variety of definitions, including one based on settlement size and one based on socio-economic variables

Scotland Population density; settlement sizeWales All rural except for a small list of communities in towns and cities that were

deemed to be entirely non-rural; population densityNorthern Ireland n/a

United States Population level of urban centre and commuting pattern; Population density

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Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality?

Australia No subdivision for rural area definition but subdivision of remoteness division (major cities, inner regional, outer regional, remote, very remote)

Bulgaria See Annex C.

Canada Yes, both major rural definitions currently used in Canada have subdivisions.

Czech Republic Yes.

Denmark No.

Estonia No.

Finland Yes.

France Yes.

Germany Yes.

Hungary Yes.

Ireland No.

Italy No.

Kyrgyzstan No (except high mountain rural population)

Latvia No.

Lithuania n/a

Netherlands n/a

Norway No official subdivision. However, rural areas may, for example, be classified according to level of centrality.

Romania Yes.

Russian Federation n/a

Slovakia Yes.

Sweden Yes.

Switzerland No, not yet (but subdivision into agricultural, wooden and unproductive area)

Turkey Yes.

United Kingdom Yes.England Yes.Scotland Yes.

Wales Division into severely disadvantaged, disadvantaged and other but this is not really related to the degree of rurality.

Northern Ireland n/a

United States Yes.

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What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural?

Australia Rural/urban definition

There is not distinct threshold as such, since rural areas are defined at those areas other than Urban centre. Smaller Urban Centres are conglomerations with Census Collection Districts with a total population of 1,000 or more and containing a discernible urban pattern of population distribution such as formed streets, etc. Thus, an approximate threshold is 1,000 people.

Remoteness definition n/a

Bulgaria Population density of less than 150 people per square kilometre and the biggest town of the municipality of less than 30,000 inhabitants.

Canada OECD Definition A region is defined as rural if 50 per cent or more of the population live in a community with less than 150 people per square kilometre.

Rural and Small Town Methodology

Areas under 10,000 people outside the commuting zone of a Census Metropolitan Area and Census Agglomeration Area

Czech Republic Less than 2,000 residents in the municipality

Denmark Areas that are not urban (all villages of 200 and more inhabitants are defined as urban).

Estonia 2500 inhabitants

Finland n/a

France Settlements with less than 2,000 inhabitants

Germany Regions with a population density of 100 inhabitants per square kilometre with an urban centre of 100,000 and more and regions with a population density of below 150 inhabitants per square kilometre without a urban centre of 100,000 or more.

Hungary Narrow definition Less than 120 inhabitants per square kilometre or under 10,000 residential population at settlement level.

Broader definition Predominantly rural at NUTS IV level if 50 per cent of residential population live in a settlement with a population density of under 120 inhabitants per square kilometre and significantly rural if 15 to 50 per cent live in a settlement with a population density of under 120 inhabitants per square kilometre.

Ireland Outside clusters with a population of more than 1,500 inhabitants

Italy 100 inhabitants per square kilometre

Kazakhstan A village with at least 50 people of which at least half is engaged in agriculture production

Kyrgyzstan No threshold as rural is defined by the parliament.

Latvia n/a

Lithuania Small towns (population less than 3000) and villages (other residential areas having no characteristic features of towns) are attributed to rural residential areas.

Netherlands n/a

Norway No official definition, thus no official threshold.

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Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 4 (concluded)

Romania No threshold as rural is defined by law without taking the demographic size or population density into account


Slovakia 100 inhabitants per square kilometre; rural settlement is a municipality with less than 5000 permanent residents.

Sweden All settlements with less than 1000 inhabitants are rural.

Switzerland Agglomerations of 20,000 or more inhabitants and isolated towns of 10,000 or more are considered urban. To delimit agglomerations, the number of jobs (at least 2,000) and the commuting pattern (of the economically active population 85 per cent or more work in the agglomeration). Commuting pattern, population growth rates, built-up area, population/job density and employment in the primary sector are used to decide if municipalities are part of an agglomeration or not.

Turkey Less than 2,000 inhabitants.

United Kingdom n/aEngland All areas outside settlements with a population of 10,000 or more.

Scotland All areas outside settlements with a population of 10,000 or more.

Wales All areas are rural except those of a small list of communities in towns and cities that were deemed to be entirely non-rural; 150 people per square kilometre


United States Census Bureau Definition

The Census Bureau classifies as "urban" all territory, population, and housing units located within an urbanized area (UA) or an urban cluster (UC). It delineates UA and UC boundaries to encompass densely settled territory, which consists of core census block groups or blocks that have a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile and surrounding census blocks that have an overall density of at least 500 people per square mile.

ERS Metro and non-metro classification

Non-metropolitan areas that contain (1) core counties with one or more central city of at least 50,000 residents or with a Census Bureau - defined urbanized area (and a total metro area population of 100,000 or more), and (2) fringe counties that are economically tied to the core counties. Non-metropolitan counties are outside the boundaries of metro areas and have no cities with as many as 50,000 residents.

Official Federal definition

Rural areas comprise places (incorporated or unincorporated) with fewer than 2,500 residents and open territory.

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Australia Census Collection District i.e. census enumeration area.

Bulgaria Municipality i.e. well-defined system settlements/villages around a municipality centre (municipalities consist of between 1 and 134 villages).

Canada Census sub-division (CSD); Census consolidated sub-division (CCS); Census division (CD)

Czech Republic Municipality

Denmark Address

Estonia Municipalities but the Territory of Estonian Administrative Division Act divides rural municipalities further into settlements.

Finland Municipalities (NUTS 5)

France Municipality (NUTS 5)

Germany Kreis (NUTS 3)

Hungary Settlement (NUTS 4)

Ireland District Electoral Division (DED)

Italy n/a

Kazakhstan A village with at least 50 people of which at least half is engaged in agriculture production

Kyrgyzstan Village

Latvia Parishes and rural areas

Lithuania Post code areas

Netherlands n/a

Norway No official definition of rural, however, density and centrality variable is mostly applied at municipality level.

Romania Village/municipality

Russian Federation Farm, village, selo (rural town)

Slovakia Municipality

Sweden Geographical coordinates/address

Switzerland Community (municipality)Turkey Village.

United Kingdom Land parcel/address; Ward; in future: Census Output Area (COA); Unit postcode; county

England Land parcel/address; Ward; in future: Census Output Area (COA)Scotland Unit postcode

Wales County (NUTS 3)Northern Ireland n/a

United States Census block (Census Bureau definition); County (ERS definition)

What is the smallest territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions?

259


What is the percentage of the population that are classified to live in rural areas?

Australia 12.84 per cent

Bulgaria 41.9 per cent (11.2 per cent in less developed rural areas)

Canada 22 to 38 per cent depending on the definition used

Czech Republic 26.5 per cent

Denmark 14.7 per cent

Estonia 32.6 per cent

Finland 43 per cent (27 per cent excluding urban adjacent rural areas)

France 24 per cent

Germany 13.03 per cent

Hungary Narrow definition: 47.35 per cent; broader definition: predominantly rural 31.3 per cent and significantly rural 43.2 per cent

Ireland n/a

Italy n/a

Kyrgyzstan 65 per cent

Latvia 47.5 per cent

Lithuania 33.1 per cent

Netherlands n/a

Norway 22.3 per cent (population not living in urban settlements)

Romania 45.4 per cent

Russian Federation 27 per cent

Slovakia 29.9 per cent (OECD definition at NUTS 4 48 per cent in predominantly rural areas)

Sweden 35 to 40 per cent

Switzerland 32 per cent

Turkey 35.1 per cent

United Kingdom n/aEngland 20 per cent (settlement based definition); 28 per cent (ward based

definition)Scotland 30.9 per cent 1)

Wales 32 per centNorthern Ireland n/a

United States 21 per cent (Census Bureau definition); 20 per cent (ERS definition)

1) http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/grosweb/grosweb.nsf/pages/scosett#res

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What is the percentage of the total land area that is classified as rural?

Australia 99.74 per cent

Bulgaria 83.7 per cent

Canada99.8 per cent 'rural' and 95 per cent 'predominantly rural' (OECD definition)

Czech Republic 73.7 per cent

Denmark n/a

Estonia 98.4 per cent

Finland 95 per cent (83 per cent if urban adjacent rural areas)

France 82 per cent

Germany 30.35 per cent

Hungary Narrow definition: 88.3 per cent; broader definition: predominantly rural 58.3 per cent and significantly rural 37.7 per cent

Ireland n/a

Italy n/a

Kyrgyzstan 28.8 (53.9) per cent of the land is agricultural land and land of rural settlements (about 90 per cent of the territory lays higher than 1,500m above sea level).

Latvia 98.2 per cent

Lithuania 97 per cent

Netherlands n/a

Norway 99.3 per cent (land outside urban settlements)

Romania 89 per cent


Slovakia76.7 per cent (OECD definition 59.5 per cent in predominantly rural areas)

Sweden more than 95 per cent

Switzerland 77 per cent (approximately)

Turkey n/a

United Kingdom n/aEngland 93 per cent (settlement based definition); 87 per cent (ward based

definition)Scotland n/a

Wales 82 per centNorthern Ireland n/a

United States 97 per cent (Census Bureau definition); 80.8 per cent (ERS definition)

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Is there a set of core indicators used to monitor rural development policy?

Australia Not at present but work is underway. The Australian Government is investigating the feasibility of a whole-of-government framework to attempt to measure rural/regional policy and outcomes and indicators will be developed in support of this.

Bulgaria There is a core set of indicators to monitor the implementation of the Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development (SAPARD).

Canada No official core set of indicators. An integrated Canadian national rural database is currently considered as a developmental component of the National Framework of Rural Policies (NFRP). Sets of indicators for monitoring rural communities usually start with the major variables for demography, labour force, income and health status but each list differs.

Czech Republic There is no specific set of indicators used only for rural areas. There are several key indicators surveyed jointly in both, rural and urban areas, but they are not strictly divided according to rural or urban area.

Denmark n/a

EstoniaThe most comprehensive system for monitoring and evaluating has been developed for the Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development (SAPARD). The indicators used for monitoring the programme are agreed with the Monitoring Committee of the SAPARD that regularly reviews the programme progress on the basis of these indicators.

Finland Yes, there are the indicators of the Finnish Rural Indicators project. See annex A.

France Legislation is in preparation and should come into force end of 2003. Indicators should then be set up to monitor this policy.

Germany Indicators to monitor the EU rural development plan agreed between EU and Member States.

Hungary Set of indicators is being developed in relation with the National Development Plan, Agricultural and Rural Development Operational Programme and the National Rural Development Plan.

Ireland Under development. 1)

Italy n/a

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Kazakhstan The development is monitored by the Agency for Statistics through individual farm accounting on the approved form and the collection of statistical data twice a year from each farm record. It questions members of farms about all social issues and gathers information on current plantings, farms’ own property (cattle, poultry and buildings) and sampling data on crop and livestock output. Information for State-owned agricultural enterprises is compiled on the basis of State statistical reporting.

Kyrgyzstan No but there are a few indicators used for monitoring rural development these include poverty and extreme poverty levels, poverty gap and severity, gini coefficient, children school enrolment, adult literacy level, life expectancy, unemployment level, access to drinking water, access to medical service, average per capita calorie intake.

Latvia The Ministry of Agriculture uses a set of indicators for drawing up the Rural Development Plan.

Lithuania No.

Netherlands n/a

Norway No.

Romania There is a set of core indicators used in monitoring rural areas (see 'Carta Verde of rural development in Romania' by the Romanian Ministry of Agriculture and Food and the European Commission).

Russian Federation The following indicators can be used for monitoring rural development policy: income levels, employment/unemployment, prices of goods and services, the level of development of social, market and utilities infrastructure.

Slovakia Not yet. There are plans to use data from the Ministry of Agriculture, from the payment agency and from beneficiaries to monitor rural development policy.

Sweden No.

Switzerland No, not yet.

Turkey In the Household Labour Force Survey settlements with 20,000 or less are defined as rural. Numbers of persons employed in rural areas by sex, age, educational status etc are gathered regularly.

United Kingdom No.England No.Scotland n/a

Wales Yes. The main sections are demographics, economy, agriculture, education, health, personal social services, local government finance, housing, transport, law and order, environment, tourism, deprivation, etc.


United States No.

1) See paper submitted for the Food and Agriculture Meeting held in Geneva 2-4th July 2003.

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Can rural development statistics be found on the Internet and if so where?

Australia Some small area statistics on www.abs.gov.au (themes then regional statistics). There is concern however that rural/regional statistics are not visible enough on the ABS website and the home page is currently being redeveloped to include a regional portal.

Bulgaria Not yet but database is under construction. Some information can be found on the website of the Ministry of Agriculture www.mzgar.government.bg

Canada No systematic collection on a given site but three (partial) views are available at: a) the Canadian Rural Partnership www.rural.gc.ca b) The Rural & Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletins at www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/21-006-XIE/free.htm c) community profiles of census data at www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm

Czech Republic No.

Denmark Population data etc can be found at www.statistikbanken.dk

Estonia Rural development statistics/regional statistics are available on the homepage of the Statistical Office at www.stat.ee at local government unit, county and NUTS 3 level.

Finland No.

France Statistics on rural and urban zones can be found at www.insee.fr under 'territoire'.

Germany Information on the publication 'Aktuelle Daten zur Entwicklung der Städte, Kreise und Gemeinden' (up-to-date information on the development of towns, districts and municipalities) at www.bbr.bund.de. Information on regional data at www.destatis.de/themen/d/thm_regional.htm

Hungary No data available on the website of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Some selected data are available at the Internet site of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in the supplement of Hungary's SAPARD Plan at www.fvm.hu/english/annex2.pdf

Ireland n/a

Italy n/a

Kazakhstan www.stat.kz

Kyrgyzstan www.stat.kg

Latvia Yes, the Agricultural Census 2001 and Population Census 2000 data base are available at http://www.csb.lv/

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Lithuania www.std.lt/: General statistics - agricultural statistics by county (NUTS 3); Population and social statistics - average annual number of rural population, main indicators of employed population and earnings by economic activity; Agriculture - main indicators of agricultural activity; Environment - water consumption according to needs.

Netherlands n/a

Norway No rural statistics as such but regional statistics can be found at http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/00/02

Romania No.Russian Federation Yes: Ministry of agriculture www.aris.ru/DBASE/;Goskomstat Russia

www.gks.ru; Agro-industrial complex Market www.apkmarket.ru

Slovakia No.

Sweden No.

Switzerland Scattered information can be found under www.bfs.admin.ch

TurkeyThe press releases and the results of the Household Labour Force Survey are available on the website of the State Insitute of Statistics www.die.gov.tr

United Kingdom Defra Internet site under construction at www.defra.gov.uk/esg/work_htm/publications/cs/ruralinfo_web/default.asp. Small area statistics at www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk

England see United KingdomScotland n/a

Wales Yes, in the report 'Statistical Focus on Rural Wales' (http://www.wales.gov.uk/keypubstatisticsforwales/content/publication/compendia/2001/sb49-2001/sb49-2001.htm), in the Rural Development Plan and in the statistics by Local Authority area on the Local Government Data Unit website http://www.lgdu-wales.gov.uk/


United States Data related to rural development can be found at a) U.S. Census Bureau at www.census.gov b) Bureau of Labor Statistics at www.bls.gov c) Bureau of Economic Analysis www.bea.gov d) Economic Research Service www.ers.usda.gov e) National Agricultural Statistics Service www.nass.usda.gov

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Australia Census Collection District (CD) i.e. census enumeration area (average size in rural areas 100 dwellings, in urban areas 220 dwellings, area ranges from under 1,000 square metres to 230,000 square metres)

Bulgaria Municipality (well defined system of settlements/villages around a municipality centre which may be a bigger village or a small town; between 1 and 134 villages).

Canada Census subdivision (CSD) which are generally incorporated towns and incorporated municipalities. There are 5,600 CSDs with a population range from 0 to 2.38 million (average about 5,360).

Czech Republic Municipalities.

Denmark Addresses.

Estonia Local Government Unit (average population 5494 with Tallinn, 3903 without Tallinn, range 56 to 396879; average area 176 square kilometres, range 1.8 to 582 square kilometre).

Finland Sub-regional units (NUTS 4).

France Municipalities.

Germany Municipalities (average population about 5,900).

Hungary Settlements (municipality?) (average population about 3230).

Ireland District Electoral Division (DED) (average population 1096)

Italy n/a

Kazakhstan Private and state-owned farms

Kyrgyzstan Districts, villages; for agricultural statistics usually the county within a district (between 4,000 and 20,000 inhabitants)

Latvia Parishes (NUTS 5)

Lithuania Rural settlement (village) (average size 53 inhabitants, range from 1 to 4700); Rural municipality (average size 24.4 thousand inhabitants, range 6.6 to 83.6 thousand inhabitants; average land area 135.3 thousand hectares, range 43.6 to 220.9 thousand hectares)

Netherlands District (average population about 1500, range 0 to 30,000; average area 3 square kilometre, range from under 1 to 130 square kilometres); for statistics for funding purposes: statistics based on terriorial unit of 500m square

Norway Basic (statistical) units (subdivision of municipalities, there are about 14,000 basic statistical units in Norway; they are a flexible basis for the work with and presentation of regional statistics)

Romania Villages (average population about 800)


Slovakia Municipality (average population 1844, range 10 to 117227)

Sweden Individuals/households.

Switzerland Hectare or commune - depending on the statistics.

Turkey Village (average population about 640)

United Kingdom Census Output Areas (average population about 250)EnglandScotland

Wales Electoral districts; Small Agricultural Area for agricultural statistics (about 1000 farms)

Northern Ireland

United States Census Blocks (there are 7,017,427 census blocks)

What is the smallest area for which statistics are available and what is the average size of this area (e.g. average population size, average area, range of population sizes or range of area)?

266


What statistics are available for this smallest area?

Australia Every five years, full range of variables from the Census of Population and Housing (demographics, employment, income, characteristics of dwellings). In non-census years data are only available for larger spatial units. Very few economic variables are available for small areas but agricultural commodity data are available for Statistical Local Areas every five years and for Statistical Divisions in other years.

Bulgaria Data for age structure, inhabitants, area, population density, employment/unemployment levels, education level etc.

Canada All Census of Population variables, however, data for census subdivisions with fewer than 200 inhabitants are typically suppressed for questions in the long questionnaire which contains the major variables on educational attainment, labour force participation, income etc.

Czech Republic Only a limited number of indicators such as population, land area, social and cultural variables, health service and trade possibilities and for some environmental matters such as water supply network, public sewage system, waste collection.

Denmark n/a

EstoniaThe Estonian Rural Development Database contains official statistics on population, stock of urban streets and local roads at the local government unit level. It also contains non-official data on entrepreneurs, local budget revenue and expenditure, income tax, state budgetary relief fund, appropriations for investment, local government debt, dwelling completions, non-residential building completions, subsistence allowances, registered unemployed and the number and areas of fires. Non-official data on the number of schools and students, local land stock, main indicators on libraries and distance of local government unit from the capital and the county centre will be added soon.

Finland The indicators of the Finnish Rural Indicators project which relate to population and migration, structure and function of the economy, living conditions and welfare, sustainable development.

France Population census data, agricultural census data, municipality inventory, business survey results, services and facilities available to inhabitants of the municipalities, movements of inhabitants in municipalities lacking facilities.

Germany Various statistics are available for municipalities, others for Kreise (districts) details can be found at www.brandenburg.de/statreg/regio-stat-katalog_2003.pdf

Hungary There are about 400 variables collected annually for each settlement.

Ireland Population statistics, agricultural statistics.

Italy n/a

Kazakhstan Individual farm records.

Kyrgyzstan Statistics on agriculture, wages, population number, selected variables of transport statistics, finances are produced at the level of rural councils. The population census data are available by each town, urban-type settlement and village.

267


Latvia Some agricultural, population and social statistics.

Lithuania Rural settlements - number of population; Rural municipality - majority of agricultural, demographic and social statistics; Total municipality - majority of agricultural, demographic, social, industry, transport and service statistics.

Netherlands Population data (number, gender, age class, population density, household composition, immigrants (first and second generation) from non-western countries); address density; residences (number and average value for tax); income (average per head, average per person receiving income, persons with high income (percentage), persons with low income (percentage), persons aged 15 to 64 with social security as main source of income (percentage); land area and total area (including water); land use (e.g. urban and rural area, traffic, built-up, semi-built-up recreational, agricultural, forest, nature).

Norway Mainly population statistics. Furthermore, coordinates or basic statistical unit code identify most enterprises in the Business Register and almost all agricultural holdings are identified by coordinates.

Romania Various statistics which can be found in the settlement/locality file.


Slovakia Statistics on a limited number of indicators are available (population, land acreage, social and cultural facilities, health service and trade possibilities etc) and for some environmental matters (water supply network, public sewage system, water waste treatment, waste collection, expenditures on environmental protection).

Sweden Examples: number of inhabitants, number of households, migration, age distribution, educational level, unemployment, disposable income.

Switzerland For the hectare Swiss land use statistics; for the commune/municipality the population, agricultural and enterprise statistics as well as the Swiss land use statistics.

Turkey Social, demographic and economic characteristics of population are available for villages from the 2000 Population Census. Information about age and sex structure, literacy, fertility, labour force, occupation, economic activity and employment status is also available.

United Kingdom Census data, some survey data will be made available at this level.EnglandScotland

Wales Data for Electoral Districts are only available for data collected in the 2001 Population census. Most socio-economic indicators are only reliable at the Local Authority Level.

Northern Ireland

United States Basic population and housing data. More information available at census tract level.

268


Are statistics on urban settlements/urban land use available?

Australia Yes, the full range of Census of Population and Housing variables is available for urban settlements.

Bulgaria Yes, on urban municipalities.

Canada Yes, data are available for urban settlements, but urban land use data is only available from specialised surveys on a case by case basis.

Czech Republic Statistics on urban settlement and land use are available (in the statistical office and the cadastral office)

Denmark Yes.

Estonia Yes, on urban municipalities.

Finland One of the area types is rural areas.

France Yes, at the level of municipalities to follow the development of the different zones which are recalculated after every population census. At a more aggregated level through the LUCAS surveys.

Germany Yes, updated every four years.

Hungary Yes.

Ireland n/a

Kazakhstan A sample survey is held for urban settlements once a year.

Kyrgyzstan Yes.

Latvia Yes.

Lithuania Yes, demographic statistics and urban land use statistics.

Netherlands Yes, land use statistics are produced every 3 or 4 years. Delineating urban settlements on the basis of urban land use statistics is a research project for the next months. In principle, coding addresses to urban settlements is possible and is also subject to research.

Norway Yes.

Romania Yes.


Slovakia Yes, statistics on urban settlement and urban land use are available in the cadastral office/land registry and in the statistical office.

Sweden n/a

Switzerland Yes.

Turkey No. However, a project is under way on Land Use by Using CORINE methodology. The aim of the project is to classify 44 classes of land use as applied in the CORINE project. At the end of this project some information on urban settlements will be available.

United Kingdom Yes.England Yes.Scotland n/a

Wales Yes.Northern Ireland n/a

United States Yes, some data are available.

269


Which organization(s) is/are responsible for rural development policy?

Australia At federal level mainly the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia (AFFA - responsible for agricultural policy which impacts significantly on rural areas) and the Department for Transport and Regional Services (responsible for regional development in general and this includes rural areas). Economic development in rural/regional Australia is devolved to State/Territory Governments.

Bulgaria Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF)

Canada The federal Rural Secretariat had the task of co-ordinating the federal approach to rural development because all government departments have policies and programs directed to rural citizens. Similarly, each provincial government has a lead agency with a mandate to co-ordinate the approach of provincial government ministries to rural development. Finally, there are regional and rural development groups within most provinces.

Czech Republic Ministry for regional development and regional authorities.

Denmark Ministry for the Interior and Health

Estonia Ministry of Agriculture

Finland Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Rural Policy Committee

France Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Rural Affairs

GermanyThe 16 federal Länder governments have the main responsibility for rural development policy. Within the Länder governments, it is the Ministries with responsibility for agriculture, regional policies, environment, protection of nature and transport that influence rural development most directly.

Hungary Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.

Ireland Department of Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs.

Italy The 20 Italian Regions

Kazakhstan Ministry of Agriculture.

Kyrgyzstan At present, on the instructions of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic and in pursuance of the goals of the Comprehensive Development Framework the Kyrgyz Republic has started to prepare a set of documents aimed at comprehensive rural development. Almost all ministries and agencies are preparing relevant documents in their respective fields.

Latvia Ministry of Agriculture

270


Lithuania Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for rural development policy; Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour is responsible for social aspects including rural areas; Ministry of Internal Affairs is responsible for coordinating National Regional Policy.

Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality; Ministry of Housing and Spatial Planning and the Environment; Ministry of Economic Affairs, Social Affairs and Employment; Regional Governments/Provinces (at NUTS 2 level).

Norway Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development (main responsibility and co-ordination); Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Fisheries; Ministry of Transport and Communication; Ministry of Trade and Industry.

Romania Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry and Ministry of Public Finance; Inter-ministry Committee for Agriculture and Rural Development.

Russian Federation Republics, territories and regions and coordinated by the Government and the Ministry of Agriculture.

Slovakia Ministry of Agriculture

Sweden Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communication.

Switzerland Federal Office for Spatial Development (ARE)

Turkey State Planning Organization (SPO) is responsible for project planning; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is responsible for monitoring rural projects.

United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and devolved Departments.

England Department for Environment, Food and Rural AffairsScotland Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department

Wales Welsh Assembly Government Agriculture and Rural Affairs DepartmentNorthern Ireland Department for Agriculture and Rural Development Northern Ireland

United States The Rural Development (RD) Mission Area of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) operates as the main rural development programs in the United States. However, other Federal development programs critical to rural development are operated by other Federal and State agencies. USDA-RD is responsible for co-ordinating the rural aspects of these programs, to the extent this is possible. USDA also participates in and supports the National Rural Development Partnership, which includes representatives of Federal, State, and non-governmental organizations with an interest in rural development.

271


What are the aims/objectives of rural development policies?

Australia To improve the economic performance of rural and regional areas so that the potential for them to contribute to the wealth and competitiveness of Australia as a nation is maximised.

Bulgaria See annex C.

Canada Generally to improve the well-being of rural communities.

Czech Republic Rural development means creating of administrative and economic conditions to support the rural area residents in their harmonised development of healthy environment, in their care about natural and cultural worth of rural landscape and in the development of environment-friendly systems of farming.

Denmark n/a

Estonia The main objective of the pre-accession programme for agricultural and rural development (SAPARD) is to contribute to the implementation of aquis communautaire concerning the common agricultural policy and related policies and to solve priority and problems for the sustainable adaptation of the agricultural sector and rural areas in Estonia.

Finland The Rural Policy Committee has been structured around five permanent priorities: (1) reform of the economic activities in rural areas (2) development of know-how and human resources (3) strengthening the existing service network (4) development of the quality of the residential environment and community structure in rural areas (5) sustainable utilisation of natural resources

France n/a

Germany The directive Nr 1257/1999 put the main focus on the promotion of the multifunctionality of agriculture. However, increasing emphasis was also given to non-agricultural activities, aspects of sustainability and the employment.

Hungary (1) More competitive economy (2) Better utilisation of human resources (3) Better quality environment, more balanced regional development.

Ireland Improving the physical, economic and social conditions of people living in the open countryside, in coastal areas, towns and villages and in smaller urban centres outside of the five major urban areas.

Italy Enhance the competitiveness and viability of rural areas (the objectives stated in the regulations of the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy)

Kyrgyzstan Development of small towns and remote districts.

272

Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 14 (continued)

Latvia (1) Promotion of dynamic development of rural economy, thus ensuring the increase in the level of welfare of the rural population (2) Maintenance of the population living in rural areas and ensuring the availability of various social infrastructure services in rural territory equivalent to the level available in towns (3) Ensuring the sustainable and efficient utilisation of rural resources by maintaining and preserving a tended and biologically diverse rural environment and landscape for future generations.

Lithuania According to the Law on Regional development of the Republic of Lithuania (adopted in 2000) the main aims are to reduce the social and economic inequality between the regions and within the regions and to stimulate the equal and stable development of all regions. The Law on Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Lithuania (2002) gives legal basis for the main principles of agricultural and rural development. It seeks to create a cooperative and competitive agricultural sector oriented towards the market; to increase agricultural income and to improve the quality of life of rural people as well as to meet their indivudual, social, economic and cultural needs; to ensure that high quality and safe agricultural and food products reach the market; to expand exports of agricultural and food products; to gurantee as high as possible self-sufficiency of agricultural and food products; to develop a sustainable food industry in which integrated agriculture has a main share; to save the environment by using agri-environmental methods and to induce sustainable use of renewable resources.

Netherlands Objective for rural development of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality: The creation of a living and sustainable countryside, allowing space for the various functions of living, work and recreation; to enhance liveability while preserving the existing qualities of the countryside. This is realised through the four policy fields of agriculture, nature, recreation and landscape.

Norway To maintain the central features of the population settlement pattern and to have equal living conditions throughout the country.

Romania The strategic objective proposed by the PNADR (Plan National of agriculture and rural development?) are the following: the sustainable development of agri-food competitive sector by modernisation and improvement of processing and marketing of agricultural and fish products; increasing of the living standard in rural areas by the improvement and development of social infrastructure and by defining and establishing good agricultural practice as a need for a sustainable agriculture and rural development; the development of rural economy by establishing and modernising buildings for private agricultural and forest exploitations, the development and diversification of economic activities, in order to maintain and/or create alternative/additional incomes and new employment; the development of human resources by improving professional training of agricultural producers and forest owners and by building institutional capacity consolidation.

273


Russian Federation The social components of reforms in agriculture is one of the most important objectives of rural development policy.

Slovakia The improvement of the quality of life of the rural population, provision of sufficient number of jobs and adequate income. To preserve environment and sustainable development for rural areas.

Sweden Good living conditions and development opportunities for rural areas and rural populations.

Switzerland The Confederation's policy in respect of spatial and transport planning, sustainable development and the alpine conservation convention has been prepared and implemented by the Federal Office for Spatial Planning since 1 June 2000. The remit of the Federal Office includes the following: (1) Strategies for spatial and transport planning and for sustainable development (2) Principles for spatial planning, general and leisure traffic, sustainable development and the alpine conservation (3) Liaison between federal authorities on projects affecting land use and transport (4) Collaboration with the cantons in all official tasks (5) Assisting with coordination to solve problems connected with agglomeration policy and equalisation measures in rural areas (6) Information (7) Monitoring spatial planning from a legal viewpoint.

Turkey The aims of rural development are to support and encourage rural activities to increase income of the rural population by diversification and intensification of agricultural activities; to encourage agro-industry and finally to increase capacity building in those areas.

United KingdomEngland The target is to reduce the gap in productivity between the least well

performing quartile of rural areas and the English median by 2006, and improve the accessibility of services for rural people. The evidence for poor economic and social conditions in some rural areas is both compelling and measurable. Our target is to lay solid foundations to achieve sustainable and long term regeneration in these areas.

Scotland n/aWales (1) To create a stronger agriculture and forestry sector (2) To improve the

economic competitiveness of rural communities and areas (3) To maintain and protect the environment and rural heritage


United States Rural development policies have a variety of objectives. The general aim is to improve quality of life in rural areas. More specifically, USDA's RD programs cover infrastructure, business, and housing assistance, plus several comprehensive assistance programs, including the rural empowerment zone program.

274


What are the main themes of rural development?

Australia Two over-arching themes are evident in Australian regional/rural policy: (1) place-based issues of economic growth and development and ultimate competitiveness, and the concomitant natural resource management and environmental impact issues (sustainable development) (2) socially focussed issues - the quality of life and well being of people who reside in rural/regional/remote Australia

Bulgaria See annex C.

Canada Creating a favourable environment for rural development by improving infrastructure; supporting the renewal of communities through innovation; support building community capacity potential.

Czech Republic Development of agricultural activities and processing of the production; reestablishment of handicrafts, trade and business activities and services and tourism; support and development of employment opportunities; improvement of the municipality facilities for residents (schools, health services, etc.); maintenance of the public open space (including care of lawns and water areas)

Denmark Economic activities and environmental aspects.

Estonia Promotion of rural entrepreneurship; living conditions in rural areas; infrastructure and land improvements; private forestry and cooperative activities; research, training and advisory system.

Finland According to the Rural Policy Committee outlines for rural policy are: there is a wide range of economic activities in the rural areas; the possibility to use modern information technology should be made available to everybody, the development of the environment for innovation in rural areas is one of the cornerstones in rural policy, multifunctional agriculture and pluriactive farms are special characteristics of the Finnish rural areas; the connection between culture and development is understood and recognised in all rural development work; curbing and reducing the differentiation of municipalities; in order to for the rural policy to succeed in securing the viability of the rural areas, watertight development systems are needed not only in the municipalities but also at the level of villages and sub-regional units; new means to advance the justice to the citizens and equality between the regions should be found for regional development; the urban, interaction and rural policies constitute an extensive and functioning whole for the regional development that is the best suited for the Finnish conditions

France n/a

Germany Improvement of the competitiveness of the agricultural sector; rural development; environment and compensatory measures

Hungary Modernisation of agricultural production; improving human conditions of production; modernisation of food processing; improving the economic potential of rural areas; increasing employment; making rural areas more attractive; maintenance of agricultural land use in areas with unfavourable conditions and under environment protection restrictions; environment-friendly agricultural production, landscape protection and agricultural environment protection; maintaining the economic, ecological and social role of forests.

IrelandVibrant sustainable communities; sufficient income and employment opportunities; adequate access to education, training and social and other services and infrastructure; effective participation in structures and decision-making processes in an inclusive society; a situation where cultural identity including language, traditions and a sense of community are valued and retained; sustainable development and respect for the environment.

275

Rural Development Statistics QuestionnaireQuestion 15 (continued)

Italy Investment in competitiveness, rural viability, quality of life and sustainable agriculture, animal welfare, food quality.

Kyrgyzstan (1) Development of effective local governments (2) Social development of local communities (3) Development of rural social and engineering infrastructure (4) Provision of sustainable growth in rural areas

Latvia see annex B

Lithuania Investment in primary agricultural activity: reconstruction and equipment of farm buildings, pruchase of agricultural machinery, creation of specialized farming; investment in agricultural and fish products processing and development of marketing; development and diversification of farm activities: stimulation of small businesses, processing of agricultural product produced on farm, rural tourism, non-traditional economic activities in rural areas; diversification of farm activities including processing; development of rural infrastructure for general use; development of forestry, of forestry infrastructure, afforestation of non-agricultural land; stimulation of ecological farming; professional agricultural training; support for preservation and breeding of rare fish, for breeding and seed farming, for purchase of seeds and pedigree material; support for establishment of young farmers; registration and identification of farm animals; creation and introduction of agricultural information system, development and consultation services; development of food quality control, veterinary and plant protection control

including border control; direct payments for declared crop area of cereal, flax, rape, rich in starch potatoes and other agricultural crops, in animal production direct payments for suckling cows, ewes and animals to be slaughtered and to dairy farms; compensatory payments for farming in areas not favourable to farming.

Norway Development in population, economic development in general, business investments, establishment of new enterprises, empployment/unemployment, service provisions, infrastructure.

Netherlands Our most important policy tasks regarding the physical quality of the rural area are: putting the water system in order; realising the National Ecological Network; making agriculture more sustainable and more in tune with the wishes of society; preserving and developing a valuable living environment; specific tasks regarding specific landscapes (sandy areas, grasslands in the peatlands area and the riverlands).

Romania The measures proposed by the SAPARD Regulations is as follows: processing and marketing of agricultural and fisheries products; improving the structures for quality veterinary and plant health controls, foodstuffs and consumer protection; development and improvement of rural infrastructure; management of water resources for agriculture; investment in agricultural holdings; setting up producer groups; agri-environmental measures; development and diversification of economic activities, multiple activities, alternative income; forestry; improving the vocational training; technical assistance.

Russian Federation The main directions of rural development are defined in the Federal programme 'Social development in rural areas until 2010'.

276


Slovakia SAPARD: Priority 1 Improvement of the agricultural production sector including food industry (measures: Investment in agricultural enterprises, improvement of processing and marketing of agricultural and fish products, setting up of producer groups) Priority 2 Sustainable rural development (measures: diversification activities in rural areas, forestry, agricultural production methods designed to protect the environment and maintain the countryside, land consolidation) Priority 3 Development of human activities (measures: development of human resources, technical assistance)

Switzerland Decentralised settlement and conservation of the cultural heritage of the landscape; assisting with coordination to solve problems connected with agglomeration policy and equalisation of measures in rural areas.

Sweden n/a

Turkey Employment, rural infrastructure, human resources, settlement patterns, organisational arrangements, sustainability of rural development.

United Kingdom n/aEngland The white paper focuses on: investing in quality services (schools,

education and child care places, health care, internet access); improvements in service delivery (extended service provision by post offices, cash machines, support schemes for village shops, pubs and garages, etc.); affordable homes; better transport; rejuvenating market towns and creating a thriving modern economy; new future for traditional industries (i.e. agriculture); ensuring that everyone can enjoy the countryside (tourism); protecting what makes the countryside special (environment)

Scotland n/aWales (1) Income and employment of people found on farms (2) The

environmental aspects of land use. The most significant strands of the Rural Development Plan for Wales are (1) support for farmers in disadvantaged areas (2) agri-environmental payments. Less important strands are the investment on farms for improving the holding and on-farm diversification, improving processing and marketing of agricultural products, forestry. Support for non-agricultural businesses and community development is not strong.


United States Sustainable community development; 'bottom-up' policies in the sense that they support the community's own plans and goals for development, rather than a policy solution imposed by a higher level of government; Federal assistance targeted to places that need help the most; Federal assistance should 'leverage' assistance from other sources to get 'the most for the buck'

277

Annex A: The indicators of the Finnish Rural Indicators project.

POPULATION AND MIGRATIONPopulation density, inhabitants/km2

Distribution of population by types of area, %Increase of populationExcess of birthsInternal net-migration, totalInternal net-migration by age groupArea’s population as percentage of whole Mainland Finland’s populationPopulation by sex and age groupMen’s relative proportion of population aged 25-64Demographic dependency ratioSummer residents’ relative proportion of regular population (summer residents refers to the total number of persons in the household-dwelling units of free-time residence owners)Free-time residences per 1000 inhabitants

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ECONOMYNumber of labour forceProportion of labour force in the population of working ageEconomic dependency ratioUnemployment rate, totalChange of unemployment rateWorkplaces by industryChange of number of all workplacesRatio between number of jobs in an area and number of employed living in an areaNumber of commuters (commuters are defined as persons who cross the municipal border to get from their place of residence to their place of work)Percentage of commuters to employed living in an areaNet-commutingNet income flow of commutingValue added, whole country = 100Value added per capita, whole country = 100Number of establishments of enterprises by size category of personnelNumber of establishments of enterprises per 1000 inhabitantsNumber of establishments of enterprises by industryNumber of enterprise openings and closures by industryNumber of active farmsAverage area of arable land of active farms, haAverage income subject to state taxation of farms by source of incomeCommercial roundwood removals of private forests, m3

Local income tax rate in municipal taxationAverage total tax revenues of municipalities per inhabitant

LIVING CONDITION AND WELFAREAverage income subject to state taxation per income recipientPersons in receipt of living allowance as percentage of populationPopulation aged 15 years or over by level of education

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTArable land under cultivation and uncultivated arable land of all farmsOrganic farms as percentage of all active farmsOrganically farmed area as percentage of all arable land of active farms

278

Annex B: Latvia - Answer to Question 15:

Main Themes

Economic activities not related with the agriculture, forestry or fishery (in line with the National Programme forthe Development of Small and Medium Size Enterprises, National Employment Plan, the actions listed in theaction strategy of the Ministry of Agriculture for the years 2003-2005, etc.):- efficiently utilises all resources available in rural environment, thus contributing to the employment andwelfare of the rural population;- maintains and develops the rural environment as an attractive life, work and recreational place foreveryone;- ensures the flexibility of rural economy with respect to the changes in the foreign and domesticmarkets, and maintains a stable welfare standard of the rural population.

Tourism (in line with the Rural Tourism Development Programme)-- ensures the availability of the cultural and historical heritage and landscape qualities featuring the ruralenvironment of Latvia to everyone;- ensures the good quality and environmentally adequate economic infrastructure for the needs ofmobility, communications and economic activity of the population (in line with the Regional DevelopmentLaw);- improves, enhances and diversifies the professional skills of the rural population (in line with theNational Employment Plan and the Strategy for Investments to Welfare Sector for the Years 2003-2007 andthe Concept for Crediting of Students)

- creates and supports the groups / organisations of economic cooperation promoting and supporting theeconomic development of rural areas, involving socially outcast groups of population in business activity thusreducing the poverty in line with the Commercial Law of the Republic of Latvia, Cooperative Societies Law,Agricultural Law, the Strategy for Investments to Welfare Sector for the Years 2003-2007).

The measures implemented and/or planned for implementation under the objective ‘Maintenance ofpopulation in rural areas and ensuring the availability of various social infrastructure services in rural territoryequivalent to the level available in towns’ are aimed at:

- rationalising and developing the services of social infrastructure (education and training systems, healthcare and social security systems, culture, etc.) and tending and maintaining the historical and cultural values / heritage (in line with the National Investment Programme);- creating and supporting the local initiatives for the activation of economic and social life in the territory, encouraging the cooperation among inhabitants in the implementation of social and economic activities in the territory, and minimising the outcast of various social groups in rural villages / communities;

- establishing and supporting various social matters groups / organisations for dealing with social assistance issues and initiation of economic activities in rural territories (in line with the Strategy for Investments to Welfare Sector for the Years 2003-2007);- improving and rationalising the operations of local administrative, regional authorities by securing the exchange of information and minimising the outcast of informative character in the periphery (in line with the Regional Development Law of the Republic of Latvia and the Administrative-Territorial Reform Law).

The attainment of the objective - Ensuring the sustainable and efficient utilisation of rural resources bymaintaining and preserving a tended and biologically diverse rural environment and landscape for futuregenerations – is supported by adoption of certain Regulatory enactments and strategic documents – laws ofthe Republic of Latvia, Cabinet Regulations, and by implementation of the National Biodiversity Programme(1999). Latvia has ratified different international conventions, and is proceeding with the harmonisation of itsnational legislation with the Directives of the European Union in the sphere of environment, with a view to:

- ensuring, in all kinds of economic activity, an environmentally friendly management meeting the environmental requirements to cause a minimum negative impact on the ecology of rural environment (nature, air, climate, soil, water) and maintaining a tended landscape characteristic to the countryside of Latvia;- preserving, protecting and promoting the variety of wildlife populations, species and biotopes recognised both nationally and internationally;- protecting and maintaining the historical, cultural and landscape (reserves, nature parks, coastline, etc.) values recognised both nationally and internationally.- protecting, enhancing and promoting the local origin breeding animals of important breeds of agricultural animals and cultivated plants, which are recognised as endangered populations both nationally and internationally.

279

ANNEX C: Bulgaria

Answer to question 3: Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating tothe degree of rurality?

The Farmer Support Act (published SG 58/22. 05. 1998)

The Farmer Support Act.

The provisions of this law are closest to the provisions in Council Regulation 1257/1999 onsupport for rural development from the EAGGF. This law regulates the state support tofarmers for the production of market oriented agricultural produce. One of the purposes ofstate support is the development of agricultural produce in regions with deterioratingsocial and economical characteristics, or in regions with unfavorable environmentalconditions. These regions have been defined in the Final provisions to the law as follows:

"Regions with deteriorating social and economical characteristics"

"Regions of unfavourable environmental conditions"

280

Answer to question 14: What are the aims/objectives of rural developmentpolicies?

Achievement and maintenance of high economic growth through a dynamic economics ofknowledge in compliance with the principles of sustainable development.

282

Answer to question 15: What are the main themes of rural development?

283

Chapter VI

VIXII INVENTORY OF RURALINDICATORS BY INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS

Guidelines on Socio Economic Indicators for Monitoring and EvaluatingAgrarian Reform and Rural Development

Tracking results in agriculture and ruraldevelopment in less than ideal conditions et al

CHAPTER VI

284

REFERENCES

Guidelines on socio economic indicators for monitoring and evaluatingagrarian reform and rural development

Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation.

FOCUS PIECES CHAPTER VI


Fact Sheet. Overview of the implementation of ruraldevelopment policy 2000 2006

Fact Sheet. Rural development in the European Union

Rural Development Policy 2006 2013. Common Monitoringand Evaluation Framework.

Rural Development in the European Union: Statistical andEconomic Information Report 2009.

285

Regions in the European Union. Nomenclature of territorial units forstatistics.

An Inter agency initiative to promote information and mapping systems on foodinsecurity and vulnerability

Tracking results in agriculture and rural developmentin less than ideal condition. A sourcebook of indicators for monitoring and evaluation.

Rural Indicators and Rural Development. Final report



Millennium Indicators Database.

286

Focus on OECD Inventory of Rural Indicators

Introduction

relevance, reliability and realisability

287

three levels of availability

288

specialsubjects

1) Population and migration

Demographic statistics Regional accounts Innovation

Social indicators Regional labour markets

FOCUS TABLE VI.1OECD’s basic rural development indicators classified by themes

289

Indicators

Density

Change

Structures

Households

Communities

2) Economic structure and performance

290

Indicators

Labour force

Employment

Sectoral shares

Productivity

Investment

291

3) Social well being and equity

Indicators

Income

figures ondisposable personal income would surely be more appropriate indicators

Housing

Education

Health and safety

292

4) Environment and sustainability1

Indicators

Topography and climate

Land use

Habitats and species

293

Soils and water

Air quality

5) The current situation

OECD Regions at a Glance

294

FOCUS PIECES



295

Focus on the European Union inventory of rural indicators

1) Indicators suggested in the PAIS project report

over 500 indicators

296

55 indicators were selected, considered to represent“good practice”

(i) Population and migration demographic structure and evolution

297

(ii) Social well being quality of life

(iii) Economic structure and performance

298

The Rural Labour Market

Enterprise and Innovation

Business Infrastructure

Level of provision

299

Level of usage

Tourism in Rural Development

Multifunctionality of agriculture

:

farm household employment

300

diversification of primary production

farm structure (inputs) andproductivity

2) Indicators suggested in the Hay report

Indicators and Rural Development

301

3) Statistics used in the annual report “Rural Development in the European Union:Statistical and Economic Information”

4) Common indicators for monitoring rural development programmes

inter alia

302

ex ante, ex post.

vis à vis

303

FOCUS PIECES


Agriculture Directorate General. CommissionWorking Document VI/43512/02 Final: 26.2.2002: Guidelines for the Mid TermEvaluation of Rural Development Programmes 2000 2006, supported from theEuropean Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund.

Fact Sheet. Overview of the implementation of ruraldevelopment policy 2000 2006

Fact Sheet. Rural development in the EuropeanUnion

CommonMonitoring and Evaluation Framework.

Rural Development in the European Union: Statistical andEconomic Information Report 2009.

Agriculture – Rural Development: Monitoring and Evaluation

Regions Table 1: Correspondence between the NUTS levels and thenational administrative units

An Inter agency initiative to promote information and mapping systems on foodinsecurity and vulnerability

Rural Indicators and Rural Development. Final report


Millennium Indicators Database

304

ANNEX: EUROPEAN UNION RURAL INDICATORS

THEME ISSUE INDICATOR NAME No.

Pop

ula

tion

and

Mig

rati

onSo

cial

wel

lb

ein

g

FOCUS TABLE VI.2Key Rural Development Indicators suggested in the PAIS report

305


Econ

omic

Stru

ctu

re&

Per

form

ance

(com

pet

itiv

enes

s)

Econ

omic

Stru

ctu

re&

Per

form

ance

(div

ersi

fica

tion

ofru

rale

con

omie

s)

306


Econ

omic

Stru

ctu

re&

Per

form

ance

(Ad

dre

ssin

gth

ep

rim

ary

sect

or)

307

1. Demographic Characteristics and Changes

ISSUES INDICATORS VARIABLES

2. Employment and Human Capital


FOCUS TABLE VI.3Indicators suggested in the Hay report

308

3. Welfare, Income and Quality of Life

ISSUE INDICATOR VARIABLES

4. Agricultural Adjustment and Structural Change


as a % of

309

ISSUE INDICATOR VARIABLES

5. Multi Functionality of Agriculture


as % of

310

6. Rural Economic Diversification


7. Innovation and Enterprise


8. Policy2


311

9. Rural Environment and Landscapes


10. Infrastructure and Peripherality


313

1. Demographic data

Level of geographic detail: NUTS5

ISSUE INDICATOR VARIABLE

FOCUS TABLE VI.4Specification of Eurostat indicators (as laid down in an ESTAT discussiondocument)

314

2. Employment and economic data

Level of geographic detail:


Change in commuter figures

315

3. Infrastructure data



4. Welfare data



316

5. Agriculture and structural change



317

SECTION CMEF INDICATOR N. MEASUREMENT

3.1

Imp

orta

nce

ofru

rala

reas

3.2

Soci

oec

onom

icsi

tuat

ion

inru

rala

reas

FOCUS TABLE VI.5Indicators used in Rural Development in the European Union: Statistical andEconomic Information Report 2009

318

3.3

Sect

oral

econ

omic

ind

icat

ors


319

3.4

Envi

ron

men

t


320

3.5

Div

ersi

fica

tion

and

qu

alit

yof

life

inth

ed

iffe

ren

tcat

egor

ies

ofar

eas

AXIS 4, LEADER

: Rural Development in the European Union: Statistical and EconomicInformation Report 2009.

321

a. Objective related baseline indicators

AXIS INDICATORS MEASUREMENT

Horizontal

*

*

*

AXIS 1Competitiveness

*

*

*

*

AXIS 2Environment

*

FOCUS TABLE VI.6EU Common Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Rural DevelopmentProgrammes in the period 2007 13. Baseline indicators (objective and contextrelated)

322

*

*

AXIS 3Wider ruraldevelopment

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

323

AXIS 4LEADER

b. Context related baseline indicators

AXIS INDICATOR MEASUREMENT

Horizontal

AXIS 1Competitiveness

AXIS 2Environment

324

AXIS 3Wider ruraldevelopment

Common Monitoring and Evaluation Framework.

325

Focus on the World Bank Inventory of Rural Indicators

Enabling environment for rural development

Natural resource management and biodiversity

tool for evaluating and presenting theredundancies or associations between several continuous variables

used to graphically represent and summarize the key features of a dataset

326

ANNEX A

WORLD BANK INDICATORS

(i) List of indicators

I Basic Data

II Enabling Environment for Rural Development

II.1 Policies and Institutions

II.2 Markets

327

II.3 Infrastructure

III Broad Based Economic growth For Rural Poverty Reduction

III.1 Poverty

III.2 Agriculture

328

III.3 Non farm

IV Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity

V Social Well Being (Education and Health)

V.1 Education

329

V.2 Health

(ii) Definitions of the indicators

I Basic Data

GDP growth (annual %)

Annual percentage growth rate of GDP

Rural population (millions)

Rural population

Rural population (% of total)

Rural population

330

Population density, rural (people per sq km arable land)

Rural population density

Rural life expectancy at birth, total (years)

Rural life expectancy at birth

GNI per capita, rural (Atlas method, current US$)

GNI per capita, rural

II Enabling Environment

II.1 Policies and Institutions

Agricultural subsidies (% of total)Agricultural subsidies

Agricultural tariffs (%)

Fiscal decentralizationFiscal decentralization

Food price index (1995 = 100)Food price index

Independence of local courtsIndependence of local courts

Land Gini coefficientLand Gini coefficient

331

Local government electionsLocal government elections

Number of farmers’ organizationsNumber of farmers’ organizations

II.2 Markets

Agricultural raw materials exports (% of merchandise exports)Agricultural raw materials

Food imports (% of merchandise imports)Food imports

Food exports (% of merchandise exports)Food exports

Employment in agriculture, female (% of female labour force)

Agriculture household net disposable income as a percentage of allhousehold net disposable income

agriculture household net disposable income

Net disposable income per agriculture household member compared tothat of members of all households

332

Gross rural domestic savings per capita, percentage of total gross domesticsavings per capitaGross rural domestic savings per capita

Percentage of rural households with access to formal credit services infinancial institutions

Number of markets outlets for agricultural input produceNumber of markets outlets for agricultural input produce

Rural labour force, employedRural labour force, employed

II.3 Infrastructure

Rural population with access to roads (%)

Rural population with access to roads (%)

Rural population with access to electricity (%)Rural population with access to electricity (%)

Rural population with access to communications (%)

333

III Broad Based Economic Growth for Rural Poverty Reduction

III.1 Poverty

Rural per capita incomeRural per capita income

Rural poverty gap ratio (incidence x depth of poverty)Rural poverty gap ratio

Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per dayProportion of rural population below $1 per day

Rural Poverty headcount ratio (% of rural population below the ruralpoverty line)

poverty headcount ratio (% of rural population below the rural povertyline)

Rural per capita dietary energy supply (calories per day)Rural per capita dietary energy supply (calories per day)

Rural infants with low birth weight (% of births)Rural infants with low birth weight (% of births)

Rural child malnutrition (percentage of children under five who arestunted)Rural child malnutrition (percentage of children under five who are stunted)

334

III.2 Agriculture

Agriculture, gross value added (% of total GDP)Agriculture

Gross value added

Agriculture, gross value added (average annual % growth, 1980 2000)

Agricultural productivity (Agriculture gross value added per worker)Agricultural productivity

Number of farm households (narrow definition)Number of farm households (narrow definition)

Number of farm households (broad definition)Number of farm households (broad definition)

Food production index (1989 91 = 100) and index per capitaFood production index

Irrigated Land (% of cropland)Irrigated land (% of cropland)

Cropland/arable land (%)cropland

Arable land

335

Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)Cereal yield

Cereal yield (average annual growth)Cereal yield

III.3 Non Farm

Rural gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)Gross fixed capital formation

Rural labour force, employed in non farm activitiesRural labour force, employed in non farm activities

Share of rural women in wage employment in the non agricultural sectorShare of women in wage employment in the non agricultural sector

non agricultural sectorindustry

Services

Growth in non agricultural GDPGrowth in non agricultural GDP

Number of rural businessesNumber of rural businesses

Number of non agricultural jobs created (annual)Number of non agricultural jobs created (annual)

336

IV Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity

Forest area (% of land total area)Forest area (% of total land area)

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000

Rural protected areas (% of total land area)Rural protected areas (% of total land area)

Annual deforestation change (% change, 1990 2000)Average annual deforestation

Ratio of rural protected area to maintain biological diversity to rural surface areais

defined as nationally protected area as a percentage of total surface area of a country. Thegenerally accepted IUCN–World Conservation Union definition of a protected area is anarea of land or sea dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity andof natural and associated cultural resources and managed through legal or other effectivemeans.

Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of total resources)

337

Agricultural withdrawals (% of total freshwater withdrawals)Agricultural withdrawals (% of total freshwater withdrawals)

Emission of organic water pollutant (kg. per day)Emissions of organic water pollutants

V Social Well Being

V.1 Education

Rural illiteracy rateRural illiteracy rate

Rural Literacy rate of 15–24 year oldsRural Literacy rate of 15–24 year olds

Ratio of literate rural females to males 15–24 year olds (% ages 15 24)ratio of literate rural female to males 15–24 years old

Net rural enrolment ratio in primary education (% of relevant age group)Net rural primary enrolment ratio

Primary education

Ratio of rural girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary educationRatio of rural girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education

Proportion of rural pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (% of grade 1students)

proportion of rural pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5,

338

Rural Primary completion rateRural Primary completion rate

V.2 Health

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS (% of rural adults, age 15 49)

HIV prevalence among 15–24 year old pregnant rural womenHIV prevalence among 15–24 year old pregnant women

Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate in rural areasCondom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate in rural areas

Percentage of rural population aged 15–24 with comprehensive correctknowledge of HIV/AIDSPercentage of rural population ages 15–24 with comprehensive correct knowledgeof HIV/AIDS

Immunization rate, (rural children under 12 months)Immunization rate, (rural children under 12 months)

Rural Maternal mortality ratio (per 1,000 live births)rural maternal mortality ratio

339

Rural infant mortality raterural infant mortality rate

Proportion of rural births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)The proportion of rural births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)

Skilled health personnel

Rural population with access to improved sanitation (%)Rural population with access to improved sanitation (%)

Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report

Rural population with access to an improved water source (%)Rural population with access to an improved water source (%)

Rural population with access to health servicesRural population with access to health services

Per capita caloric consumptionPer capita caloric consumption

Under five mortality rate (rural, per 1,000)Under five mortality rate (rural, per 1,000)

Immunization rate, measles (% of rural children under 12 months)

340

proportion of 1 year old children immunised against measles

Prevalence of child malnutrition (% of rural children under five)Prevalence of child malnutrition (% of rural children under five)

341

Focus on the FAO inventory of rural indicators

The WCARRD list of primary indicators

1 Poverty alleviation with equity

1Held in Rome, 1979. Source FAO.

342

2 Access to land, water and other natural resources

3 Access to inputs, markets and services

4 Development of non farm rural activities

5 Education, training and extension

6 Growth

Sourcebook of indicators formonitoring and evaluation (M&E) agriculture and rural development in less than idealconditions et al


343



FOCUS PIECES


344

CHAPTER VII

VII DATA SOURCES

VII.1 INTRODUCTION

the various data sources are often not designed insuch a way that they can accommodate the various requirements of ruraldevelopment statistics

CHAPTER VII

345

mix data from different sources

changes in indicator levels

346

BOX VII.1An example of mixing data sources ILO’s new agricultural labour productivityindicator (Key Indicator of Labour Market KILM)

347

VII.2 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUSES

Recommendations for the 2000 Censuses of Population and Housing in theECE Region

348

Principles andRecommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 1.

Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses

VII.3 AGRICULTURAL CENSUSES AND SURVEYS

349

World Programme for agricultural census

World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2010

core census module

census supplementary modules

350

Theme 12

Theme 12

“Agri gender database, a statisticaltoolkit for the production of sex disaggregated agricultural data”

FIGURE VII.1The agricultural census in the framework of the system of integrated agriculturalcensuses and surveys

351

BOX VII.2FAO: World Census of Agriculture

Items recommended for the core module

Items for consideration for the supplementary modulesTheme 01

Theme 02

Theme 03

Theme 04

Theme 05

Theme 06

Theme 07

Theme 08

Theme 09

Theme 10

Theme 11

Theme 12

353

VII.4 HOUSEHOLD BUDGET SURVEYS (HBSS)

Household Budget Survey in the EU. Methodologyand recommendations for harmonisation – 2003”

Household Surveys in Developing Countries and Transition Countries,Implementation and Analysis

living conditions of private households

354

private households

sample size

Probability sampling

two stage design

sampling frames

base the HBS as a sub sample on another survey

response burdeneffect on the response rates

registers

area frames

rveys.

stratification criteria

non response rate

substitution

interviewsquestionnaires diaries

355

Final consumptionexpenditure of households

Monetary expenditures intended for consumption + Consumption of ownproduction + benefits in kind + imputed rents for owner occupied housing

actual final consumptionexpenditure of the household

VII.4.1 LIVING STANDARDS MEASUREMENT STUDY SURVEYS – ANINTRODUCTION

developingcountries

356

Components of a typical LSMS survey

357

VII.4.2 INTERNATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY NETWORK

358

ad hoc

InternationalHousehold Survey Network.

VII.5 LABOUR FORCE SURVEYS

ad hoc

359

produce only for their own consumption

treatment of seasonal workers

VII.6 DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED SURVEY PROGRAM

VII.6.1 SUGGESTED INTEGRATED PROGRAMME OF HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS

ad hoc

360

A.

B.

C.

D.

Detailed Questionnaires A. MDG 1. Poverty, Hunger, Employment, Income

B. MDG 2 and 3 Education

C. MDG 4, 5, and 6 Health

D. MDG 7 Environment

Every replicate receives same core questionnaire every year

FIGURE VII.3Description of distribution of sample replicates by year and detailedquestionnaire to be used

362

VII.6.2 FRAMEWORK TO DEVELOP A MASTER SAMPLING FRAME ANDMASTER SAMPLES FOR AGRICULTURE

Ad hoc

Global Strategy to ImproveAgricultural and Rural Statistics et al.

363

World Program for theCensus of Agriculture

Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics et al.,

Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural andRural Statistics et al., The development of the mastersample frame for agriculture begins with the need to link the economic and socialdimensions of agriculture with those relating to land cover and other environmental issues.Because the master sample frame should be linked to land use, obtaining satellite imageryof the country’s area is a useful starting point. The land cover as recorded by the satelliteimagery should be classified into major categories such as cultivated land, woodlands,grasslands, idle land, and urban areas. Unless land use is changing rapidly, this imageryonly needs to be updated periodically. This first step in creating the digitized land coverdatabase should play a prominent role in efforts to build statistical capacity. Once the landuse mapping is complete, the next step is to georeference (or digitize) the population andagricultural census enumeration areas to the satellite imagery. Countries, districts,townships, and villages should be georeferenced so that they are associated with the landcover imagery. This enables monitoring of land use over time, and can be used to relateland use to local administrative structures. This information becomes an importantcomponent of the master sample frame for agriculture. A number of strategies can then be

364

employed to create a master sample frame. The first method discussed below is used toestablish a link between the agricultural master sample frame and the population census.Given the fact that the link cannot be made for many years because of the infrequentnature of population censuses, additional strategies are also offered for: countries withrecent agricultural censuses; countries that use administrative data to construct a sampleframe; and those that do not have recent agricultural censuses.

Coordinated population and agricultural census data collection. The basic informationthat should be obtained in the population census is whether the household is associatedwith a farm, and if so, what are the indicators of size, type, and the location of the land(census enumeration area or administrative unit)? This information can be used to createa register of households and farms with their land linked to georeferenced censusenumeration areas or administrative units. In census enumeration areas in whichagricultural data are collected, nonfarm households should be included in the register. Thiswill provide a link between the agricultural data and all characteristics contained in thepopulation register. While linking data from farm censuses and from population censusesprovides a powerful tool for data analysis, several issues will need to be resolved. First,confidentiality rules may limit how the census data can be used to construct a masterframe for agriculture. In addition, the register will need to be supplemented by a register ofcommercial farms not associated with households in order to provide a complete registerfor agricultural surveys. A more ideal approach would be to use the household or farmregister as an input into the agricultural census. Then the master frame for agriculturewould be the same as described below when a census of agriculture is the base.

Master sample frame from an agricultural census. The development of the master sampleframe using the agricultural census includes the need to associate farms with householdsand both with land use. Historically, the reporting unit for the agricultural census is thefarm. The first step is for data collection not only to define the farm along with obtainingproduction and economic information, but also to obtain information about thehousehold(s) associated with the farm and their characteristics. The coverage of the censusshould be inclusive of both commercial and small scale farms plus subsistence farminghouseholds. The goal should be that the farms counted in the census be used to develop aregister, and each farm should be associated with a household unless it is a corporate orinstitutional farm. A problem is that the point of data collection is the farm headquartersor household whose distance from the land holding poses difficulties for georeferencingeach land holding to land use. Therefore, land associated with each farm and associatedhousehold needs to be linked to the appropriate georeferenced census enumeration areasor administrative units, or both. In this example, the master sample frame for agriculturewill be a register of farms or households and commercial farm enterprises with their landgeoreferenced to enumeration areas or administrative units. Where the census is repeatedat 10 year intervals, it will be necessary to update the register in the interim period usingadministrative information. An alternative procedure is to use two stage sampling inwhich the first stage is census enumeration areas or administrative units. The first stageunits could be screened annually for updating purposes. The georeferencing of farms orhouseholds to the census enumeration or the administrative units that are part of the datalayer in the satellite imagery in effect establishes an area sample frame—and becomes themaster sample frame for agriculture.

365

Countries using administrative data to construct registers of farms. The proceduresdescribed above to develop a master sample using the census of agriculture should also befollowed where information from administrative sources such as tax records, licensing, orregulatory registers is available. However, additional steps may be required if theadministrative data do not include small or subsistence farms. This could include selectingsamples of administrative units or census enumeration areas, which would be screened forsmall and subsistence farms. Again, the georeferencing of the farms or households in thebusiness register to either census enumeration or administrative areas in effect establishesan area sampling frame – which becomes the master sample frame for agriculture.

Master sample frame when there is not a recent agricultural census. The starting pointshould be the development of an area sample frame. The georeferenced satellite imageryby land use category can also be used as the basis for an area sample frame as described byGallego (1995). The land use characteristics of the country should be used to select thesampling unit – segments with identifiable boundaries or a sample of points. Either methodcan be used with rules of association during data collection to assign both farms andrelated households to the segment or point that will be already georeferenced to land use.The data quality dimension of completeness is satisfied because the entire country ismapped and every farm, household, and parcel of land has a known probability ofselection. It is also comparable because the same segments or points can be used formultiple surveys and over time. Once the country has established the area frame, it maybegin creating a list register of large or specialized farms to use in a multiple framecontext. Nevertheless, the area frame described above becomes the master sample framefor agriculture with the capability to directly link or georeference the farm or household toits associated land holding. This is an important advantage, as the households can belocated in villages some distance from the land holding.

The sample segments or points should also be associated with the census enumerationareas or administrative units. The link of the sample units with census enumeration areasalso puts the master frame into the population census framework. In summary, the mastersample frame for agriculture can be established several ways. The common element for thethree methods provided above is the georeferencing of census enumeration areas andadministrative units to digitized satellite imagery classified by major land cover. The areaframe sampling units can be directly associated with the land cover classification. The landassociated with the farms, households, and enterprises in the census or administrativeregisters is indirectly associated with land cover via the mapping to the censusenumeration area or an administrative unit. A longer term goal would be to georeferenceeach parcel associated with an agricultural holding directly to the satellite imagery. Oncethe master sample frame of farms and households has been established, the next andlonger term step is to create a register of agricultural enterprises that furnish inputs,provide transportation, and are the first stage processors of crop and animal products. Themaster sample frame enables the use of a rich assortment of sample designs includingsingle – and multiple stage sampling. If enumeration or administrative areas are the firststage of sampling, they can be selected with probabilities proportional to measures of sizereported in the population or agricultural censuses. The use of enumeration oradministrative areas provides a means of selecting farms, households, or a combination ofthem as the statistical unit.

366

Landing sites are the appropriate unit for surveying capture fishery production, while themaster sample frame can be used to monitor other fishery related units such ashouseholds, holdings, and enterprises. When utilizing landing sites as the sampling unit fordata collection of capture production, the survey on the other aspects of the fishery sectorwill need to include questions about the landing sites used by each household, holding, andenterprise to allow integration of two different sampling schemes

VII.7 OTHER TYPES OF SURVEYS

developed countriesbusiness surveys structural business statistics

Statisticalbusiness registers

satellite imagery

"The underlying principle is that the master sample frame be the source for all samplesfor surveys of agricultural holdings, farm households, and rural nonfarm households.This means the samples can be designed so that data can be analyzed across surveys.Once the master sample frame has been developed, it should be possible for differentinstitutions in the national statistical system to access the master sample for surveypurposes with another guiding principle that the resulting data be available foranalysis across other data collections." Global Strategyto Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics

367

VII.7.1 INFORMAL AND QUALITATIVE SURVEYS

etal et al

et al.

368

Tracking results in agriculture and rural development in less than ideal conditions. A sourcebook ofindicators for monitoring and evaluation

FIGURE VII.2Tools for measuring results: surveys vs. non formal appraisal methods

369

1 2 3 4 5 BEST USED FOR

SAMPLESIZE

DURATION VISIT TOHOUSEHOLDS

QUESTIONNAIRE SIZE

COST(US$M)

TimeSeries

Crosssectional

Counterfactual

POPULATIONCENSUS

AGRICULTURALCENSUS/SURVEYLSMS/INTEGRATEDSURVEYHOUSEHOLDBUDGETSURVEY

COMMUNITYSURVEY

SERVICEDELIVERYSURVEY (CWIQ)

FOCUS GROUPINTERVIEWS

WINDSCREENSURVEY

Tracking results in agriculture and rural development in less than ideal conditions. A sourcebook ofindicators for monitoring and evaluation

FIGURE VII.4Comparison of key features of different surveys

370

VII.8 ADMINISTRATIVE REGISTERS

VII.8.1 VITAL STATISTICS RECORDS

VII.9 NON OFFICIAL STATISTICS (e.g. from trade associations)

371

VII.10 GIS AND GEO CODED STATISTICS

372

Handbook onMeasuring Crop Area in Agricultural Censuses and Surveys, Guidelines for Use of ModernGeo Positioning Devices (GPS/PDA) et al.

373

VII.11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

multitude of statistical sources

consistencycheck

missing data

well being of the household

374

it may not be advisable to benchmark levels but rather tobenchmark changes in levels.

income measures expressed in purchasing power.

Rural development statistics must be based on a multitude of statistical sources, which arenot always compatible. This Handbook strongly endorses, as good practice, the publicationtogether with the statistics of a detailed analysis of the sources and methods used,adequate meta data for the individual data cells, and a readers’ guide, advising how theresults should be interpreted and with what precision.

For international benchmarking the above should be recorded for each country. Ifincompatibilities exist, these must be clearly indicated, together with a guide to whatextent data indicator levels can in fact be compared. If they cannot, only changes in levelsof indicators should be recorded.

REFERENCES

Relative Regional Consumer Price Levels in 2003

Issues and guidelines for the emerging useof GPS and PDAs in agricultural statistics in developing countries.

375

Agri gender database, a statistical toolkit for the production ofsex disaggregated agricultural data.

How to generate statistics and influence policy usingparticipatory methods in research.

Handbook on Measuring Crop Area in AgriculturalCensuses and Surveys, Guidelines for Use of Modern Geo Positioning Devices (GPS/PDA)

System of Integrated Agricultural Censuses and Surveys, World Programmefor the Census of Agriculture 2010.

Innovation, new tools and results in rural statistics: ICTs and the Chinesenew model for statistical rural data

Sampling Frames of Square Segments.

Designing Household Survey. Questionnaires forDeveloping Countries. Lessons From 15 years of the Living Standards MeasurementStudy

Global report under the Follow up to the ILO Declaration on FundamentalPrinciples and Rights at Work.

SEGREGAT database Data on employment by sex and detailed occupationalgroups

Integrating QualitativeDimensions of Poverty into the third Uganda National Household Survey.

Labour productivity and unit labour costs indicator (KILM 18)

Q Squaredin Policy: The Use of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Poverty Analysis inDecision Making.

Recommendations forthe 2000 Censuses of Population and Housing in the ECE Region

376

Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses

Household Budget Survey in the EU. Methodology and recommendations forharmonisation 2003

Household Surveys in Developing Countries and Transition Countries,Implementation and Analysis

Classification of Expenditure According to Purpose

Productivity and unit labour cost comparisons: A database

Integrating Rural Household Survey

Expert Panel on Statistical Capacity Building. Topic 3: Rural Povertyand Hunger (MDG1)


FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER VII

Innovation, new tools and results in rural statistics: ICTs and the Chinesenew model for statistical rural data.


Multiple Frame Agricultural Surveys: Volume 2 Agricultural SurveyProgrammes Based on Area Frame or Dual Frame (Area and List) Sample Designs.


377

Focus on Recommendations for the 2000 Censuses ofPopulation and Housing in the ECE Region

UNECE/Eurostat

1 Recommendationsfor the 2000 Censuses of Population and Housing in the ECE Region

378

Geographic characteristics of persons

1. Place of usual residence

2. Place of usual residence one year prior to the census

Demographic characteristics of persons

3. Sex

4. Age

5. Legal marital status

6. Country/place of birth

7. Country of citizenship

Economic characteristics of persons

8. Current activity status

379

9. Time usually worked

10. Occupation

11. Industry (branch of economic activity)

12. Status in employment

380

13. Place of work

mode of transport to work

length (in distance and time) and frequency of journey to work

381

Educational characteristics of persons

14. Educational attainment

InternationalStandard Classification of Education (ISCED).

Household and family characteristics of persons

de jure

382

15. Relationship to reference person

383

16. Tenure status of households

Characteristics of housing units and other living quarters

17. Type of living quarters

18. Type of ownership

19. Location of living quarters

20. Occupancy status

21. Number of occupants

22. Number of rooms

23. Kitchen

24. Water supply system

25. Toilet facilities

26. Bathing facilities

27. Type of heating

Characteristics of buildings containing dwellings

28. Type of building

29. Period of construction

divisionmost appropriate unit of classification

384

locality .

385

Focus on Some Examples of Sample Frames Used forAgricultural Statistics

Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and RuralStatistics et al.

"Population census enumeration areasThe population census is usually conducted using an administrative structure in whichcartographic or other mapping materials are used to divide the country into enumerationareas, which is the first level of data aggregation. Depending on the country’s capabilities, theonly results from the population census in some countries are the enumeration area totals fornumbers of people, households, and so on. Therefore, the sampling frame is basically thelisting of enumeration areas and associated aggregated data from the census. Randomsamples of enumeration areas are selected and screened for households from whichsubsamples are selected for household surveys a two stage sampling process. Some countriesuse their administrative structure of counties, townships, and villages as their framework forthe census, with the village becoming the enumeration area. Villages are also used as a firststage sampling unit in countries where the village is where the farm households are generallylocated.

Household registers from the population censusCountries with statistical capacity are able to develop a register of all households included inthe population census. The list of population households is the sample frame used forhousehold surveys. One problem is that the list of households becomes out of date withhouseholds changing or dissolving and new households being formed. Unless administrativedata or other means are used to keep the population register up to date, survey resultscontain an increasing coverage bias over time.

Agricultural census enumeration areasIn many countries, the cartographic materials and data from the population census are usedfor the agricultural census. The sampling frame consists of enumeration areas andaggregated data from the census data collection. As in the population census, randomsamples of enumeration areas are selected and screened for farms or agricultural holdings foragricultural production surveys.

Registers of farms from the agricultural censusAs in the household registers, countries with the capacity can use the agricultural census todevelop registers of farms. This provides a powerful sampling tool because it allows a choiceof many alternative sampling designs. A major weakness is that the registers rapidly becomeout of date. Out of date population and farm registers erode all of the data qualitydimensions because the completeness of coverage changes over time, thus affecting thecomparability and accuracy of the resulting estimates.

387

Registers of farms based on administrative sources such as business registrations ortax collectionsThis process is used in some developed countries. It offers the advantages of the registers fromthe agricultural census, but again, it needs to be updated regularly. A disadvantage of theadministrative sources is that they may not include the total population, especially unitsbelow a threshold required to be registered or pay taxes. In other words, while they will beinclusive of commercial farms, they are not likely to include small scale farms and subsistencefarming units.

Area sample framesAn area sample frame is the land mass of the country or the space within a country containingthe populations of interest. Both maps and satellite images are used to divide the country intoadministrative areas such as provinces, districts, and so forth. Satellite imagery can be used tosubdivide the administrative areas into land use categories such as cropland, rangeland,woodlands, urban areas, and so on. Sampling units of segments of land with identifiableboundaries can be formed, or each land use stratum can be divided into square grids with asample of points becoming the sampling units. During the data collection process, rules ofassociation are used to connect farm holdings or households to the segments or points. Anarea frame is suitable for obtaining information about variables associated with land such ascrops, livestock, forests, and water. Depending on the process used, area frames can be costlyand time consuming to construct. However, recent innovations using satellite imagery andtwo stage sampling of points have reduced both the cost and time. An advantage of an areaframe is that the frame does not go out of date; it is complete in its coverage, and provides abasis to georeference survey data with the underlying land use. It also provides ground truthuseful for classifying satellite imagery by land cover. The primary disadvantage of areaframes is that the sampling is based on land use and not on the size and type of agriculturalholding. Sampling variability becomes a problem if there is a large range in size of theagricultural holdings. A summary of the methodology of area frame sampling is provided byGallego (1995). Another disadvantage is that data collection costs exceed those based onregisters where telephone or mail can be used instead of personal interviews.

Multiple framesA combination of the above frames is used, often involving the use of an area frame inconjunction with one of the list frames, to take advantage of the strengths and weaknesses ofeach. The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO, 1998) provides anoverview of multiple frame sampling. This is appropriate where there is a large variation inthe sizes and types of agricultural holdings with a subset of large commercial farms. The listof commercial farms can be stratified by size and type, and the area frame ensures thepopulation is completely covered by providing coverage of the small and subsistence farms."

388

FOCUS PIECES


Multiple Frame Agricultural Surveys: Volume 2 Agricultural SurveyProgrammes Based on Area Frame or Dual Frame (Area and List) Sample Designs.


389

Focus on Handbook on Measuring Crop Area in AgriculturalCensuses and Surveys

GPSPDA

390

FOCUS PIECES


392

Focus on the Application of GIS, Remote Sensing and ICT toChinese Agricultural Statistics

393

Remote sensing

394

National Statistic Remote SensingOperational System Key Technology Research and Application

Alternative technologies to remote sensing: mobile phones for rural statistics andagricultural prices

3http://www.cropwatch.com.cn/en/index/html

395

FOCUS PIECES

Innovation, new tools and results in rural statistics: ICTs and the Chinesenew model for statistical rural data.

396

Chapter VIII

VIII. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:INTRODUCTION

VIII.1 MATCHING INDICATORS TO POLICY NEEDS INCOUNTRIES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER VIII

397

economic welfare

VIII.1.1 AGRICULTURAL INCOME PROBLEMS

poverty issue

399

instability issue

parity issue

important to distinguish between those farmhouseholds that have to contend with occasional periods of low income and thosethat suffer hardship from incomes that are persistently low

400

et al., et al.,

level of general economic activity

conserve the natural environment

technological advance

401

VIII.1.2 TYPES OF INCOME, WEALTH, AND WELL BEING STATISTICSNEEDED

402

VIII.2 HOUSEHOLDS AS ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURALUNITS AND AS AGENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGEAND CONSERVATION. CONTROLLERS OF RESOURCESAND USERS OF SERVICES

“Only when the basic economic structure of the industry can be describedaccurately by our data system will analytical accuracy be possible indealing with the performance and behavioural characteristics that are thefocus of most economic analyses”

403

VIII.3 CONCEPTS OF INCOME AND WEALTH AND RELATEDINDICATORS

total income disposable income.Total income

Disposable income

404

et al.,

net worth

405

“economic status”

VIII.4 CONCEPTS OF WELL BEING AND RELATEDINDICATORS

A multidimensional vision of well being

406

et al.

The choice of the informational base

407

constitutiveinstrumental

conversion factors

Well being of rural people

408

VIII.5 GENDER ISSUES IN AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS’WELL BEING2

feminization of food insecurity and poverty

409

VIII.6 ACTIVITIES AND INSTITUTIONAL UNITS WITHINACCOUNTING AND STATISTICAL SYSTEMS

VIII.6.1 ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORKS

aggregate accountingmicroeconomic accounting

410

“The macro analyst is interested in the aggregate of household income as itfits into the macro economy as a whole, and approaches its construction in atop down manner (…). Exhaustiveness of the definition is also very importantto the macro analyst, as is its consistency with the definitions of income of theother institutional sectors: no theoretical gaps can be left unfilled, even if inpractical terms imputations and estimations have to be widely employed whenactually compiling the statistics.

The micro analyst on the other hand is primarily interested in themeasurement of income distribution. Conceptually, this means that thedefinitions are driven mainly by what the individual perceives to be an incomereceipt of direct benefit to him or herself, which results in a bottom upapproach to the construction of a definition. The means of payment is a majordiscriminatory factor and the rationale behind the payment is subsidiary.Practically, definitions have also to be constrained by what it is feasible tocollect in household surveys or what is available at the household level inrelevant administrative sources. In fact these two considerations – theconceptual and the practical – will usually result in the same choices, since ifindividuals perceive a receipt to be of direct benefit to them they are muchmore likely to be able to provide reliable data on it”.

System of integrated Environmental andEconomic Accounts (SEEA)

System of Economic Accounts for Food and Agriculture

inter alia

411

Final Report and Recommendations

412

VIII.6.2 ACCOUNTS FOR ACTIVITIES AND FOR INSTITUTIONAL UNITS

activity of producing commodities

institutional units

Households

Corporations,

Other types

413

REAL INSTITUTIONAL UNITS

HOUSEHOLDS AGRICULTURALOTHERHOUSEHOLDS

COR

PO

RA

TIO

NS

OT

HER

Entrepreneurial income from agricultural activity

inter alia

FIGURE VIII.1The relationship between agricultural activity and the institutional units thatgenerate it

414

VIII.6.3 ACTIVITY ACCOUNTS – AGRICULTURE AS AN ACTIVITY

415

Establishment

416

VIII.6.4 ACCOUNTS FOR INSTITUTIONAL UNITS – ACCOUNTS FOR FARMHOUSEHOLD FIRMS

417

System of Economic Accountsfor Food and Agriculture,

VIII.7 A DISTRIBUTIVE FRAMEWORK IN DEVELOPING ANACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC STATISTICS FORAGRICULTURE

419

resourcesuses

social

FIGURE VIII.2A basic Social Account Matrix

420

production activities industryinstitutional units

sectors

agricultural householdsindustry sector

sectorindustry

as if the disaggregation of theflows represented in a SAM were to be carried out.

agricultural

421

as an industry

overall

and

VIII.8 WHERE WE ARE IN THE PROVISION OF INCOMEINDICATORS TAKEN FROM INSTITUTION BASEDACCOUNTS FOR HOUSEHOLD FIRMS

422

Most countries have systems in place to monitor the income situation offarm households but they are often incomplete and out of date. There isoften a lack of consistency between micro and macro data, betweendifferent farm surveys, between farm and general surveys, and betweencountries. Income concepts and typologies based on commodity productionare outdated and no longer relevant given the increasing diversity inincome sources and the trend towards the decoupling of policy measuresfrom production

423

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The Role of Economic Statistics in U.S.Agricultural Policy. Contributions of AgriculturalEconomics to Critical Policy Issues

Our obsolete data systems: newdirections and opportunities.

Policy Issues Facing the Food, Agriculture and RuralSectors and Implications for Agricultural Statistics.

424

Improving Information on Agriculture and Rural Life

Assessment of the Current Agricultural Data Base: an InformationSystem Approach A Survey of Agricultural Economics Literature.Vol. 2. Quantitative Methods in Agricultural Economics, 1940s to 1970s

Managing Data Quality in a Statistical Agency

Expert Group on Household Income Statistics – The CanberraGroup. Final Report and Recommendations

The European Farm AccountancyData Network: an A Z of Methodology

Measurement of farm incomes by the Commission (Article33(1)(b) of the EC Treaty

How are we doing? Performance indicators for nationalstatistical systems.

Quality concepts for official statistics Encyclopaedia ofStatistical Sciences, update volume 3

Family Budgets: Methodological handbook

Family Budget Surveys in the EC: Methodology and Recommendations forHarmonisation

Manual of the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1)

European System of Accounts: ESA 1995

Manual on the Economic Accounts for Agriculture and Forestry (Rev.1)

Income of the Agricultural Households Sector 2001 Report

A System of Economic Accounts for Food and Agriculture

425

Agri gender database, statistical toolkit for the production of sexdisaggregated agricultural data

Changing Economic Perspectives on the Farm Problem

Designing household survey questionnaires for developingcounties. Lessons from 15 years of LSMS

Intrahousehold Resource Allocation inDeveloping Countries: Models, Methods, and Policy

Income instability among agricultural households –evidence from Norway. ,


The illusory nature of balance sheets in agricultural economic statistics: anote

. A conceptual framework for estimating agricultural household income inEU countries.

Measurment of farm household income and wealth versus agricultural activityincome: Methodological work to be undertaken. Who is doing it?

p

Data Sources and Quality Improvements for Statistics on AgriculturalHousehold Incomes in 27 EU Countries.

Agricultural Household Models: Survey and CritiqueMultiple Job holding among Farm Families.

Measuring Farm Household Well Being:Comparing Consumption and Income based Measures.

Amber Waves

426

Measurement Without Theory The Review of Economics andStatisti

Data analysis on price, production and income volatility and crisis

Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide.

Understanding American Agriculture: Challenges forthe Agricultural Resource Management Survey

Agricultural EconomicReport No. 812

Future Developments of Economic Accounts Statistics: Issues and Directions

Farm Household Income Issues in OECD Countries: A synthesis report

Farm Household Income – Issues and Policy Responses

Farm Household Income: Towards Better Informed Policies.

Non Sectoral Policies for the Agriculture and Agro Food Sectors: Taxationand Social Security

Taxation and Social Security in Agriculture.

The future of farm policy analysis: A household perspective.

Wealth, Income and Living

The Dynamics of Farm Incomes: Panel dataanalysis using the Farm Accounts Survey.

ocial Accounting Matrices. A Basis for Planning.

Household Decisions, Gender, and Development: A Synthesis ofRecent Research.

A general framework in modelling income distribution: the socialaccounting matrix

427

Constructing SAMs for development policy analysis: lessons learned andchallenges ahead

Capability and Well Being, in Nussbaum, M. C. and Sen, A. The Quality ofLife

Development as Freedom

Agricultural Household Models: Extensions,Applications, and Policy.

Input output and National Accounts

Social accounting for developmentplanning

System of National Accounts 1993

Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting: An Operational Manual.

Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003.

System of National Accounts 2008.

Human Development Report

Farm Household Economics and Well Being Briefing Room

FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER VIII


428


Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy.

Farm Household Income: Towards Better Informed Policies.

429

Focus on the Full Sequence of Accounts for Households in theSystem of National Accounts

I) Production account

USES RESOURCES

Value added gross

Value added net

II) Distribution and use of income accounts

II.1) Primary distribution of income account

USES RESOURCES

Operating surplusMixed income

430

II.2) Allocation of primary income account (which can be subdivided intotwo)

USES RESOURCES

Operating surplus

Mixed income

Entrepreneurial income

USES RESOURCES

Entrepreneurial income

Balance of primary income

431

II.3) Secondary distribution of income account (simplified)

USES RESOURCESBalance of primary income

B.6 Disposable income

II.4) Redistribution of income in kind account

USES RESOURCESDisposable income

Adjusted disposable income

II.5) Use of income account

USES RESOURCESDisposable income

Saving

432

USES RESOURCESAdjusted disposable income

Saving

III) Accumulation accounts

III.1) Capital account (simplified)

CHANGES IN ASSETS NET WORTH CHANGES IN LIABILITIES AND NETSaving, net

Net lending / borrowingChanges in net worth due to savingand capital transfers (Total of theabove)

III.2) Financial account

III.3) Other changes in assets accounts

IV) Balance sheets

IV.1) Opening balance sheet

IV.2) Changes in balance sheet (within which the change in net worth isattributed to savings and capital transfers, other changes in volumeof assets, and nominal holding gains/losses)

IV.3) Closing balance sheet

433

Focus on agricultural activity accounts in the European Union

FOCUS PIECES



434

Focus on Some Explanations for the Lack of Statistics forAgricultural Households in the OECD Countries1

Lack of political demand.

Historical precedent

Operational requirement.

“Rational ignorance” among many users

Self interest of bureaucracies.

Data availability.

435

FOCUS PIECES


436

CHAPTER IX

IX. THE AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD CONCEPTS AND

DEFINITIONS

IX.1 CONCEPTUAL ISSUES REGARDING THE PREFERENCE FORTHE HOUSEHOLD UNIT

CHAPTER IX

437

each household member

assume that the household has a single utility function

438

.

assessment of incomes at the level of the household is moremeaningful in representing the potential command over goods and services thanwould be the case if the incomes of the individual members were treatedseparately

440

IX.2 DEFINITION OF THE HOUSEHOLD APPROPRIATE TOACCOUNTING AND STATISTICS

For the purpose of the System, a household is defined as a group of persons whoshare the same living accommodation, who pool some, or all, of their income andwealth and who consume certain types of goods and services collectively, mainlyhousing and food. In general each member of a household should have someclaim upon the collective resources of the household. At least some decisionsaffecting consumption or other economic activities much be taken for thehousehold as a whole (SNA 2008, para 4.149).

(“The criteria of the existence of family or emotional ties may be added“)

441

adult family members, additional to thefarmer and spouse, who may live in the farm dwelling

not

442

single budgethousehold

accommodation or dwelling household

single budget household

inter aliasingle budget household

fiscalhousehold single budget household

443

single budget

: Adapted from Table 3.1 of the Canberra Group (2001)


Dwelling

Household (dwelling concept)

Family (housekeeping concept)

Unattached Individuals

Income Units

BOX IX.1Canberra Group recommendations for harmonised statistical units

444

"The concept of household is based on the arrangements made by persons,individually or in groups, for providing themselves with food or otheressentials for living. A household may be either (a) a one person household,that is to say, a person who makes provision for his or her own food or otheressentials for living without combining with any other person to form part ofa multi person household, or (b) a multi person household, that is to say, agroup of two or more persons living together who make common provisionfor food or other essentials for living. The persons in the group may pooltheir incomes and may, to a greater or lesser extent, have a common budget;they may be related or unrelated persons or constitute a combination ofpersons both related and unrelated”.

This handbook recognizes that a flexible but transparent approach should betaken to the definition of a household. While income measurement on the basis ofthe complete dwelling household should be undertaken to facilitate comparisons,both internationally and with national data sources, data should also be availableto allow the application of the concept of the single budget household which insome circumstances may be preferable. Appropriate adjustments should beapplied for developing countries cases.

445

IX.3 HOUSEHOLDS OF DIFFERENT SIZES AND COMPOSITIONS

equivalence scale

,

446

This Handbook recognizes that both of these practices (the calculation of incomeper household member and per consumer unit, and the use of nationalequivalence scales) should be followed. Details of Equivalence Scales should bemade available as meta data.

IX.4 THE RURAL AND URBAN HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISE1

households found in rural areas are notnecessarily involved in agricultural production,

447

et al

Self employment in rural England

448

IX.5 DEFINITION OF THE AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD FIRM(ENTERPRISE) AND THOSE BELONGING TO OTHERSOCIO PROFESSIONAL GROUPS

relevance

et al., Residence on a farm,Ownership of agricultural land

pattern of working time

majority

449

Agricultural activity (labour input, income)

Non-agricultural activity (labour input, income)

Thresholds of significance

C’C

A A’

B

Size qualification

0

BOX IX.2Possible ways of selecting agricultural household on the basis of proportions andlevels of agricultural activity

450

income dependency

IX.5.1 SELECTING FROM THE “BROAD” DEFINITION OF AN AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD

451

BOX IX.3Possible ways of selecting agricultural household on the basis of proportions andlevels of agricultural activity

452

IX.5.2 SOME PRACTICALITIES OF CLASSIFICATION

a) Reference person system

reference person

b) Variation of income for classification purposes

stability in the variable used for classification purposes

et al., et al.,

453

et al.,

c) Falling household numbers over time

a panel approach

Income averaging

454

This Handbook recognizes that, as good practice, data should be available todevelop estimates of income for households defined as agricultural in alternativeways. This flexible approach should permit a coverage of all households that earnany income from self employed farming activity. However, it should also permitthe selection of households where agriculture is the main income of the household(preferably smoothed to take into account the year to year variation anticipatedby farmers, for which averaging over three years is advised). Secondary criteriamay also be applied, such as farm size. Where it is not possible to use householdincome composition for classification, the Handbook recognizes the use of areference person system, where the person is normally the main income earner.Studies should be undertaken to assess the significance of adopting alternativebases of classification.

IX.5.3 CHOICE OF OTHER SOCIO PROFESSIONAL GROUPS WITH WHICH TOCOMPARE AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS

455

This handbook recognizes that steps should be taken to avoid misrepresentationswhen drawing comparisons between the income situation of agriculturalhouseholds and other socio professional groups. At the least, this should includeincome comparisons per household member and per Consumer Unit.

IX.6 HOUSEHOLDS CONTAINING HIRED LABOUR WORKING INAGRICULTURE

Income problems among the householdsof hired workers have generally been subject only to the normal social provisionsfor poverty alleviation that apply to all employees

own legal status

456

This Handbook recognises that:

Households found on family farms that are arranged as corporations, but thatfunction as unincorporated businesses should be treated as if they were soleproprietorships or partnerships, and thus be classed as agriculturalhouseholds. Income results should be shown separately for the householdson these quasi unincorporated farms if possible, which would enableexclusion or inclusion with other agricultural households according the userneeds

The income situation of the households of hired agricultural workers shouldbe assessed as a separate and supplementary exercise (a recommendation tobe taken with that of the next section). An ability to analyse by the type ofbusiness on which they are employed should be incorporated (family farm,corporate farm etc.).

IX.7 RELEVANCE FOR COUNTRIES WITH LARGE SCALEAGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES WITH SEPARATE LEGALSTATUS

These are far removed from the “family farm model” that underliesmany agricultural statistics

457

Several new Member Statesexplicitly stated that the households that work on these large units are consideredas part of their agricultural community and are seen as intended beneficiaries ofagricultural policy.

add on

all

458

This handbook recognises that the income situation of the households of hiredagricultural workers on all large scale agricultural units should be assessed as aseparate and supplementary exercise, including a breakdown of the type of uniton which they are found and the forms of income they receive (wages, profit shareetc.)

IX.8 TYPOLOGIES OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS

459

This handbook recognises the value of the typologies of agricultural householdsthat reflect the needs of users and encourages their development. The basis of thetypology should be flexible so that different needs can be met. Considerationshould be given to the international application of a classification of agriculturalhouseholds similar to that used by the USDA ERS.

REFERENCES

Multiple Job holding among Farm Operator Households inthe United States. Multiple Job holdingamong Farm Families

Alternative Definitions of Farm People

Statistical units for income surveys.

Une contribution a la connaissance desrevenus totaux des familles d’agriculteurs; resultats d’un depoullement particulier d’uneenquete CERC sur les revenus de l’anne 1978

Expert Group on Household Income Statistics. Final Report andRecommendations

Dallo sviluppo agricolo a quello rurale: cheinformazioni sono necessarie? et al Politiche di sviluppo rurale traprogrammazione e valutazione

Micro Versus Macro Approach on AgriculturalIncome Measurements for Rural Households in Italian Official Statistics: an Applicationfor Albania

The Theory of the Peasant Economy

Collective Labor Supply and Welfare

Analysis of the intrasectoral income differences in West German agriculture

460

Understanding Consumption

The Allocation of Goods within the Households. Adults, Children, andGender

America’s diverse family farm: assorted sizes, typesand situations

Peasant Economics: Farm households and agrarian development.

Rural Development in the European Union – Statistical andEconomic Information – Report 2009

Family Budgets: Comparative Tables – Federal Republic of Germany,France, Italy, United Kingdom



Manual on the Total Income of Agricultural Households.

Income of the Agriculture Households Sector, 2001 report

System of Economic Accounts for Food and Agriculture

Household Equivalence Scales and the Measurement of Inequality:Transfers from the Poor to the Rich Could Decrease Inequality

Consumption technology and the intrafamily distribution of resources:Adult equivalence scales re examined

The Theory of Home Production: The Past Ten Years

How Serious Is Neglect of Intra household Inequality?

A Synthesis of Poverty Line Definitions

461


In search of the Common Agricultural Policy's "agricultural community"

Income instability among agricultural households –evidence from Norway


Subjective Equilibrium of the Farm Household.

Data Needs for the RuralEconomy to Establish a Micro Macro Link in Agricultural Policy Analysis: The ISMEAExperience

What is agriculture

Weathering the Storm Working Class Families from the IndustrialRevolution to the Fertility Decline

Economics and the Family

Peasant and Dualism with and without Surplus Labor

Family Equivalence Scales and Personal Income TaxExemption for Children

Guidelines for Population and Housing Censuses. Guidelines for theWorld Programme of Agricultural Censuses .

FAO (2005). A system of integrated agricultural censuses and surveys Volume 1 World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2010. FAO Statistical Development Series No 11, Rome

UN (1998). Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses.Revision 1, New York.


462

Principles and recommendations for populations and houses censuses

System of National Accounts 2008.


Making Adjustment Work for the Poor: A Framework forPolicyReform in Africa

FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER IX

A Handbook for Interviewers.

Dallo sviluppo agricolo a quello rurale: cheinformazioni sono necessarie? et al. Politiche di sviluppo rurale traprogrammazione e valutazione.



Manual on the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1).

Income of the Agricultural Households Sector 2001 report




463

What is agriculture Conference on Agriculturaland Environmental Statistical Applications in Rome


464

Focus on the definition of Household in United Kingdom:Household Budget Survey and other surveys

Household Budget Survey

A household comprises one person living alone or a group of people livingat the same address, sharing their meals and the household, and havingsole use of at least one room. All persons in a household must receive fromthe same person at least one meal a day and spend at least four nights aweek (one, if they are married) in the household. The household includesstaff, paying guests and tenants, and also anyone living in the householdduring the period in which expenditure is recorded. Persons who normallylive in the household, but who are absent for a period of more than onemonth, are excluded

Office for National Statistics (ONS) definitions

Household

A Handbookfor Interviewers.


Household membership

465

not

always

continuously

Household Reference Person (HRP)

Main changes from the HOH definition

FOCUS PIECES




466

Focus on Households in Developing Countries

467

sample unit

Making Adjustment Work for the Poor: A Framework for Policy Reform inAfrica

FOCUS BOX IX.1Difficulties in using the household as the unit for analysis

468

FOCUS PIECES


469

Focus on European Union: Eurostat’s IAHS statistics typology

“broad” coverage

“narrow” coveragemain income source of the household’s reference person

time allocation

marginal

470

bold

471

AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD

Denmark(1999)

Germany(1983)

Greece(1994)

Ireland(1987)

Netherlands(1988)

Finland(1992)

Sweden(1992)

No. agricultural households (x 1000)

Disposable income per household (all households = 100)

Income of the Agricultural Households Sector 2001 report.

Denmark

Ireland

FOCUS FIGURE IX.1Implications of using “broad” or “narrow” definitions of an agricultural household

472

(a) Employers and own account workers

Farmers

Others

All self employed [(a)(i) + (a)(ii)]

Employees

Others

All households except farmers [(e) minus (a)(i)]

All households [(a) + (b) + (c)]

: Manual on the Total Income of Agricultural Households Rev.1.

FOCUS PIECES

Manual on the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1).

Income of the Agricultural Households Sector 2001 report


FOCUS BOX IX.2Typology of socio professional groups for use within IAHS statistics (adisaggregation of the households sector account)

473

Focus on Economic Research Service farm typology for theUnited States

Limited resource

Retirement

Residential/lifestyle

Farming occupation/lower sales

Farming occupation/higher sales

Large family farms

Very large family farms

Non family farms

474

FOCUS PIECES


What is agriculture Conference on Agriculturaland Environmental Statistical Applications in Rome

475

Focus on Italy: the ISMEA survey

et al.,et al.,

Mezzogiorno,

FARM TYPE DESCRIPTION

Napoletano et al. (2001)

FOCUS TABLE IX.1The ISMEA survey based typology

476

FOCUS PIECES

Dallo sviluppo agricolo a quello rurale: cheinformazioni sono necessarie? Politiche di sviluppo rurale traprogrammazione e valutazione.


477

CHAPTER X

X.DEFINITIONS OF INCOME

X.1 INCOME AS FACTOR REWARDS AND AS SOURCE OFCONSUMPTION SPENDING

et al.,

CHAPTER X

478

X.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOUSEHOLD RESOURCES,INCOME AND EXPENDITURE

Personal income may be defined as the sum of (1) the market value of rightsexercised in consumption and (2) the change in the store of property rightsbetween the beginning and end of the period (Simons, 1938).

479

could

FIGURE X.1The “subsistence” of private households

480

... the maximum amount that ahousehold or other unit can afford to spend on consumption goods or services during theaccounting period without having to finance its expenditure by reducing its cash, bydisposing of other financial or non financial assets or by increasing its liabilities

X.2.1 INCOME FROM SELF EMPLOYMENT

481

EntrepreneurialIncome

VALUE OF OUTPUT (sales plus own consumption)MINUSEQUALSMINUSEQUALSMINUSEQUALSLESSEQUALS

482

ex anteex post

483

X.2.2 INCOME IN KIND

consumptionof food materials produced on the home farm

484

services provided by owner occupied dwellings

social benefits in kind

X.2.3 LIVING COSTS

485

X.3 INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLD INCOMES

486

Consumption spending and Labour

Income and wealth

Production

X.3.1 SHADOW WAGE AND THE NON OBSERVED ECONOMY

Accounting approach:

Objective market wage under competitive conditions:

BOX X.1Recommendations to data systems for implementing a collective approach

487

Shadow wage

shadow wages

488

X.4 VARIOUS INCOME CONCEPTS AND RELATIONSHIPSBETWEEN THEM

X.4.1 EXTENDED AND FULL INCOMES5

extended

full

489

X.4.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME TO INCOME MEASUREMENT

ex post

490

accrualcash

X.4.3 LIFETIME INCOME AND PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS

life cycle theorypermanent income theory

491

developing countriescredit markets

ex novo

492

et al.,

X.5 SUBSIDIES, PREFERENTIAL TAX TREATMENTS, ANDINCOME MEASURES

current unrequited payments that government units, including non residentgovernment units, make to enterprises on the basis of the levels of their production

493

activities or the quantities or values of the goods or services which they produce, sell orimport

X.6 DEFINITIONS IN USE

Canberra Expert Group

“The macro analyst is interested in the aggregate of household income as itfits into the macro economy as a whole, and approaches its construction in atop down manner. Previous attempts to update the existing internationalguidelines on income distribution (UN, 1977) to bring them into line with the1993 SNA have categorised income according to the type of transactionwhich gives rise to the flow without regard to the medium in which paymentis made. The sequence is basically to measure first income generated in thecourse of production, then to allow for distribution of property income thusarriving at a concept called “primary income.” The next stage is to accountfor current transfers, widely interpreted, and thus arrive at “disposableincome.” This is either spent on consumption or saved. Saving is used eitherto finance investment or leads to net borrowing or lending.

Exhaustiveness of the definition is also very important to the macro analyst,as is its consistency with the definitions of income of the other institutionalsectors: no theoretical gaps can be left unfilled, even if in practical termsimputations and estimations have to be widely employed when actuallycompiling the statistics.

The micro analyst on the other hand is primarily interested in themeasurement of income distribution. Conceptually, this means that the

494

definitions are driven mainly by what the individual perceives to be anincome receipt of direct benefit to him or herself, which results in a bottomup approach to the construction of a definition. The means of payment is amajor discriminatory factor and the rationale behind the payment issubsidiary. Practically, definitions have also to be constrained by what it isfeasible to collect in household surveys or what is available at the householdlevel in relevant administrative sources. In fact these two considerations –the conceptual and the practical – will usually result in the same choices,since if individuals perceive a receipt to be of direct benefit to them they aremuch more likely to be able to provide reliable data on it.”

Income of the Agricultural Households Sector (IAHS) statistics.

current

495

net disposable income

(13) Net disposable income (7 minus 8 12)

BOX X.2Net Disposable Income in Eurostat’s IAHS statistics

496

Income from self employment

Cash or near cash

In kind, imputed

1 Employee income

Cash or near cash

Cash value of “fringe benefits”

3 Rentals

4 Property income

5 Current transfers received

6 Total income (sum of 1 to 5)7 Current transfers paid 2.4.3.1

8 Disposable income (6 less 7)

9 Social transfers in kind (STIK) received

10 Adjusted disposable income (8 plus 9)

BOX X.3Definitions of income (microeconomic) by the Canberra Group (2001)

497

de facto

498

1 Employee income

2 Income from self employment

Imputed income from self employment

3 Income less expenses from rentals, except rent of land **

4 Property income

5 Current transfers received

6 Total income (sum of 1 to 5)

7 Current transfers paid

8 Disposable income (6 less 7)

BOX X.4Canberra Group recommended components of a simplified definition of disposableincome

499

certain modifications to the Canberra Group’s simplifieddefinition seem appropriate to suit the special circumstances found in agriculture

italics.

imputed rental value of the farm dwelling

value of income in kind from self employmentemployment

This Handbook recognises the simplified definition of Disposable Income shownin Box X.5 for application to income measurement of agricultural households.When presenting results, information should be available for the separate itemsshown in this definition.

500

bo

Net income from self employment (money income and in kind)

quasi

Of which:

(c) imputed rental value of owned dwelling

+ Cash wages and salaries

+ Rent received

+ Other property income

+ Social transfers received

+ Other current inflows

= TOTAL INCOME

Current taxes on income and wealth

Non discretionary social contributions (payments to social security schemes)

NET DISPOSABLE INCOME

BOX X.5Recommended definition of net disposable income for application to agriculturalhouseholds

501

REFERENCES

Off Farm Work and Capital Accumulation Decisions ofFarmers over the Life Cycle: The Role of Heterogeneity and State Dependence

Wealth, Income and Inequality

The Economics of Inequality

A Theory of Allocation of Time

A Treatise on the Family

502

Agriculture and Industry Relative Income

Expert Group on Household Income Statistics – The CanberraGroup. Final Report and Recommendations

Agriculture Its Effects on the Level of Living and SubsistenceTechnology of Farming Households

Intra family Succession in Italian Farms

The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Micro econometric Approach toDevelopment Policy.

Income DisparitiesAmong Farm Households and Agricultural Policy

Credit as Insurance in Agrarian Economies

Definitions of Variables used in FADN standard results

European System of Integrated Economic Accounts



Income of the Agricultural Households Sector: 2001 report

Excess Sensitivity of Consumption to Current Incomes: LiquidityConstraint or Myopia?

A Theory of the Consumption Function

Stochastic Implications of the Life Cycle Permanent Income Hypothesis:Theory and Evidence

The Valuation of Household Production: How Different are theOpportunity Cost and Market Price Valuation Methods?

503

Value and Capital: and Inquiry into Some Fundamental Principles ofEconomic Theory


Farm Labor: Key Conceptual and Measurement Issues on the Routeto Better Farm Cost and Return Estimates

Income from employment: Concept and measurement

Valuation of Household Production and Satellite Accounts

Household Income Plus Household Production: TheDistribution of Extended Income in the U. K

The Economics of Household Behavior

Allocation of Income Within the Household

Estimation of the Contribution of Child Labour tothe Formation of Rural Incomes: An Application to Nepal

Income,Wealth, and the Economic Well Being of Farm Households

Succession Decisions and Retirement Income ofFarm Households

Utility Analysis and the Consumption Function: anInterpretation of Cross Section Data.

Farm Household Income – Issues and Policy Responses

Non sectoral policies for the agriculture and agro food sectors: taxation andsocial security

504

Proceedings of the OECD/PACIOLI Workshop on Information Needs forthe Analysis of Farm Household Income Issues

Weathering the Storm Working Class Families from the IndustrialRevolution to the Fertility Decline


Peasant and Dualism with and without Surplus Labor

Farm Households’ Wealth and OffFarm Supply of Labor

Personal Income Taxation

Using Shadow Wages to Estimate Labor Supply of AgriculturalHouseholds

Time and Public Policy: Why Do We Care and What InstrumentsAre Needed?

Toward a Uniform Household Income Definition


Estimation of the Allocation of Time for Work,Leisure, and Housework

Making Adjustment Work for the Poor: A Framework for PolicyReform in Africa

Consumption and Liquidity Constraints: An Empirical Investigation

FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER X



505

Cost prices in pig production: Experiences with an EUwide comparison



Current cost accounting and farming businesses; in:Journal of agricultural economics.

506

Focus on Farm Accounting Standards in OECD Countries

507

FOCUS PIECES

Cost prices in pig production: Experiences with an EUwide comparison


Current cost accounting and farming businesses; in:Journal of agricultural economics.

509

Focus on a More Formal Approach to “Full Income”

i N

i i i i i i iT f o h l I d I , fioi

hi

liIi

i i i i id f o h l

fi hi

ym

N

510

1 1 1

1 1 1

,

N N Nm f o nl tr

i i i i ii i iN N N

f o nl tri i i

i i if o nl tr

y w f w o y y

y y y y

y y y y

fiw o

iwi nl

iytry

ayt

n m ay y y t

eyhy my ny

,F e ly y y

ly

FOCUS PIECES




511

INCOMEEVALUATION

METHODS1. Total farm household income

m f o nl try y y y y

a. Farm Incomefy

AccountingMarketOpportunityCostShadow Wage

b. dependent

c.independent operators

Off Farm Incomeoy

Market Wage

As for 1.a

Non labor

income nlyd. Social transfers

try2. In Kind earnings (Home own consumption) ay Market Price

3. Taxes and contributions – t

a.

b.

c.

Disposable FarmHousehold

Income nyn m ay y y t

4. Value of domestic production hy Extended

Incomeey

e n hy y y

Market orOpportunityCost ApproachShadow Wage

5. Value of leisure ly Full IncomeFy

F e ly y y

Market orShadow Wage

FOCUS TABLE X.1Definition of Total Farm Household Extended and Full Income and EvaluationMethods

512

,

English, French, Spanish

English,

513

Chapter XI

INCOME LEVELS,DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY AND

WELL BEING

XI.1 POVERTY AND WELL BEING

CHAPTER XI

514

et al

515

XI.2 MEASURING INCOME POVERTY

Handbook on PovertyStatistics: Concepts, Methods and Policy Use

poverty line.

povertyboundary

XI.2.1 DEFINING POVERTY LINES

516

et al,

choice

517

TABLE XI.1Three different approaches to defining low income (poverty lines implied)

ABSOLUTEAPPROACH

RELATIVEAPPROACH

SUBJECTIVEAPPROACH

METHOD

EXAMPLES

ADVANTAGES

DIFFICULTIES

pp.7 10 cited in OECD (2001).

518

Handbook on Poverty Statistics: Concepts, Methods and Policy Use.

Handbook on Poverty Statistics

XI.2.2 POVERTY INDEXES

Monotonicity

Transfer axiom

Population symmetry

Proportion axiom

Focus axiom

519

Decomposability

z xi

P1

P0

P1

520

P0 P1

P2

XI.2.3 MEASURES OF INCOME INEQUALITY

521

Gini

yyiyn

G i

n

i 12

2

n y iy

et al

et al.

522

XI.2.4 MORE COMPLEX INDICATORS

Low-income rate or head-count ratio: a proportion of the population below a specified percentage of the median; The average low-income gap: the difference between the average income of the low-income households and the low-income line, as a percentage of that low income line; Gini coefficient: the area between the Lorenz curve and the 45 degree line as a ratio of the whole triangle that represents a degree of inequality in the distribution of income.

pq G

zy

ALGLIRS

pGALGALGLIR )1(

LIR

ALG

qy

z

Gp

SS

XI.2.5 WARNING IN THE INTERPRETATION OF COEFFICIENTS

523

Two point trends

Business cycle effects

Mixing datasets and definitions

both and

XI.3 POVERTY LINES AND INEQUALITY MEASURES INPRACTICE IN AGRICULTURE

524

et al

525

XI.4 OTHER MEASURES OF WELL BEING

526

XI.4.1 SOCIAL EXCLUSION

per se

XI.4.2 MUTLIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY MEASUREMENT

527

Education

Health

Standard of Living

These (and other) multidimensional indexes attempt to capture the complexity of poverty and well being and its many facets in different circumstances. In talking about measurement, however it is always useful to ask:

Is it helpful to try to aggregate all the different dimensions of poverty in one single indicator?

Is it possible to do it in a sensible and practical way?

Does the aggregation in one indicator help in policy decision making?

528

This Handbook recognises the usefulness of calculating the basic statisticalcharacteristics of the distribution of incomes of agricultural households, includingmedians and quartiles, and measures of inequality and of poverty based on them.

REFERENCES

Acute Mulitdimensional Poverty: A New Index for developingCountries.


Wealth, Income and Inequality


On the Measurement of Poverty.

Income Distribution in OECDCountries: Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study

Life and Labour of the People of London

Rural Deprivation and the Welfare Transition.Deprivation and Welfare in Rural Areas.

The Economics of Rural Poverty aReview of the Post World War II United States and Canadian Literature.

A Survey of Agricultural Economics Literature Volume 3

Expert Group on Household Income Statistics

Analysis and measurement of Poverty. Univariate andMultivariate Approaches and their Policy Implications. A case study: Italy.

529

Household Behavior, Equivalence Scales, Welfare and Poverty

The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Microconometric Approach toDevelopment Policy.

Poverty and Equity: Measurement, Policy andEstimation with DAD.

Living Conditions Statistics

A broader perspective of measuring the well being ofrural farm and non farm households

The Development and History of the U.S. Poverty Thresholds – ABrief Overview

Poverty Lines and Measures of Income Inadequacy in the UnitedStates Since 1870: Collecting and Using a Little Kohn Body of Historical Material

The Development and History of the Poverty Thresholds

Measurement of low incomes and poverty in a perspective ofinternational comparisons

A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures.

A Full Income Approach to the Measurement of Rural Poverty

A Class of Poverty Indices.

A Synthesis of Poverty Line Definitions

Poverty Statistics in the Late 1980s:Research based on micro data

Handbook on Poverty and Inequality

530

Poverty measures as indicators of social welfare.Poverty: new perspectives


Low incomes in agriculture in OECD countries

A Review of Household Income in OECD Countries: Notes by Country

Amber Waves,

Children of the Poor

Poverty Lines in Theory and Practice

Poverty a Study of Town Life

Poverty: An Ordinal Approach to Measurement

Commodities and Capabilities

Handbook on Poverty Statistics: Concepts,Methods and Policy Use

The Characteristics of Low Income Households

Economic Aspects of Farm Poverty

Attacking Poverty: Opportunity, Empowerment and Security

Poverty and Inequality Analysis

FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER XI

531



532

Focus on Low Incomes among Agricultural Households inOECD Countries

1) Low income rate (Cumulative proportions below percentiles of the median)

low income rate

533

2) The low income gap

zyz q

qy

3) Relative income level by percentile

534

4) Cumulative decile shares Lorenz curve

Relative income level per percentile

.

3

et al

535

5) Gini coefficient

yyiyn

G i

n

i 12

2

y

iy

et al.

6) Sen index

Low income rate Cumulative proportions below percentiles of median

The average low income gap:

Gini coefficient:

536

pq G

zy

ALGLIRS

pGALGALGLIR )1(

qy

537

FOCUS PIECES



538

Focus on Poverty in Developing Countries

The Handbook on Poverty Statistics: Concepts, Methods and Policy Use

The UN Statistics Division

539

,

English, French, Spanish

English,

540

CHAPTER XII

XII. MEASUREMENT AND COMPOSITION OFFARM HOUSEHOLD WEALTH

XII.1 INTRODUCTION

et al,

et al.,


CHAPTER XII

541

OECD countries

low current income to be combined with substantialwealth

wealth of farmers to increase with age

Succession

valuation of farmland

542

XII.2 SELECTED USES OF FARM AND HOUSEHOLD WEALTHMEASURES

asset ownership and management

solvency

access to credit

household economic status wealth management

543

et al.,

et al.,

544

The Handbook recognizes that farm households may have multiple sources offarm and non farm assets and/or liabilities. To help ensure accuracy andcompleteness of estimates, net worth measures should take into account bothfarm and non farm sources of wealth. Estimates of net worth should alsorecognize that farm wealth may not be entirely owned by farm households.

XII.3 DIFFERENCES IN WEALTH MEASUREMENT FOR FARMSAND FARM OPERATOR HOUSEHOLDS

545

primary

XII.4 CONNECTION BETWEEN FARMS AND HOUSEHOLDS INWEALTH MEASUREMENT

accumulate wealth

546

distribution of farm income andwealth

net worth

cannot be assumed to belongentirely to farm households

The Handbook recognizes that farm households may have multiple sources offarm and non farm assets and/or liabilities. To help ensure accuracy andcompleteness of estimates, net worth measures should take into account bothfarm and non farm sources of wealth. Estimates of net worth should alsorecognize that farm wealth may not be entirely owned by farm households.

547

FIGURE XII.1Modern farms use Inputs from a variety of sources who in return share in Inputand Income

EarnIncome

EarnIncome

Provide Inputs

Provide Inputs

FIGURE XII.2Households share farm Net Worth with other providing Inputs

FarmNet Worth

548

The Handbook recognizes that household net worth is the summation of farm networth (assets minus debts) and non farm net worth (assets minus debts)

XII.5 EXTENDING ANALYSES OF HOUSEHOLD ECONOMICSTATUS AND WELL BEING

Capital gains as income.

FIGURE XII.3Operator households’ Net Worth originates from farm and non farm assets andliabilities

Non farmNet Worth

549

et al.

Household savings

et al.

et al.

Measures of household well being

economic well being

et al et al et al

550

t al. et al.et al

etal

Economic Well Being Indicator=

Household Income + Annuity Value of Net Worth

Farm household portfolio composition and liquidity.

551

XII.6 DATA TO SUPPORT ESTIMATES OF HOUSEHOLD NETWORTH IN OECD COUNTRIES

et alet al

et al

552

XII.7 MEASUREMENT AND COMPOSITION OF HOUSEHOLDWEALTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

XII.8 CONCLUSIONS

553

This Handbook recognises that the wealth situation of the households thatoperate farms should be assessed. This includes, in addition to the assets andliabilities directly related to agriculture, those that household members holdoutside the farm business.

554

REFERENCES

Distributive Politics and Economic Growth

Wealth, Income and Inequality.

Farm Household Wealth: Measurement, Structure,and Determinants

Asset Based Measurement of Poverty.

Reflections on Farm Income in the 1970’s

Census Bureau Survey GaugesHousehold Wealth

Household Wealth and AssetOwnership: 1991

Expert Group on Household Income Statistics. Final Report andRecommendations

Combining Income and Wealth: An Analysis of FarmFamily Well Being

On Measuring Farmer’s Economic Well Being

The Global Pattern ofHousehold Wealth.

New Ways of Looking at Old Issues: Inequality andGrowth

Asset Distribution, Inequality, and Growth.

Income in the UnitedStates: 2002

555

Recent Changes to a Measure of U.S. HouseholdDebt Service

Determinants of Economic Well Beingamong U.S. Farm Operator Households

The Dynamics of Wealth Concentration Among FarmOperator Households

The Measurement of HouseholdWealth using Survey Data: An Overview of the Survey of Consumer Finances

The Graying Farm Sector Legacy of Off Farm Migration

Accumulation of Wealth by Farmers

Designing Household Survey Questionnaires forDeveloping Countries: Lessons From 15 years of the Living Standards MeasurementStudy

Improving and Extending Farm Nonfarm Income Comparisons

Bequests and Retirement Wealth in the United States

The illusory nature of balance sheets in agricultural economic statistics: anote

Farm Incomes, Wealth and Agricultural Policy, 3rd Edition

Measures of Economic Status Combining Income and Wealth Into a SingleMeasure of the Potential Command Over Goods and Services

The Rate of Return to Investment in Agriculture andMeasuring Net Farm Income

Survey Estimates of Wealth Holdings in OECDCountries: Evidence on the Level and Distribution across Selected Countries.

The Dynamics of Household Wealth Accumulation inItaly

556

Differences in the Measurement of Wealth, WealthInequality and Wealth Composition obtained from Alternative U.S: Wealth Surveys

The Measurement and Structure of HouseholdWealth

Wealth Measurement in the Survey of Consumer Finances:Methodology and Directions for Future Research

Savings. Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for DevelopingCountries

Value Added and Net Farm Income Down for 2002


Off Farm Investment of Farm Households: A LogitAnalysis

Farm Household Savings

The 1997 Tax Law: New Incentives for Farmer’s to Invest for Retirement

Sheets for Household Firms in Agriculture

Property, Paternalism and Power

Adjustment in OECD Agriculture: Reforming Farmland Policies

Non sectoral Policies for the Agriculture and Agro Food Sectors: Taxationand Social Security

Agriculture. Designing Household Survey Questionnairesfor Developing Countries

557

Who Benefits from Government Farm Payments?

Farm Viability: Results of the USDA Family FarmSurveys

Credit. Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for DevelopingCountries

The Luxembourg Wealth Study –A Cross Country Comparable Database for Household Wealth Research.

The Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Income and Poverty inthe United States: 2005

The Balance Sheet of Agriculture, 1945

Major Statistic Series of the U.S. Department ofAgriculture: The Balance Sheet, Vol. 11

Household Enterprises. Designing HouseholdSurvey Questionnaires for Developing Countries

Levy Institute Measure of Economic Well BeingConcept, Measurement, and Findings: United States, 1989, 1995, 2000 and 2001

Levy Institute Measure of Economic Well BeingConcept, Measurement, and Findings: United States, 1989 and 2000

FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER XII




558



griculture. Designing Household Survey Questionnairesfor Developing Countries



COMPLETE LIST OF REFERENCES FOR THE DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES REFERRED TO IN THE BOXES OF THIS CHAPTER:

CHINA

CÔTE D'IVOIRE

Côte d'Ivoire living standardssurvey (CILSS) 1985 88. Basic information for users of the data

559

GHANA

Ghana Living Standards Survey Round four (GLSS 4)1998/99. Data user guide

Ghana Living Standards Survey 4 (with Labour Force Module). Household QuestionnairePart A”

Ghana Living Standards Survey 4 (with Labour Force Module). Household QuestionnairePart B.

INDIA (Uttar Pradesh and Bihar)

Survey of Living Conditions Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. December 1997March 1998. Introduction to Datasets.

Survey of living conditions Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Household Questionnaire. December1997 March 1998.

JAMAICA

Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions (JSLC) 1988 2000. Basicinformation

MOROCCO

Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS) 1990/91. BasicInformation

560

Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS) 1990/91. Household Questionnaire (EnqueteNationale Sur le Niveau de Vie des Menages).

PERU

Documentation for the 1994 Peru ENNIV Survey

National Survey of Households Living Standards MeasurementMay July 1994. PERU LSMS 1994 QUESTIONNAIRE

SOUTH AFRICADocumentation for the South Africa Integrated Household Survey

South Africa Integrated Household Survey. Household Questionnaire.

VIETNAM

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98. Basic Information.

Documentation for the 1997/98 Viet Nam Living Standards Survey.

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part A

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part B

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part C

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part D.

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire.

561

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Interviewers' Instruction Manual.

ZAMBIA

Zambia, 1996 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I. SurveyInformation

LCMS96 Enumerator's Instruction Manual

LCMS96 Household Questionnaire.

562

Focus on Wealth of Farm Households in the United States

563

Item All Farms RetirementResidential

/Lifestyle

FarmingOccupation

/LowerSales

FarmingOccupation

/Higher

Sales

LargeVeryLarge

Number offarmhouseholdsPercent offarmhouseholdsTotaloperatorhouseholdassetsTotaloperatorhouseholdassets:FarmTotaloperatorhouseholdassets:Non farmTotaloperatorhouseholddebtTotaloperatorhouseholddebt: FarmTotaloperatorhouseholddebt: NonfarmTotaloperatorhouseholdnet worthTotaloperatorhouseholdnet worth:FarmTotaloperatorhouseholdnet worth:Non farm

FOCUS TABLE XII.1Average wealth of farm operator households by farm typology group, 2008

564

Focus Pieces



565

Focus on Making Estimates of Net Worth for US FarmHouseholds

566

FOCUS PIECES



567

Focus on Living Standards Measurement Study – Applicationto Agricultural Household Wealth in Developing Countries

1) Household enterprises module

non agricultural household enterprises

micro enterprises,

Fixed assets

Inventories

568

owned uses

569

Chinathree

assets

Côte d'Ivoirethree the value of

productive assets and stocks

Ghanaassets

Moroccan

South Africa

Vietnamassets

Zambiahousehold assets

three

2) Agriculture module

the value ofhousehold agricultural assets

FOCUS BOX XII.1Modules on (non agricultural) household enterprises

570

China agricultural inputs and agricultural assets,

Côte d’Ivoire livestock

toolsfarm

equipment

Ghana agricultural assetsland owned

Indiafarming assets

Morocco

Peru

South Africa

animals

farm equipment tools

Vietnam land ofdifferent tenures livestock, poultry and other animals

hand tools implements and farm machinery

3) Savings module

the value of the household’s stock of financial assetshousehold wealth

financial assets and liabilitiesnon financial assets

FOCUS BOX XII.2Modules on agriculture – selected developing countries

571

the low return on assets

ownership of physical capital or “productive” assets

difficulties

household wealth

572

China

Côte d'Ivoire

Ghana

Jamaica

Vietnam types of savings

4) Credit modules

FOCUS BOX XII.3Saving modules

573

LOANS TRADE CREDIT

All Specific By sourceNon

Agricultural OtherCOUNTRY Mortgage loans loans Implicit Explicit Agriculture enterprises Food consumption Service

FOCUS TABLE XII.1Types of Credit Information Obtained by Selected LSMS Surveys

574

China

debtand its structure

Côte d'Ivoire loansborrowed

Ghana

India the net debt position of the household

Morocco

Peruloan

South Africa owed cash or goods

Vietnam indebtedness

the last 12 months

FOCUS BOX XII.4Credit modules

575

SUGGESTED HOUSEHOLD BALANCE SHEET FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

ASSETSLIABILITIES AND TOTAL NET WORTH (Owner’sEquity)

Current Assets (Short term liquidity): Current Liabilities (Short term):

Total Current AssetsInventories (liquid assets)

Total Inventory Total Current LiabilitiesNon farm AssetsFixed (long term) Assets: Long Term Liabilities:

Durable (consumer) goods

Total Long Term Non Farm Assets Total LiabilitiesFarm (Agricultural) AssetsAgricultural Land

Animals

Farm Equipment

FOCUS TABLE XII.2Household Balance Sheet

576

Non Mechanical Farm Tools (Implements)

Total Farm (Agricultural) Assets Total Net WorthTOTAL ASSETS TOTAL LIABILITIES+TOTAL NET WORTH

FOCUS PIECES



griculture. Designing Household Survey Questionnairesfor Developing Countries


577

Complete list of references for the developing countriesreferred to in the boxes of this chapter:

CHINA

CÔTE D'IVOIRE

Côte d'Ivoire living standardssurvey (CILSS) 1985 88. Basic information for users of the data

GHANA

Ghana Living Standards Survey Round four (GLSS 4)1998/99. Data user guide

Ghana Living Standards Survey 4 (with Labour Force Module). Household QuestionnairePart A”

Ghana Living Standards Survey 4 (with Labour Force Module). Household QuestionnairePart B.

578

INDIA (Uttar Pradesh and Bihar)

Survey of Living Conditions Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. December 1997March 1998. Introduction to Datasets.

Survey of living conditions Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Household Questionnaire. December1997 March 1998.

JAMAICA

Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions (JSLC) 1988 2000. Basicinformation

MOROCCO

Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS) 1990/91. BasicInformation

Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS) 1990/91. Household Questionnaire (EnqueteNationale Sur le Niveau de Vie des Menages).

PERU

Documentation for the 1994 Peru ENNIV Survey

National Survey of Households Living Standards MeasurementMay July 1994. PERU LSMS 1994 QUESTIONNAIRE

579

SOUTH AFRICA

Documentation for the South Africa Integrated Household Survey

South Africa Integrated Household Survey. Household Questionnaire.

VIETNAM

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98. Basic Information.

Documentation for the 1997/98 Viet Nam Living Standards Survey.

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part A

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part B

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part C

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire. Part D.

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Household Questionnaire.

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98.Interviewers' Instruction Manual.

ZAMBIA

Zambia, 1996 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I. SurveyInformation

580

LCMS96 Enumerator's Instruction Manual

LCMS96 Household Questionnaire.

581

Chapter XIII

XIIIINVENTORY OFMETHODOLOGIES USED

AGRICULTURE INCOME ANDWEALTH STATISTICS

XIII.1 DATA SOURCES FOR STATISTICS ON AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD INCOME – GENERIC SOURCES

“…In most countries, the information available does not give a preciseindication of the farm income situation. Farm families cannot be accuratelyclassified according to their level of income; data on income received from nonfarm sources are particularly deficient. These limitations are a serious handicapin devising suitable policies and in assessing the results of measures taken;attention should be given to improving the situation”

CHAPTER XIII

582

XIII.1.1 TYPES OF DATA SOURCES

583

farm accounts surveys

tax records

Household surveys

country specific sources

Centre d’étude sur lesrevenus et les coûts et al et al

et al

XIII.1.2 FARM ACCOUNTS SURVEYS

584

XIII.1.3 TAXATION RECORDS

586

XIII.1.4 FAMILY (HOUSEHOLD) BUDGET SURVEYS AND LSMS

statistical coverage

underrepresented

587

biased.

as an industry

expensive

are not of high quality

et al.

et al.,

588

.

farming

panel

589

et al

590

XIII.2 UNECE SURVEYS OF 2004 AND 2005 ON DEFINITIONSAND MEASUREMENT ISSUES IN SELECTED COUNTRIES

591

XIII.2.1 PREDOMINATELY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (UNECE AND OECDCOUNTRIES)7

XIII.2.2 DEFINITION OF HOUSEHOLD

592

XIII.2.3 DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD

XIII.2.4 TREATMENT OF COMMUNAL UNITS

EU Countries

Non EU Countries

XIII.2.5 CLASSIFICATION INTO SOCIO ECONOMIC GROUPS (FOR THEPURPOSE OF COMPARING THE INCOME SITUATION OFAGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS)

EU Countries

593

Non EU Countries

XIII.2.6 SHORT TERM STABILITY MECHANISM

XIII.2.7 EQUIVALENCE SCALES

XIII.2.8 OWN CONSUMPTION

EU Countries

Non EU Countries

594

XIII.2.9 IMPUTED RENT

EU Countries

Non EU Countries

XIII.2.10 CALCULATION OF NET DISPOSABLE INCOME OF AGRICULTUREHOUSEHOLDS – ITEMS COVERED

595

EU Countries

Non EU Countries

imputed

XIII.2.11 CONCLUSIONS

XIII.2.12 SELECTED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

596

XIII.2.13 FOCUS ON THE DEFINITION OF HOUSEHOLD IN SELECTEDDEVELOPING COUNTRIES

XIII.2.14 FOCUS ON THE DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD INSELECTED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

XIII.2.15 FOCUS ON THE CLASSIFICATION INTO SOCIO ECONOMIC GROUPSIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

XIII.2.16 SHORT TERM STABILITY MECHANISM

XIII.2.17 FOCUS ON EQUIVALENCE SCALES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

XIII.2.18 FOCUS ON OWN CONSUMPTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

XIII.2.19 FOCUS ON IMPUTED RENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

XIII.2.20 FOCUS ON THE CALCULATION OF NET DISPOSABLE INCOME OFAGRICULTURE HOUSEHOLDS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

REFERENCES

Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Income of AgriculturalHouseholds Sector (IAHS) Statistics

Difficulties in estimating farm household income

Une contribution à la connaissance desrevenus totaux des familles d’agriculteurs; résultats d’un dépouillement particulierd’une enquête CERC sur les revenus de l’année 1978

Farm HouseholdAdjustment in Western Europe 1987 1991

Expert Group on Household Income Statistics – The CanberraGroup: Final Report and Recommendations

Family Budget Surveys in the EC: Methodology and Recommendationsfor Harmonisation

597

Manual of the Total Income of Agricultural Households (Rev.1)See also Eurostat (2002) below

that also includes this Manual.

Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report”

Household Budget Surveys in the European Union: Methodology andRecommendations for Harmonisation

Comparative EU statistics on Income and Living Conditions: Issues andChallenges

Statistical development series no. 5 programme for the World Census ofAgriculture 2000 (WCA 2000)

Designing Household Survey Questionnaires forDeveloping Countries. Lessons From 15 years of the Living Standards MeasurementStudy

Making Decisions on the Overall Design of the SurveyDesigning Household Survey Questionnaires for

Developing Countries. Lessons from 15 years of the Living Standards MeasurementStudy

Total Incomes of Agricultural Households


Data Sources and Quality Improvements for Statistics on AgriculturalHousehold Incomes in 27 EU Countries.

Richesse et pauvreté en agriculture

?”Designing household survey questionnaires for developing counties. Lessons

from 15 years of LSMS”

Asking theSelf employed about their Income

598

Low incomes in agriculture: problems and policies

A Review of Farm Household Incomes in OECD Countries”,

Future Developments of Economic Accounts Statistics: Issues andDirections”,

”


Non sectoral policies for the agriculture and agro food sectors: taxation andsocial security

Taxation and Social Security in Agriculture

Agriculture ModuleDesigning household survey questionnaires for developing counties. Lessons from 15

years of LSMS”

Gathering information on total household income within an “industryoriented” survey on agriculture: methodological issues and future perspectives

Statistics on Rural Development and Agriculture Household Income

Agricultural income statistics and policy: a view from southernEurope

Chapter XXIII. Living Standards MeasurementStudy Surveys

Relative Income of Farmers: Some International Comparisons

An Analysis of Design Effects for SelectedVariables in the LSMS Surveys


599

Household Sample Surveys in Developing and Transition Countries

The Problematic Measurement of Income from Self Employment

Family Budget Surveys in the EC: Methodology andRecommendations for Harmonisation. Theme 3 Series E

Improving the quality and policy relevance of household level dataon agriculture in Sub Saharan Africa” .

FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER XIII


Changes in Poverty inUganda, 1992 97 ,

Measure for Measure Systematic Patterns of Deviation between Measures ofIncome and Consumption in Developing Countries: Evidence from a New Dataset. WorldBank and FAO

Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Income OfAgricultural Households Sector (IAHS) Statistics.

Evaluating Regional Poverty in China with SubjectiveEquivalence Scales

Land and Welfare: Theory and Evidence from China

Perspectives for the CommonAgricultural Policy,

600


Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I 1996

The analysis of household surveys: a microeconometric approach todevelopment policy

Consumption DesigningHousehold Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries. Lessons from 15 years of theLiving Standards Measurement Study


. Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report

Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report

Comparative EU statistics on Income and Living Conditions: Issues andChallenges.

Can A Subjective Poverty Line Be Applied toChina? Assessing Poverty among Urban Residents in 1999.


Tapas Initiative 2002: Agricultural Household Income

Adjustment in OECD Agriculture: Issues and Policy Responses AReview of Farm Household Incomes in OECD Countries,

Future Developments of Economic Accounts Statistics: Issues and Directions,

Farm household income: issues and policy responses

Availability and feasibility of collecting data on off farm incomeand other income – A Feasibility study on collection of data on off farm income and onother income in FADN.

601


Survey on agricultural household income statistics.

Survey on Agricultural Household Income Statistics.

The Wye Group Handbook: Rural Households' Livelihood and WellBeing – Statistics on Rural Development and Agricultural Household Income.

602

FOCUS PIECES



603

Focus on the European Community Household Panel (ECHP)and Community Statistics on Income and Living Conditions(EU–SILC), Now Renamed Income, Social Inclusion and LivingConditions (EU SILC)

European Community Household Panel (ECHP)

dwellingsingle budget

604

FOCUS PIECES

Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Income OfAgricultural Households Sector (IAHS) Statistics.

Comparative EU statistics on Income and Living Conditions: Issues andChallenges.

605

Focus on data Sources for Statistics on AgriculturalHousehold Incomes in 27 EU Countries1

the inventory ofdata sources

Farm accounts surveys

The EU SILC system

606

Household budget surveys,

Taxation records and income statistics registers based on them.

607

MEMBERSTATE

FARM ACCOUNTSSURVEY EU SILC*

FAMILY(HOUSEHOLD)BUDGET SURVEYS

TAXATIONRECORDS OTHER

No income datacollected

No information

FOCUS TABLE XIII.1Inventory of existing microeconomic data sources by Member State

608

MEMBERSTATE




609

MEMBERSTATE




(theimplication is thattax data on incomefrom farming is notusable in a directway)

610

MEMBERSTATE




611

MEMBERSTATE




612

MEMBERSTATE




613

FOCUS PIECES


Perspectives for the CommonAgricultural Policy,


Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report


Tapas Initiative 2002: Agricultural Household Income

Adjustment in OECD Agriculture: Issues and Policy Responses AReview of Farm Household Incomes in OECD Countries,

Future Developments of Economic Accounts Statistics: Issues and Directions,

Farm household income: issues and policy responses

Availability and feasibility of collecting data on off farm incomeand other income – A Feasibility study on collection of data on off farm income and onother income in FADN.


614

The Wye Group Handbook: Rural Households' Livelihood and WellBeing – Statistics on Rural Development and Agricultural Household Income.

615

Focus on Data Sources and References for Data of DevelopingCountries

A Sample of LSMS Surveys

COUNTRY YEAR HHCOUNT

QUESTIONNAIRE

ADDITIONALMETADATA

DOCUMENTATION ONTHE WEB

ACCESS POLICY

Brazil

China(HeibeiLiaoningProvince)

Ghana

India(UttarPradeshandBihar)

Jamaica Survey of LivingConditions

Labour Force Survey

Peru

616

SouthAfrica

Vietnam

Zambia

A Sample of Developing Countries conducting Agriculture Censuses

COUNTRIES ON WEB 1980 ROUND1990ROUND

2000ROUND

Brazil

ChinaGhana

India

JamaicaPeruSouth AfricaVietnamZambia

617

FOCUS PIECES

WEBSITE REFERENCES

Adult Equivalent Scale and Economies of Scale

An Overview of Questionnaire Design and Household Survey Implementation inDeveloping Countries

Household Surveys in Developing Countries

Case Study #3: Household Budget Surveys

CENSUS AND SURVEY INFORMATION FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES

BRAZIL

Population and Housing Census

National Household Sample Survey

National Household Sample Survey. Technical Notes

The 1996 97 Brazil Living Standards Survey (Pesquisasobre Padrões de Vida PPV)

618

The 1996 97 Brazil Living Standards Survey.Interviewer Manual

CHINA

China Living Standards Survey 1995 – 1997. Basic Information Document

National Accounts – Agriculture. Agriculture and Rural Indicators inChina

GHANA

Country Statistical Information Ghana

Ghana living standards survey four (with labour forcemodule) interviewer's instruction manual

Ghana Living Standards Survey Round Four (GLSS 4)1998/99. Data User Guide

INDIA

619

Survey of Living Conditions: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar December 1997March 1998. Introduction to the Data Sets

Survey of Living Conditions Uttar Pradesh and Bihar Field Manual

JAMAICA

Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions (JSLC) 1988 2000. Basic Information

Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions, 1997. Interviewer’s instruction manual

Jamaica: Small Farmers Credit Project (Loan No. 100 JA)

Jamaica – Profile in Agriculture

.

Jamaica National Irrigation Development Program(NIDP) (JA 0106).

620

MOROCCO

Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS)

Morocco Living Standards Survey (MLSS) 1990/91. Basic Information

PERU

National Survey of Households Living Standards MeasurementMay July 1994

SOUTH AFRICA

South Africa Integrated Household Survey. Household Questionnaire

South Africa in transition Selected findings from theOctober household survey of 1999 and changes that have occurred between 1995 and1999

South Africans Rich and Poor: Baseline Household Statistics

621

Census of Commercial Agriculture 2002

Census of commercial agriculture 2002 (Summary)

VIETNAM

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98. Basic Information

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98. Household Questionnaire

Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS), 1997 98. Interviewers' Instruction Manual

ZAMBIA

Zambia, 1996 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey

622

2000 Census of Population and Housing

2000 Census of Population and Housing Preliminary Report.

Zambia, 1990 Census of population, housing andagriculture 1990

National census of agriculture (part 2) 90/92

623

Focus on the World Census of Agriculture Programme(WCAP)

Programme for the World Census of Agriculture 2000, (Vol. 5)

624

Focus on the definition of Household: EU Countries

625

REFERENCE TO

COUNTRYCOMMONDWELLING

SHAREDBUDGET

SHAREDFOOD/MEALS

FAMILY LINKNECESSARY

STUDENTS/TEMPORARILYABSENT

AustriaBelgiumBulgariaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgNetherlands

Poland

Portugal

Romania

SlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnitedKingdom


FOCUS PIECES



FOCUS TABLE XIII.2Definition of household in EU countries

626

Focus on the Definition of Household: Non EU Countries

627

REFERENCE TO

COUNTRYCOMMONDWELLING

SHAREDBUDGET

SHAREDFOOD/MEALS

FAMILYLINKNECESSARY


AlbaniaAndorraArmeniaAustraliaAzerbaijanBelarus

Canada

CroatiaGeorgiaJapanKazakhstanKyrgyzstanMexicoNew ZealandNorwayRepublic ofKoreaRepublic ofMoldovaSwitzerlandThe FormerYugoslavRep. ofMacedoniaTurkeyTurkmenistanUkraineUnited Statesof America


FOCUS TABLE XIII.3Definition of household in non EU countries

628

Focus on the Definition of Agricultural Household: EUCountries

main source

some income

629

COUNTRIES NARROW/BROAD FISHERY/FORESTRYAustriaBelgiumBulgariaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxemburgNetherlandsPolandPortugal

Romania

SlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnited Kingdom


FOCUS TABLE XIII.4Definition of agricultural household (narrow or broad) and inclusion offishery/forestry in EU countries

630

FOCUS PIECES



631

Focus on the Definition of Agricultural Household: Non EUCountries

632

COUNTRIES NARROW/BROAD FISHERY/FORESTRYAlbania

Andorra

ArmeniaAustralia

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Canada

CroatiaGeorgia

Japan

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Mexico

New Zealand

Norway

Republic ofKorea

Republic ofMoldova

Switzerland

FOCUS TABLE XIII.5Definition of agricultural household (narrow or broad) and inclusion offishery/forestry in non EU countries

633

The FormerYugoslavRep. ofMacedoniaTurkeyTurkmenistan

Ukraine

United States ofAmerica

Survey on agricultural household income statistics.

634

Focus on Equivalence Scales in EU Countries

635

COUNTRY FIRST ADULT/HEADOF HOUSEHOLD

OTHER ADULTS CHILDRENTRESHOLDAGECHILD/ADULT

MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALEAustriaBelgiumBulgariaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreece

Hungary

IrelandItalyLatviaLithuania

Luxembourg

NetherlandsPoland

Portugal

RomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnitedKingdom


FOCUS TABLE XIII.6Equivalence scale used to give consumer in EU countries

636

Focus on Equivalence Scales in Non EU Countries

COUNTRYFIRST ADULT/HEADOF HOUSEHOLD OTHER ADULTS CHILDREN

TRESHOLDAGECHILD/ADULT

MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALEAlbaniaAndorraArmeniaAustraliaAzerbaijanBelarusCanadaCroatia

Georgia

JapanKazakhstanKyrgyzstanMexicoNew ZealandNorwayRepublic ofKoreaRepublic ofMoldovaSwitzerlandFYROM (*)TurkeyTurkmenistanUkraineUnited Statesof America

: Survey on Agricultural Household Income Statistics.

FOCUS TABLE XIII.7Equivalence scale used to give consumer in non EU countries

637

Focus on the Definition of Net Disposable Income forAgricultural Households. Other OECD/UNECE Countries (NonEU25 Member States)

Albania Andorra Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Belarus BulgariaCanada

1/Croatia

1FROMINDIPENDENTACTIVITIY

(y) and(*)

n/a n/a

2DEPENDENTACTIVITY ofwhich

(y) and(*)

n/a n/a *

3

PROPERTYINCOMERECEIVED ofwhich

* n/a n/a y y

FOCUS TABLE XIII.8 (part 1)Calculation of Net Disposable Income of Agriculture Households in non EU

638

4NON LIFEINSURANCECLAIMS

* n/a n/a y

5

SOCIALBENEFITSreceived (otherthan socialtransfers inkind)

(y) and(*)

n/a n/a y y y y y(y) and

(*)

6

MISCELLANEUSINWARDCURRENTTRANSFERS

(*) n/a n/a y y y y *

7CURRENTRECEIPTS Sumof 1 6

(*) n/a n/a y y

8PROPERTYINCOME PAID ofwhich

(*) n/a n/a y

9NET NON LIFEINSURANCEPREMIUMS

(*) n/a n/a y y *

10

CURRENT TAXESON INCOMESAND WEALTH ofwhich

(*) n/a n/a y y

11SOCIALCONTRIBUTIONSof which

(*) n/a n/a y

639

Australia

Australia

Canada

Canada

Croatia

UNECE survey on agriculture household income

12

MISCELLANEOUSOUTGOINGCURRENTTRANSFERS ofwhich

(*) n/a n/a @ y

13

NETDISPOSABLEINCOME(7minus 8 12)OR ANOTHERDEFINEDCONCEPT

(*) n/a n/a y y

14SOCIALTRANSFERS INKIND

(*) n/a n/a

Y(imputedfor HIES

only)

y y y(y) and

(*)

15NET ADJUSTEDDISPOSABLEINCOME

(*) n/a n/a @ y

640

Georgia1/

Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Mexico NewZealand

Norway Republicof Korea

1FROMINDEPENDENTACTIVITIY

n/a y y


n/a (y) and(*)

3


y n/a y


n/a(y) and(*)


641

5


y y n/a y y y y

6


y y n/a y y y y

7CURRENTRECEIPTS Sum of1 6

y n/a yy(except4)

y(y) and(*)


n/a y


y n/a y 3/ y

10

CURRENT TAXESON INCOMESAND WEALTH ofwhich

n/a y(y) and(*)


n/a n

12MISCELLANEOUSOUTGOING

n/a(y) and(*)

642

Georgia:

Kazakhstan:

Kyrgyzstan:

New Zealand:

New Zealand:

New Zealand:

Republic of Korea:

Survey on agriculture household income.

CURRENTTRANSFERS ofwhich

13

NET DISPOSABLEINCOME (7minus8 12) ORANOTHERDEFINEDCONCEPT

y n/a y*y (7minutes10a)

y n


y n/a y n


y n/a y n

643

RepublicofMoldova

Romania Switzerland

TheformerYugoslavRep. ofMacedonia

Turkey Turkmenistan UkraineUnitedStates ofAmerica


n/a y n/a y y


Y n/a y n/a y

3


y Y n/a y n/a y


644


n 1/ n/a y n/a y

5


yy n/a y n/a

(y) and(*)

y

6


y 2/ n/a y n/a y y


* n/a y n/a y y


* n/a n/aY

*

*

*

*

*


n y n/a n/a

10


y n/a n/a

645

Romania:

Romania:

Romania:

Romania:

Romania:

Switzerland:

United States:


12


y n/a n/a

13


y n/a y n/a


n/a y n/a y


y n/a n/a

646

Focus on the Definition of Net Disposable Income forAgricultural Households. EU 25 Member States

Austria(IAHS)

Belgium(IAHS)

Denmark(IAHS)

Estonia Finland France(IAHS)

Germany(IAHS)

Greece(IAHS)

Hungary Ireland Italy


y y y y y y y y@ y y

*

*

2DEPENDENTACTIVITY of which y y y y y y y y y y

*

**

* *

3PROPERTYINCOME RECEIVEDof which

* y y y y y y y y y

* * ** * *

* **

* * *) * *

** *

* * * * * *


y y y y y

**

*

** *

5

SOCIAL BENEFITSreceived (otherthan socialtransfers in kind)

y y y y y y y y y y y

6MISCELLANEUSINWARD CURRENTTRANSFERS

y y y y y Y y y y y

FOCUS TABLE XIII.9 (part 1)Calculation of Net Disposable Income of Agriculture Households in EU countries

647

Austria(IAHS)

Belgium(IAHS)

Denmark(IAHS)

Estonia Finland France(IAHS)

Germany(IAHS)

Greece(IAHS)

Hungary Ireland Italy

7CURRENTRECEIPTS Sum of 16

y y y(y) and

(*) y y y y y


* y y * y y * y

* *

**

* * * * *

* **

* * * *

* **

* * * * *

* * * *

* y*

* * * * * * *

* * * * * *iii *


* y*

* y y y

10CURRENT TAXES ONINCOMES ANDWEALTH of which

y y y y y y y y y y

** * *

** * *

** * *

*

11SOCIALCONTRIBUTIONS ofwhich

y y y y * y y y y

*

**

* *

** *

*

12

MISCELLANEOUSOUTGOINGCURRENTTRANSFERS of which

y * * y y y

* * ** * *

* *)

13

NET DISPOSABLEINCOME (7 minus 812) OR ANOTHERDEFINED CONCEPT

y y y (y) and(*) y y y y y y

648


14 SOCIAL TRANSFERSIN KIND

(y) and(*)


(y) and(*)

Luxemb.(IAHS)

Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Portugal(IAHS)

Slovakia Slovenia Spain(IAHS)

Sweden UnitedKingdom


y y y y No info y y y y

*

*

*


y y y y No info y y y

*

3



*)*

* *

*

FOCUS TABLE XIII.9 (part 2)Calculation of Net Disposable Income of Agriculture Households in EU countries

649

Luxemb.(IAHS)



Sweden UnitedKingdom

*

* *


y y No info y *

*

* *

5

SOCIAL BENEFITSreceived (otherthan socialtransfers in kind)

y y y y y No info y y y (y)

6


y y y y No info * y (*)




y y y y No info y y *

*)* *

* * *

* * *

* *

*

* *


y y No info y (*)

10CURRENT TAXESON INCOMES ANDWEALTH of which

y y y No info y y

* **

*

y *


y y y y No info y y

*

*) *

*

650


Luxemb.(IAHS)



Sweden

UnitedKingdom

*)*

*

12


y y y y No info y (y)

*

*)

13


y y y7

(8b+10cd+12)

y No info y y


(y) and(*)

No info * y


y No info y

651

Focus on the Definition of Household in Selected DevelopingCountries

652

COUNTRY DEFINITION OF HOUSEHOLDBrazil A household

China Household members

Ghana A householdat least 9 of the 12 months

India A household

Jamaica A household

Morocco

less than one month.Peru The household

South Africa The first definition of the household

The seconddefinition of the household

Vietnam Household members

Zambia A household

Usual member of the household

FOCUS TABLE XIII.10Definition of household in a selected group of developing countries

653

REFERENCE TO

COUNTRY COMMONDWELLING

SHAREDBUDGET

SHAREDFOOD/MEALS

FAMILYLINKNECESSARY



Zambia

de jurede facto

FOCUS TABLE XIII.11Definition of household in selected developing countries

654

Ghana

South African

Brazilian a resident

655

China

India

Jamaica

Moroccan

656

Vietnam

FOCUS PIECES

Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I 1996

The analysis of household surveys: a microeconometric approach todevelopment policy

657

Focus on the Definition of Agricultural Household in SelectedDeveloping Countries

658

COUNTRY DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDBrazil holding

China Agricultural household:

India Operational Holding

Operational Holder

Jamaica Farmers

Morocco Agricultural holding

Peru Agricultural Unit

South Africa

Vietnam Agriculture, forestry, fishery households:

Zambia Agricultural Household :


FOCUS TABLE XIII.12Definition of agricultural household in developing countries

659

Focus on the Classification into Socio Economic Groups inDeveloping Countries

China

Ghana

Jamaica

Moroccan

Peruvian

660

South Africa

Vietnam

661

Focus on Equivalence Scales in Developing Countries

et al

et al

et al

China

662

AGE MALE FEMALEEQUIVALENCESCALE

et al

FOCUS PIECES

Changes in Poverty inUganda, 1992 97 ,

Evaluating Regional Poverty in China with SubjectiveEquivalence Scales

Land and Welfare: Theory and Evidence from China

Can A Subjective Poverty Line Be Applied toChina? Assessing Poverty among Urban Residents in 1999.

FOCUS TABLE XIII.13Daily calorific requirements and calorie equivalence scales

663

Focus on Own Consumption in Developing Countries

AGE (YEARS) MALE WEIGHT FEMALE WEIGHT

FOCUS TABLE XIII.14Nutrition (calorie) based adult equivalence scales

664

farm gate prices

market prices

China

India

Jamaica

665

Moroccan

Peru

South Africa

Vietnam

Zambia

FOCUS PIECES


666

Focus on Imputed Rent in Developing Countries

China

Ghanaexpenditures

Indian

Jamaica

667

Moroccan

Peru

Vietnam

Zambia

FOCUS PIECES


668

Focus on the Calculation of Net Disposable Income ofAgriculture Households in Developing Countries

669

Ghana

670

1

India

Jamaican

Jamaica

Moroccan

Peruvian

South Africa

Vietnam

671

FOCUS PIECES


672

CHAPTER XIV

XIV. INCOME AND WEALTHSTATISTICS FOR SELECTED

COUNTRIES

XIV.1 OECD COUNTRIES

CHAPTER XIV

673

inter alia

entrepreneurialemployees

674

XIV.2 AUSTRALIA

XIV.3 CANADA

675

XIV.4 DENMARK – REGISTER BASED AGRICULTURAL INCOMESTATISTICS

676

before

XIV.5 FINLAND

means medians

per householdabove the all households average per CU

677

XIV.6 FRANCE

means medians

disposable incomes above the all household figure

On this basis farmer households were below the all householdsposition, at least in 2003

678

XIV.7 IRELAND

XIV.8 ITALY

RICA REAsurvey,

679

EU SILCSHIW

ISMEA

RICA REA

Crop and animal production, huntingand related service activities

EU SILC

Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW),

independentactivity in agriculture

ISMEAMicrosimulation Unit

680

incomes,expenditures and wealth greater than the all households average,

still above thenational average

expenditure

XIV.9 POLAND

681

XIV.10SWEDEN –ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF REGISTER BASEDSTATISTICS

The Farm Register (LBR)

The Register of Total Income Statistics (IoT)

The Register of the Total Population (RTB)

682

XIV.11 UNITED STATES

household

683

XIV.12EUROPEAN UNION: SECTOR LEVEL ESTIMATES BASEDIN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

some

684

not

XIV.13DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

FOCUS PIECES – CHAPTER XIV

Policy Brief: Farm Household Income: Towards Better Informed Policies

Income of the Agricultural Household Sector 2001 Report.

685

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Australia

Estimatednumber ofhouseholds

Samplecount ofhouseholds

Meanagriculturalincome (a)($A perweek)

RSE ofmeanagricultural income(%)

Mean totalincome($A perweek)

RSE ofmean totalincome(%)

Agric.Income as% of totalincome

77 849424 1110594 945673 743

Total 419 879

975

Total 15 972

Australia Bureau of Statistics, Survey of income and housing costs,2000 01.

FOCUS TABLE XIV.1Income for agricultural and other households in Australia, by contribution ofagricultural income to total income in 2001, $A

686

Australia Bureau of Statistics, Survey of income and housing costs, 2000 01.

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.1Income of agriculture households compared to non agriculture households(=100) for different level of contribution of income from agriculture, 2001

687

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Canada

(i) Gross and net revenues per farm – medium sized farms have the highestoperating margin

(ii) Farm operators’ off farm income exceeds net cash farm operatingrevenue

Wages and salaries are the most important source of off farm income

Economic Overview of Farm Incomes: All Farms, 1996

688

Off farm income as a share of total operator income (before capital costallowance) is smaller for operators of larger farms

The highest dollar amount from wages and salaries was earned by operators ofvery large farms followed by the smallest farms

Investment income as a percentage of total off farm income tend to increase byrevenue size – for pension income it is the reverse

689

(iii) Total farm family income increases steadily as a result of increasingoff farm income

Off farm income exceeds 70% of total family income

Average total family income varied greatly

The contribution from off farm income varied from 32% to 102% of total income

690

(iv) Steady increase in wealth accumulation

(v) Notes to the data and the data sources

691

REVENUE CLASSES$10,000$49,999

S50,000$99,999

$100,000$249,999

$250,000$499,999

$500,000and over All

1996

Average net operatingincome per farm, C$

1,541 13,818 34,031 67,835 160,801 23,977

2001

Average net operatingincome per farm, C$ 2,297 14,043 34,713 68,544 165,751 28,998

% change 1996 2001 49.0 1.6 2.0 1.0 3.1 20.9Average net operatingincome per farm aftercapital cost allowance, C$

1,438 5,097 16,282 31,832 70,177 11,725

Statistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001Statistics Canada, Economic Overview of Farm Incomes

FOCUS TABLE XIV.2Operating revenues and expenses by revenue classes in Canada, 1996 and 2001

692


1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001% change

1993 2001Average total income peroperator, C$*/

33,334 37,220 39,976 40,009 43,558 46,998 41.0

47.6

33.8

Statistics Canada, Economic Overview of Farm IncomesStatistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.2Percentage distribution of revenues, operating income and number of farms byrevenue classes in Canada in 2001

FOCUS TABLE XIV.3Average total income per operator in Canada, 1993 2001, Current C$

693

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.3Percentage share of net farm income and off farm income per operator inCanada, 1993 2001

694

REVENUE CLASSES$10,000

$49,999S50,000$99,999

$100,000$249,999

$250,000$499,999

$500,000and over

All %

1998

FARM INCOME

Net Operating Income 1,487 11,750 24,906 39,496 70,921 17,757 44.4OFF FARM INCOME

Total farm income(excluding taxablecapital gains)

27,336 19,882 13,845 18,687 34,828 22,220 55.6

Total operator income 28,853 31,632 38,751 58,183 105,749 39,977 100.0Off farm income as ashare of total income (%) 94.8 62.9 35.7 32.1 32.9 55.6

2001

FARM INCOME

Net Operating Income 1,9581 11,451 25,934 42,164 80,673 21,269 45.3OFF FARM INCOME


30,287 24,405 17,301 19,037 39,180 25730 54.7

Total operator income 32,245 35,856 43,235 61,201 119,853 46999 100.0Off farm income as ashare of total income (%) 93.3 68.1 40.0 31.1 32.7 54.7

% change 1998 2001

FARM INCOME

Net Operating Income 31.7 2.5 4.1 6.8 13.8 19.8

FOCUS TABLE XIV.4Average total income per operator in Canada, 1993 2001, Current C$

695

OFF FARM INCOME


10.7 22.7 25.0 1.9 12.5 25.8

Total operator income 11.8 13.4 11.6 5.2 13.3 17.6


$10,000$49,999

S50,000$99,999

$100,000$249,999

$250,000$499,999

$500,000and over

All

56.1

5.9

16.114.5

2.3

5.1

100.0Statistics Canada, Economic Overview of Farm IncomesStatistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.4Sources of off farm income as a percentage of total off farm income

696

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 %,1996 2000

Off farm income as apercentage of total income 68.9 69.5 71.5 73.0 73.5

Statistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001

FOCUS TABLE XIV.5Off farm and net operating income per farm family, unincorporated sector,Canada, 1996 2000

697

Statistics Canada, Farm and Off Farm Income Statistics 2001

BUSINESS FOCUSED FARMS NON BUSINESS FOCUSED FARMS

SMALLFARMS

MEDIUMFARMS

LARGEFARMS

VERYLARGEFARMS

SMALLFARMS

MEDIUMFARMS

LARGEFARMS TOTAL

OFF FARM INCOME

Total off farmincome

34,762 56,852 35,034 37,902 45,508 95,956 14,382 48,683

Net operatingincome

3,668 12,361 39,698 79,695 13,759 2,229 1,650 17,588

Total income offarm families

38,430 69,213 74,732 117,597 59,267 93,727 16,482 66,271

Percentage shareoff farm income

90.5 82.1 46.9 32.2 76.8 102.4 90.0 73.5

Percentage of totaloff farm income:

FOCUS TABLE XIV.6Average off farm income by source and average net operating income of farmfamilies by farm typology group, unincorporated sector, in Canada in 2000, C$

698

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.5Average off farm income and net operating income per farm family by farmtypology in Canada in 2000, C$

699

1995 2000 2001 2002 2003%

1995 2003

%share2003

Current assets (CA)

QuotaBreading livestockMachineryFarm real estate

Other long termassetsTotal assets (TA)Current liabilitiesLong termliabilitiesTotal liabilities (TL)Equity (E)Current liquidityratio (CA/CL)Debt structureReturn on equity

Statistics Canada, Balance sheet of the agriculture sector

1995 2000 2001 2002 2003

Total net income ** 2,990 2,460 2,720 1,330 2,630

Statistics Canada. Net farm income, November 2004

FOCUS TABLE XIV.7Balance sheet of the agriculture sector, including non operator landlords andexcluding personal shares of households, current C$ million

FOCUS TABLE XIV.8Net farm income in Canada, 1995 2003, current C$ million

700

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.6Equity, debt structure (current liabilities in relation to total liabilities) andreturn on equity in Canada, 1995 2003

701

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Denmark

Editor’s note: Readers should be aware that interest payments in Denmarkrepresent a uniquely large share of the cost faced by farmers among the MemberStates of the EU. This is linked to the way in which agricultural assets aretransferred between generations that, typically, involve sales from parents tochildren. In order to support the high interest burden that results from the credittaken to purchase these assets by family successors there is a tendency for thespouses of Danish farmers, and frequently the farmers also, to work full time orpart time outside agriculture, particularly in the early years of succession. This inturn has some impact on the choice of farming enterprise, since some forms ofproduction (such as cereals) are more compatible with part time activity thanothers (such as dairying). The high burden of interest payments (which oftenleads to negative profits from the farm business) and the treatment of interest inthe taxation system of Denmark means that there is an emphasis on measuringincome before interest charges. It also means that when households are classifiedaccording to their main income source (which, for farming, would normally beafter deducting interest charges associated with the business), numbers ofagricultural households appear to be disproportionately small. Furtherdiscussion is contained in Eurostat (2002).

(i) Introduction

(ii) Combining of registers and income information

702

G. Total income (A+B+C+D+E+F)

Disposal income (G H I J)

703

(iii) Comparison between farmers and other professional groups

(iv) Comparison between different types of farms

704

FarmersOther

employersAll

employersManual

employeesNon manual

employees All othersAll except

farmersAll

households

FOCUS TABLE XIV.9Income and income composition by socio professional group

705

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.7Disposable income for agricultural households, all farms

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.8Disposable income for agricultural households, all farms

706

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.9Interest, taxes and social contributions at agricultural households, all farm

707

(v) Development of wealth in agricultural households

FARMER'S AGE, YEARS

<34FROM 35

TO 44FROM45

TO 54FROM 55

TO 64 >65

FOCUS TABLE XIV.10Assets and liabilities: Age groups, full time farms, 2003

708

FOCUS PIECES

Agricultural Account Statistics

Income of the Agricultural Household Sector, 2001 Report. Theme 5

Income of Agricultural Households Statistics

Income of Agricultural Household Statistics

ANNEX

RESULTS FROM INCOME OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS STATISTICSSTATISTICS DENMARK

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

= Total income 492 501 560 612 598

= Net disposal income 156 168 183 193 176

FOCUS TABLE XIV.11Income for agricultural households, all farms

709

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

= Total income 599 606 707 785 739


1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

= Total income 395 413 431 459 473


FOCUS TABLE XIV.12Income for agricultural households, full time farms

FOCUS TABLE XIV.13Income for agricultural households, part time farms

710

Under 30 years 30 39 years 40 49 years 50 59 years Over 60 years

= Total income 565 629 667 664 442



= Total income 669 739 787 745 671


FOCUS TABLE XIV.14Income for agricultural households, all farms by age of farmer

FOCUS TABLE XIV.15Income for agricultural households, all full time farms by age of farmer

711


= Total income 420 511 544 577 327


FOCUS TABLE XIV.16Income for agricultural households, all part time farms by age of farmer

712

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Finland

inter alia

means medians

Agricultural households have disposable incomes per householdsubstantially above the all households average

Agricultural households also have disposable incomes per CU above the allhouseholds average, though by a smaller margin

713

disposable incomes that compare favourably with the national average

PERHOUSEHOLD

PERCU

mean median mean median

Average 146 160 114 115

Income Distribution Statistics

FOCUS TABLE XIV.17Mean and median disposable incomes (per household and per Consumer Unit)of agricultural households as a percentage of the national all households meanand median incomes, 2000 to 2008

714

DISPOSABLEINCOME

Mean Median

2006

2008

Note:

Income Distribution Statistics

FOCUS TABLE XIV.18Mean and Median Disposable Incomes of agricultural households and those ofother socio profession groups relative to the all households average (perhousehold and per Consumer Unit), 2006 and 2008

715

FOCUS PIECES

Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report.

716

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for France1

717

1997€

2003€

Percentage change1997 2003 (%)

Per householdAverage

Median

Per Consumer UnitAverage

Median

De 1997 à 2003, repli du revenu disponible et du niveau de vie des agriculteurs malgré lapluriactivité.

FOCUS TABLE XIV.19Disposable income per household and per Consumer Unit, farmer householdsand all households

718

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.9Distribution of disposable income per household and per Consumer Unit, 2003 (SMIC =minimum wage)

720

FOCUS PIECES

Income of the Agricultural Households Sector, 2001 Report.

De 1997 à 2003, repli du revenu disponible et du niveaude vie des agriculteurs malgré la pluriactivité. L'agriculture, nouveaux défis Édition2007

721

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Ireland

main income of the entirehousehold

occupation of the head of household

.

722

CLASSIFICATIONCRITERION.

AGRICULTURE IS:

HOUSEHOLDS(000)

INCOME PERHOUSEHOLD

(£IRL)

INCOME PERHOUSEHOLD

MEMBER (£IRL)

INCOME PERCONSUMER

UNIT (£IRL)

“Narrow” Definitions

“Broad” definition

“Marginal Households”(b) minus (a)

Total Income of Agricultural Households 1992 Report

FOCUS TABLE XIV.20Number of households and average disposable income per unit for alternativedefinitions of an agricultural household, 1987.

723

Results from the HBS

On this basis, farmhouseholds achieved an average level of weekly disposable income that was 95%of the all Ireland average, somewhat below that of urban households butmarginally above that of other rural households

724

ITEM URBANAREA

RURAL AREA STATE

Gross income 1034 877 918 912 988

Disposableincome

871 800 796 797 843

Table 1, Household Budget Survey 2004/2

FOCUS PIECES

Total Income of Agricultural Households 1992 Report.

Income of the Agricultural Households Sector 2001 Report.


Farm Incomes – Myths and Reality.

FOCUS TABLE XIV.21Ireland, average weekly household income (€) 2004/2005

725

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Italy

1) The RICA REA survey

(i) Overview

1

726

(ii) Survey characteristics

(iii) The REA questionnaire

727

(iv) From micro to macro estimates

728

ECONOMIC VARIABLES Farms Farms with more than 5 haAbsolute

values%

Absolute values (thousand of units)

Absolute values (millions euro)

Turnover

Value Added (c) 18,323 13,904 75.9

Gross Operative Margin (GOM) 14,911 11,969 75.2

Gross Management Result (GMR)15

19711,453 75.4

Average farm values Ratios(units)

(euro)

Turnover

Value Added (c) 9,976 30,272 3.0

Gross Operative Margin (GOM) 8,663 26,059 3.0

Gross Management Result (GMR) 7,274 24,937 3.0

Business Survey on Farms

FOCUS TABLE XIV.22Farms Economic Results (a) – Years 2002

729

CLASSES OFUAA

(HECTARES)

Households with a direct management on farm andwith off farm incomes (%)

Numberof

householdmembersworkingin farm

(averageby farm)

GOMper

householdmember

working infarm (euro)

TotalWith income

from selfemployment

Withemployment

income

Withpensionincome

Withcapitalincome

Less and equal11 55 2020 50More than 50Total 72.9 16.7 29.5 43.2 1.6 2.1 3,535


Classes ofUAA(hectares)

Income source

Agriculturalactivity inthe strict

sense

Secondaryactivities

connectedto

agriculture

Selfemployment

Employment Pension Capital Total

Households managing mono active farmsLess andequal 11 55 2020 50More than50Total 57.6 8.0 16.5 17.4 0.6 100.0

Households managing multi active farmsLess andequal 11 55 2020 50More than50Total 56.5 26.3 3.5 5.6 7.5 0.6 100.0


FOCUS TABLE XIV.23(a)Income and Employment in Farms Directly Managed by the Households by Classesof Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) – 2002

FOCUS TABLE XIV.23(b)Composition of Total Income of Households Managing Mono and Multi activeFarms by Income Source and by Classes of Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) – 2002(%)

730

(v) Conclusions and recommendations

2) The ISMEA survey

(i) Overview

Microsimulation Unit

(ii) The survey

731

(iii) The sample design

(iv) The questionnaire

3

732

(v) Production and factor use information were structured by activity

(vi) From the farm operation to the farm household firm unit perspective

(vii) An agricultural standard of living survey

733

Module Respondent SubjectSection I : “General information about the household”

Section II: “Characteristics of the households and labor organization”

Section III: “Commercialization”

Section IV: “Production”

Section V: “Factor use”

Section VI: “Investments and financial activities”

FOCUS TABLE XIV.24Modules in the ISMEA survey

735

Module Respondent SubjectSection VII: “The Household”

3) Two Surveys of Household Income, Wealth and Living Conditions

736

A) SHIW by Bank of Italy: a Study on Agricultural Household

(i) The data

Rural and agricultural households

Rural Household Group.

737

independent activity in agriculture

Farm HouseholdGroup

AgriculturalDependent Household Group.

(ii) Economic conditions of rural and agricultural households

738

Inequality and poverty

levels

739

(iii) Conclusion

740

1995 1998 2000 2002HH % Individ. HH % Individ. HH % Individ. HH % Individ

Household type

FOCUS TABLE XIV.25Italian households and individuals by household type

741

Income Consumption

Wealth Equivalent Income

Equivalent Consumption

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.10Household and equivalent income, consumption and wealth, Italy,1995 to 2002

742

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.11Gini index on household and equivalent income, consumption and wealth, Italy,1995 to 2002

Households Wealth Equivalent Income

Equivalent Consumption

743

Income Consumption

B) EU SILC by ISTAT

(i) The survey in European Union and Italy

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.12Headcount ratio on household and equivalent income and consumption, Italy,1995 to 2002

744

(ii) The sample design

(iii) The questionnaire(s)

745

(iv) The data

746

FOCUS PIECES

Indagine sui bilanci delle famiglie

Incomes of the Agricultural Household Sector – 1997 Report.

Income of the agricultural households sector – 2001 report

Income and Living Conditions in Europe

Il Reddito delle Famiglie Agricole.

Risultati economici delle aziende agricole

Azione TAPAS 2002. Reddito delle famiglie agricole

Farms’ Multifunctionality and Household Income in Italy:A Sustainable Mix

Farms’ Multifunctionality, Households Incomesand Sustainable Rural Development

Redditi nelle aziende agricole a conduzione familiare

Redditi, consumi e ricchezza delle famiglie agricole erurali italiane. Dirittoall'alimentazione, agricoltura e sviluppo

747

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Poland1

All Employees FarmersOther selfemployed

Retirees Pensioners

Living onother

unearnedsources

2007

Index 100 107 59 105 104 79 55

Index 100 112 65 110 91 67 54

2008

Index 100 107 66 110 97 78 52

Index 100 112 73 114 84 65 52

Incomes and Living Conditions of the Population in Poland (report from the EU SILCsurvey of 2007 and 2008).

FOCUS TABLE XIV.26Average annual net disposable income in households by socio economic group.(Zlotys) in the EU SILC

748

All Employees FarmersOtherself

employedRetirees Pensioners

Living onother

unearnedsources

2009

Index 100 102 80 125 104 73

Index 100 99 71 119 115 80

Source: Household Budget Surveys in 2009

FOCUS TABLE XIV.27Monthly average disposable income in households by socio economic group. (Zlotys)from the 2009 Poland Household Budget Survey

749

FOCUS PIECES

Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Income of Agricultural HouseholdsSector (IAHS) Statistics.

Incomes and Living Conditions of the Population in Poland (report from the EU SILCsurvey of 2007 and 2008).

Household Budget Surveys in 2009

750

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Sweden

(i) Introduction

The Farm Register (LBR)

The Register of Total Income Statistics (IoT)

The Register of the Total Population (RTB)

(ii) Agriculture household income 1999 2002

Editor – the coverage of households in this paragraph is not clear, though it appears to correspond to thefarms register.

751

(iii) Agriculture household income according to IAHS – comparisonbetween socio economic groups

752

2002 2001 2000 1999%,

1999 2002

*/Household income beforetransfers

313,920 306,200 298,800 283,300 10.8

Net income from selfemployment (incl. Net interestadjustment for self employed)as a percentage of householdincome before transfers

23.0 23.2 21.6 20.1

Net disposable income225,520

216,000 502,500 190,400 18.4

Note Disponibel inkomst för samtligahushåll 18 år, medelvärde, löpande priser,kr, efter hushållstyp, alder och tid

*/

Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Board of Agriculture: Statistiska Maddelanden

FOCUS TABLE XIV.28Agriculture households income after transfers, 1999 2002. Average perhousehold in Swedish kronor

753

Farmers(narrow

def.)

Allfarmers

(widedef.)

227,500 79,100

26,900 26,300

52,000 169,800

21,800 71,200

10,400 10,300

42,000 72,200

7 Total resources (sum of 1 6) 380,600 472,900 520,200 192,900 388,400 428,9008,900 13,300

78,800 86,900

76,800 106,100

2,700 3,000

13 Net disposable income(7 minus 8 12)

213,400 202,600 232,800 125,300 189,200 219,600

Net disposable income in1999 195,000 182,700 222,000 125,000 181,500 203,800

Percentage change1999/2000 9.4 10.9 4.9 0.2 4.2 7.8

47,364 194,22318,339 75,281

2.58 2.58


FOCUS TABLE XIV.29Agriculture households income after transfers, 1999 2002. Average perhousehold in Swedish kronor

754


Ibid.

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.13Index of net disposable household income 2000 by socio economic groups,total households=100

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.14Index of average farm household net disposable income (narrow definition) bytype of region in 2000. All farm households (narrow definition) = 100

755

Ibid.

Ibid

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.15Index of average farm household net disposable income (narrow definition) bysize of arable land in hectare in 2000. All farm households (narrow definition)= 100

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.16Index of average farm household net disposable income (narrow definition) bythe age of the operator in 2000. All farm households (narrow definition)=100

756

FOCUS PIECES

Income of the agricultural households sector – 2001 report

757

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for the United States

1) The Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS)

(i) Origin of the ARMS as a Principal USDA Survey

758

Extending Survey Activity for Farms and Households of Farm Operators

759

et al et al et al et al

Extending Data to Support Farm Financial Statements

Expanding the Scope of Household Income, Wealth, and Demographic Data

760

Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) Emerges from On going SurveyActivity

761

(ii) ARMS Design Characteristics

762

(iii) Content of Current ARMS Survey Questionnaires

Production Characteristics of the Farm

Business Income Sources

Purchased Inputs

763

Measurement of Household Income from Farming

Measurement of Household Income from Farm and Off farm Sources

764

Measurement of Business and Household Net Worth

765

Classification and Analysis

(iv) ARMS: An Evolving Survey

766

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.17ARMS has a modular design to reflect complex farm household production,financial structure and organization

767

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.18Aggregate farm sector household link in income estimation

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.19Land use, tenure, crop and livestock production

768

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.20ARMS: farm business income sources

769

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.21ARMS: farm business expenses

770

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.22Measurement of household income from farm activity

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.23Measurement of household income from farm and off farm sources

Farm Business Net CashIncome to Household

Farm Business Net Cash Income

Net Farm Income

Farm net value added

Farm Business Net Cash Income toHousehold

Household income from farmactivities

Household Income

771

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.24Net worth of farm business operated by households

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.25Household assets, debt and net worth

AssetsFarm Business

Net Worth

Liabilities

Household Share ofFarm Business net

Worth

OtherOwners of Farm

Assets

Household Net Worth

Non FarmFarm

Household Share offarm Business Net

Worth

Non Farm Assets Owned by OperatorHouseholds

Non Farm Assets Owned by OperatorHouseholds

772

2) Agriculture household income and wealth statistics

(i) Introduction

Income, Wealth, and the Economic WellBeing of Farm Households

(ii) Income and well Being of farm households

(iii) Income and expenditures by household size

773

(iv) Farm households working more off the farm and accumulating wealth

(v) Largest farms have most income, wealth and debt

774

(vi) Location influences household income and wealth

775

(vii) Comparing farm and non farm income and wealth

(viii) Farm households save more, spend less than non farm households

776

(ix) Main findings and policy implications

household

777

YEAR NET FARM INCOMETOTAL OFF FARM

INCOME

NET FARM INCOMEAS A PERCENTAGEOF TOTAL INCOME

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.26Sources of income in the agriculture sector

778

Householdsize

Totalincome,

1999$ 1,000

Totalexpenditures

1999$ 1,000

Totalincome,

2003$ 1,000

Totalexpenditures,

1999$ 1,000

Net diff.1999

$ 1,000

%income1999

Net diff.2003

$ 1,000

%income2003

63.3 46.9

55.7 40.8

66.2 35.8

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.27Total income and expenditure per operator household, by household size, 1999and 2003

779

$ 1,000 current prices1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.28Average income of farm and non farm households, 1967 2003, in $1,000current prices

780

$ BILLION,CURRENT

PRICES

1 2 3 4 5NET CASH

FARMINCOME

OFF FARMINCOME

OF WHICH :WAGES AND

SALARIES

1 IN % OF(1+2)

3 IN % OF 2

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.29Farm sector net cash income and income of farm households from off farmsources, 1964 2003, in $ billion, current prices

781

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.30Total farm related and off farm income per household, by farm typology group,2003, in $ 1,000

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.31Total farm related and off farm income per household, by farm typology group,difference between 2003 and 1999, in $ 1,000

782

$ 1,000

2003 DIFFERENCE 2003 1999TOTAL

HOUSEHOLDINCOME

EARNINGSFROMFARM

EARNINGSOFF FARM

TOTALHOUSEHOLD

INCOME

EARNINGSFROMFARM

EARNINGSOFF FARM

783

$ 1,000

2003 DIFFERENCE 2003 1999

FARMINCOME

OFFFARM

INCOME

TOTALINCOME

FARMINCOME

OFFFARM

INCOME

TOTALINCOME

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.32Total, farm related and off farm income per household, by farm location, 2003and increase 1999 2003, in $ 1,000

784

Lessthan$5,000

$5,000to$9,999

$10,000to$14,999

$15,000to$19,999

$20,000 to $29,999

$30,000 to $39,999

$40,000to$49,999

$50,000to$69,999

Morethan$70,000

1999

Income lessexpenditures

50,927 5,767 2,193 5,717 14,324 22,893 34,658 122,858

19,710

2003

Income lessexpenditures 55,676 13,078 9,889 5,212 943 3,954 12,670 21,683 100,492

Difference2003 1999

FOCUS TABLE XIV.30Income and expenditures for farm and non farm households by income class,1999 and 2003, $

785

FOCUS PIECES

The Economic Well Being of Farm OperatorHouseholds, 1988 90

Financial Well Being of Farm Operators and Their Households

The Role of the Farm Household in the Agricultural Economy

1999 Under 35 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 6465 and

over

Income less expenditures 52,866 38,962 58,082 39,040 20,730

Income less expenditures 3,420 10,787 13,311 10,042 60

2003

Income less expenditures 17,254 38,013 35,728 38,429 21,263

Difference2003 1999

Income less expenditures 35,612 949 22,354 611 533

FOCUS TABLE XIV.31Income and expenditures for farm and non farm households by age class, 1999and 2003, $

786

Microeconomic Indicators of the Farm Sector and PolicyImplications

Where Do Farm Households Earn Their Incomes?

Agricultural Finance Situation and Outlook

Strategies for Long Run Investment in Rural, Social, and EconomicStatistics

Potential Loan Losses of Farmers and Lenders

Loan Repayment Problems ofFarmers in the Mid 1980’s

Farm Income Situation and Outlook

Financial Characteristics of U.S.Farms

Financial Characteristics of U.S. Farms

Microeconomic Indicators of the Farm Sector and PolicyImplications

Farm Income Shared by Multiple Stakeholders

FinancialCharacteristics of U.S. Farms

Whole Farm Survey Data for Economic Indicators andPerformance Measures

Incidence, Intensity,and Duration of Financial Stress Among Farm Firms

Structural and FinancialCharacteristic of U.S. Farm, 1990

787

Development and Use of Financial Ratiosfor the Evaluation of Farm Business

Farm Business End the Decade WithStrong Financial Performance

Staff Report, Economic Information for the U.S. Farm Sector: A RevisedFormat

Farm Sector Data: Presentation and Improvement

Farm Household Income Estimates Provide AdditionalPerspective on Farm Families

Limited Opportunity Farm Households in 1988

Financial Characteristics of U.S. Farms: A Summary

Households and Farm Establishments in the 1980s: Implications forData

New Farm Sector Accounts

Agricultural Income and Finance Situation

788

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for the EuropeanUnion

(i) The section focuses on sector level estimates based in national accountsthat were published by Eurostat from the early 1990s to 2001

Net disposableincome,

789

Income and households: concepts and definitions

Income net disposable income

Household

An agricultural household

790

classifying households as agriculturalor belonging to some other socio professional group

narrow

(ii) An overview of results

791

(iii) Main findings

some

not

(iv) Numbers of agricultural households

792

(v) Composition of income of agricultural households, and deductions

793

(vi) Stability of income of agricultural households

(vii) Comparisons of the income of agricultural households with the allhouseholds average

795

(viii) Comparison with other socio economic groups

796

(ix) Income situation of "marginal" households

797

(x) Farm households “broad” definition compared to all households

798

Income of the agriculture household sector, 2001 Report

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.33Composition of the total income of agricultural households by source, forselected Members State, per cent

799

Income of the agriculture household sector, 2001 report

Note


FOCUS FIGURE XIV.34The development of agricultural household incomes in selected Member States(in real terms and %)

FOCUS FIGURE XIV.35Average disposable income of agricultural households relative to the allhousehold average. Selected Members States

800


FOCUS FIGURE XIV.36Income generated from agriculture by agricultural households (narrowlydefined) and the “marginal” agricultural households, as a share of the totalincome generated from agriculture

801

Employers and own accountworkers

Allemployees

Allothers

Allexcept

farmers

AllhouseholdsFarmers

“narrow”All

others

Allself

empl.a1 a2 a3 b c d=e a1 e=a+b+c

BELGIUM (1999 p)

111.9

102.3

DENMARK (1999)

104.9

75.8

GERMANY(1993)

78.7

61.7

GREECE(1998)

84.5

73.3

SPAIN (1990)

97.0

84.5

SPAIN (1990)

103.4

90.1

IRELAND (1987)

127.3

113.3

ITALY (1995)

96.7

82.9

FOCUS TABLE XIV.32Average disposable income of per agricultural household (narrow definition)and per household member relative to all households (=100)

802

Employers and own accountworkers

Allemployees

Allothers

Allexcept

farmers

AllhouseholdsFarmers

“narrow”All

others

Allself

empl.a1 a2 a3 b c d=e a1 e=a+b+c

NETHERLANDS (1997)

328.8

220.6

PORTUGAL (189)

39.6

43.8

FINLAND (1999)

152.4

96.5

SWEDEN (1997)

97.1

76.6


803

Denmark(1999)

Germany(1983)

Greece(1994)

Ireland(1987)

Netherlands(1988)

Finland(1992)

Sweden(1992)

Number of agricultural households (1,000)

Disposable income per householdAll householdsAgriculturalhouseholds

110 114 105 210 124105 101 127 287 131

123 166 89 108 116Disposable income per household member

All householdsAgriculturalhouseholds

100 138113 175

147 101Disposable income per consumer unit

All householdsAgriculturalhouseholds

101 101 167117 211

149 85

Notes:


FOCUS TABLE XIV.33Number of households and levels of average net disposable income for threegroups of agricultural households in selected Member States

804

DENMARK1994

DENMARK1999

GERMANY1993

GREECE1982

GREECE1994

IRELAND1982

NETHERLANDS1988

FINLAND1992

SWEDEN1992


FOCUS FIGURE XIV.37Average disposable income of per agriculture household (wide definition) andper household member relative to all households (=100)

805

FOCUS PIECES

Manual on the Total Income of Agricultural Households – Rev 1.

Income of the Agricultural Household Sector – 2001 report.

806

Focus on Income and Wealth Statistics for Developing Countries

807

Numberof

Countries

Countries withat least 1 data

point


points

Countries with atleast 2 data points,excluding modeled

data by agency

Population below $1 (PPP) per day, percentage (07 Jul 2011)

Developed RegionsDeveloping Regions

Population below national poverty line, total, percentage (07 Jul 2011)


Population below national poverty line, urban, percentage (07 Jul 2011)


FOCUS TABLE XIV.34The availability of data in countries for the indicators used to monitor progresstowards Millennium Development Goal 1

808

Numberof

Countries


point


points

Countries with atleast 2 data points,excluding modeled

data by agency

Population below national poverty line, rural, percentage (07 Jul 2011)


Purchasing power parities (PPP) conversion factor, local currency unit to internationaldollar (07 Jul 2011)


809

Using national poverty lines Using theInternational poverty

line of US$1.25Rural Urban National

Value Year Value Year Value Year Value YearEast Asia & Pacific

Europe & Central Asia

FOCUS TABLE XIV.35Estimates of poverty rates in developing countries based on national poverty lines andthe international poverty line of US$1.25 per person per day calculated in purchasingpower parities

810



Value Year Value Year Value Year Value Year

Latin America & Caribbean

Middle East & North Africa

South Asia

811




Sub Saharan Africa

812




813

CHAPTER XV

XIV. FINDINGS AND GOOD PRACTICESIN STATISTICS ON RURAL

DEVELOPMENT ANDAGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD

INCOME – A CONTRIBUTION TOTHE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN OF

THE GLOBAL STRATEGY

XV.1 INTRODUCTION

goodpractice

GlobalStrategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics et al.

CHAPTER XV

814

lack of harmonisation

Problem oriented and relevant timeliness;

Reliable

levels, dispersions trends

reference value

comparisons in space

reacting rapidly

understandable clearly definedconclusions easily communicated

same statistical units

compromise

815

XV.2 STATISTICS FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT

policy determined

economically, socially, culturally andenvironmentally healthy

816

Global Strategy

XV.2.1 KEY ISSUES IN RURAL STATISTICS

definition of ruralgeographical unit indicators

hierarchical system

817

standardised OECD basis

entire territory


set of “core” indicators

818

the dangers of using data fromdifferent sources that are not entirely compatible in order to construct indicators

composite indices

methodological detailsare made available

sources and methodsmeta data readers’ guide

international benchmarking

changes in levels

availability of data

Canada

XV.2.2 RURAL MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS

819

rural areas do not remain constant over time and their boundariesare porous

Rural boundaries

may be less valid in rural settings than urban settings

820

natural amenities

small size of rural regions

821

interpretation of rural statistics

XV.3 Statistics on the incomes, wealth and well being ofagricultural households

aims of agricultural policy

822

factors used in the activity of agricultural production

household perspective

figures will be misused

no internationally agreed system for generating statistics onincome and wealth for agricultural households.

823

XV.3.1 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN MEASURING AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD INCOME AND WEALTH

international comparability

available data

824

DEFINITIONS OF HOUSEHOLD, AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD AND RELATEDMATTERS

dwellinghousehold

single budget household

income per household member and per ConsumerUnit

anyincome from self employed farming activity

narrowly defined agriculture is the main income

reference person

per household member and per Consumer Unit

family farms as corporations

.

825

hired agricultural workers

hiredworkers on all large scale agricultural units

subsistence producers

flexible typologies of agricultural households

Definitions of income and related matters

simplified definition of Disposable Income

separate items

consumption

averaging incomes over ashort run of years

distribution of incomes

income poverty lines

net worth

826

Economic Status

827

NET INCOME FROM SELF EMPLOYMENT (MONEY INCOME AND IN KIND)

quasi

Of which:

(c) imputed rental value of owned dwelling

+ Cash wages and salaries

+ Rent received

+ Other property income

+ Social transfers received

+ Other current inflows

= TOTAL INCOME

Current taxes on income and wealth

Non discretionary social contributions (payments to social security schemes)

= NET DISPOSABLE INCOME

TABLE XV.1Recommended definition of net disposable income for application toagricultural households

824

current methodological practice

“broad” approach

“narrow” approach,

XV.3.2 PROVISION OF DATA – THE DATA SYSTEM FOR AGRICULTURALHOUSEHOLD INCOME MEASUREMENT

most fundamental problem

farm accounts surveys, household budget household panel surveystaxation records

LSMS

wide variations are found in the availability and quality of data

825

many countries do not have a singlesatisfactory microeconomic data source

matters for national governmentsand their statistical authorities

thedirection in which data systems should be moving

REFERENCES

Income of the agricultural households sector – 2001 report.

826

Natural Amenities Drive Rural Population Change


827

statistics on rural development and agricultural household income

Documents